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Lim XR, Lai YW, Chua CG, Lim YL, Lee SSJ, Lim CW, Thong YHB, Tan WLJ. Autoimmune manifestations of CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency in two patients of Southeast Asian ethnicity. Asia Pac Allergy 2023; 13:88-90. [PMID: 37388811 PMCID: PMC10287108 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report 2 patients who first developed cutaneous manifestations, followed by autoimmune phenomena, infections, and hypogammaglobulinemia. They were initially diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency; however, the diagnosis was revised to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 haploinsufficiency after genetic and functional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Rong Lim
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yi Wye Lai
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Choon Guan Chua
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yen Loo Lim
- Department of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Chia Wei Lim
- Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yu-Hor Bernard Thong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wei-Lynn Justina Tan
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
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2
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Lee NY, Hum M, Amali AA, Lim WK, Wong M, Myint MK, Tay RJ, Ong PY, Samol J, Lim CW, Ang P, Tan MH, Lee SC, Lee ASG. Whole-exome sequencing of BRCA-negative breast cancer patients and case-control analyses identify variants associated with breast cancer susceptibility. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:61. [PMID: 36424660 PMCID: PMC9685974 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the majority of individuals with early-onset or familial breast cancer referred for genetic testing, the genetic basis of their familial breast cancer remains unexplained. To identify novel germline variants associated with breast cancer predisposition, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed. METHODS WES on 290 BRCA1/BRCA2-negative Singaporeans with early-onset breast cancer and/or a family history of breast cancer was done. Case-control analysis against the East-Asian subpopulation (EAS) from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) identified variants enriched in cases, which were further selected by occurrence in cancer gene databases. Variants were further evaluated in repeated case-control analyses using a second case cohort from the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) comprising 466 early-onset breast cancer patients from the United States, and a Singapore SG10K_Health control cohort. RESULTS Forty-nine breast cancer-associated germline pathogenic variants in 37 genes were identified in Singapore cases versus gnomAD (EAS). Compared against SG10K_Health controls, 13 of 49 variants remain significantly enriched (False Discovery Rate (FDR)-adjusted p < 0.05). Comparing these 49 variants in dbGaP cases against gnomAD (EAS) and SG10K_Health controls revealed 23 concordant variants that were significantly enriched (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). Fourteen variants were consistently enriched in breast cancer cases across all comparisons (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). Seven variants in GPRIN2, NRG1, MYO5A, CLIP1, CUX1, GNAS and MGA were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we have identified pathogenic variants in genes associated with breast cancer predisposition. Importantly, many of these variants were significant in a second case cohort from dbGaP, suggesting that the strategy of using case-control analysis to select variants could potentially be utilized for identifying variants associated with cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yuan Lee
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Melissa Hum
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Aseervatham Anusha Amali
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Wei Kiat Lim
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Matthew Wong
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Matthew Khine Myint
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Ru Jin Tay
- Lucence Diagnostics Pte Ltd, 211 Henderson Road, Singapore, 159552 Singapore
| | - Pei-Yi Ong
- grid.440782.d0000 0004 0507 018XDepartment of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS), National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Jens Samol
- grid.240988.f0000 0001 0298 8161Medical Oncology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Chia Wei Lim
- grid.240988.f0000 0001 0298 8161Department of Personalised Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Peter Ang
- grid.415572.00000 0004 0620 9577Oncocare Cancer Centre, Gleneagles Medical Centre, 6 Napier Road, Singapore, 258499 Singapore
| | - Min-Han Tan
- Lucence Diagnostics Pte Ltd, 211 Henderson Road, Singapore, 159552 Singapore
| | - Soo-Chin Lee
- grid.440782.d0000 0004 0507 018XDepartment of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS), National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Cancer Science Institute, Singapore (CSI), National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Ann S. G. Lee
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore, 169610 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme (ONCO ACP), Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
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3
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Chan SH, Bylstra Y, Teo JX, Kuan JL, Bertin N, Gonzalez-Porta M, Hebrard M, Tirado-Magallanes R, Tan JHJ, Jeyakani J, Li Z, Chai JF, Chong YS, Davila S, Goh LL, Lee ES, Wong E, Wong TY, Prabhakar S, Liu J, Cheng CY, Eisenhaber B, Karnani N, Leong KP, Sim X, Yeo KK, Chambers JC, Tai ES, Tan P, Jamuar SS, Ngeow J, Lim WK, Gluckman PD, Goh DLM, Jain K, Kam S, Kassam I, Lakshmanan LN, Lee CG, Lee J, Lee SC, Lee YS, Li H, Lim CW, Lim TH, Loh M, Maurer-Stroh S, Mina TH, Mok SQ, Ng HK, Pua CJ, Riboli E, Rim TH, Sabanayagam C, Sim WC, Subramaniam T, Tan ES, Tan EK, Tantoso E, Tay D, Teo YY, Tham YC, Toh LXG, Tsai PK, van Dam RM, Veeravalli L, Khin-lin GW, Wilm A, Yang C, Yap F, Yew YW, Prabhakar S, Liu J, Cheng CY, Eisenhaber B, Karnani N, Leong KP, Sim X, Yeo KK, Chambers JC, Tai ES, Tan P, Jamuar SS, Ngeow J, Lim WK. Analysis of clinically relevant variants from ancestrally diverse Asian genomes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6694. [PMID: 36335097 PMCID: PMC9637116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian populations are under-represented in human genomics research. Here, we characterize clinically significant genetic variation in 9051 genomes representing East Asian, South Asian, and severely under-represented Austronesian-speaking Southeast Asian ancestries. We observe disparate genetic risk burden attributable to ancestry-specific recurrent variants and identify individuals with variants specific to ancestries discordant to their self-reported ethnicity, mostly due to cryptic admixture. About 27% of severe recessive disorder genes with appreciable carrier frequencies in Asians are missed by carrier screening panels, and we estimate 0.5% Asian couples at-risk of having an affected child. Prevalence of medically-actionable variant carriers is 3.4% and a further 1.6% harbour variants with potential for pathogenic classification upon additional clinical/experimental evidence. We profile 23 pharmacogenes with high-confidence gene-drug associations and find 22.4% of Asians at-risk of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tier 1 genetic conditions concurrently harbour pharmacogenetic variants with actionable phenotypes, highlighting the benefits of pre-emptive pharmacogenomics. Our findings illuminate the diversity in genetic disease epidemiology and opportunities for precision medicine for a large, diverse Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sock Hoai Chan
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore ,grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232 Singapore
| | - Yasmin Bylstra
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | - Jing Xian Teo
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | - Jyn Ling Kuan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | - Nicolas Bertin
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Research Informatics & Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Mar Gonzalez-Porta
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Research Informatics & Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Maxime Hebrard
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Research Informatics & Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Roberto Tirado-Magallanes
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Research Informatics & Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Joanna Hui Juan Tan
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Research Informatics & Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Justin Jeyakani
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Research Informatics & Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Zhihui Li
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Research Informatics & Data Science Platform, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Jin Fang Chai
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549 Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228 Singapore ,grid.452264.30000 0004 0530 269XSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, 117609 Singapore
| | - Sonia Davila
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, 169609 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Genomic Medicine Centre, Singapore, 168582 Singapore
| | - Liuh Ling Goh
- grid.240988.f0000 0001 0298 8161Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Eng Sing Lee
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232 Singapore ,grid.466910.c0000 0004 0451 6215National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore, 138543 Singapore
| | - Eleanor Wong
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- grid.419272.b0000 0000 9960 1711Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751 Singapore
| | | | - Shyam Prabhakar
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XLaboratory of Systems Biology and Data Analytics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XHuman Genomics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- grid.419272.b0000 0000 9960 1711Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore ,grid.418325.90000 0000 9351 8132Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138671 Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- grid.452264.30000 0004 0530 269XHuman Development, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, 117609 Singapore ,grid.418325.90000 0000 9351 8132Clinical Data Engagement, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138671 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596 Singapore
| | - Khai Pang Leong
- grid.240988.f0000 0001 0298 8161Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 308433 Singapore ,grid.240988.f0000 0001 0298 8161Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549 Singapore
| | - Khung Keong Yeo
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, 169609 Singapore ,grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - John C. Chambers
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232 Singapore ,Precision Health Research Singapore (PRECISE), Singapore, 139234 Singapore ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore ,Precision Health Research Singapore (PRECISE), Singapore, 139234 Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, 169609 Singapore ,grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672 Singapore ,Precision Health Research Singapore (PRECISE), Singapore, 139234 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Saumya S. Jamuar
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, 169609 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Genomic Medicine Centre, Singapore, 168582 Singapore ,grid.414963.d0000 0000 8958 3388Genetics Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, 229899 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Paediatric Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore ,grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232 Singapore ,grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
| | - Weng Khong Lim
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, Singapore, 169609 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431SingHealth Duke-NUS Genomic Medicine Centre, Singapore, 168582 Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
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Goh LL, Lim CW, Leong KP, Ong KH. TPMT and NUDT15 testing for thiopurine therapy: A major tertiary hospital experience and lessons learned. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837164. [PMID: 36210828 PMCID: PMC9537458 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) are associated with an accumulation of cytotoxic metabolites leading to increased risk of drug-related toxicity with standard doses of thiopurine drugs. We established TPMT and NUDT15 genetic testing for clinical use and evaluated the utilization, service outcomes and potential value of multi-gene PGx testing for 210 patients that underwent pharmacogenetics (PGx) testing for thiopurine therapy with the aim to optimize service delivery for future prescribing. The test was most commonly ordered for Gastroenterology (40.0%) and Neurology (31.4%), with an average turnaround time of 2 days. Following testing, 24.3% patients were identified as intermediate or poor metabolizers, resulting in 51 recommendations for a drug or dose change in thiopurine therapy, which were implemented in 28 (54.9%) patients. In the remaining patients, 14 were not adjusted and 9 had no data available. Focusing on drug gene interactions available for testing in our laboratory, multi-gene PGx results would present opportunities for treatment optimization for at least 33.8% of these patients who were on 2 or more concurrent medications with actionable PGx guidance. However, the use of PGx panel testing in clinical practice will require the development of guidelines and education as revealed by a survey with the test providers. The evaluation demonstrated successful implementation of single gene PGx testing and this experience guides the transition to a pre-emptive multi-gene testing approach that provides the opportunity to improve clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuh Ling Goh
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Liuh Ling Goh,
| | - Chia Wei Lim
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khai Pang Leong
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kiat Hoe Ong
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Ahmed W, Lim CW. Effective recycling of disposable medical face masks for sustainable green concrete via a new fiber hybridization technique. Constr Build Mater 2022; 344:128245. [PMID: 35782289 PMCID: PMC9234441 DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Global public response to the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is highly focused on human health. However, conservationists have cautioned of unprecedented threats to the natural environment from a new type of non-biodegradable microplastic waste resulting from extensive use of disposable medical face masks (DMFMs). Thus, this waste must be recycled in an eco-friendly manner on an urgent basis. In this research, we developed a new environmentally friendly recycling technique using waste DMFMs in sustainable green concrete. More explicitly, a new fiber hybridization approach has been introduced in which two types of fibers namely DMFM fiber and basalt fiber (BF) were incorporated into fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (FRAC). The volume fractions of DMFM fiber were 0%, 0.1%, and 0.2% and the volume fractions of BF were 0%, 0.25%, and 0.5%. In addition, two mineral admixtures (fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag) were also used. Test results indicated increase of approximately 12% in compressive strength, 26% in split tensile strength, and 60% in flexural strength of FRAC containing hybrid fibers and mineral admixtures. The density and ultra-sonic pulse velocity (UPV) of DMFM fiber- and BF-modified FRAC ranged from 2406-2433 kg/m3 and 4502-4541 m/s, respectively, which meets structural concrete requirements. The water absorption rate gradually increased with an increase in the volume fractions of fibers but remained within the allowable water absorption limit for construction materials. Lastly, the microstructure investigation indicated excellent concrete quality, improved interfacial transition zones (ITZs), and good compatibility of host concrete matrix with both DMFM fiber and BF that correlates well with the experimental results reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisal Ahmed
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - C W Lim
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
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6
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Lin GSS, Koh SH, Ter KZ, Lim CW, Sultana S, Tan WW. Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Teledentistry among Dental Practitioners during COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58:medicina58010130. [PMID: 35056438 PMCID: PMC8781277 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This systemic review aims to appraise and analyse the awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practice of teledentistry among dental practitioners during COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021283404). Cross-sectional articles on dental practitioners' perceptions towards teledentistry published between March 2020 and September 2021 were searched in ten online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, EMBASE, SIGLE, EBSCO, LILACS, and Open Grey). The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool was employed to analyse the risk of bias (RoB) of each article, whereas the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine recommendation tool was used to evaluate the level of evidence. Data were analysed using the DerSimonian-Laird random effect model based on a single-arm approach. Results: Six studies were included and demonstrated Level 3 evidence. A single-arm meta-analysis revealed that dental practitioners had a high level of awareness (70.4%) and attitude (72.5%) towards teledentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic, but their knowledge level (57.9%) was moderate with a poor practice level (35.8%). A substantial heterogeneity was observed with the overall I2 ranging from 90.78% to 98.21%. Furthermore, meta-regression indicated that the sample size of each study had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the degree of data heterogeneity. Conclusions: Despite their high degree of awareness and attitude, dental practitioners demonstrated moderate knowledge and relatively poor practice of teledentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. More well-designed studies are warranted to investigate the alternatives for enhancing dental practitioners' knowledge and practice of teledentistry interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galvin Sim Siang Lin
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST) University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-4429-8564
| | - Sze Hui Koh
- Puchong Dental Clinic, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Puchong 47100, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Karyn Zuhuan Ter
- KK2 Batu Pahat Clinic, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Batu Pahat 83000, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Chia Wei Lim
- Taman Intan Clinic, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Petani 08000, Kedah, Malaysia;
| | - Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM), Bukit Baru 75150, Melaka, Malaysia;
| | - Wen Wu Tan
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST) University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
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Pang Leong K, Yun Yong M, Ling Goh L, Mun Woo C, Wei Lim C, Koh ET. Missense variant in interleukin-6 signal transducer identified as susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese patients. Arch Rheumatol 2021; 36:603-610. [PMID: 35382366 PMCID: PMC8957766 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2021.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to uncover variants of large effect size and allele frequency below 5% by sequencing all extant genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a homogeneous patient cohort. Patients and methods
This retrospective study was conducted between January 2001 and December 2017. We selected Chinese RA patients positive for anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA). All the 128 known candidate genes identified through genome-wide association studies were sequenced in 48 RA patients (15 males, 33 females; mean age 53.32±8.98 years; range, 32 to 75 years) and 45 controls (11 males, 34 females; mean age 32.18±9.54; range, 21 to 57 years). The exonic regions of these genes were sequenced. The resultant data were analyzed for association using single variant association and pathway-based association enrichment tests. The genetic burden due to low-frequency variants was assessed with the C-alpha test. The candidate variants that showed significant association were validated in a larger cohort of 500 RA cases (71 males, 429 females; mean age 48.6±12.2 years; range, 24 to 92 years) and 500 controls (66 males, 434 females; mean age 32.3±10.1 years; range, 21 to 73 years). Results
Thirty-nine variants in 21 genes were identified using single variant association analysis and C-alpha test, with stepwise filtering. Among these, the missense variant in interleukin-6 signal transducer (IL-6ST) 5:55260065 (p.Cys47Phe) was significantly associated with RA in Chinese patients in Singapore. Conclusion
Our results suggest that a mutation in IL-6ST (5:55260065) confers risk of RA in Chinese patients in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai Pang Leong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
- Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
| | - Mei Yun Yong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
| | - Liuh Ling Goh
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
| | - Chia Mun Woo
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
| | - Chia Wei Lim
- Personalized Medicine Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
| | - Ee Tzun Koh
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
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8
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Lim CTS, M N, Sani D, Tan SN, Lim CW, Kirby BP, Ideris A, Stanslas J. Edible Bird Nest Protects the Kidney From Gentamicin Induced Acute Tubular Necrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:726005. [PMID: 34658864 PMCID: PMC8511955 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.726005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, there are about 13.3 million cases of acute kidney injury (AKI). Although AKI is a preventable and treatable disease, if left untreated, it has high risk of multiple organ failure and progression to end stage kidney disease. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) has been recognised as one of the major causes of AKI. Till to date, there is no effective supplement or medication in treating or reversing AKI. Most of the treatment strategies involve preventative measure to minimise the occurrence of AKI or to reverse the cause of AKI. Hence one of the primary area of research interests is to explore the potential treatment for AKI. Edible bird nests (EBN) are edible food produce by the swiftlet’s saliva, which is rich in sialic acids. Sialic acids are monosaccharides that play a vital role in maintaining the integrity and proper function of the human organs, including kidneys. EBN also contains epidermal growth factor, which is widely believed to have rejuvenation and tissue repairing properties. We initiate this study to study the potential reno-protective effect of edible bird’s nests by studying the Wistar rat model of gentamicin-induced AKI. Besides renal profiles, renal histology was also semiquantitatively assessed. In our study, pre-treatment with EBN prevented and ameliorated the gentamicin-induced AKI. To a lesser extent, post-treatment with EBN also protected the kidney from the toxic effect of gentamicin. Our findings are highly indicative that EBN possesses reno-protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T S Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah M
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - D Sani
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - S N Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - C W Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Brian P Kirby
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Ideris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UPM Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - J Stanslas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia
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Shan Y, Liu S, Wang B, Hong Y, Zhang C, Lim CW, Zhang G, Yang Z. A gravity-driven sintering method to fabricate geometrically complex compact piezoceramics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6066. [PMID: 34663834 PMCID: PMC8523652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly compact and geometrically complex piezoceramics are required by a variety of electromechanical devices owing to their outstanding piezoelectricity, mechanical stability and extended application scenarios. 3D printing is currently the mainstream technology for fabricating geometrically complex piezoceramic components. However, it is hard to print piezoceramics in a curve shape while also keeping its compactness due to restrictions on the ceramic loading and the viscosity of feedstocks. Here, we report a gravity-driven sintering (GDS) process to directly fabricate curved and compact piezoceramics by exploiting gravitational force and high-temperature viscous behavior of sintering ceramic specimens. The sintered lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics possess curve geometries that can be facilely tuned via the initial mechanical boundary design, and exhibit high piezoelectric properties comparable to those of conventional-sintered compact PZT (d33 = 595 pC/N). In contrast to 3D printing technology, our GDS process is suitable for scale-up production and low-cost production of piezoceramics with diverse curved surfaces. Our GDS strategy is an universal and facile route to fabricate curved piezoceramics and other functional ceramics with no compromise of their functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramic MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - C W Lim
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangzu Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramic MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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Abstract
The acceleration of Faradaic reactions by oscillating electric potentials has emerged as a viable tool to enhance electrocatalysis, but the non-Faradaic dynamic promotion of thermal catalytic processes remains to be proven. Here, we present experimental evidence showing that oscillating potentials are capable of enhancing the rate of ethylene hydrogenation despite no promotion effect being observed under static potentials. The non-Faradaic dynamic enhancement reaches up to 553% on a Pd/C electrode when cycling between -0.25 and 0.55 VNHE under optimized conditions with a frequency of around 0.1 Hz and a duty cycle of 99%. Under those conditions, the catalytic reaction rates were promoted beyond the rate of charge transfer to the electrode surface, confirming the non-Faradaic nature of the process. Experiments in different electrolytes reveal a good correlation between the catalytic enhancement and the double-layer capacitance, a measure for the interfacial electric field strength. Preliminary kinetic data is consistent with cyclic removal of adsorbates from the surface at negative potential and the subsequent adsorption of H2 and C2H4 and hydrogenation reaction at the positively polarized surface.
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11
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Wang L, Lim CW, Ng GZL, Rough SL, Ian Wilson D. Modeling the breakage stage in spheronization of cylindrical paste extrudates. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Chia Wei Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Grace Zhen Li Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Sarah L. Rough
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - D. Ian Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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Kee AR, Yip VCH, Tay ELT, Lim CW, Cheng J, Teo HY, Chua CH, Yip LWL. Comparison of two different optical coherence tomography angiography devices in detecting healthy versus glaucomatous eyes - an observational cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:440. [PMID: 33167902 PMCID: PMC7653880 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand the differences between two different optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) devices in detecting glaucomatous from healthy eyes by comparing their vascular parameters, diagnostic accuracy and test-retest reliability. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was performed on healthy and glaucoma subjects, on whom two sets of OCTA images of optic disc and macula were acquired using both AngioVue (Optovue, USA) and Swept Source (Topcon, Japan) OCTA devices during one visit. A novel in-house software was used to calculate the vessel densities. Diagnostic accuracy of the machines in differentiating healthy versus glaucomatous eyes was determined using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and test-retest repeatability of the machines was also evaluated. Results A total of 80 healthy and 38 glaucomatous eyes were evaluated. Glaucomatous eyes had reduced mean vessel density compared to healthy controls in all segmented layers of the optic disc and macula using AngioVue (p ≤ 0.001). However, glaucomatous eyes had higher mean vessel density on optic disc scans using Swept Source, with lack of statistically significant difference between healthy and glaucomatous eyes. The AUROC showed better diagnostic accuracy of AngioVue (0.761–1.000) compared to Swept Source (0.113–0.644). The test-retest reliability indices were generally better using AngioVue than Swept Source. Conclusions AngioVue showed better diagnostic capability and test-retest reliability compared to Swept Source. Further studies need to be undertaken to evaluate if there is any significant difference between the various machines in diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Kee
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - V C H Yip
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E L T Tay
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C W Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - J Cheng
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - H Y Teo
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C H Chua
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L W L Yip
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Abstract
Despite the indisputable success of conventional approaches to manipulate the performance of heterogeneous catalysts by tuning the composition and structure of active sites, future research on catalysis engineering will likely go beyond the catalyst itself. Recently, several auxiliary promotion methods, either promoting the activity of reagents or enabling optimized adsorbate-catalyst interactions, have been proven as viable strategies to enhance catalytic reactions. Those auxiliary promotion methods range from electric/magnetic fields and electric potentials to mechanic stress, significantly altering the properties of reagent molecules and/or the surface characteristics of nanostructured catalysts. Apart from static enhancement effects, they in principle also allow for spatially and temporally variable modifications of catalyst surfaces. While some of those methods have been demonstrated, some are only theoretically predicted, opening exciting avenues for future experimental advances. Besides fundamental descriptions and comparisons of each activation method, in this perspective we plan to provide examples for the applications of those techniques for a variety of catalytic reactions as diverse as N2 and CO2 hydrogenation as well as electrochemical water splitting. Finally, we provide a unifying view and guidelines for future research into the use of promotion methods, generating deeper understanding of the complex dynamics on the nanoparticle surface under auxiliary promotion and the expansion of auxiliary techniques to different sustainability-related reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Hülsey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4 , 117585 Singapore , Singapore .
| | - Chia Wei Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4 , 117585 Singapore , Singapore .
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4 , 117585 Singapore , Singapore .
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Hau YW, Lim HW, Lim CW, Kasim S. P204 Automated detection of atrial fibrillation based on stationary wavelet transform and artificial neural network targeted for embedded system-on-chip technology. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehz872.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most severe cardiovascular disease which can potentially cause permanent disability. Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is one of the major risk factors of stroke that can be detected from electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring.
Objective
This study proposed an AF detection algorithm based on stationary wavelet transform (SWT) and artificial neural network (ANN) for screening purpose. The algorithm is aimed for embedded System-on-Chip (SoC) technology deployment as a standalone AF classifier for community in rural area where the internet infrastructure may not well established.
Methods
After standard ECG signal pre-processing, SWT is applied to filtered ECG and produces 12 sets of primary features in time-frequency domain. The power spectral density (PSD) and log energy entropy (LogEn) were calculated from these 12 sets of primary features, to measure atrial activity fall in frequency range of 4 to 9 Hz, and the randomness of an ECG signal caused by AF, respectively. Finally, the ANN classifier recognizes the pattern of AF based on high atrial activity and randomness of ECG signal. Algorithm exploration is carried out to determine the optimum parameter value which can yield the best classification and suitable to be implemented in embedded SoC technology for real-time computation performance. ECG training and testing datasets of the proposed AF detection algorithm were extracted from MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation Database which consists of 23 ECG record with each record contains a 10 hours ECG data.
Results
AF detection accuracy is 95.3% which was able to classify an ECG signal into categories of AF, sinus rhythm, and other arrhythmia.
Conclusion
The proposed AF detection algorithm based on combination of SWT and ANN can achieve high accuracy and is suitable to be implemented as a standalone AF classifier based on embedded SoC technology targeted for early detection of AF in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Hau
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM-IJN Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Johor, Malaysia
| | - H W Lim
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM-IJN Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Johor, Malaysia
| | - C W Lim
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Department of Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Kasim
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Department of Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Sim WC, Loh CH, Toh GLX, Lim CW, Chopra A, Chang AYC, Goh LL. Non-invasive detection of actionable mutations in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer using targeted sequencing of circulating tumor DNA. Lung Cancer 2018; 124:154-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Najme Khir R, Chua NYC, Raja Sharif RE, Ismail JR, Arshad K, Abdul Rahman E, Lim CW, Zainal Abidin HA, Kasim S, Abdul Rahman E. P1257Myocardial work - a novel technique of assessing myocardial efficiency in different causes of left ventricular hypertrophy. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.p1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Najme Khir
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N Y C Chua
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - J R Ismail
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K Arshad
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E Abdul Rahman
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - C W Lim
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - S Kasim
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E Abdul Rahman
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cardiology, Selangor, Malaysia
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Goh LL, Lee Y, Tan ES, Lim JSC, Lim CW, Dalan R. Patient with multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency disease and ETFDH mutations benefits from riboflavin therapy: a case report. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:37. [PMID: 29615056 PMCID: PMC5883299 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid storage myopathy (LSM) is a diverse group of lipid metabolic disorders with great variations in the clinical phenotype and age of onset. Classical multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) is known to occur secondary to mutations in electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETFDH) gene. Whole exome sequencing (WES) with clinical correlations can be useful in identifying genomic alterations for targeted therapy. Case presentation We report a patient presented with severe muscle weakness and exercise intolerance, suggestive of LSM. Diagnostic testing demonstrated lipid accumulation in muscle fibres and elevated plasma acyl carnitine levels. Exome sequencing of the proband and two of his unaffected siblings revealed compound heterozygous mutations, c.250G > A (p.Ala84Thr) and c.770A > G (p.Tyr257Cys) in the ETFDH gene as the probable causative mutations. In addition, a previously unreported variant c.1042C > T (p.Arg348Trp) in ACOT11 gene was found. This missense variant was predicted to be deleterious but its association with lipid storage in muscle is unclear. The diagnosis of MADD was established and the patient was treated with riboflavin which resulted in rapid clinical and biochemical improvement. Conclusions Our findings support the role of WES as an effective tool in the diagnosis of highly heterogeneous disease and this has important implications in the therapeutic strategy of LSM treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-018-0356-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuh Ling Goh
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yingshan Lee
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Ee Shien Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, Genetics Services, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - James Soon Chuan Lim
- Biochemical Genetics and National Expanded Newborn Screening, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Chia Wei Lim
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore.
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Lim CW, Dirksen A, Taraborrelli P, Sau A, Nagy S, Hayat S, Lim PB. 50Modification in head up tilt test protocol increases diagnostic yield and better-elucidates the mechanism of situational syncope. Europace 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux283.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Sau A, Sritharan V, Taraborrelli P, Dirksen A, Dhutia N, Lim CW, Hayat S, Sutton R, Lim PB. 29Refining the diagnostic criteria of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) using power spectral indices. Europace 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux283.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Le HT, Lee JW, Park SC, Jeong JW, Jung W, Lim CW, Kim KP, Kim TW. Triazolium cyclodextrin click cluster-resin conjugate: an enrichment material for phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10459-10462. [PMID: 28890969 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06151j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UltraLink was functionalized with a triazolium cyclodextrin click cluster (CCC) which provides a well-oriented, multivalent, positively charged binding site for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. MALDI TOF MS and LC ESI MS/MS MRM analysis of spiked PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in lipid extract suggest that triazolium CCC-UltraLink conjugate can be used as an enrichment material for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Le
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - S C Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - J W Jeong
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - W Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - C W Lim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science and Nano-technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, 34430, Republic of Korea
| | - K P Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - T W Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Thermo-acoustic (TA) transducers are generation of sound speakers without any mechanical vibration system which exhibit an extremely wide frequency response range. In this paper, acoustic field responses to broadband input signals applied to both free-standing and nano-thinfilm-substrate thermo-acoustic devices are developed theoretically by using the Fourier transformation. A series of signals, including single-frequency signal, square root signal, periodic triangle wave signal, and periodic rectangular pulse signal, are applied to these TA devices in simulations and the acoustic pressure responses are investigated. The reproducibility of input signals is predicted. The single frequency results show good agreement with previously published experimental results. Alternative methods for reproducing the original signals with small distortion and low power consumption are introduced. The excellent performance of the TA devices on broadband signal responses will provide a design approach for sound parametric array and underwater communication equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Tong
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - S K Lai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - C W Lim
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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22
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Abstract
Background Genetic determinants of drug response remain stable throughout life and offer great promise to patient-tailored drug therapy. The adoption of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing in patient care requires accurate, cost effective and rapid genotyping with clear guidance on the use of the results. Hence, we evaluated a 32 SNPs panel for implementing PGx testing in clinical laboratories. Methods We designed a 32-SNP panel for PGx testing in clinical laboratories. The variants were selected using the clinical annotations of the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) and include polymorphisms of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A5 and VKORC1 genes. The CYP2D6 gene allele quantification was determined simultaneously with TaqMan copy number assays targeting intron 2 and exon 9 regions. The genotyping results showed high call rate accuracy according to concordance with genotypes identified by independent analyses on Sequenome massarray and droplet digital PCR. Furthermore, 506 genomic samples across three major ethnic groups of Singapore (Malay, Indian and Chinese) were analysed on our workflow. Results We found that 98% of our study subjects carry one or more CPIC actionable variants. The major alleles detected include CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2, CYP2D6*10, CYP2D6*36, CYP2D6*41, CYP3A5*3 and VKORC1*2. These translate into a high percentage of intermediate (IM) and poor metabolizer (PM) phenotypes for these genes in our population. Conclusion Genotyping may be useful to identify patients who are prone to drug toxicity with standard doses of drug therapy in our population. The simplicity and robustness of this PGx panel is highly suitable for use in a clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuh Ling Goh
- TTSH Research Laboratory, Clinical Research & Innovation Office, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia Wei Lim
- TTSH Research Laboratory, Clinical Research & Innovation Office, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wey Cheng Sim
- TTSH Research Laboratory, Clinical Research & Innovation Office, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Xian Toh
- TTSH Research Laboratory, Clinical Research & Innovation Office, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Khai Pang Leong
- TTSH Research Laboratory, Clinical Research & Innovation Office, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Lee H, Lim CW, Hong HP, Ju JW, Jeon YT, Hwang JW, Park HP. Efficacy of the APACHE II score at ICU discharge in predicting post-ICU mortality and ICU readmission in critically ill surgical patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2015; 43:175-86. [PMID: 25735682 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1504300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the discharge Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score in predicting post-intensive care unit (ICU) mortality and ICU readmission during the same hospitalisation in a surgical ICU. Of 1190 patients who were admitted to the ICU and stayed >48 hours between October 2007 and March 2010, 23 (1.9%) died and 86 (7.2%) were readmitted after initial ICU discharge, with 26 (3.0%) admitted within 48 hours. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of the discharge and admission APACHE II scores in predicting in-hospital mortality was 0.631 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.603 to 0.658) and 0.669 (95% CI 0.642 to 0.696), respectively (P=0.510). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of discharge and admission APACHE II scores for predicting all forms of readmission was 0.606 (95% CI 0.578 to 0.634) and 0.574 (95% CI 0.545 to 0.602), respectively (P=0.316). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of discharge APACHE II score in predicting early ICU readmissions was, however, higher than that of admission APACHE II score (0.688 [95% CI 0.660 to 0.714] versus 0.505 [95% CI 0.476 to 0.534], P=0.001). The discharge APACHE II score (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.22, P=0.024), unplanned ICU readmission (OR 20.0, 95% CI 7.6 to 53.1, P=0.001), eosinopenia at ICU discharge (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.34 to 26.9, P=0.019), and hospital length-of-stay before ICU admission (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03, P=0.021) were significant independent factors in predicting post-ICU mortality. This study suggests that the discharge APACHE II score may be useful in predicting post-ICU mortality and is superior to the admission APACHE II score in predicting early ICU readmission in surgical ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C W Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H P Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J W Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Y T Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - J W Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - H P Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) accounts for 5%-8% of all congenital heart defects. If left untreated, most patients with significant CoA will have varying degrees of morbidity (e.g. hypertension, stroke, collateral formation and ventricular hypertrophy), possibly even mortality. Traditionally, treatment for this condition is surgical. Herein, we report stenting during catheterisation as an alternative nonsurgical treatment option for patients with CoA, and present the treatment outcomes of patients who underwent this treatment option. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed four patients (2 men and 2 women; age range 20-41 years) who underwent CoA stenting under general anaesthesia for the treatment of native CoA or restenosis of CoA at our institution. Three patients had a 40-mm Palmaz stent inserted, while one had a 39-mm Cheatham-Platinum covered stent inserted. Angiography and measurement of pressure gradients were performed before and after stent implantation to ensure good treatment outcomes. RESULTS The patients' treatment outcomes were good, with a significant reduction in pressure gradients across the narrowed segments. Angiography showed relief of CoA. The patients were followed up for 1-3 years, during which no complications were noted. CONCLUSION This is the first reported series in Singapore on the nonsurgical treatment of CoAs in adult patients using stents during interventional cardiac catheterisation. This less invasive procedure may lead to a new paradigm shift with regard to the treatment of CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S C Quek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore. swee _chye
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Kim Z, Kang SG, Lee J, Kim SY, Lim CW, Lee MH. P2-16-14: Skin Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Latissimus Dorsi Flap Reconstruction: Patient Reported Outcome and Factors Affecting the Highest Patient Satisfaction. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-p2-16-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Skin sparing mastectomy (SSM) and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) with latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is a tailored surgical procedure for breast cancer patients. In this study the oncologic safety, morbidities, and aesthetic results of SSM and LD IBR, as regards to patient satisfaction, were assessed.
Material and Methods: Between March 2000 and February 2011, single surgeon performed SSM and IBR for 145 patients. Eighty-five patients completed the patient satisfaction survey, and 65 patients with SSM and LD IBR were included. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their degree of satisfaction, and a stratified analysis was performed.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.4 years (range, 21–74), and the pathologic results were infiltrating ductal carcinoma (n=48, 73.8%), ductal carcinoma in situ (n=15, 23.1%), and others (n=2, 3.1%). After a mean follow-up of 34 months (range, 1.6−89.9) no local recurrence occurred, and there were no skin necrosis or LD flap loss. Donor site morbidities were seroma (n=8, 12.3%), scarring (n=8, 12.3%), and back pain (n=6, 9.2%).
Fifty patients (76.9%) were satisfied with their surgical outcomes, and 40% reported their degree of satisfaction as excellent. Breast symmetry (P<0.001), nipple cosmesis (P<0.001), surgeon assessment (P<0.001), observer assessment (P<0.001), and visual difference of bilateral breasts (P=0.021) were factors that affected the highest patient satisfaction.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that our SSM and LD IBR was oncologically safe, and was associated with low morbidity rates. LD flap per se, without a prosthetic implant, could sufficiently produce a high level of patient satisfaction. Accurate surgical techniuqes and careful consideration for breast symmetry and nipple cosmesis would be the key to meet the patient's expectations and enhanced quality of life.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-16-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kim
- 1Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-G Kang
- 1Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Lee
- 1Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - SY Kim
- 1Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - CW Lim
- 1Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - MH Lee
- 1Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Ong LS, Vijayan A, Koh CS, Lai CC, Lim CW, Loke WF, Low SH, Tang KY, Wong FL, Yong KL. An intelligent tutoring system for trauma management (Trauma-Teach): a preliminary report. Ann Acad Med Singap 2005; 34:499-504. [PMID: 16205828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trauma-Teach is an interactive software for tutoring surgical trainees on medical trauma management procedures. Users of the system interact with a virtual patient suffering from trauma injuries. The task of the user is to stabilise the virtual patient, discover the underlying injuries and decide on an appropriate management plan. Artificial intelligence techniques are used to simulate the patient's pulmonary and cardiovascular systems in real time, determine the responses and results of treatments and diagnostics accordingly, model the patient deterioration if wrong actions are taken, and give a measure of reality to the system by selecting actual trauma cases from the hospital's database.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Ong
- Institute of Systems Science, National University of Singapore, 25 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119615.
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27
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Baek BK, Lim CW, Rahman MS, Kim CH, Oluoch A, Kakoma I. Brucella abortus infection in indigenous Korean dogs. Can J Vet Res 2003; 67:312-4. [PMID: 14620870 PMCID: PMC280718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Three dogs reared on a dairy farm with a high incidence for Brucella abortus were serologically positive for B. abortus and no other Brucella spp. The identity of the organism was confirmed to be B. abortus by AMOS (abortus melitensis ovis suis)-polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for B. canis. One hundred percent homology of the canine isolate and the bovine pathogen isolated from the farm was demonstrated. The only possible source of infection was infected cattle on the same farm. It is suggested that dogs be routinely included in brucellosis surveillance and eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Baek
- Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, 560-756, Republic of Korea
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28
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Foo YL, Bratland KA, Cho B, Lim CW, Baker J, Wen JG, Moon DW, Greene JE. Self-organized superlattice formation during crystal growth from continuous beam fluxes. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:235502. [PMID: 12857270 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.235502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alloy superlattice structures consisting of alternating Si-rich and C-rich layers form spontaneously during gas-source molecular beam epitaxy of Si(1-y)C(y) on Si(001) from constant Si2H6 and CH3SiH3 precursor fluxes at T(s)=725-750 degrees C. The self-organized patterning is due to a complex interaction among competing surface reactions. During growth of the initial Si-rich layer, strain-driven C segregation to the subsurface results in charge transfer from surface Si atom dangling bonds to C backbonds. This decreases the Si2H6 sticking probability, and, hence, the instantaneous deposition rate, thereby enhancing C segregation. The Si-rich layer continues until a critical C coverage is reached allowing nucleation of a C-rich layer which grows until the excess subsurface C is depleted. The process then repeats with periods tunable through the choice of T(s) and y(avg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Foo
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and the Materials Science Department, University of Illinois, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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29
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Baek BK, Islam MK, Kim BS, Lim CW, Hur J, Oluoch AO, Kim CH, Kakoma I. Characterization of the protective response against a homologous challenge infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis in rats. Vet Parasitol 2003; 113:217-27. [PMID: 12719136 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protective response in rats against a homologous challenge infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis was characterized. In an initial infection with 1000 filariform larvae and migrating larvae (L(3)) of S. venezuelensis, the population of L(3) in the lungs on day 3 postinfection (PI), and that of adult worms in the small intestine on day 7 PI, were 180.8+/-14.5 and 336.8+/-70.7, respectively. The latter were gradually expelled towards day 42 PI. After the initial infection, the rats developed strong immunity against a homologous challenge infection as manifested by a marked reduction in worm populations, stunted body length and width, damage to reproductive organs, impaired egg production and rapid expulsion of the worms by day 14 after challenge. Expulsion of the worms was preceded by a significantly elevated (P<0.05) peripheral blood eosinophil (PBE) count, both in the initial (200.0+/-26.5 x 10(3)ml) and the challenge infection (400.9+/-165.4 x 10(3)ml). These findings suggest that rats acquire strong homologous immunity following initial exposure to S. venezuelensis. It is suggested that PBEs are involved in worm expulsion. A major target of these effector mechanisms is the reproductive system of S. venezuelensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 561-756, Chonju, South Korea
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30
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Lee YC, Lim CW, Saw SM, Koh D. The prevalence and pattern of contact lens use in a Singapore community. CLAO J 2000; 26:21-5. [PMID: 10656305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence, socio-demographic patterns, and characteristics of contact lens use in an electoral community in Singapore. METHODS One thousand eight hundred fifteen persons aged between 12-55 years from 768 households were surveyed using a standardized pre-tested questionnaire. RESULTS The percentage of contact lens wearers in the survey populations was 9.0%. Forty-two percent of surveyed individuals were myopes, 21.8% of whom wore contact lenses. Contact lens wearers tended to be young Chinese females with higher level education and incomes. Most wore monthly disposable or daily wear soft contact lenses. Convenience and cosmesis were the main reasons cited for contact lens wear. Optometrists, who prescribed the bulk of contact lenses, were also the most influential in determining consumers' choice of lenses. CONCLUSION Information gathered in this population-based survey may be used to facilitate national eye-care planning and provide a baseline for comparison with rates of lens wear found in other countries and in future surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lee
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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31
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Seko N, Bando H, Lim CW, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Theoretical analysis of the effect of cutaneous metabolism on skin permeation of parabens based on a two-layer skin diffusion/metabolism model. Biol Pharm Bull 1999; 22:281-7. [PMID: 10220285 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.22.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of cutaneous metabolism on the skin penetration of drugs was analyzed based on a two-layer skin diffusion/metabolism model. In vitro permeation studies of propylparaben and butylparaben with or without an esterase inhibitor, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), were performed. Pretreatment of the skin with DFP prolonged the lag time for the penetration of intact parabens. Additionally, DFP significantly decreased the total flux of butylparaben, but not that of propylparaben. Model analysis of the penetration profiles revealed that DFP inhibits the cutaneous metabolism without affecting any other processes. To comprehensively understand the relationships among lipophilicity, metabolic rate, and skin permeation of drugs, simulation studies were performed with newly derived equations concerning the permeability coefficient and the lag time for the penetration of both intact and metabolite forms. The analysis revealed that the lag time for the penetration of both intact and metabolite forms becomes shorter with increasing metabolic rate. As the metabolic rate of the drug increases, skin penetration of the intact form decreases whereas that of the metabolite increases. The total flux of intact and metabolite forms increases with increasing metabolic rate, being more obvious for highly lipophilic drugs. This indicates that the permeation of lipophilic compounds such as butylparaben is more highly affected by cutaneous metabolism in the viable layer because these compounds easily penetrate the stratum corneum layer. Consequently, the balance between the permeability of drug across the stratum corneum and the dermis has been implicated to impose a significant influence on the percutaneous absorption of drugs subjected to cutaneous metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Seko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kawanishi, Hyogo, Japan
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32
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Kim KJ, Lim CW, Kang MG, Park KT. Adaptive approximation bounds for vertex based contour encoding. IEEE Trans Image Process 1999; 8:1142-1147. [PMID: 18267531 DOI: 10.1109/83.777097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When approximating the shape of a region, a fixed bound on the tolerable distortion is set for approximating its contour points. An adaptive approximation bound for lossy coding of the contour points is proposed. A function representing the relative significance of the contour points is defined to adjust the distortion bound along the region contour allowing an adaptive approximation of the region shape. The effectiveness of the adaptive contour coding approach for a region-based coding system is verified through experiments.
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Burnett JR, Lim CW, Crooke MJ. Hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin detected in a new diabetic following artefactual elevation of haemoglobin A1. N Z Med J 1996; 109:192-3. [PMID: 8657387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Burnett
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Wellington Hospital and Medical Laboratory
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Abstract
In the rat, the target organs of fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme, are the kidney and liver. Fumonisin B1 is also hepatocarcinogenic in the rat and is associated epidemiologically with esophageal cancer in humans. We investigated the effect of a single intravenous dose of fumonisin B1 on cell proliferation, lesion development, and glutathione status in the major target organs of the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with fumonisin B1 at 0 or 1.25 mg/kg and were euthanized at 12 hr or, 1,2,3, or 5 days. An intraperitoneal injection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine at 100 mg/kg was given 90 min prior to euthanasia. In fumonisin B1 treated rats, serum cholesterol and serum urea nitrogen were elevated; however, the activity of hepatic enzymes was unaffected. Hepatic and renal glutathione concentrations were depressed at 12 and 24 hr, respectively, with subsequent recovery. Histologic changes were most prominent in the outer medulla of the kidney, with cell proliferation and apoptosis followed by nephrosis. Cell proliferation also occurred in the liver and esophagus, but in the absence of tissue injury. The labeling index peaked on day 1 for the liver and on day 3 for the esophagus. These results confirm that the primary target organ of fumonisin B1 in the rat is the kidney and support the concept that fumonisin B1-induced mitogenesis may be the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Abstract
We developed and evaluated a method for the separation of delta bilirubin (B delta) by micro-column affinity chromatography based on Cibacron Blue 3G-A-Agarose. Untreated serum was applied to affinity columns and free non-protein bound bilirubins were eluted with phosphate buffer containing 20 g/l Triton X-100. Retained albumin was eluted using caffeine-benzoate reagent and bilirubin associated with this fraction (B delta) quantitated by the method of Jendrassik and Gróf modified by Doumas et al (Clin Chem 1985;31:1779-1789); results correlated well with the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method (n = 35, y (affinity) = 1.009x (HPLC)-5.49; r = 0.959) described by Lauff et al. (J Chromatography 1981;226:391-402). Two controls analyzed with each batch gave between-batch imprecision less than 4.0% (n = 10; Control 1, mean = 20.05 mumol/l; Control 2, mean = 74.82 mumol/l). Within-batch imprecision was less than 3.3% for both levels. Specimens collected from 25 neonates less than 20 days of age showed a B delta concentration of 1.7 +/- 0.7 mumol/l (mean +/- 1 S.D.) and percent B delta of 2.2 +/- 1.9 (mean total bilirubin +/- 1 S.D. = 118 +/- 79 mumol/l). Although time consuming, this simple and precise method allows the measurement of B delta in laboratories without the need for specialized instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Burnett
- Department of Laboratory Services, Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
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36
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Lunt H, Graham PJ, Jury DR, Lim CW, Crooke MJ, Smith RB, Dunn PJ. The prognostic significance of urinary albumin in Polynesians with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994; 25:141-5. [PMID: 7851267 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8227(94)90001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polynesian (59 Maori and 30 Pacific Island) patients were identified from two diabetes clinic registers and followed for a mean of 4.8 years, in order to determine the prognostic significance of urinary albumin excretion. Events were defined as death or entry onto a renal replacement programme. Fourteen events occurred during the period of follow-up. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was treated as a continuous variable in a proportional hazards analysis. A 10-fold increase in albumin/creatinine ratio was associated with a 5-fold increase in the risk of an event (95% C.I. = 2.05-12.09). In conclusion, elevated urinary albumin/creatinine predicted mortality and renal morbidity in Maori and Pacific Island patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lunt
- Diabetes Services, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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Lim CW, Bennie MJ, Lim R. Bradyarrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction: should thrombolysis lower the decision threshold for temporary pacing? Postgrad Med J 1991; 67:649-51. [PMID: 1924050 PMCID: PMC2399074 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.67.789.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Both acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion therapy with thrombolytic agents may be associated with bradyarrhythmias, and there may be a case for 'prophylactic' insertion of a temporary pacing wire in selected patients. We describe 4 patients in whom clinical decisions had to be made concerning the appropriateness and timing of temporary pacing, and discuss the implications for modern guidelines on the indications for pacing in such a setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lim
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia
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39
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Lunt H, Lim CW, Crooke MJ, Smith RB. Clinical and ethnic characteristics associated with urinary albumin excretion in noninsulin dependent diabetic subjects attending the Wellington Hospital diabetes clinic. N Z Med J 1990; 103:143-5. [PMID: 2342667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In noninsulin dependent diabetes, elevation of urinary albumin excretion above the normal range is thought to predict increased mortality. A random urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and the following clinical characteristics were recorded on 405 patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes attending the Wellington Hospital diabetes clinic; (1) ethnic origin, (2) age, (3) sex, (4) age at diagnosis, (5) duration since diagnosis of diabetes, (6) body mass index, (7) systolic blood pressure, (8) diastolic blood pressure, (9) retinopathy, (10) insulin therapy, (11) antihypertensive therapy, and (12) the presence or absence of treated cardiovascular disease. The overall prevalence of elevated urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (greater than 2.2 mg/mmol) was 45%. Stepwise regression analysis showed that 12% of the variability of urinary albumin/creatinine ratio in our clinic population could be accounted for by ethnic origin of patients, with noncaucasians (the Maori, Pacific Islanders and Asians) having a higher urinary albumin excretion than caucasians (p less than 0.001). Systolic blood pressure, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease predicted a further 8% of this variability. The cause of this ethnic difference in urinary albumin excretion and its possible relationship to excess mortality in noncaucasians is not yet known.
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Lim CW, Chisnall WN, Stokes YM, Debnam PM, Crooke MJ. Effects of low and high relative molecular protein mass on four methods for total protein determination in urine. Pathology 1990; 22:89-92. [PMID: 1700358 DOI: 10.3109/00313029009063786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Four commonly used methods for the determination of total protein in urine were compared. These were two biuret methods using different precipitants, a Ponceau S method and a Coomassie Brilliant Blue method. The protein content of the urines was also evaluated by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The biuret method with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid as precipitant correlated best with the Coomassie Brilliant Blue method (r = 0.944; p less than 0.001) but less well with the Ponceau S (r = 0.895; p less than 0.001) or biuret-trichloroacetic acid (r = 0.874; p less than 0.001) methods. For urines with normal electrophoretic protein patterns, the imprecise biuret-trichloroacetic acid method (cv = 18.5%) gave the greatest number of false high results (23 in 36 urines) as assessed by electrophoresis. False low results were common in low relative molecular mass (Mr) proteinuria, especially with the biuret-tricholoroacetic acid and Ponceau S methods. High Mr proteinuria rarely caused false low results. Discrepancies between methods appear to have resulted from incomplete precipitation of low Mr protein by trichloroacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lim
- Department of Laboratory Services, Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
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41
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Lunt H, Lim CW, Crooke MJ, Smith RB. Comparison of urinary albumin excretion between Maoris, Pacific Island Polynesians and Europeans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1990; 8:45-9. [PMID: 2298119 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8227(90)90095-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated urinary albumin excretion is a marker for increased mortality and morbidity in European subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Urinary albumin excretion was compared in 32 Maoris, 34 Pacific Island Polynesians and 66 subjects of European origin with non-insulin-dependent diabetes attending a diabetes clinic in Wellington, New Zealand. The random urinary albumin to creatinine ratio was used as an estimation of urinary albumin excretion rate. The random urinary albumin to creatinine ratio was significantly higher in Maori and Pacific Island Polynesian subjects, compared to diabetic Europeans (geometric mean urinary albumin to creatinine ratios were 13.13, 12.00 and 2.79 mg/mmol respectively, P less than 0.05). These findings would be consistent with the high mortality and morbidity seen in the Maori and Pacific Island Polynesian diabetic populations. The correlation between hypertension and increased urinary albumin excretion was stronger in the Europeans than in the Maoris and Pacific Island Polynesians studied, suggesting that differences in blood pressure alone are unlikely to account for the observed differences in albumin excretion. Follow-up studies are required to determine whether diabetic Maoris and Pacific Island Polynesians with increased urinary albumin excretion have a similar prognosis to their European counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lunt
- Diabetes Service, Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
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Lim CW, Chisnall WN, Stokes YM, Pratt R, Crooke MJ. Effects of sodium dodecylsulphate, dye concentration and paraprotein on coomassie blue dye-binding assays for protein in urine. Clin Biochem 1988; 21:277-81. [PMID: 3233737 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(88)80081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Various Coomassie Blue reagents, containing either increased dye concentration or added sodium dodecylsulphate, were compared with a biuret method for the assay of total protein in urine. When immunoglobulin free light chain protein or immunoglobulin paraprotein were present, results from the Coomassie Blue methods were up to 50% lower than with the biuret method; increased dye concentration did not improve comparability substantially, but the addition of sodium dodecylsulphate reduced the bias to about 20%. When neither free light chain protein nor immunoglobulin paraprotein was present, results from the Coomassie Blue methods were only about 30% lower. The addition of sodium dodecylsulphate reduced this bias to 10%. Correlations between the biuret and the Coomassie Blue method were best when the Coomassie Blue reagent contained 40 mg/L sodium dodecylsulphate (r better than 0.98 in all groups; p less than 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lim
- Department of Laboratory Services, Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Lim
- Dept. of Chem. Pathol., Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
| | - W N Chisnall
- Dept. of Chem. Pathol., Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
| | - M J Crooke
- Dept. of Chem. Pathol., Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
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Lim CW, Chisnall WN, Crooke MJ. Effect of shortened pre-incubation on results for fructosamine in normal, diabetic, and quality-control sera. Clin Chem 1988; 34:179. [PMID: 3338160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C W Lim
- Dept. of Chem. Pathol., Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
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Siebers RW, Lim CW, Maling TJ. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and albumin: no increase in mildly hypertensive subjects. Clin Chem 1987; 33:1075. [PMID: 3594793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lim CW. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase assay by the p-nitrophenol technique: inhibitory effects of urine as decreased by gel filtration and by simple dilution. Clin Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/33.5.713b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Lim CW. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase assay by the p-nitrophenol technique: inhibitory effects of urine as decreased by gel filtration and by simple dilution. Clin Chem 1987; 33:713-4. [PMID: 3568366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
We have developed a quantitative immunoassisted enzyme assay to screen for creatine kinase isoenzymes BB (CK-BB) and mitochondrial (CK-m) using commercial antibodies and reagents. Presence of CK-m activity was subsequently confirmed by electrophoretic separation of samples with elevated values. A prospective clinical trial was undertaken in 117 subjects: Normal (30), cirrhosis patients (30), myocardial infarction patients (30), and untreated oncology patients with metastatic malignancy (27). In 12 patients with malignancy CK-m activities were elevated; all had adenocarcinomas. No significant activity was detected in patients with other malignancies. CK-m positive tumour patients had a significantly higher mortality rate, and in two instances death was preceded by a sudden rise in CK-m activity. We suggest CK-m is a marker of adenocarcinoma and its presence in serum signifies increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pratt
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
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Lim CW, Vallis LM, Chisnall WN. Alkaline phosphatase activities in fresh serum and lyophilized controls by the AACC reference method or IFCC method compared with that of Bowers and McComb. Clin Chem 1986; 32:2205. [PMID: 3779986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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