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Rodman AM, Powers KE, Insel C, Kastman EK, Kabotyanski KE, Stark AM, Worthington S, Somerville LH. How adolescents and adults translate motivational value to action: Age-related shifts in strategic physical effort exertion for monetary rewards. J Exp Psychol Gen 2020; 150:103-113. [PMID: 32496090 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adults titrate the degree of physical effort they are willing to expend according to the magnitude of reward they expect to obtain, a process guided by incentive motivation. However, it remains unclear whether adolescents, who are undergoing normative developmental changes in cognitive and reward processing, translate incentive motivation into action in a way that is similarly tuned to reward value and economical in effort utilization. The present study adapted a classic physical effort paradigm to quantify age-related changes in motivation-based and strategic markers of effort exertion for monetary rewards from adolescence to early adulthood. One hundred three participants aged 12-23 years completed a task that involved exerting low or high amounts of physical effort, in the form of a hand grip, to earn low or high amounts of money. Adolescents and young adults exhibited highly similar incentive-modulated effort for reward according to measures of peak grip force and speed, suggesting that motivation for monetary reward is consistent across age. However, young adults expended energy more economically and strategically: Whereas adolescents were prone to exert excess physical effort beyond what was required to earn reward, young adults were more likely to strategically prepare before each grip phase and conserve energy by opting out of low reward trials. This work extends theoretical models of development of incentive-driven behavior by demonstrating that layered on similarity in motivational value for monetary reward, there are important differences in the way behavior is flexibly adjusted in the presence of reward from adolescence to young adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Kearns JC, Coppersmith DDL, Santee AC, Insel C, Pigeon WR, Glenn CR. Sleep problems and suicide risk in youth: A systematic review, developmental framework, and implications for hospital treatment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020; 63:141-151. [PMID: 30301558 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep problems are transdiagnostic symptoms that confer significant risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) in adults. However, less is known about the sleep-STB association in adolescence-a developmental period when rates of STBs increase drastically, and sleep problems may be particularly pernicious. This article provides a systematic review of research on the sleep-STB association in youth, an overview of changes in sleep regulation during adolescence that may make sleep problems particularly detrimental for youth, and a discussion of the clinical implications of the sleep-STB association for hospitalized youth. METHOD The systematic review included all longitudinal studies in which sleep problems were examined as prospective predictors of STBs in adolescents (aged 10-24 years). The search was conducted on December 1, 2017 using PsychINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Ten studies qualified for inclusion in this review. Of these, seven studies found at least one type of sleep problem significantly predicted a STB outcome. CONCLUSIONS Although findings are mixed, growing research suggests that sleep problems may be a unique risk factor for STBs in youth. Sleep problems may be particularly important intervention target because they are easily assessed across healthcare settings and are amenable to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn C Kearns
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Angela C Santee
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Insel
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wilfred R Pigeon
- VISN 2 Center for Excellence at Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA; Sleep and Neurophysiology Research Lab, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Integrated Healthcare, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Catherine R Glenn
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Martin RE, Silvers JA, Hardi F, Stephano T, Helion C, Insel C, Franz PJ, Ninova E, Lander JP, Mischel W, Casey BJ, Ochsner KN. Longitudinal changes in brain structures related to appetitive reactivity and regulation across development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 38:100675. [PMID: 31279245 PMCID: PMC6969339 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States over one-third of the population, including children and adolescents, are overweight or obese. Despite the prevalence of obesity, few studies have examined how food cravings and the ability to regulate them change throughout development. Here, we addressed this gap in knowledge by examining structural brain and behavioral changes associated with regulation of craving across development. In a longitudinal design, individuals ages 6-26 completed two structural scans as well as a behavioral task where they used a cognitive regulatory strategy to decrease the appetitive value of foods. Behaviorally, we found that the ability to regulate craving improved with age. Neurally, improvements in regulatory ability were associated with cortical thinning in medial and lateral prefrontal cortex. We also found that models with cortical thickness measurements and age chosen by a lasso-based variable selection method could predict an individual's regulation behavior better than age and other behavioral factors alone. Additionally, when controlling for age, smaller ventral striatal volumes were associated with higher body mass index and predicted greater increases in weight two years later. Taken together, these results demonstrate a role for structural brain changes in supporting the ability to resist cravings for appetitive foods across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Martin
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
| | - Jennifer A Silvers
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Felicia Hardi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Theodore Stephano
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Catherine Insel
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Peter J Franz
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Emilia Ninova
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Jared P Lander
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Walter Mischel
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
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Insel C, Glenn CR, Nock MK, Somerville LH. Aberrant striatal tracking of reward magnitude in youth with current or past-year depression. J Abnorm Psychol 2018; 128:44-56. [PMID: 30489113 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reward dysfunction is often present in youth with major depressive disorder (MDD), but the specific neurobiological bases underlying reward valuation deficits remain unclear. The current study examined whether adolescents and young adults with MDD track brain and behavioral responses according to relative reward magnitude-a neurocognitive valuation process known as magnitude tracking. Female adolescents and young adults ages 15-20 years (n = 56 with current or past-year MDD; n = 26 healthy controls [HCs]) completed a task during functional neuroimaging in which they could win or lose money at high stakes (+$1/-50¢) and low stakes (+20¢/-10¢). Behaviorally, HC accelerated button press responses on high stakes compared to low-stakes trials, whereas MDD did not alter response speed across stakes. Neurally, HC increased recruitment of the ventral and dorsal striatum, canonical reward-processing regions, for high-magnitude versus low-magnitude rewards. However, the MDD group did not exhibit striatal magnitude tracking for low versus high rewards-an effect independent of MDD recency, MDD symptom severity, comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders, and psychiatric medication use. In contrast, striatal recruitment for overall reward reactivity, measured by comparing striatal activity for reward and loss feedback, was similar in the MDD and HC groups. However, reward reactivity was negatively correlated with current depression symptom severity in the MDD group. Taken together, these findings suggest that whereas reward reactivity may vary with current depression severity, reward magnitude tracking may represent an important aberrant valuation process in youth with depression-independent of symptom severity and recency. This valuation deficit may have implications for maladaptive motivation and learning observed in youth with MDD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Insel C, Somerville LH. Asymmetric neural tracking of gain and loss magnitude during adolescence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:785-796. [PMID: 30016496 PMCID: PMC6123516 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence has been characterized as a developmental period of heightened reward seeking and attenuated aversive processing. However, it remains unclear how the neural bases of distinct outcome valuation processes shift during this stage of the lifespan. A total of 74 participants ranging in age from 13 to 20 years completed a value-modulated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task in which participants earn low and high magnitude monetary outcomes to test whether gain and loss magnitude tracking-the neural representation of relative value in context-change differentially over this age span. Results revealed that gain and loss magnitude tracking follow asymmetric developmental trajectories. Gain magnitude tracking is elevated in the striatum during early adolescence and then decreases with age. By contrast, loss magnitude tracking in the anterior insula follows a quadratic pattern, undergoing a temporary attenuation during mid-late adolescence. A typical comparison of gain vs loss outcomes (collapsing over magnitude effects) showed robust activity across a suite of brain regions sensitive to value based on prior work including the ventral striatum, but they exhibited no changes with age. These findings suggest that value coding subprocesses follow divergent developmental paths across adolescence, which may contribute to normative shifts in adolescent motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Insel
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University 52 Oxford Street, Room 290 Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Leah H Somerville
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University 52 Oxford Street, Room 290 Cambridge, MA USA
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Lee NC, Weeda WD, Insel C, Somerville LH, Krabbendam L, Huizinga M. Neural substrates of the influence of emotional cues on cognitive control in risk-taking adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 31:20-34. [PMID: 29729493 PMCID: PMC6969196 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period characterised by increases in risk-taking. This behaviour has been associated with an imbalance in the integration of the networks involved in cognitive control and motivational processes. We examined whether the influence of emotional cues on cognitive control differs between adolescents who show high or low levels of risk-taking behaviour. Participants who scored especially high or low on a risky decision task were subsequently administered an emotional go/no-go fMRI task comprising angry, happy and calm faces. Both groups showed decreased cognitive control when confronted with appetitive and aversive emotional cues. Activation in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) increased in line with the cognitive control demands of the task. Though the risk taking groups did not differ in their behavioural performance, functional connectivity analyses revealed the dorsal striatum plays a more central role in the processing of cognitive control in high than low risk-takers. Overall, these findings suggest that variance in fronto-striatal circuitry may underlie individual differences in risk-taking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki C Lee
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Education and Family Studies, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter D Weeda
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Insel
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, USA
| | - Leah H Somerville
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, USA
| | - Lydia Krabbendam
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte Huizinga
- Department of Education and Family Studies, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Silvers JA, Insel C, Powers A, Franz P, Helion C, Martin RE, Weber J, Mischel W, Casey BJ, Ochsner KN. vlPFC-vmPFC-Amygdala Interactions Underlie Age-Related Differences in Cognitive Regulation of Emotion. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3502-3514. [PMID: 27341851 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation is a critical life skill that develops throughout childhood and adolescence. Despite this development in emotional processes, little is known about how the underlying brain systems develop with age. This study examined emotion regulation in 112 individuals (aged 6-23 years) as they viewed aversive and neutral images using a reappraisal task. On "reappraisal" trials, participants were instructed to view the images as distant, a strategy that has been previously shown to reduce negative affect. On "reactivity" trials, participants were instructed to view the images without regulating emotions to assess baseline emotional responding. During reappraisal, age predicted less negative affect, reduced amygdala responses and inverse coupling between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and amygdala. Moreover, left ventrolateral prefrontal (vlPFC) recruitment mediated the relationship between increasing age and diminishing amygdala responses. This negative vlPFC-amygdala association was stronger for individuals with inverse coupling between the amygdala and vmPFC. These data provide evidence that vmPFC-amygdala connectivity facilitates vlPFC-related amygdala modulation across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Silvers
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Catherine Insel
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alisa Powers
- Department of Psychology, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Peter Franz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rebecca E Martin
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jochen Weber
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Walter Mischel
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Insel C, Kastman EK, Glenn CR, Somerville LH. Development of corticostriatal connectivity constrains goal-directed behavior during adolescence. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1605. [PMID: 29184096 PMCID: PMC5705718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When pursuing high-value goals, mature individuals typically titrate cognitive performance according to environmental demands. However, it remains unclear whether adolescents similarly integrate value-based goals to selectively enhance goal-directed behavior. We used a value-contingent cognitive control task during fMRI to assess how stakes-the value of a prospective outcome-modulate flexible goal-directed behavior and underlying neurocognitive processes. Here we demonstrate that while adults enhance performance during high stakes, adolescents perform similarly during low and high stakes conditions. The developmental emergence of value-contingent performance is mediated by connectivity between the striatum and prefrontal cortex; this connectivity selectively increases during high stakes and with age. These findings suggest that adolescents may not benefit from high stakes to the same degree adults do-a behavioral profile that may be constrained by ongoing maturation of corticostriatal connectivity. We propose that late development of corticostriatal connectivity sets the stage for optimal goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Insel
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Room 290, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Erik K Kastman
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Room 290, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Catherine R Glenn
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, 460 Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Leah H Somerville
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Room 290, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Somerville LH, Sasse SF, Garrad MC, Drysdale AT, Abi Akar N, Insel C, Wilson RC. Charting the expansion of strategic exploratory behavior during adolescence. J Exp Psychol Gen 2016; 146:155-164. [PMID: 27977227 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although models of exploratory decision making implicate a suite of strategies that guide the pursuit of information, the developmental emergence of these strategies remains poorly understood. This study takes an interdisciplinary perspective, merging computational decision making and developmental approaches to characterize age-related shifts in exploratory strategy from adolescence to young adulthood. Participants were 149 12-28-year-olds who completed a computational explore-exploit paradigm that manipulated reward value, information value, and decision horizon (i.e., the utility that information holds for future choices). Strategic directed exploration, defined as information seeking selective for long time horizons, emerged during adolescence and maintained its level through early adulthood. This age difference was partially driven by adolescents valuing immediate reward over new information. Strategic random exploration, defined as stochastic choice behavior selective for long time horizons, was invoked at comparable levels over the age range, and predicted individual differences in attitudes toward risk taking in daily life within the adolescent portion of the sample. Collectively, these findings reveal an expansion of the diversity of strategic exploration over development, implicate distinct mechanisms for directed and random exploratory strategies, and suggest novel mechanisms for adolescent-typical shifts in decision making. (PsycINFO Database Record
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10
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Silvers JA, Insel C, Powers A, Franz P, Helion C, Martin R, Weber J, Mischel W, Casey BJ, Ochsner KN. The transition from childhood to adolescence is marked by a general decrease in amygdala reactivity and an affect-specific ventral-to-dorsal shift in medial prefrontal recruitment. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 25:128-137. [PMID: 27445112 PMCID: PMC5205575 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how and why affective responses change with age is central to characterizing typical and atypical emotional development. Prior work has emphasized the role of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC), which show age-related changes in function and connectivity. However, developmental neuroimaging research has only recently begun to unpack whether age effects in the amygdala and PFC are specific to affective stimuli or may be found for neutral stimuli as well, a possibility that would support a general, rather than affect-specific, account of amygdala-PFC development. To examine this, 112 individuals ranging from 6 to 23 years of age viewed aversive and neutral images while undergoing fMRI scanning. Across age, participants reported more negative affect and showed greater amygdala responses for aversive than neutral stimuli. However, children were generally more sensitive to both neutral and aversive stimuli, as indexed by affective reports and amygdala responses. At the same time, the transition from childhood to adolescence was marked by a ventral-to-dorsal shift in medial prefrontal responses to aversive, but not neutral, stimuli. Given the role that dmPFC plays in executive control and higher-level representations of emotion, these results suggest that adolescence is characterized by a shift towards representing emotional events in increasingly cognitive terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Silvers
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Catherine Insel
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Alisa Powers
- Department of Psychology, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Peter Franz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Jochen Weber
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Walter Mischel
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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Silvers JA, Insel C, Powers A, Franz P, Weber J, Mischel W, Casey BJ, Ochsner KN. Curbing craving: behavioral and brain evidence that children regulate craving when instructed to do so but have higher baseline craving than adults. Psychol Sci 2014; 25:1932-42. [PMID: 25193941 DOI: 10.1177/0956797614546001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although one third of children and adolescents are overweight or obese, developmental changes in food craving and the ability to regulate craving remain poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap by examining behavioral and neural responses to images of appetizing unhealthy foods in individuals ages 6 through 23 years. On close trials (assessing unregulated craving), participants focused on a pictured food's appetitive features. On far trials (assessing effortful regulation), participants focused on a food's visual features and imagined that it was farther away. Across conditions, older age predicted less craving, less striatal recruitment, greater prefrontal activity, and stronger frontostriatal coupling. When effortfully regulating their responses to the images, all participants reported less craving and exhibited greater recruitment of lateral prefrontal cortex and less recruitment of ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Greater body mass predicted less regulation-related prefrontal activity, particularly among children. These results suggest that children experience stronger craving than adults but can also effectively regulate craving. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying regulation may differ for heavy and lean children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alisa Powers
- Department of Psychology, Long Island University
| | - Peter Franz
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University
| | | | | | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College
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Eich TS, Nee DE, Insel C, Malapani C, Smith EE. Neural correlates of impaired cognitive control over working memory in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:146-53. [PMID: 24239131 PMCID: PMC4984253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common deficits in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) is in working memory (WM), which has wide-reaching impacts across cognition. However, previous approaches to studying WM in SZ have used tasks that require multiple cognitive-control processes, making it difficult to determine which specific cognitive and neural processes underlie the WM impairment. METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate component processes of WM in SZ. Eighteen healthy controls (HCs) and 18 patients with SZ performed an item-recognition task that permitted separate neural assessments of 1) WM maintenance, 2) inhibition, and 3) interference control in response to recognition probes. RESULTS Before inhibitory demands, posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), an area involved in WM maintenance, was activated to a similar degree in both HCs and patients, indicating preserved maintenance operations in SZ. When cued to inhibit items from WM, HCs showed reduced activation in posterior VLPFC, commensurate with appropriately inhibiting items from WM. However, these inhibition-related reductions were absent in patients. When later probed with items that should have been inhibited, patients showed reduced behavioral performance and increased activation in mid-VLPFC, an area implicated in interference control. A mediation analysis indicated that impaired inhibition led to increased reliance on interference control and reduced behavioral performance. CONCLUSIONS In SZ, impaired control over memory, manifested through proactive inhibitory deficits, leads to increased reliance on reactive interference-control processes. The strain on interference-control processes results in reduced behavioral performance. Thus, inhibitory deficits in SZ may underlie widespread impairments in WM and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek Evan Nee
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | - Chara Malapani
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University
| | - Edward E. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University
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