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Haider MT, Freytag V, Krause L, Spethmann T, Gosau T, Beine MC, Knies C, Schröder-Schwarz J, Horn M, Riecken K, Lange T. Comparison of ex vivo bioluminescence imaging, Alu-qPCR and histology for the quantification of spontaneous lung and bone metastases in subcutaneous xenograft mouse models. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024; 41:103-115. [PMID: 38353934 PMCID: PMC10972982 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-024-10268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a non-invasive state-of-the-art-method for longitudinal tracking of tumor cells in mice. The technique is commonly used to determine bone metastatic burden in vivo and also suitable ex vivo to detect even smallest bone micro-metastases in spontaneous metastasis xenograft models. However, it is unclear to which extent ex vivo BLI correlates with alternative methods for metastasis quantification. Here, we compared ex vivo BLI, human DNA-based Alu-qPCR, and histology for the quantification of bone vs. lung metastases, which are amongst the most common sites of metastasis in prostate cancer (PCa) patients and spontaneous PCa xenograft models. Data from 93 immunodeficient mice were considered, each of which were subcutaneously injected with luciferase/RGB-labeled human PCa PC-3 cells. The primary tumors were resected at ~ 0.75 cm³ and mice were sacrificed ~ 3 weeks after surgery and immediately examined by ex vivo BLI. Afterwards, the right lungs and hind limbs with the higher BLI signal (BLIHi bone) were processed for histology, whereas the left lung lobes and hind limbs with the lower BLI signal (BLILo bone) were prepared for Alu-qPCR. Our data demonstrate remarkable differences in the correlation coefficients of the different methods for lung metastasis detection (r ~ 0.8) vs. bone metastasis detection (r ~ 0.4). However, the BLI values of the BLIHi and BLILo bones correlated very strongly (r ~ 0.9), indicating that the method per se was reliable under identical limitations; the overall level of metastasis to contralateral bones was astonishingly similar. Instead, the level of lung metastasis only weakly to moderately correlated with the level of bone metastasis formation. Summarized, we observed a considerable discrepancy between ex vivo BLI and histology/Alu-qPCR in the quantification of bone metastases, which was not observed in the case of lung metastases. Future studies using ex vivo BLI for bone metastasis quantification should combine multiple methods to accurately determine metastatic load in bone samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Haider
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Vera Freytag
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Linda Krause
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Spethmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Tobias Gosau
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Mia C Beine
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Christine Knies
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schröder-Schwarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Michael Horn
- Core Facility In Vivo Optical Imaging, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.
- Institute of Anatomy I, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, Jena, 07743, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Central Germany (CCCG), Ulm, Germany.
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Geisen UM, Berner DK, Tran F, Sümbül M, Vullriede L, Ciripoi M, Reid HM, Schaffarzyk A, Longardt AC, Franzenburg J, Hoff P, Schirmer JH, Zeuner R, Friedrichs A, Steinbach A, Knies C, Markewitz RD, Morrison PJ, Gerdes S, Schreiber S, Hoyer BF. Immunogenicity and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions and immunosuppressive therapy in a monocentric cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1306-1311. [PMID: 33762264 PMCID: PMC8117443 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, protecting vulnerable groups has become a high priority. Persons at risk of severe disease, for example, those receiving immunosuppressive therapies for chronic inflammatory cdiseases (CIDs), are prioritised for vaccination. However, data concerning generation of protective antibody titres in immunosuppressed patients are scarce. Additionally, mRNA vaccines represent a new vaccine technology leading to increased insecurity especially in patients with CID. OBJECTIVE Here we present for the first time, data on the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in a cohort of immunosuppressed patients as compared with healthy controls. METHODS 42 healthy controls and 26 patients with CID were included in this study (mean age 37.5 vs 50.5 years). Immunisations were performed according to national guidelines with mRNA vaccines. Antibody titres were assessed by ELISA before initial vaccination and 7 days after secondary vaccination. Disease activity and side effects were assessed prior to and 7 days after both vaccinations. RESULTS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies as well as neutralising activity could be detected in all study participants. IgG titres were significantly lower in patients as compared with controls (2053 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL ±1218 vs 2685±1102). Side effects were comparable in both groups. No severe adverse effects were observed, and no patients experienced a disease flare. CONCLUSION We show that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines lead to development of antibodies in immunosuppressed patients without considerable side effects or induction of disease flares. Despite the small size of this cohort, we were able to demonstrate the efficiency and safety of mRNA vaccines in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf M Geisen
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Dennis K Berner
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Department for Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Melike Sümbül
- Department for Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Lena Vullriede
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Maria Ciripoi
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Hayley M Reid
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Annika Schaffarzyk
- Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Ann C Longardt
- Department for Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Jeanette Franzenburg
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Paula Hoff
- Endokrinologikum-Gruppe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan H Schirmer
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Rainald Zeuner
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Anette Friedrichs
- Department for Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Andrea Steinbach
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | | | - Robert Dh Markewitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein - Campus Lübeck, Lubeck/Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter J Morrison
- Department for Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Sascha Gerdes
- Department for Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
- Medical Department I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Bimba F Hoyer
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Rosemeyer H, Knies C, Hammerbacher K, Bender E, Bonaterra GA, Hannen R, Bartsch JW, Nimsky C, Kinscherf R. Nucleolipids of the Nucleoside Antibiotics Formycins A and B: Synthesis and Biomedical Characterization Particularly Using Glioblastoma Cells. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900012. [PMID: 30773842 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two lipophilic derivatives of formycin A (1) and formycin B (5) carrying an O-2',3'-(ethyl levulinate) ketal group have been prepared. These were base-alkylated at N(1) (for 1) and N(1) and N(6) (for 5) with both isopentenyl and all-trans-farnesyl residues. Upon the prenylation, side reactions were observed, resulting in the formation of nucleolipids with a novel tricyclic nucleobase (→4a, 4b). In the case of formycin B, O-2',3'-(ethyl levulinate) (6) farnesylation gave the double prenylated nucleolipid 7. All new compounds were characterized by 1 H-, 13 C-, UV/VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy, by ESI-MS spectrometry and/or by elemental analysis. Log P determinations between water and octanol as well as water and cyclohexane of a selection of compounds allowed qualitative conclusions concerning their potential blood-brain barrier passage efficiency. All compounds were investigated in vitro with respect to their cytotoxic activity toward rat malignant neuroectodermal BT4Ca as well as against a series of human glioblastoma cell lines (GOS 3, U-87 MG and GBM 2014/42). In order to differentiate between anticancer and side effects of the novel nucleolipids, we also studied their activity on PMA-differentiated human THP-1 macrophages. Here, we show that particularly the formycin A derivative 3b possesses promising antitumor properties in several cancer cell lines with profound cytotoxic effects partly on human glioblastoma cells, with a higher efficacy than the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christine Knies
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina Hammerbacher
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strassse 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eugenia Bender
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strassse 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Hannen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strassse 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
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Rosemeyer H, Knies C, Hammerbacher K, Bender E, Bonaterra GA, Hannen R, Bartsch JW, Nimsky C, Kinscherf R. Front Cover: Nucleolipids of the Nucleoside Antibiotics Formycins A and B: Synthesis and Biomedical Characterization Particularly Using Glioblastoma Cells (C&B 4/2019). Chem Biodivers 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New MaterialsUniversity of Osnabrück Barbarastrasse 7 D-49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Christine Knies
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New MaterialsUniversity of Osnabrück Barbarastrasse 7 D-49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Katharina Hammerbacher
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell BiologyPhilipps-University Marburg Robert-Koch-Strassse 8 D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Eugenia Bender
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New MaterialsUniversity of Osnabrück Barbarastrasse 7 D-49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Gabriel A. Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell BiologyPhilipps-University Marburg Robert-Koch-Strassse 8 D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Ricarda Hannen
- Department of NeurosurgeryPhilipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg W. Bartsch
- Department of NeurosurgeryPhilipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of NeurosurgeryPhilipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell BiologyPhilipps-University Marburg Robert-Koch-Strassse 8 D-35032 Marburg Germany
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Reuter H, van Bodegraven AM, Bender E, Knies C, Diek N, Beginn U, Hammerbacher K, Schneider V, Kinscherf R, Bonaterra GA, Svajda R, Rosemeyer H. Guanosine Nucleolipids: Synthesis, Characterization, Aggregation and X-Ray Crystallographic Identification of Electricity-Conducting G-Ribbons. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900024. [PMID: 30793846 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilization of β-d-riboguanosine (1) with various symmetric as well as asymmetric ketones is described (→3a-3f). The formation of the corresponding O-2',3'-ketals is accompanied by the appearance of various fluorescent by-products which were isolated chromatographically as mixtures and tentatively analyzed by ESI-MS spectrometry. The mainly formed guanosine nucleolipids were isolated and characterized by elemental analyses, 1 H-, 13 C-NMR and UV spectroscopy. For a drug profiling, static topological polar surface areas as well as 10 logPOW values were calculated by an increment-based method as well as experimentally for the systems 1-octanol-H2 O and cyclohexane-H2 O. The guanosine-O-2',3'-ketal derivatives 3b and 3a could be crystallized in (D6 )DMSO - the latter after one year of standing at ambient temperature. X-ray analysis revealed the formation of self-assembled ribbons consisting of two structurally similar 3b nucleolipid conformers as well as integrated (D6 )DMSO molecules. In the case of 3a ⋅ DMSO, the ribbon is formed by a single type of guanosine nucleolipid molecules. The crystalline material 3b ⋅ DMSO was further analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-dependent polarization microscopy. Crystallization was also performed on interdigitated electrodes (Au, distance, 5 μm) and visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Resistance and amperage measurements clearly demonstrate that the electrode-bridging 3b crystals are electrically conducting. All O-2',3'-guanosine ketals were tested on their cytostatic/cytotoxic activity towards phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated human THP-1 macrophages as well as against human astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma GOS-3 cells and against rat malignant neuroectodermal BT4Ca cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Reuter
- Anorganische Chemie II, Strukturchemie, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, DE-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anna Maria van Bodegraven
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, DE-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eugenia Bender
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, DE-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christine Knies
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, DE-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nadine Diek
- Organic Chemistry I - Organic Materials Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, DE-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Uwe Beginn
- Organic Chemistry I - Organic Materials Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, DE-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina Hammerbacher
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, DE-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schneider
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, DE-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, DE-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, DE-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Svajda
- Department of Physics, Workshop for Electronics/IT, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, DE-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, DE-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
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Knies C, Reuter H, Hammerbacher K, Bender E, Bonaterra GA, Kinscherf R, Rosemeyer H. Synthesis of New Potential Lipophilic Co-Drugs of 2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (Cladribine, 2-CdA, Mavenclad®, Leustatin®) and 6-Azauridine (z 6 U) with Valproic Acid. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800497. [PMID: 30614625 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (cladribine, 1) was acylated with valproic acid (2) under various reaction conditions yielding 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-3',5'-O-divalproyladenosine (3) as well as the 3'-O- and 5'-O-monovalproylated derivatives, 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-3'-O-valproyladenosine (4) and 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-5'-O-valproyladenosine (5), as new co-drugs. In addition, 6-azauridine-2',3'-O-(ethyl levulinate) (8) was valproylated at the 5'-OH group (→9). All products were characterized by 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. The structure of the by-product 6 (N-cyclohexyl-N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-2-propylpentanamide), formed upon valproylation of cladribine in the presence of N,N-dimethylaminopyridine and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, was analyzed by X-ray crystallography. Cladribine as well as its valproylated co-drugs were tested upon their cancerostatic/cancerotoxic activity in human astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma GOS-3 cells, in rat malignant neuro ectodermal BT4Ca cells, as well as in phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated human THP-1 macrophages. The most important result of these experiments is the finding that only the 3'-O-valproylated derivative 4 exhibits a significant antitumor activity while the 5'-O- as well as the 3',5'-O-divalproylated cladribine derivatives 3 and 5 proved to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Knies
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans Reuter
- Anorganische Chemie II, Strukturchemie, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina Hammerbacher
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eugenia Bender
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
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Hammerbacher K, Görtemaker K, Knies C, Bender E, Bonaterra GA, Rosemeyer H, Kinscherf R. Combinatorial Synthesis of New Pyrimidine- and Purine-β-d-Ribonucleoside Nucleolipids: Their Distribution Between Aqueous and Organic Phases and Their In Vitro Activity Against Human- and Rat Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800173. [PMID: 29928783 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two series of nucleolipids, O-2',3'-heptanylidene- as well as O-2',3'-undecanylidene ketals of six β-d-ribonucleosides (type A) and partly N-farnesyl derivatives thereof (type B) were prepared in a combinatorial manner. All novel compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and/or ESI mass spectrometry and by UV-, 1 H-, and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. Conformational parameters of the nucleosides and nucleolipids were calculated from various 3 J(H,H), 3 J(1 H,13 C), and 5 J(F,H) coupling constants. For a drug profiling, the parent nucleosides and their lipophilic derivatives were studied with respect to their distribution (log P) between water and n-octanol as well as water and cyclohexane. From these data, qualitative conclusions were drawn concerning their possible blood-brain barrier passage efficiency. Moreover, nucleolipids were characterized by their molecular descriptor amphiphilic ratio (a.r.), which describes the balance between the hydrophilicity of the nucleoside headgroup and the lipophilicity of the lipid tail. All compounds were investigated in vitro with respect to their cytostatic/cytotoxic activity toward human glioblastoma (GOS 3) as well as rat malignant neuroectodermal BT4Ca cell lines in vitro. In order to differentiate between anticancer and side-effects of the novel nucleolipids, they were also studied on their activity on differentiated human THP-1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hammerbacher
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, Marburg, DE-35032, Germany
| | - Katharina Görtemaker
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, Osnabrück, DE-49069, Germany
| | - Christine Knies
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, Osnabrück, DE-49069, Germany
| | - Eugenia Bender
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, Osnabrück, DE-49069, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, Marburg, DE-35032, Germany
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, Osnabrück, DE-49069, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, Marburg, DE-35032, Germany
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Knies C, Bonaterra G, Hammerbacher K, Cordes A, Kinscherf R, Rosemeyer H. Ameliorated or Acquired Cytostatic/Cytotoxic Properties of Nucleosides by Lipophilization. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:1902-44. [PMID: 26663843 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of nucleolipids, containing one of the β-D-ribonucleosides 5-fluorouridine, 6-azauridine, uridine, or 5-methyluridine were lipophilized, either at the O-2',3'-position and/or at N(3) of the nucleobase with a large variety of hydrophobic residues. The resulting nucleolipids as well as the parent nucleosides and the lipid precursors were investigated in vitro with respect to their antitumor activity towards i) ten human tumor cell lines from the NCI 60 panel and ii) partly against three further tumor cell lines, namely a) human astrocytoma/oligodendro glioma GOs-3, b) rat malignantneuroectodermal BT4Ca, and c) differentiated human THP-1 macrophages. Inspection of the doseresponse curves allows two main conclusions concerning lipid determinants lending the corresponding nucleoside an ameliorated or an acquired antitumor activity: i) introduction of either a symmetrical O-2',3'-nonadecylidene ketal group or introduction of an O-2',3'-ethyl levulinate moiety plus an N(3)-farnesyl group leads often to nucleolipids with significant cytostatic/cytotoxic properties; ii) for the two canonical and non-toxic nucleosides uridine and 5-methyluridine, the condensation with also non-toxic lipids gives nucleolipids with a pronounced antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Knies
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, DE-49069 Osnabrück.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department ScreeningPort, Schnackenburgallee 114, DE-22525 Hamburg
| | - Gabriel Bonaterra
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, DE-35032 Marburg
| | - Katharina Hammerbacher
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, DE-35032 Marburg
| | - Andrea Cordes
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, DE-35032 Marburg
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, DE-35032 Marburg
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Chemistry I - Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, DE-49069 Osnabrück.
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Knies C, Hammerbacher K, Bonaterra GA, Kinscherf R, Rosemeyer H. Novel Nucleolipids of Pyrimidineβ-D-Ribonucleosides: Combinatorial Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Cytostatic/Cytotoxic Activities. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:160-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Knies C, Hammerbacher K, Bonaterra GA, Kinscherf R, Rosemeyer H. Nucleolipids of Canonical Purine ß-d-Ribo-Nucleosides: Synthesis and Cytostatic/Cytotoxic Activities Toward Human and Rat Glioblastoma Cells. ChemistryOpen 2015; 5:129-41. [PMID: 27308225 PMCID: PMC4906469 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of two series of canonical purine ß‐d‐ribonucleoside nucleolipids derived from inosine and adenosine, which have been characterized by elemental analyses, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) as well as by 1H and 13C NMR, and pH‐dependent UV/Vis spectroscopy. A selection of the novel nucleolipids with different lipophilic moieties were first tested on their cytotoxic effect toward human macrophages. Compounds without a significant inhibitory effect on the viability of the macrophages were tested on their cytostatic/cytotoxic effect toward human astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma GOS‐3 cells as well as against the rat malignant neuroectodermal BT4Ca cell line. In order to additionally investigate the potential molecular mechanisms involved in the cytotoxic effects of the derivatives on GOS‐3 or BT4Ca cells, we evaluated the induction of apoptosis and observed the particular activity of the nucleolipid ethyl 3‐{4‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐methyl‐6‐[6‐oxo‐1‐(3,7,11‐trimethyl‐dodeca‐2,6,10‐trienyl)‐1,6‐dihydro‐purin‐9‐yl]‐tetrahydro‐furo[3,4‐d][1,3]dioxol‐2‐yl}propionate (8 c) toward both human and rat glioblastoma cell lines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Knies
- Organic Chemistry I-Bioorganic Chemistry Institute of Chemistry of New Materials University of Osnabrück Barbarastr. 7 49069 Osnabrück Germany
| | - Katharina Hammerbacher
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department of Medical Cell Biology University of Marburg Robert-Koch-Straße 8 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department of Medical Cell Biology University of Marburg Robert-Koch-Straße 8 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department of Medical Cell Biology University of Marburg Robert-Koch-Straße 8 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Chemistry I-Bioorganic Chemistry Institute of Chemistry of New Materials University of Osnabrück Barbarastr. 7 49069 Osnabrück Germany
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Maiti M, Maiti M, Knies C, Dumbre S, Lescrinier E, Rosemeyer H, Ceulemans A, Herdewijn P. Xylonucleic acid: synthesis, structure, and orthogonal pairing properties. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7189-200. [PMID: 26175047 PMCID: PMC4551940 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a common interest for studying xeno-nucleic acid systems in the fields of synthetic biology and the origin of life, in particular, those with an engineered backbone and possessing novel properties. Along this line, we have investigated xylonucleic acid (XyloNA) containing a potentially prebiotic xylose sugar (a 3'-epimer of ribose) in its backbone. Herein, we report for the first time the synthesis of four XyloNA nucleotide building blocks and the assembly of XyloNA oligonucleotides containing all the natural nucleobases. A detailed investigation of pairing and structural properties of XyloNAs in comparison to DNA/RNA has been performed by thermal UV-melting, CD, and solution state NMR spectroscopic studies. XyloNA has been shown to be an orthogonal self-pairing system which adopts a slightly right-handed extended helical geometry. Our study on one hand, provides understanding for superior structure-function (-pairing) properties of DNA/RNA over XyloNA for selection as an informational polymer in the prebiotic context, while on the other hand, finds potential of XyloNA as an orthogonal genetic system for application in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohitosh Maiti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Munmun Maiti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Knies
- Organic Materials Chemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse. 7, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Shrinivas Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Materials Chemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse. 7, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Arnout Ceulemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Srivastava P, Abou El Asrar R, Knies C, Abramov M, Froeyen M, Rozenski J, Rosemeyer H, Herdewijn P. Achiral, acyclic nucleic acids: synthesis and biophysical studies of a possible prebiotic polymer. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9249-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00898k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for prebiotic, nucleic acid precursors is, at its best, a speculative undertaking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. Knies
- Organic Materials Chemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry
- Institute or Chemistry
- University of Osnabrück
- 49069 Osnabrück
- Germany
| | - M. Abramov
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - M. Froeyen
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - J. Rozenski
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - H. Rosemeyer
- Organic Materials Chemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry
- Institute or Chemistry
- University of Osnabrück
- 49069 Osnabrück
- Germany
| | - P. Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
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Malecki E, Ottenhaus V, Werz E, Knies C, Montilla Martinez M, Rosemeyer H. Nucleolipids of the cancerostatic 5-fluorouridine: synthesis, adherence to oligonucleotides, and incorporation in artificial lipid bilayers. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:217-32. [PMID: 24591313 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouridine (1a) was converted to its N(3)-farnesylated nucleoterpene derivative 8 by direct alkylation with farnesyl bromide (4). Reaction of the cancerostatic 1a with either acetone, heptan-4-one, nonadecan-10-one, or hentriacontan-16-one afforded the 2',3'-O-ketals 2a-2d. Compound 2b was then first farnesylated (→5) and subsequently phosphitylated to give the phosphoramidite 6. The ketal 2c was directly 5'-phosphitylated without farnesylation of the base to give the phosphoramidite 7. Moreover, the recently prepared cyclic 2',3'-O-ketal 11 was 5'-phosphitylated to yield the phosphoramidite 12. The 2',3'-O-isopropylidene derivative 2a proved to be too labile to be converted to a phosphoramidite. All novel derivatives of 1a were unequivocally characterized by NMR and UV spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry, as well as by elemental analyses. The lipophilicity of the phosphoramidite precursors were characterized by both their retention times in RP-18 HPLC and by calculated log P values. The phosphoramidites 6, 7, and 12 were exemplarily used for the preparation of four terminally lipophilized oligodeoxynucleotides carrying a cyanine-3 or a cyanine-5 residue at the 5'-(n-1) position (i.e., 14-17). Their incorporation in an artificial lipid bilayer was studied by single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Malecki
- Organic Materials Chemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49069 Osnabrück; Ionovation GmbH, Westerbreite 7, D-49084 Osnabrück
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Malecki E, Knies C, Werz E, Rosemeyer H. Mitsunobu reactions of 5-fluorouridine with the terpenols phytol and nerol: DNA building blocks for a biomimetic lipophilization of nucleic acids. Chem Biodivers 2014; 10:2209-20. [PMID: 24327441 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cancerostatic 5-fluorouridine (5-FUrd; 1) was sequentially sugar-protected by introduction of a 2',3'-O-heptylidene ketal group (→2), followed by 5'-O-monomethoxytritylation (→3). This fully protected derivative was submitted to Mitsunobu reactions with either phytol ((Z and E)-isomer) or nerol ((Z)-isomer) to yield the nucleoterpenes 4a and 4b. Both were 5'-O-deprotected with 2% Cl2 CHCOOH in CH2 Cl2 to yield compounds 5a and 5b, respectively. These were converted to the 5'-O-cyanoethyl phosphoramidites 6a and 6b, respectively. Moreover, the 2',3'-O-(1-nonyldecylidene) derivative, 7a, of 5-fluorouridine was resynthesized and labelled at C(5') with an Eterneon-480 fluorophor(®) (→7b). The resulting nucleolipid was studied with respect to its incorporation in an artificial bilayer, as well as to its aggregate formation. Additionally, two oligonucleotides carrying terminal phytol-alkylated 5-fluorouridine tags were prepared, one of which was studied concerning its incorporation in an artificial lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Malecki
- Organic Materials Chemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse. 7, D-49069 Osnabrück
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Lange T, Ullrich S, Müller I, Nentwich MF, Stübke K, Feldhaus S, Knies C, Hellwinkel OJC, Vessella RL, Abramjuk C, Anders M, Schröder-Schwarz J, Schlomm T, Huland H, Sauter G, Schumacher U. Human prostate cancer in a clinically relevant xenograft mouse model: identification of β(1,6)-branched oligosaccharides as a marker of tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1364-73. [PMID: 22261809 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish xenograft mouse models of metastatic and nonmetastatic human prostate cancer and to apply these models to the search for aberrant glycosylation patterns associated with tumor progression in vivo and in patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC-3, LuCaP 23.1, and DU-145) were xenografted subcutaneously into immunodeficient pfp(-/-)/rag2(-/-) mice. Tumor growth and metastasis formation were quantified and as altered glycosylation patterns have been associated with metastasis formation in several other malignancies, prostate cancer cells were profiled by a quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) glycosylation array and compared with normal human prostate cells. The activity of upregulated glycosyltransferases was analyzed by their sugar residues end products using lectin histochemistry on primary tumors and metastases in the animal experiments and on 2,085 clinical samples. RESULTS PC-3 cells produced the largest number of spontaneous lung metastases, followed by LNCaP and LuCaP 23.1, whereas DU-145 was nonmetastatic. qRT-PCR revealed an upregulation of β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-5b (Mgat5b) in all prostate cancer cell lines. Mgat5b products [β(1,6)-branched oligosaccharides] were predominantly detectable in metastatic xenografts as shown by increased binding of Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA-L). The percentage of prostate cancer patients who were PHA-L positive was 86.5. PHA-L intensity correlated with serum prostate-specific antigen and a cytoplasmic staining negatively affected disease-free survival. CONCLUSION We show a novel xenograft mouse model for human prostate cancer respecting the complete metastatic cascade. Specific glycosylation patterns reveal Mgat5b products as relevant markers of both metastatic competence in mice and disease-free survival in patients. This is the first description of Mgat5b in prostate cancer indicating a significant biologic importance of β(1,6)-branched oligosaccharides for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lange
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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