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Ezechi OC, Ohihoin GA, Oladele DA, Bamidele TA, Gbajabiamila TA, Salako AO, Musa ZA, Ohihoin E, Odubela OO, Gab-Okafor CV, Ezeobi PM, David AN, Odunukwe NN, Salako BL. Intimate Partner Violence and Risk Factors among Women during the COVID-19 Movement Restriction in Nigeria: An Online Survey. West Afr J Med 2023; 40:654-662. [PMID: 37390493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of treatment or the presence of vaccines is forcing nations to respond with strong preventive measures ranging from mitigation, containment, and in extreme cases, quarantines. While these measures are a useful measure of infection control, they can lead to significant social, economic, and psychological consequences. This study sought to establish the prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 movement restriction in Nigeria among girls and women. METHODS An online-based questionnaire survey using Google Forms was conducted over four weeks among girls and women aged 15 years and above. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20, and logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for IPV experience during the lockdown. RESULTS Overall, 32.8% of respondents reported ever experiencing IPV, and 42.5% experienced IPV during the lockdown. Verbal (35.1%) and psychological (24.1%) violence were the commonest forms of violence in the study. There was considerable overlap between the various forms of IPV in the study. Age less than 35 years (aOR = 1.3; CI = 1.2 - 1.4), resident in the northeast region (aOR=1.6; CI=1.41.9), alcohol (aOR=1.3;CI=1.2-1.5) and substance (aOR = 1.5; CI = 1.3 - 1.8) use, average family monthly income < $100 (aOR = 1.4;CI=1.2 - 1.5), daily or weekly income (aOR = 2.7; CI = 2.5-3.1) had an increased association with IPV during the lockdown, residency in the southeast region had lower odds of experiencing IPV (aOR=.0.5; CI = 0.3-0.8). CONCLUSION The reported lockdown prevalence of IPV was 42.8%, with verbal and psychological violence being the most prevalent form of IPV. Age less than 35 years, resident in northeast and southeast, use of alcohol or substances, average family monthly income < $100, and partner being a daily-weekly earner was associated with IPV experience. Policymakers in the future should consider the consequences, including IPV, before issuing such an order.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Ezechi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - G A Ohihoin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - D A Oladele
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - T A Bamidele
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - T A Gbajabiamila
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - A O Salako
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - Z A Musa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - E Ohihoin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - O O Odubela
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - C V Gab-Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - P M Ezeobi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - A N David
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - N N Odunukwe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria. Phone: +2348033065683
| | - B L Salako
- Director General's Office, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria
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Chukwujekwu Ezechi O, Odberg Petterson K, Gbajabiamila T, Eugenia Idigbe I, Vivian Gab-Okafor C, Abu Okolo C, Otobo Ujah IA, Ostergren PO. Evaluation of Direct Visual Inspection of the Cervix in Detecting Cytology Diagnosed Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion in Women of known HIV Status. A Randomized Trial (CANHIV Study). Afr J Reprod Health 2016; 20:77-88. [PMID: 29566322 DOI: 10.29063/ajrh2016/v20i4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A two-arm, open label, randomized study, evaluated the test characteristics of visual inspection of cervix with Acetic acid(VIA) and Lugol‟s Iodine(VILI) in detecting cytology diagnosed squamous intraepithelial lesion(SIL) in 1160 women of known HIV status in southwestern Nigerian. Using SIL as reference standard and the HIV status masked, VIA and VILI had similar test characteristics except for the positive predictive value in which VIA value of 91.5% was significantly higher than 77.7% for VILI ( p=0.01). Among HIV positive women, VILI performed poorly across all the 4 test characteristics compared to VIA. Among severely immuno-compromised HIV positive participants VILI performance was consistently below 80% across all test characteristics (sensitivity-70.0%; specificity-66.9%; positive predictive value-46.7%; negative predictive value(NPV)-50.0%) compared to VIA (Senstivity-71.3%; specificity-88.2%; positive predictive value-83.3%; negative predictive value -88.2). Our study shows that VILI is insufficiently sensitive and specific in the presence of HIV infection especially in those with severe immunosuppression. Based on VIA‟s acceptable sensitivity and NPV in all situations, it is recommended for cervical cancer screening in HIV positive women and in settings of high HIV burden.
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Otuonye NM, Smith SI, Odunukwe NN, Oparaugo CT, Adesesan AA, Okoye RN, Gab-Okafor CV, Chigbo RC. Microbial infections in HIV/AIDS women with abnormal vaginal discharge in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2014. [PMCID: PMC4220926 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-s2-p40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Herbertson EC, Ohihoin AGI, Gbajabiamila TA, David AN, Odubela O, Ekama SO, Gab-Okafor CV, Owhodo H, Ezechi OC, Ujah IAO. Success rate of an outreach PMTCT program in Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2014. [PMCID: PMC4221038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-s2-p9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ezechi OC, Kalejaiye OO, Gab-Okafor CV, Oladele DA, Oke BO, Musa ZA, Ekama SO, Ohwodo H, Agahowa E, Gbajabiamilla T, Ezeobi PM, Okwuraiwe A, Audu R RA, Okoye RN, David AN, Odunukwe NN, Onwujekwe DI, Ujah IA. Sero-prevalence and factors associated with Hepatitis B and C co-infection in pregnant Nigerian women living with HIV infection. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 17:197. [PMID: 25396023 PMCID: PMC4229000 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.17.197.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Perinatal and horizontal transmission of Hepatitis B occur in areas of high endemicity as most infections are acquired in the first 5 years of life. Unless Hepatitis B and C infected pregnant women identified, and appropriate treatment provided, children born to these women are at high risk of chronic Hepatitis B (and C) virus infection. The objecive of this study was to determined the prevalence and the factors associated with Hepatitis B and C Virus infection in pregnant HIV positive Nigerians. Methods A cross sectional study among HIV Positive pregnant women seen at a large PMTCT clinic in Lagos Nigeria. The women were screened for Hepatitis B and C Virus infection at enrollment. HIV viral load, CD4 count, liver transaminases and hemoglobin levels were also determined. Data were managed with SPSS for windows version. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutions Ethical Review Board. Results Of the 2391 studied subjects, 101(4.2%) and 37(1.5%) respectively were seropositive for Hepatitis B and C Virus infection. Twowomen (0. 08%) had triple infections. blood transfusion, (cOR: 2.3; 95% CI:1.1 - 4.6), history of induced abortion (cOR:2. 2;95% CI:1.3 - 3.6), and elevated baseline ALT (cOR:2. 2; 95%CI:2. 2;4.2) were significantly associated with HBV. History of induced abortion was the only factor found to be associated with HIV/ HCV (cOR: 1.9;95%CI:1. 3-3.9). Conclusion Hepatitis B Virus infection (4.2%) is relatively common in our environment and associated with induced abortion, blood transfusion and elevated baseline transaminase. Hepatitis C Virus infection (1.5%) is less common and associated with only history of induced abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Ayola Oladele
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Oludare Oke
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Zaidat Adesola Musa
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Sabdat Ozichu Ekama
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Harry Ohwodo
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Endurance Agahowa
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | | | | | - Azuka Okwuraiwe
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Rosemary Ajuma Audu R
- Human Virology Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Rosemary Nwakaego Okoye
- HIV Counseling and Testing Centre, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Agatha Nkiru David
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | | | - Dan Ifeanyi Onwujekwe
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
| | - Innocent Achanya Ujah
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Lagos Nigeria
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Ezechi OC, Gab-Okafor CV, Oladele DA, Kalejaiye OO, Oke BO, Ohwodo HO, Adu RA, Ekama SO, Musa Z, Onwujekwe DI, David AN, Ujah IAO. Pregnancy, obstetric and neonatal outcomes in HIV positive Nigerian women. Afr J Reprod Health 2013; 17:160-168. [PMID: 24069778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
While the effect of HIV infection on some maternal outcomes is well established, for some others there is conflicting information on possible association with HIV. In this study we investigated pregnancy and neonatal outcome of HIV positive women in large HIV treatment centre over a period of 84 months. They were managed according to the Nigerian PMTCT protocol. Adverse obstetric and neonatal outcome were observed in 48.3% HIV positives compared 30.3% to the negatives (OR: 2.08; CI: 1.84-2.34). Low birth weight ( OR:2.95; CI:1.95-3.1), preterm delivery (OR:2.05; CI:1.3-3.1), perinatal death (OR:1.9;CI:1.3-3.2), and spontaneous abortion (OR:1.37; CI:1.1-2.3) were factors found to be independently associated with HIV. Low CD4 count (OR: 2.45; CI: 1.34- 4.56) and opportunistic infections (OR: 2.11; CI: 1.56-3.45) were to be associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcome. This study confirms the association of HIV, severe immunosuppression and opportunistic infection and adverse obstetric and neonatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Ezechi
- Clinical Sciences, Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos Nigeria.
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Ezechi OC, Kalejaiye OO, Gab-Okafor CV, Oladele DA, Oke B, Ekama SO, Odunukwe NN, Ujah IAO. The burden of anaemia and associated factors in HIV positive Nigerian women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 287:239-44. [PMID: 23011732 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia is the most common complication of pregnancy and a predictor of poor maternal and foetal outcomes. HIV infection is now recognized as one of the major contributors to anaemia in pregnancy. It is therefore important to determine the burden and risk factors of anaemia in maternal HIV infection in others to plan effective prevention strategies as well as optimize management outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and risk factors of anaemia in pregnant HIV positive Nigerians. METHODS The prevalence and possible risk factors of anaemia were investigated in HIV positive pregnant Nigerian women at a large HIV treatment clinic in southwestern Nigeria using a cross-sectional design between January 2006 and December 2011. RESULTS Nine hundred and eighty-five (42.5 %) women of 2,318 HIV positive pregnant women seen during the period were anaemic by WHO standard defined by haemoglobin <11 g/dl. Majority were of mild to moderate severity (97.9 %). Short inter birth interval (p = 0.002), presence of opportunistic infections (OIs), (p = 0.001), use of zidovudine containing regimen (p = 0.0005) and CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm(3) (p = 0.001) were found to be independently associated with anaemia in HIV positive pregnant women after controlling for confounding variables. CONCLUSION Anaemia was found to be high at 42.5 % among the HIV positive women studied and was found to be independently associated with short inter birth interval, presence of OIs, advanced HIV disease and use of zidovudine containing HAART regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Ezechi
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 488, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria.
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