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Kiyokawa H, Yamaoka A, Matsuoka C, Tokuhara T, Abe T, Morimoto M. Airway basal stem cells reutilize the embryonic proliferation regulator, Tgfβ-Id2 axis, for tissue regeneration. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1917-1929.e9. [PMID: 34129836 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During development, quiescent airway basal stem cells are derived from proliferative primordial progenitors through the cell-cycle slowdown. In contrast, basal cells contribute to adult tissue regeneration by shifting from slow cycling to proliferating and subsequently back to slow cycling. Although sustained proliferation results in tumorigenesis, the molecular mechanisms regulating these transitions remain unknown. Using temporal single-cell transcriptomics of developing murine airway progenitors and genetic validation experiments, we found that TGF-β signaling decelerated cell cycle by inhibiting Id2 and contributed to slow-cycling basal cell specification during development. In adult tissue regeneration, reduced TGF-β signaling restored Id2 expression and initiated regeneration. Id2 overexpression and Tgfbr2 knockout enhanced epithelial proliferation; however, persistent Id2 expression drove basal cell hyperplasia that resembled a precancerous state. Together, the TGF-β-Id2 axis commonly regulates the proliferation transitions in basal cells during development and regeneration, and its fine-tuning is critical for normal regeneration while avoiding basal cell hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kiyokawa
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaoka
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chisa Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tokuhara
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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2
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Kishimoto K, Furukawa KT, Luz-Madrigal A, Yamaoka A, Matsuoka C, Habu M, Alev C, Zorn AM, Morimoto M. Bidirectional Wnt signaling between endoderm and mesoderm confers tracheal identity in mouse and human cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4159. [PMID: 32855415 PMCID: PMC7453000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodic cartilage and smooth muscle structures in mammalian trachea are derived from tracheal mesoderm, and tracheal malformations result in serious respiratory defects in neonates. Here we show that canonical Wnt signaling in mesoderm is critical to confer trachea mesenchymal identity in human and mouse. At the initiation of tracheal development, endoderm begins to express Nkx2.1, and then mesoderm expresses the Tbx4 gene. Loss of β-catenin in fetal mouse mesoderm causes loss of Tbx4+ tracheal mesoderm and tracheal cartilage agenesis. The mesenchymal Tbx4 expression relies on endodermal Wnt activation and Wnt ligand secretion but is independent of known Nkx2.1-mediated respiratory development, suggesting that bidirectional Wnt signaling between endoderm and mesoderm promotes trachea development. Activating Wnt, Bmp signaling in mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) generates tracheal mesoderm containing chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells. For human ESC-derived LPM, SHH activation is required along with WNT to generate proper tracheal mesoderm. Together, these findings may contribute to developing applications for human tracheal tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Kishimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- RIKEN BDR-CuSTOM Joint Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kana T Furukawa
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Agustin Luz-Madrigal
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Akira Yamaoka
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chisa Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masanobu Habu
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Cantas Alev
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- RIKEN BDR-CuSTOM Joint Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
- RIKEN BDR-CuSTOM Joint Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Hamayoshi M, Goto S, Matsuoka C, Miwa K, Kono A, Ikenaga M. EFFECTS OF AN ADVANCE CARE PLANNING EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR CARE STAFF IN AN ACUTE HOSPITAL. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Goto
- Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan,
| | | | - K. Miwa
- Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - A. Kono
- Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan,
| | - M. Ikenaga
- Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Kataoka S, Yamamoto M, Ohko K, Kamijima R, Matsuoka C, Sano S. Kinetic of two distinct diseases induced by topical treatment with imiquimod cream in mice: Skin inflammation and systemic autoimmunity. J Dermatol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.08.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kurokawa Y, Takamura N, Matsuoka C, Imazawa T, Matsushima Y, Onodera H, Hayashi Y. Comparative Studies on Lipid Peroxidation in the Kidney of Rats, Mice, and Hamsters and on the Effect of Cysteine, Glutathione, and Diethyl Maleate Treatment on Mortality and Nephrotoxicity After Administration of Potassium Bromate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10915818709075694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As an index of lipid peroxidation (LPO), levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substances were examined in the kidneys of male F344 rats, BDF1, CDF1, and B6C3F1 mice, and Syrian golden hamsters after a single intravenous (IV) administration of potassium bromate (KBrO3) at various doses. In the rats, LPO levels were significantly increased in both a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. However, when the rats were given intraperitoneal (IP) injection of cysteine, the levels of LPO were not significantly different between KBrO3-treated animals and controls. In CDF1 mice, the slight increases in LPO levels observed were much weaker and not statistically significant. On the other hand, treatment of BDF1 and B6C3F1 mice or hamsters with KBrO3 resulted in decreased values as compared to controls. The effect of treatment with cysteine, glutathione (GSH), or diethyl maleate (DEM) on mortality was tested in male F344 rats given IV injection of KBrO3 at various doses. Significant reduction and elevation in the mortality were observed in rats treated with cysteine or GSH and DEM, respectively. Significant dose-dependent and time-dependent increases were observed in the levels of serum non-protein nitrogen (NPN), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine, and absolute and relative weight of the kidneys in male F344 rats administered KBrO3 IV. Microscopically, the appearance of numerous eosinophilic droplets in the cytoplasm of proximal tubular epithelium of KBrO3-treated rats was noteworthy. All these changes were reduced and exacerbated by treatment with cysteine or GSH and DEM, respectively. The possibility of LPO formation in the kidney by active oxygen radicals generated by KBrO3 is suggested. A possible relationship between LPO levels in the kidney and species differences in the renal toxicity and carcinogenicity of KBrO3 is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kurokawa
- Department of Toxicology National Institute of Hygienic Sciences I-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagayaku Tokyo 158 Japan
| | - N. Takamura
- Department of Toxicology National Institute of Hygienic Sciences I-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagayaku Tokyo 158 Japan
| | - C. Matsuoka
- Department of Toxicology National Institute of Hygienic Sciences I-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagayaku Tokyo 158 Japan
| | - T. Imazawa
- Department of Toxicology National Institute of Hygienic Sciences I-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagayaku Tokyo 158 Japan
| | - Y. Matsushima
- Department of Toxicology National Institute of Hygienic Sciences I-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagayaku Tokyo 158 Japan
| | - H. Onodera
- Department of Toxicology National Institute of Hygienic Sciences I-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagayaku Tokyo 158 Japan
| | - Y. Hayashi
- Department of Toxicology National Institute of Hygienic Sciences I-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagayaku Tokyo 158 Japan
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Oda M, Kumaki Y, Shigeta M, Jakt LM, Matsuoka C, Yamagiwa A, Niwa H, Okano M. DNA methylation restricts lineage-specific functions of transcription factor Gata4 during embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003574. [PMID: 23825962 PMCID: PMC3694845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation changes dynamically during development and is essential for embryogenesis in mammals. However, how DNA methylation affects developmental gene expression and cell differentiation remains elusive. During embryogenesis, many key transcription factors are used repeatedly, triggering different outcomes depending on the cell type and developmental stage. Here, we report that DNA methylation modulates transcription-factor output in the context of cell differentiation. Using a drug-inducible Gata4 system and a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell model of mesoderm differentiation, we examined the cellular response to Gata4 in ES and mesoderm cells. The activation of Gata4 in ES cells is known to drive their differentiation to endoderm. We show that the differentiation of wild-type ES cells into mesoderm blocks their Gata4-induced endoderm differentiation, while mesoderm cells derived from ES cells that are deficient in the DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b can retain their response to Gata4, allowing lineage conversion from mesoderm cells to endoderm. Transcriptome analysis of the cells' response to Gata4 over time revealed groups of endoderm and mesoderm developmental genes whose expression was induced by Gata4 only when DNA methylation was lost, suggesting that DNA methylation restricts the ability of these genes to respond to Gata4, rather than controlling their transcription per se. Gata4-binding-site profiles and DNA methylation analyses suggested that DNA methylation modulates the Gata4 response through diverse mechanisms. Our data indicate that epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation functions as a heritable safeguard to prevent transcription factors from activating inappropriate downstream genes, thereby contributing to the restriction of the differentiation potential of somatic cells. Animal bodies are constructed from many different specialized cell types that are generated during embryogenesis from a single fertilized egg, and acquire their specific characteristics through a series of differentiation steps. After being committed to a specific cell type, it is generally difficult for differentiated cells to convert to other cell types, at least partly because the cells maintain some memory or mark of their developmental history. Such cellular memory is mediated by “epigenetic” mechanisms, which function to stabilize the cell state. DNA methylation, a chemical modification of genomic cytosine residues, is one such mechanism. Genomic DNA methylation patterns in early embryonic cells are established in a cell-type-dependent manner, and these specific patterns are propagated through cell divisions in a clonal manner. However, our understanding of how DNA methylation controls cell differentiation and developmental gene regulation is limited. In this study, using an in vitro model of differentiation, we obtained evidence that DNA methylation modulates the cell's response to DNA-binding transcription factors in a cell-type-dependent manner. These findings extend our understanding of how cellular traits are stabilized within specific lineages during development, and may contribute to advances in cellular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Oda
- Laboratory for Mammalian Epigenetic Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kumaki
- Laboratory for Mammalian Epigenetic Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Shigeta
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Cell Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Lars Martin Jakt
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chisa Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Mammalian Epigenetic Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamagiwa
- Laboratory for Mammalian Epigenetic Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Cell Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Okano
- Laboratory for Mammalian Epigenetic Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Sakaue M, Ohta H, Kumaki Y, Oda M, Sakaide Y, Matsuoka C, Yamagiwa A, Niwa H, Wakayama T, Okano M. DNA methylation is dispensable for the growth and survival of the extraembryonic lineages. Curr Biol 2010; 20:1452-7. [PMID: 20637626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation regulates development and many epigenetic processes in mammals, and it is required for somatic cell growth and survival. In contrast, embryonic stem (ES) cells can self-renew without DNA methylation. It remains unclear whether any lineage-committed cells can survive without DNA-methylation machineries. Unlike in somatic cells, DNA methylation is dispensable for imprinting and X-inactivation in the extraembryonic lineages. In ES cells, DNA methylation prevents differentiation into the trophectodermal fate. Here, we created triple-knockout (TKO) mouse embryos deficient for the active DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b (TKO) by nuclear transfer (NT), and we examined their development. In chimeric TKO-NT and WT embryos, few TKO cells were found in the embryo proper, but they contributed to extraembryonic tissues. TKO ES cells showed increasing cell death during their differentiation into epiblast lineages, but not during differentiation into extraembryonic lineages. Furthermore, we successfully established trophoblastic stem cells (ntTS cells) from TKO-NT blastocysts. These TKO ntTS cells could self-renew, and they retained the fundamental gene expression patterns of stem cells. Our findings indicated that extraembryonic-lineage cells can survive and proliferate in the absence of DNA methyltransferases and that a cell's response to the stress of epigenomic damage is cell type dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morito Sakaue
- Laboratory for Mammalian Epigenetic Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3, Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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8
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Nishihara K, Wouchuk JG, Matsuoka C, Ishizaki R, Zhakhovsky VV. Richtmyer-Meshkov instability: theory of linear and nonlinear evolution. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2010; 368:1769-1807. [PMID: 20211883 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical framework to study linear and nonlinear Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) is presented. This instability typically develops when an incident shock crosses a corrugated material interface separating two fluids with different thermodynamic properties. Because the contact surface is rippled, the transmitted and reflected wavefronts are also corrugated, and some circulation is generated at the material boundary. The velocity circulation is progressively modified by the sound wave field radiated by the wavefronts, and ripple growth at the contact surface reaches a constant asymptotic normal velocity when the shocks/rarefactions are distant enough. The instability growth is driven by two effects: an initial deposition of velocity circulation at the material interface by the corrugated shock fronts and its subsequent variation in time due to the sonic field of pressure perturbations radiated by the deformed shocks. First, an exact analytical model to determine the asymptotic linear growth rate is presented and its dependence on the governing parameters is briefly discussed. Instabilities referred to as RM-like, driven by localized non-uniform vorticity, also exist; they are either initially deposited or supplied by external sources. Ablative RMI and its stabilization mechanisms are discussed as an example. When the ripple amplitude increases and becomes comparable to the perturbation wavelength, the instability enters the nonlinear phase and the perturbation velocity starts to decrease. An analytical model to describe this second stage of instability evolution is presented within the limit of incompressible and irrotational fluids, based on the dynamics of the contact surface circulation. RMI in solids and liquids is also presented via molecular dynamics simulations for planar and cylindrical geometries, where we show the generation of vorticity even in viscid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishihara
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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9
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Takebayashi SI, Tamura T, Matsuoka C, Okano M. Major and essential role for the DNA methylation mark in mouse embryogenesis and stable association of DNMT1 with newly replicated regions. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:8243-58. [PMID: 17893328 PMCID: PMC2169176 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00899-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) plays an important role in the inheritance of genomic DNA methylation, which is coupled to the DNA replication process. Early embryonic lethality in DNMT1-null mutant (Dnmt1(c)) mice indicates that DNA methylation is essential for mammalian development. DNMT1, however, interacts with a number of transcriptional regulators and has a transcriptional repressor activity independent of its catalytic activity. To examine the roles of the catalytic activity of DNMT1 in vivo, we generated a Dnmt1(ps) allele that expresses a point-mutated protein that lacks catalytic activity (DNMT1-C1229S). Dnmt1(ps) mutant mice showed developmental arrest shortly after gastrulation, near-complete loss of DNA methylation, and an altered distribution of repressive chromatin markers in the nuclei; these phenotypes are quite similar to those of the Dnmt1(c) mutant. The mutant DNMT1 protein failed to associate with replication foci in Dnmt1(ps) cells. Reconstitution experiments and replication labeling in Dnmt1-/- Dnmt3a-/- Dnmt3b-/- (i.e., unmethylated) embryonic stem cells revealed that preexisting DNA methylation is a major determinant for the cell cycle-dependent localization of DNMT1. The C-terminal catalytic domain of DNMT1 inhibited its stable association with unmethylated chromatin. Our results reveal essential roles for the DNA methylation mark in mammalian development and in DNMT1 localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Takebayashi
- Laboratory for Mammalian Epigenetic Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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10
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Yamazaki T, Matsuoka C, Gendou M, Izumi S, Zhao D, Artemenko I, Jefcoate CR, Kominami S. Mitochondrial processing of bovine adrenal steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2006; 1764:1561-7. [PMID: 17029976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is an important regulatory protein in steroidogenesis and rapidly undergoes proteolysis after import into the mitochondria. In this study, we determined the proteolytic cleavage sites and investigated the effects on the stimulation of steroidogenic activity of the blockage of these sites by mutation. The cleaved StAR proteins, which were purified using an anti-StAR immobilized column, reacted with antiserum against the StAR C-terminal oligopeptide. The molecular weights of the purified proteins were determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and were found to be identical to those of the 40-285 and 55-285 amino-acid-regions of the StAR protein. To confirm the identification of the cleavage sites, we constructed site-directed mutants of bovine StAR cDNA, which contained the amino acids R37A/R38A/L40A and/or R53A/R54A/R55A. These mutant StAR proteins expressed in COS-1 cells were not cleaved at positions 39-40 and 54-55, and were processed at sites different from those in the wild-type StAR protein. These mutant proteins stimulated pregnenolone formation at almost the same rate as the wild-type StAR protein in COS-1 cells, which suggests that the cholesterol transfer activity was not affected by the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihitroshima,739-8524, Japan.
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Tsumura A, Hayakawa T, Kumaki Y, Takebayashi SI, Sakaue M, Matsuoka C, Shimotohno K, Ishikawa F, Li E, Ueda HR, Nakayama JI, Okano M. Maintenance of self-renewal ability of mouse embryonic stem cells in the absence of DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. Genes Cells 2006; 11:805-14. [PMID: 16824199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2006.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b cooperatively regulate cytosine methylation in CpG dinucleotides in mammalian genomes, providing an epigenetic basis for gene silencing and maintenance of genome integrity. Proper CpG methylation is required for the normal growth of various somatic cell types, indicating its essential role in the basic cellular function of mammalian cells. Previous studies using Dnmt1(-/-) or Dnmt3a(-/-)Dnmt3b(-/-) ES cells, however, have shown that undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells can tolerate hypomethylation for their proliferation. In an attempt to investigate the effects of the complete loss of CpG DNA methyltransferase function, we established mouse ES cells lacking all three of these enzymes by gene targeting. Despite the absence of CpG methylation, as demonstrated by genome-wide methylation analysis, these triple knockout (TKO) ES cells grew robustly and maintained their undifferentiated characteristics. TKO ES cells retained pericentromeric heterochromatin domains marked with methylation at Lys9 of histone H3 and heterochromatin protein-1, and maintained their normal chromosome numbers. Our results indicate that ES cells can maintain stem cell properties and chromosomal stability in the absence of CpG methylation and CpG DNA methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tsumura
- Laboratory for Mammalian Epigenetic Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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12
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Uematsu N, Matsuoka C, Agemizu Y, Nagoshi E, Yamamoto K. Asymmetric crossing over in the spontaneous formation of large deletions in the tonB-trp region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. Mol Gen Genet 1999; 261:523-9. [PMID: 10323233 DOI: 10.1007/s004380050996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal tonB gene of Escherichia coli was used as a target for the detection of spontaneous deletion mutations. The deletions were isolated in both recA+ and recA- cells, and mutants carrying large deletions were identified because they also lacked part or all of the trp operon. The frequencies of tonB-trp deletion were 1.79 x 10(-9) and 1.09 x 10(-9) for recA+ and recA- cells, respectively. We analyzed 12 deletions from recA+ and 10 from recA- cells by cloning and direct sequencing. The deletions ranged in size from 5612 bp to 15142 bp for recA+ and from 5428 bp to 13289 for recA- cells. Three deletions from recA+ cells and five deletions from recA- cells were found to have occurred between short sequence repeats at the termini of the deletion, leaving one copy of the repeat in the mutant sequence. Seven deletions from recA+ cells and three deletions from recA- cells did not have repeats at their termini; in these cases, the DNA sequences that are adjacent to the deletion termini in the wild-type are characterized by short (2-4 bp) repeats. From these results, a model is presented for the generation of deletion mutations which involves formation of an asymmetric crossover mediated by repeated sequences of 2- to 4-bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Uematsu
- Biological Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Kitamura K, Torii Y, Matsuoka C, Yamamoto K. DNA sequence changes in mutations in the tonB gene on the chromosome of Escherichia coli K12: insertion elements dominate the spontaneous spectra. Jpn J Genet 1995; 70:35-46. [PMID: 7772380 DOI: 10.1266/jjg.70.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To obtain insight into the nature and mechanisms of spontaneous mutations, Escherichia coli K12 strain TM31 was constructed to determine, by DNA sequencing, the mutational spectrum of the tonB gene on the chromosome. We inserted the chloramphenicol resistant gene 1.6 kb upstream of the tonB gene, thus making it possible to retrieve the mutated tonB gene from the chromosome by shotgun cloning using a drug-resistant marker. The spontaneous mutation frequency in the tonB gene, which was judged by its colicin B-resistant phenotype, is 3-10 x 10(-7). Spontaneous mutations were dominated by large insertions that are identified by DNA sequencing to be IS elements; IS1 dominated, but IS2, IS5, and IS10 were also obtained. In uvrA- strain, transposition of both IS10-R and IS10-L are equally increased, suggesting the interaction of the UvrA protein and IS10 transposition. The base substitutions are the second largest group of mutations, among which G:C-->A:T transition is predominant. Deletions also contribute significantly in wild type with regard to DNA repair and uvrA- strains, but not recA- strain, suggesting that the RecA protein is involved to some extent in deletion formation. Endpoints of these deletions do not always correlate with the presence of repeated sequences, indicating the absence of homologous recombination for deletion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kitamura
- Biological institute, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Yamamoto K, Matsuoka C, Torii Y, Akasaka S. MECHANISMS OF SPONTANEOUS MUTAGENESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. Jpn J Genet 1991; 66:774. [PMID: 30260328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/25/1993] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
WE HAVE OBTAINED A SPECTRUM OF MUTATIONS OCCURRING BOTH IN THE SUPF GENE ON THE PLASMID AND IN THE TONB GENE ON THE CHROMOSOME. TWENTY SUPF MUTATIONS WERE ANALYZED. BASE CHANGES COMPRISED 55% OF EVENTS, AND TRANSVERSIONS WERE PREDOMINANT. IS ELEMENTS CONTRIBUTED 30% OF THE EVENTS. ONE OF THE TWO DELETIONS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF 10 BP DIRECTLY REPEATED SEQUENCES, AND A SECOND ONE DID NOT HAVE REPEATS AT THE JUNCTION. A FRAMESHIFT RESULTED FROM THE LOSS OF C IN A RUN OF 5 C RESIDUES. SIX OUT OF THE 7 TONB MUTATIONS OBTAINED FROM THE WILD-TYPE E. COLI WERE IS ELEMENT INSERTIONS WHICH WERE CLUSTERED WITHIN A 100 BP 5' REGION OF THE GENE INCLUDING THE PROMOTER REGION. THE REMAINING MUTATION WAS A DELETION AND DID NOT HAVE REPEATS AT THE JUNCTION. IN THE RECA56 STRAIN, ALL THE TONB MUTATIONS (6 CASES) WERE CAUSED BY THE IS INSERTIONS THAT OCCURRED DISPERSED THROUGHOUT THE GENE. THERE MAY EXIST AN IS INSERTION "HOT SPOTS" IN TONB. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE DIRECT INFORMATION CONCERNING THE NATURE OF SPONTANEOUS MUTATION ARISING IN E. COLI.
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Abstract
To evaluate the mechanism of the promoting effect of goitrogens on thyroid tumorigenesis, well-known goitrogens having different pharmacologic action, i.e., thiourea, phenobarbital sodium (PB), potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), and 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodo-fluorescein sodium salt (Rose Bengal B, FD&C Red No. 105) (FR105) were administered to the DHPN-initiated and non-initiated F344 male rats in the drinking water for 25 weeks. Remington's iodine deficient diet (I-def) was fed as a positive control. These goitrogens showed significant tumor promoting effect or promoting tendency on the rat thyroids. According to the changes in thyroid morphology and thyroid-related hormone titers observed in the present study, we proposed to classify goitrogens at least into 2 groups, i.e., iodine deficiency-type promoters and the iodine excess-type promoters. The former contains goitrogens inducing TSH-stimulated diffuse goiter composed of uniform follicles with activated tall follicular epithelial cells, such as thiourea, KSCN and PB, and the latter contains goitrogens inducing colloid goiter composed of a mixture of colloid-rich follicles with flat follicular cells and normal-looking follicles with cuboidal follicular cells, such as FR105. This classification may be useful for the risk assessment of goitrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kanno
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Shimoji N, Imaida K, Hasegawa R, Matsuoka C, Uneyama CT, Takahashi M, Hayashi Y. Enhancing effect of oxymetholone, an anabolic steroid, on development of liver cell foci in rats initiated with N-diethylnitrosamine. Cancer Lett 1990; 49:165-8. [PMID: 2306710 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(90)90153-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The promoting potential of oxymetholone (OXM) administration on development of liver cell foci was investigated in male F344 rats previously treated with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN). One week after a single injection of DEN (100 mg/kg, i.p.), rats were given OXM at a dietary level of 0.2% for the first 4 weeks and then at a concentration of 0.1% for an additional 35 weeks. All rats were killed at week 40 for histopathological and immunohistopathological examination of liver tissue. The numbers and areas of both clear cell and glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci were significantly increased in the group treated with DEN and OXM as compared with the respective values for the DEN alone group. The results thus suggested that OXM possesses promoting potential for rat liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shimoji
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Maekawa A, Matsuoka C, Onodera H, Tanigawa H, Furuta K, Kanno J, Jang JJ, Hayashi Y, Ogiu T. Lack of carcinogenicity of tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) in the F344 rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1987; 25:891-6. [PMID: 3692395 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity of tartrazine (C. I. Food Yellow No. 4, FD & C Yellow No. 5), a food, drug and cosmetics colouring, was examined in F344 rats. Tartrazine was dissolved in distilled water at levels of 0, 1 or 2%, and groups of about 50 male and 50 female rats were given one of these solutions ad lib. as their drinking-water for up to 2 yr. No toxic lesions specifically caused by tartrazine were detected in any treated group of either sex. Many tumours developed in all groups including the control group, and the organ distribution of these tumours and their histological characteristics were similar to those of the spontaneous tumours that are known to occur in this strain of rats. Except for mesothelioma in males and endometrial stromal polyp in females, there were no significant increases in the incidences of any tumours over those in the corresponding control group. In males, mesotheliomas were found only in the group given 1% tartrazine and the incidence of this lesion was statistically significant (Fisher's exact test) in comparison with the other two groups (P less than 0.02). The incidence of endometrial stromal polyp was also significantly higher among females given the 1% dose than in the controls (P less than 0.05). However, no positive trend was noted in the occurrence of these two tumours using an age-adjusted statistical analysis. Mesothelioma and endometrial stromal polyp are frequently observed spontaneous tumours in this strain of rats, and their incidences in our historical controls are 4.1 and 21.9%, respectively. However in the present study mesothelioma occurred in none of the male control rats and the incidence of endometrial stromal polyp was only 10.6% in the female control group. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the control and treated groups in hyperplastic or pre-neoplastic changes in the mesothelium or endometrium. From these findings, we concluded that the significant increases in the incidences of mesothelioma and endometrial stromal polyp that occurred in the groups given 1% tartrazine were not attributable to tartrazine administration. Thus, it is concluded that tartrazine was not carcinogenic in F344 rats when administered continuously at doses of up to 2% in the drinking-water for up to 2 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maekawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Meakawa A, Onodera H, Tanigawa H, Furuta K, Kanno J, Matsuoka C, Ogiu T, Hayashi Y. Long-term studies on carcinogenicity and promoting effect of phenylbutazone in DONRYU rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 79:577-84. [PMID: 3476793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The carcinogenicity and promoting effect of phenylbutazone were investigated in inbred DONRYU rats. In the carcinogenicity study, both sexes were administered the chemical at dietary levels of 0 (control), 0.125, or 0.25% for 2 years. Toxic lesions were associated with phenylbutazone treatment in the kidney and digestive tract, appearing to have an adverse effect on life expectancy. Various tumors were detected in all groups including the controls. With the exception of pheochromocytoma in the female high-dose group, no statistically significant increase in yield of any tumors, including leukemia, was apparent in the treated groups of either sex when the data were analyzed by Fisher's exact probability and/or chi-square tests. Application of an age-adjusted statistical analysis revealed a slight positive effect regarding the occurrence of pheochromocytomas, neoplastic liver nodules, and leukemias in females. However, these tumors are commonly observed to develop spontaneously in this rat strain, and no such effect was apparent in the male groups. In addition, no differences in incidences of relevant preneoplastic lesions were evident between control and treated groups. Thus phenylbutazone showed no carcinogenic activity in DONRYU rats when given continuously in the diet for 2 years. For the investigation of promoting effect, phenylbutazone was given as a dietary supplement for 2 years subsequent to initiation with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea or N-propyl-N-nitrosourea. No enhancement of nitrosourea-induced leukemogenesis was apparent, although a slight promoting effect was demonstrated for renal and thyroid tumorigenesis.
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Kanno J, Matsuoka C, Furuta K, Onodera H, Maekawa A, Hayashi Y. Glandular changes associated with the spontaneous interstitial cell tumor of the rat testes. Toxicol Pathol 1987; 15:439-43. [PMID: 3432944 DOI: 10.1177/019262338701500408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Testes of untreated F344 and Wistar rats in the control groups of carcinogenicity studies were histologically examined, and the histopathological characteristics and histogenesis of glandular changes in these testes were studied. In 266 testes of 2-year-old F344 rats, 263 had interstitial cell tumors (ICTs) (98.9%) and 39 had glandular changes (14.7%). These glandular changes were also found in 1 out of 38 1-year-old F344 rat testes (2.6%), and 3 in 154 2-year-old Wistar rat testes (1.9%). The changes were observed exclusively in the interstitial cell tumors (ICTs). These glandular changes showed variation in size, shape and number. They were composed of tubules or cysts lined by a layer of cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells, which had terminal bars, occasionally PAS- and alcian blue-positive brush borders, and rarely, alcian blue-positive cytoplasmic vacuoles. Serial sections revealed that the changes were not connected with the rete testes, but with the degenerative seminiferous tubules involved in the ICTs lined by a layer of flat endothelial-like cells. The findings suggest that the lesions constitute metaplastic changes of the Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kanno
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Maekawa A, Onodera H, Tanigawa H, Furuta K, Kanno J, Matsuoka C, Ogiu T, Hayashi Y. Lack of carcinogenicity of triethanolamine in F344 rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 1986; 19:345-57. [PMID: 3772984 DOI: 10.1080/15287398609530933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenic potential of triethanolamine was examined in F344 rats. Triethanolamine was dissolved in distilled water at levels of 0 (control), 1, and 2%, and groups of 50 males and 50 females were given these doses ad libitum as drinking water for 2 yr. The dose levels in females were reduced by half from wk 69, because of associated nephrotoxicity. A variety of tumors developed in all groups, including the control group, and all tumors observed were histologically similar to spontaneous tumors in this strain of rats. No statistically significant increase of the incidence of any tumor was observed in the treated groups of both sexes by the chi-square test. In this study, however, there was an increase in nephrotoxicity, which appeared to have an adverse effect on the life expectancy of the treated animals, especially of females. Therefore, an age-adjusted statistical analysis on incidences of main tumors or tumor groups of both sexes was also done by methods recommended by Peto et al. (1980). The result showed that a positive trend (p less than 0.05) was noted in the occurrence of hepatic tumors (neoplastic nodule/hepatocellular carcinoma) in males and of uterine endometrial sarcomas and renal-cell adenomas in females. These tumors, however, have been observed spontaneously in this strain of rats, and their incidences in the control group of the present study were lower than those of our historical controls. These results may indicate that a positive trend in the occurrence of these tumors is not attributable to triethanolamine administration. Increased incidence of renal tumors in the female high-dose group may have been connected with renal damage. Histological examination of renal damage observed in the treated groups, especially in the female high-dose group, revealed acceleration of so-called chronic nephropathy. In addition, mineralization of the renal papilla, nodular hyperplasia of the pelvic mucosa, and pyelonephritis with or without papillary necrosis were also observed. Thus, it is concluded that under these experimental conditions triethanolamine is not carcinogenic in F344 rats but is toxic to the kidneys.
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Maekawa A, Onodera H, Tanigawa H, Furuta K, Matsuoka C, Kanno J, Ogiu T, Hayashi Y. Spontaneous neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in aging Donryu rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 1986; 77:882-90. [PMID: 3095285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in 95 male and 96 female Donryu rats which were observed up to 120 weeks of age, were examined. The incidence of spontaneous tumors was 73.7% in males and 88.5% in females. In males, the most frequent tumors were pituitary adenomas, followed by pheochromocytomas and insulinomas. In females, uterine adenocarcinomas, mammary fibroadenomas and pituitary adenomas were the most common. Other tumors with relatively high incidences in both sexes included cortical adenomas of the adrenal gland, histiocytic sarcomas of the hematopoietic organs and granular cell tumors of the brain. Various tumors were also found in many other organs and/or tissues, although their incidences were low. The organ distribution and incidences of spontaneous tumors observed in Donryu rats were different from those in other strains of rats such as the ACI, Wistar, F344 or Sprague-Dawley strains. The main non-neoplastic lesions were observed in the lung, cervical lymph nodes and kidney of both sexes. In addition, lesions were also observed in the urinary bladder, prostate and peripheral nerves (spinal nerve roots and peripheral nerves) and/or femoralis muscle of males. Histologically, the most characteristic lesion was radiculoneuropathy with degeneration of the peripheral nerves.
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Ogiu T, Matsuoka C, Furuta K, Maekawa A. Relation between development of leukemia and duration of N-nitroso-N-ethylurea treatment in DONRYU rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 75:743-9. [PMID: 3862906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU; CAS: 759-73-9) is a strong leukemogen that induces erythroblastic leukemia in inbred DONRYU rats. In the present experiments, relationships between development of leukemia, duration of NEU treatment, and sequential changes in the hematopoietic organs during carcinogen administration were examined. In experiment 1, groups of rats were given a 400-ppm NEU solution for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks, and the resultant incidence of leukemias was 0, 26, 40, 75, 95, and 100%, respectively. Of the various types of leukemia, the erythroblastic type was observed in 0, 0, 20, 40, 95, and 90% of rats, respectively. The average latent period showed an inverse correlation with the duration of NEU treatment. In experiment 2 the animals were divided into carcinogen-treated and control groups, and rats were sacrificed periodically for histopathologic examination. In the experimental group, the bone marrow became hypoplastic soon after commencement of NEU treatment and at the 6th week became severely aplastic, thereafter recovering slightly. At the 10th week, 2 rats out of 5 examined were leukemic. Relationships between incidence of leukemia, duration of NEU treatment, and sequential changes of the bone marrow during carcinogen administration are discussed.
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Matsuoka C, Nohta H, Kuroda N, Ohkura Y. Simultaneous determination of cholestanol and cholesterol in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 1985; 341:432-6. [PMID: 3928671 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ogiu T, Furuta K, Matsuoka C, Maekawa A, Azuma I. Effect of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton and/or cyclophosphamide on leukemogenesis induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in Donryu rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1985; 109:173-7. [PMID: 3159735 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) and/or cyclophosphamide (CP) on chemical carcinogenesis was examined in female Donryu rats exposed to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in the drinking water for 6 weeks. Five administrations of N-CWS following ENU treatment caused a slight prolongation of the average survival of rats but did not reduce the incidence of leukemia. CP given on two occasions after ENU treatment caused a moderate prolongation of average survival period and a moderate reduction of the incidence of leukemia, but significant differences from ENU-treated control group values were not observed after statistical analysis. Combined treatment with N-CWS and CP after ENU treatment caused prolongation of the average survival period of rats and a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of leukemia. The present experiment indicates that combined treatment with N-CWS and CP effectively reduces induction of leukemia by ENU in rats, although other types of tumors were not affected.
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Maekawa A, Matsuoka C, Onodera H, Tanigawa H, Furuta K, Ogiu T, Mitsumori K, Hayashi Y. Organ-specific carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in F344 and ACI/N rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1985; 109:178-82. [PMID: 4008511 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Male and female F344 rats were continuously administered N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in their drinking water at concentrations of 200 or 100 ppm, and both sexes of ACI/N rats were given MNU at a concentration of 200 ppm. By the 42nd week of the experiment, high incidences of brain/spinal cord tumors were observed in both strains of rats. Histologically, many of them were astrocytomas or anaplastic astrocytomas. In addition, malignant neurinomas were also detected in the spinal nerve roots and trigeminal nerves, although their incidences were rather low. There was no difference in the type and incidence of these neurogenic tumors between the two strains of rats. Tumors of the tongue and esophagus were mainly observed in the high-dose group of F344 rats and those of the glandular stomach were observed in the low-dose group of F344 rats. In ACI/N rats, tumors of the heart and renal pelvis were detected. The organ-specific carcinogenicity of MNU in these two strains of rats was compared with that of MNU in Donryu rats. It was demonstrated that organ specificity of MNU given orally was influenced not only by the strain of rats but also by the dose level.
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Maekawa A, Ogiu T, Onodera H, Furuta K, Matsuoka C, Ohno Y, Tanigawa H, Salmo GS, Matsuyama M, Hayashi Y. Malignant fibrous histiocytomas induced in rats by polymers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1984; 108:364-5. [PMID: 6096383 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Five polymeric materials (3 polyvinyl chlorides, 1 polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 1 dimethyl polysiloxane) were implanted into subcutaneous (SC) tissues of rats. Subcutaneous tumors developed in all experimental groups. The incidences of the tumors differed however, although the experimental conditions were the same for all these materials. This result indicates that chemical characteristics of the materials may influence the incidence of SC tumors. From the histological and electron-microscopic findings many of these tumors were diagnosed as malignant fibrous histiocytomas.
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Sakura Y, Ogiu T, Imamura N, Furuta K, Matsuoka C, Odashima S. Development of thymic lymphomas by oral administration of N-nitroso-N-propylurea and establishment of transplantable lines of thymic lymphoma in F344 rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 73:757-62. [PMID: 6088882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight female F344/DuCrj rats were given a 400-ppm solution of N-nitroso-N-propylurea (CAS: 816-57-9) continuously in their drinking water. Thymic lymphomas were induced most frequently (85%) followed by duodenal tumors (48%). Sixteen tumors were examined by the immunofluorescence inhibition test for murine leukemia virus-related antigens; 15 were negative and the other was weakly positive. Twenty-six tumors were intraperitoneally and subcutaneously transplanted syngeneically; 25 (96%) were successfully transplanted intraperitoneally and 24 (92%) subcutaneously. The serial intraperitoneal transplantation was continued, and 22 lines of transplantable lymphoma in an ascites form were established. In almost all tumor lines, tumor cells took in a high percentage of recipient rats and caused the death of the recipients within 12-23 days. The thymus, liver, spleen, greater omentum, and lymph nodes were frequently invaded by transplanted tumor cells. The tumor lines were considered to be of T-cell lineage.
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Maekawa A, Ogiu T, Onodera H, Furuta K, Matsuoka C, Ohno Y, Tanigawa H, Salmo GS, Matsuyama M, Hayashi Y. Foreign-body tumorigenesis in rats by various kinds of plastics--induction of malignant fibrous histiocytomas. J Toxicol Sci 1984; 9:263-72. [PMID: 6094842 DOI: 10.2131/jts.9.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Five kinds of plastics (3 polyvinyl chlorides, 1 polyhydroxyethyl metacrylate and 1 dimethyl polysiloxane) were implanted into subcutaneous tissues of Wistar rats of both sexes. Subcutaneous tumors developed in all experimental groups. The incidences of the tumors, however, differed from each other, although these materials were tested on the same experimental condition. This result indicates that chemical characters of the materials may influence the incidence of subcutaneous tumors. Histologically, most of these subcutaneous tumors were mesenchymal tumors with spindle cells arranged in a storiform pattern, with sheets of histiocyte-like cells or pleomorphic giant cells. Electron microscopy showed mixture of fibroblastic cells, histiocytic cells and undifferentiated cells in these tumors. From these histological and electron microscopical findings, many of the tumors were diagnosed as malignant fibrous histiocytomas.
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Maekawa A, Ogiu T, Matsuoka C, Onodera H, Furuta K, Kurokawa Y, Takahashi M, Kokubo T, Tanigawa H, Hayashi Y. Carcinogenicity of low doses of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in F344 rats; a dose-response study. Gan 1984; 75:117-25. [PMID: 6735028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The threshold level of minimum carcinogenic dose of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and the effect of dose on organ specificity were examined by continuous oral administration to both sexes of F344 rats of low doses of ENU at four concentrations (0.3, 1, 3 and 10 ppm) in the drinking water. ENU at 10 ppm selectively induced neurogenic tumors and tumors of the digestive tract, including duodenal tumors. Even at lower doses it enhanced the spontaneous development of some other tumors. A high dose of ENU (400 ppm) was previously found to induce duodenal tumors selectively. These results indicate that the organ specificity of ENU is influenced by the dose and that ENU has multi-potent carcinogenic activity in many organs and/or tissues. In this study, some specific tumors, such as those of the nervous system and digestive tract, seemed to require a minimum carcinogenic level of ENU (10 ppm) for their appearance. However, it seems that ENU is carcinogenic at much lower dose levels than 10 ppm because ENU enhanced the spontaneous development of some other tumors in many experimental groups. The so-called virtually safe doses inducing these specific tumors at a risk level of 10(-6) were calculated.
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Takeuchi M, Ogiu T, Matsuoka C, Furuta K, Maekawa A, Nakadate M, Odashima S. Induction of digestive-tract tumors in F344 rats by continuous oral administration of N-butyl-N-nitrosourea. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1984; 107:32-7. [PMID: 6699073 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Male and female F344/DuCrj rats were administered N-butyl-N-nitrosourea at a concentration of 400 ppm in their drinking water. By the 50th week of the experiment, the cumulative incidence of upper-digestive-tract tumors was as high as 35/39 (90%) and 34/39 (87%) in male and female rats, respectively. Among these, esophageal and forestomach tumors occurred most frequently. Except one female rat with fibroma, upper-digestive-tract neoplasms were of the epithelial type -- papilloma, squamous-cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. In female rats, vaginal tumors were induced in 16 (41%) animals. Ear-duct tumors and hematopoietic neoplasms were also induced in both sexes of rats, with incidence of less than 21%.
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Maekawa A, Ogiu T, Matsuoka C, Onodera H, Furuta K, Tanigawa H, Odashima S. Induction of tumors in the small intestine and mammary gland of female Donryu rats by continuous oral administration of N-carboxymethyl-N-nitrosourea. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1983; 106:12-6. [PMID: 6885894 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity of N-carboxymethyl-N-nitrosourea (CMNU), a naturally occurring N-nitroso compound, was tested in female Donryu rats. Four groups of female Donryu rats were given 400, 200, 100, or 0 ppm of CMNU solution continuously as drinking water. The incidence of tumors was highest and the mean survival time shortest in the 400 ppm group. A dose-effect relationship was observed in the tumor incidence and the mean survival time and the incidences of tumors in all experimental groups were significantly different from those in the control group. In the 400 ppm group, tumors were detected most frequently in the small intestine, followed by the mammary gland. In contrast, most tumors were observed in the mammary gland in the other two experimental groups, although dose-dependent induction of tumors of the small intestine was also detected in these two groups. The organ specificity of CMNU is compared with that of other N-alkyl-N-nitrosourea derivatives.
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Maekawa A, Ogiu T, Matsuoka C, Onodera H, Furuta K, Tanigawa H, Hayashi Y, Odashima S. Carcinogenicity study of ammonia-process caramel in F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1983; 21:237-44. [PMID: 6683219 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(83)90054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity of ammonia-process caramel, a food colouring, was examined in F344 rats. Caramel was dissolved in distilled water at levels of 0, 1 and 4% and groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were given 20-25 ml of one of these solutions/rat/day as their drinking water for 2 yr. There were no significant differences between the total incidences of tumours or mean survival times of control and experimental groups. A variety of tumours developed in all groups including the control group, and no dose-related effects were found either in the incidence or induction time of tumours in the various organs and tissues except in the pituitary gland of males, in which the incidence of tumours in males given 4% caramel solution was significantly higher than that in controls. Pituitary tumours are among the most common spontaneous tumours in ageing rats of this strain and have a variable incidence. In addition, almost all pituitary tumours detected in males given the 4% solution were microscopic tumours, and there was no significant difference between controls and treated groups in the incidence of hyperplasia or pre-neoplastic lesions in the pituitary gland. These results indicate that the significantly higher incidence of pituitary tumours in males given the 4% caramel solution was not related to caramel administration, but could be explained by the variability of the incidence of spontaneous pituitary tumours. Thus it is concluded that under these experimental conditions ammonia-process caramel was not carcinogenic in F344 rats.
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Ogiu T, Matsuoka C, Furuta K, Takeuchi M, Maekawa A, Nakadate M, Odashima S. Induction of angiogenic tumors in the duodenum of female Donryu rats by continuous oral administration of N-isobutyl-N-nitrosourea. Gan 1983; 74:342-50. [PMID: 6884692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Four groups of female Donryu rats were continuously given 400, 200, 100 or 0 ppm N-isobutyl-N-nitrosourea (iso-BNU) in their drinking water, and were examined for the development of tumors. The incidence of digestive tract tumors was 25/28 (89%), 14/24 (58%), 6/25 (24%) and 0/17 (0%), in the 400, 200, 100 and 0 ppm groups, respectively. The predominant type of digestive tract tumor was angiogenic, and a few were of the epithelial type. A dose-effect relationship was clearly demonstrated not only in the incidence of digestive tract tumors but also in the average survival period of rats with these tumors.
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Maekawa A, Ogiu T, Onodera H, Furuta K, Matsuoka C, Mochizuki M, Anjo T, Okada M, Odashima S. Carcinogenicity of N-alkyl-N-(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamines after subcutaneous injections in F-344 rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1982; 104:13-21. [PMID: 7130241 DOI: 10.1007/bf00402049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As model compounds for metabolically activated N,N-dialkylnitrosamines, five N-alkyl-N-(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamines were synthesized and their carcinogenicity was tested in F-344 rats of both sexes. Compounds used in this study are N-methyl-(MAMN), N-ethyl-(EAMN), N-propyl-(PAMN), N-butyl-(BAMN), and N-isobutyl-N-(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamines (i-BAMN). All chemicals were dissolved in olive oil and rats received 10 weekly subcutaneous injections of these chemicals (10 X 5 mg MAMN or equimolar amounts of other chemicals) at the interscapular region. Subcutaneous tumors were detected in many rats of all groups treated with the chemicals, although no tumor was detected in the control group. Lung and/or thyroid tumors were also observed in many rats in the experimental groups. The incidence of subcutaneous tumors was highest in EAMN, followed in order by MAMN, PAMN, BAMN, and i-BAMN. On the contrary, the incidence of lung and thyroid tumors was highest in MAMN and decreased as the length of the alkyl chain of the chemicals increased. Histologically, almost all subcutaneous tumors were malignant fibrous histiocytomas. The results indicate that the chemicals possess systemic as well as local carcinogenicity in F-344 rats. The potent carcinogenic effects at the injection site of the alpha-acetoxy nitrosamines, coupled with their direct mutagenic activity reported previously, support the notion that these derivatives are useful as models for the ultimate form in the metabolic activation of N,N-dialkylnitrosamines.
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Maekawa A, Ogiu T, Onodera H, Furuta K, Matsuoka C, Ohno Y, Odashima S. Carcinogenicity studies of sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate in F-344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1982; 20:25-33. [PMID: 7200054 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(82)80005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity of sodium and of sodium nitrate was examined in F-344 rats. Sodium nitrite was administered in the drinking-water for 2 yr at levels of 0.125 or 0.25%. Sodium nitrate was given in the diet at levels 2.5 or 5%. A variety of tumours occurred in all groups including the controls. The only significant difference between treated and control groups in the total number of tumours detected in either of the studies was a significant decrease in tumour incidence in the high-dose females given nitrite compared with controls. There was no positive dose-response relationship either in the incidence or in the induction time of tumours in either of the studies. The only significant result was a reduction in the incidence of mononuclear cell leukaemias in the experimental groups in both studies. It is concluded that sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate did not exert a carcinogenic effect that could be detected under the conditions of this study in which the animals showed a high incidence of spontaneous tumours.
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Onodera H, Furuta K, Matsuoka C, Kamiya S, Maekawa A. Carcinogenicities of 1-ethyl- and 1-amyl-1-nitrosourethans in female donryu rats: dose-effect relations. Gan 1982; 73:48-54. [PMID: 7117748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Groups of female Donryu rats were given solutions of 100, 50, and 25 ppm of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourethan (ENUR), and of 400, 200, and 100 ppm of 1-amyl-1-nitrosourethan (ANUR) continuously in the drinking water. The incidence of tumors was nearly 100% in all groups treated with ENUR or ANUR, but with both chemicals the rats showed dose-dependent mean survival times. In the groups treated with ENUR, tumors were most frequent in the upper digestive tract and duodenum, whereas in groups given ANUR tumors were induced only in the upper digestive tract, with none in the duodenum. Tumors of the forestomach were more frequent than those of the esophagus and oral cavity and/or pharynx in groups treated with ENUR. In contrast, the target organs of ANUR were the oral cavity and/or pharynx, and the esophagus, rather than the forestomach. The carcinogenicities of these two chemicals are discussed in comparison with those of other 1-alkyl-1-nitrosourethans.
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