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Steadman A, Andama A, Ball A, Mukwatamundu J, Khimani K, Mochizuki T, Asege L, Bukirwa A, Kato JB, Katumba D, Kisakye E, Mangeni W, Mwebe S, Nakaye M, Nassuna I, Nyawere J, Nakaweesa A, Cook C, Phillips P, Nalugwa T, Bachman CM, Semitala FC, Weigl BH, Connelly J, Worodria W, Cattamanchi A. New Manual Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Validated on Tongue Swabs Collected and Processed in Uganda Shows Sensitivity That Rivals Sputum-based Molecular Tuberculosis Diagnostics. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:1313-1320. [PMID: 38306491 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sputum-based testing is a barrier to increasing access to molecular diagnostics for tuberculosis (TB). Many people with TB are unable to produce sputum, and sputum processing increases assay complexity and cost. Tongue swabs are emerging as an alternative to sputum, but performance limits are uncertain. METHODS From June 2022 to July 2023, we enrolled 397 consecutive adults with cough >2 weeks at 2 health centers in Kampala, Uganda. We collected demographic and clinical information, sputum for TB testing (Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and 2 liquid cultures), and tongue swabs for same-day quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing. We evaluated tongue swab qPCR diagnostic accuracy versus sputum TB test results, quantified TB targets per swab, assessed the impact of serial swabbing, and compared 2 swab types (Copan FLOQSWAB and Steripack spun polyester). RESULTS Among 397 participants, 43.1% were female, median age was 33 years, 23.5% were diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus, and 32.0% had confirmed TB. Sputum Xpert Ultra and tongue swab qPCR results were concordant for 98.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 96.2-99.1) of participants. Tongue swab qPCR sensitivity was 92.6% (95% CI: 86.5 to 96.0) and specificity was 99.1% (95% CI: 96.9 to 99.8) versus microbiological reference standard. A single tongue swab recovered a 7-log range of TB copies, with a decreasing recovery trend among 4 serial swabs. Swab types performed equivalently. CONCLUSIONS Tongue swabs are a promising alternative to sputum for molecular diagnosis of TB, with sensitivity approaching sputum-based molecular tests. Our results provide valuable insights for developing successful tongue swab-based TB diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Steadman
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, USA
| | - Alfred Andama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Walimu, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alexey Ball
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Tessa Mochizuki
- Center for Tuberculosis, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Catherine Cook
- Center for Tuberculosis, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patrick Phillips
- Center for Tuberculosis, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Fred Collins Semitala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - William Worodria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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2
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Huddart S, Yadav V, Sieberts SK, Omberg L, Raberahona M, Rakotoarivelo R, Lyimo IN, Lweno O, Christopher DJ, Nhung NV, Theron G, Worodria W, Yu CY, Bachman CM, Burkot S, Dewan P, Kulhare S, Small PM, Cattamanchi A, Jaganath D, Lapierre SG. Solicited Cough Sound Analysis for Tuberculosis Triage Testing: The CODA TB DREAM Challenge Dataset. medRxiv 2024:2024.03.27.24304980. [PMID: 38585855 PMCID: PMC10996751 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.24304980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cough is a common and commonly ignored symptom of lung disease. Cough is often perceived as difficult to quantify, frequently self-limiting, and non-specific. However, cough has a central role in the clinical detection of many lung diseases including tuberculosis (TB), which remains the leading infectious disease killer worldwide. TB screening currently relies on self-reported cough which fails to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) accuracy targets for a TB triage test. Artificial intelligence (AI) models based on cough sound have been developed for several respiratory conditions, with limited work being done in TB. To support the development of an accurate, point-of-care cough-based triage tool for TB, we have compiled a large multi-country database of cough sounds from individuals being evaluated for TB. The dataset includes more than 700,000 cough sounds from 2,143 individuals with detailed demographic, clinical and microbiologic diagnostic information. We aim to empower researchers in the development of cough sound analysis models to improve TB diagnosis, where innovative approaches are critically needed to end this long-standing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Huddart
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, 533 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | | | | | - Larson Omberg
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA 98103 USA
- Curently at Koneksa Health, One World Trade Center 285 Fulton St. 77th Floor New York, NY, 10007
| | - Mihaja Raberahona
- CHU Joseph Rasera Befelatanana, Antananarivo, 101, Analamanga, Madagascar
- Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mérieux, Antananarivo, 101, Analamanga, Madagascar
| | - Rivo Rakotoarivelo
- CHU Tambohobe Fianarantsoa, 301, Haute-Matsiatra, Madagascar
- Université de Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, 301, Haute-Matsiatra, Madagascar
| | - Issa N. Lyimo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental and Ecological Sciences & Interventions and Clinical Trials Departments, Kiko Avenue, Plot 463, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Omar Lweno
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental and Ecological Sciences & Interventions and Clinical Trials Departments, Kiko Avenue, Plot 463, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Nguyen Viet Nhung
- National Tuberculosis Programme, 463 Hoang Hoa Tham, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Grant Theron
- Stellenbosch University, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | | | - Charles Y. Yu
- De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute, Governor D. Mangubat Avenue, Dasmarinas Cavite, Philippines 4114
| | | | - Stephen Burkot
- Global Health Labs, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA
| | - Puneet Dewan
- Global Health Labs, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA
| | - Sourabh Kulhare
- Global Health Labs, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA
| | - Peter M Small
- Global Health Labs, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007 USA
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, 333 City Blvd. W Suite 400, Orange CA 92868 USA
| | - Devan Jaganath
- University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, 333 City Blvd. W Suite 400, Orange CA 92868 USA
| | - Simon Grandjean Lapierre
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Immunopathology Axis, 900 St-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Université de Montréal, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4 Canada
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3
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Steadman A, Andama A, Ball A, Mukwatamundu J, Khimani K, Mochizuki T, Asege L, Bukirwa A, Kato JB, Katumba D, Kisakye E, Mangeni W, Mwebe S, Nakaye M, Nasuna I, Nyawere J, Visente D, Cook C, Nalugwa T, Bachman CM, Semitalia F, Weigl BH, Connelly J, Worodria W, Cattamanchi A. New manual qPCR assay validated on tongue swabs collected and processed in Uganda shows sensitivity that rivals sputum-based molecular TB diagnostics. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.10.23293680. [PMID: 37645869 PMCID: PMC10462213 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.23293680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Reliance on sputum-based testing is a key barrier to increasing access to molecular diagnostics for tuberculosis (TB). Many people with TB are unable to produce and sputum processing increases the complexity and cost of molecular assays. Tongue swabs are emerging as an alternative to sputum, but performance limits are uncertain. Methods From June 2022 to July 2023, we enrolled 397 consecutive adults with cough >2 weeks at two health centers in Kampala, Uganda. We collected routine demographic and clinical information, sputum for routine TB testing (one Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra® and two liquid cultures), and up to four tongue swabs for same-day qPCR. We evaluated tongue swab qPCR diagnostic accuracy in reference to sputum TB test results, quantified TB targets per swab, assessed the impact of serial swabbing, and compared two swab types (Copan FLOQSWAB® and Steripack® spun polyester swabs). Results Among 397 participants, 43.1% were female, median age was 33 years, 23.5% were living with HIV (PLHIV) and 32.3% had confirmed TB. Sputum Xpert Ultra and tongue swab qPCR results were concordant for 98.2% [96.2-99.1] of participants. Tongue swab qPCR sensitivity was 91.0% [84.6-94.9] and specificity 98.9% [96.2-99.8] vs. microbiological reference standard (MRS). A single tongue swab recovered a seven-log range of TB copies, with a decreasing recovery trend among four serial swabs. We found no difference between swab types. Conclusions Tongue swabs show promise as an alternative to sputum for TB diagnosis, with sensitivity approaching sputum-based molecular tests. Our results provide valuable insights for developing successful tongue swab-based TB diagnostics.
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Chang A, Mzava O, Djomnang LAK, Lenz JS, Burnham P, Kaplinsky P, Andama A, Connelly J, Bachman CM, Cattamanchi A, Steadman A, De Vlaminck I. Metagenomic DNA sequencing to quantify Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA and diagnose tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16972. [PMID: 36216964 PMCID: PMC9551046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing has the potential to reveal biomarkers of active disease, identify coinfection, and improve detection for sputum-scarce or culture-negative cases. We conducted a large-scale comparative study of 428 plasma, urine, and oral swab samples from 334 individuals from TB endemic and non-endemic regions to evaluate the utility of a shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing assay for tuberculosis diagnosis. We found that the composition of the control population had a strong impact on the measured performance of the diagnostic test: the use of a control population composed of individuals from a TB non-endemic region led to a test with nearly 100% specificity and sensitivity, whereas a control group composed of individuals from TB endemic regions exhibited a high background of nontuberculous mycobacterial DNA, limiting the diagnostic performance of the test. Using mathematical modeling and quantitative comparisons to matched qPCR data, we found that the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA constitutes a very small fraction (0.04 or less) of the total abundance of DNA originating from mycobacteria in samples from TB endemic regions. Our findings suggest that the utility of a minimally invasive metagenomic sequencing assay for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostics is limited by the low burden of M. tuberculosis and an overwhelming biological background of nontuberculous mycobacterial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Chang
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Omary Mzava
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Liz-Audrey Kounatse Djomnang
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Joan Sesing Lenz
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Philip Burnham
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Peter Kaplinsky
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Alfred Andama
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Center for Tuberculosis and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
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5
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Oulton T, Obiero J, Rodriguez I, Ssewanyana I, Dabbs RA, Bachman CM, Greenhouse B, Drakeley C, Felgner PL, Stone W, Tetteh KKA. Plasmodium falciparum serology: A comparison of two protein production methods for analysis of antibody responses by protein microarray. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273106. [PMID: 36037183 PMCID: PMC9423672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of protein antigens as putative serologic biomarkers of infection has increasingly shifted to high-throughput, multiplex approaches such as the protein microarray. In vitro transcription/translation (IVTT) systems-a similarly high-throughput protein expression method-are already widely utilised in the production of protein microarrays, though purified recombinant proteins derived from more traditional whole cell based expression systems also play an important role in biomarker characterisation. Here we have performed a side-by-side comparison of antigen-matched protein targets from an IVTT and purified recombinant system, on the same protein microarray. The magnitude and range of antibody responses to purified recombinants was found to be greater than that of IVTT proteins, and responses between targets from different expression systems did not clearly correlate. However, responses between amino acid sequence-matched targets from each expression system were more closely correlated. Despite the lack of a clear correlation between antigen-matched targets produced in each expression system, our data indicate that protein microarrays produced using either method can be used confidently, in a context dependent manner, though care should be taken when comparing data derived from contrasting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tate Oulton
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Obiero
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rebecca A. Dabbs
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phil L. Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Will Stone
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin K. A. Tetteh
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Bachman CM, Cate DM, Grant B, Burkot S, Mulondo J, Hsieh HV, Chamai M, Odongo B, Olwoch P, Nalubega M, Ochokoru H, Kasozi J, Ategeka J, Nichols KP, Weigl BH, Greenhouse B. A Novel Malaria Lateral Flow Assay for Detecting Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase in Busia, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:850-852. [PMID: 35026727 PMCID: PMC8922488 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Plasmodium falciparum commonly detect histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2), but HRP-2 deletions are increasingly recognized. We evaluated a prototype test detecting parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) and compared it to commercially available RDTs at a health facility in Uganda, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction as a gold standard. The prototype pLDH test had a high sensitivity for infections with at least 100 parasites/µL (98%), comparable to HRP-2, and greater than an existing pLDH RDT (89%). Specificity for the prototype test was 99.5%, which is greater than the HRP-2 tests (93-95%). Therefore, the prototype pLDH test may be an attractive alternative malaria diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Bachman
- Global Health Laboratories, Bellevue, Washington;,Address correspondence to Christine M. Bachman, Global Health Laboratories, Bellevue, WA. E-mail:
| | | | - Ben Grant
- Global Health Laboratories, Bellevue, Washington
| | | | - Jerry Mulondo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Martin Chamai
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bakar Odongo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Olwoch
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Joseph Kasozi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Ategeka
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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7
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Bachman CM, Grant BD, Anderson CE, Alonzo LF, Garing S, Byrnes SA, Rivera R, Burkot S, Ball A, Stafford JW, Wang W, Banik D, Keller MD, Cate DM, Nichols KP, Weigl BH, Dewan P. Clinical validation of an open-access SARS-COV-2 antigen detection lateral flow assay, compared to commercially available assays. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256352. [PMID: 34403456 PMCID: PMC8370603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid tests for SARS-COV-2 infection are important tools for pandemic control, but current rapid tests are based on proprietary designs and reagents. We report clinical validation results of an open-access lateral flow assay (OA-LFA) design using commercially available materials and reagents, along with RT-qPCR and commercially available comparators (BinaxNOW® and Sofia®). Adult patients with suspected COVID-19 based on clinical signs and symptoms, and with symptoms ≤7 days duration, underwent anterior nares (AN) sampling for the OA-LFA, Sofia®, BinaxNOW ™, and RT-qPCR, along with nasopharyngeal (NP) RT-qPCR. Results indicate a positive predictive agreement with NP sampling as 69% (60% -78%) OA-LFA, 74% (64% - 82%) Sofia®, and 82% (73% - 88%) BinaxNOW™. The implication for these results is that we provide an open-access LFA design that meets the minimum WHO target product profile for a rapid test, that virtually any diagnostic manufacturer could produce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin D. Grant
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Luis F. Alonzo
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Spencer Garing
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sam A. Byrnes
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rafael Rivera
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen Burkot
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexey Ball
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - James W. Stafford
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dipayan Banik
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Keller
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Cate
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. Nichols
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bernhard H. Weigl
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Puneet Dewan
- Global Health Labs, Inc, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
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8
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Wood RC, Andama A, Hermansky G, Burkot S, Asege L, Job M, Katumba D, Nakaye M, Mwebe SZ, Mulondo J, Bachman CM, Nichols KP, Le Ny ALM, Ortega C, Olson RN, Weigel KM, Olson AM, Madan D, Bell D, Cattamanchi A, Worodria W, Semitala FC, Somoskovi A, Cangelosi GA, Minch KJ. Characterization of oral swab samples for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251422. [PMID: 33999938 PMCID: PMC8128230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral swab analysis (OSA) has been shown to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). In previous analyses, qPCR testing of swab samples collected from tongue dorsa was up to 93% sensitive relative to sputum GeneXpert, when 2 swabs per patient were tested. The present study modified sample collection methods to increase sample biomass and characterized the viability of bacilli present in tongue swabs. A qPCR targeting conserved bacterial ribosomal rRNA gene (rDNA) sequences was used to quantify bacterial biomass in samples. There was no detectable reduction in total bacterial rDNA signal over the course of 10 rapidly repeated tongue samplings, indicating that swabs collect only a small portion of the biomass available for testing. Copan FLOQSwabs collected ~2-fold more biomass than Puritan PurFlock swabs, the best brand used previously (p = 0.006). FLOQSwabs were therefore evaluated in patients with possible TB in Uganda. A FLOQSwab was collected from each patient upon enrollment (Day 1) and, in a subset of sputum GeneXpert Ultra-positive patients, a second swab was collected on the following day (Day 2). Swabs were tested for MTB DNA by manual IS6110-targeted qPCR. Relative to sputum GeneXpert Ultra, single-swab sensitivity was 88% (44/50) on Day 1 and 94.4% (17/18) on Day 2. Specificity was 79.2% (42/53). Among an expanded sample of Ugandan patients, 62% (87/141) had colony-forming bacilli in their tongue dorsum swab samples. These findings will help guide further development of this promising TB screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Wood
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alfred Andama
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gleda Hermansky
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen Burkot
- Intellectual Ventures’ Global Good Fund, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lucy Asege
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - David Katumba
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martha Nakaye
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Jerry Mulondo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine M. Bachman
- Intellectual Ventures’ Global Good Fund, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. Nichols
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anne-Laure M. Le Ny
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Corrie Ortega
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rita N. Olson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kris M. Weigel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alaina M. Olson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Damian Madan
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Bell
- Intellectual Ventures’ Global Good Fund, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Tuberculosis, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - William Worodria
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred C. Semitala
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Akos Somoskovi
- Intellectual Ventures’ Global Good Fund, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gerard A. Cangelosi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kyle J. Minch
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
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9
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Horning MP, Delahunt CB, Bachman CM, Luchavez J, Luna C, Hu L, Jaiswal MS, Thompson CM, Kulhare S, Janko S, Wilson BK, Ostbye T, Mehanian M, Gebrehiwot R, Yun G, Bell D, Proux S, Carter JY, Oyibo W, Gamboa D, Dhorda M, Vongpromek R, Chiodini PL, Ogutu B, Long EG, Tun K, Burkot TR, Lilley K, Mehanian C. Performance of a fully-automated system on a WHO malaria microscopy evaluation slide set. Malar J 2021; 20:110. [PMID: 33632222 PMCID: PMC7905596 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manual microscopy remains a widely-used tool for malaria diagnosis and clinical studies, but it has inconsistent quality in the field due to variability in training and field practices. Automated diagnostic systems based on machine learning hold promise to improve quality and reproducibility of field microscopy. The World Health Organization (WHO) has designed a 55-slide set (WHO 55) for their External Competence Assessment of Malaria Microscopists (ECAMM) programme, which can also serve as a valuable benchmark for automated systems. The performance of a fully-automated malaria diagnostic system, EasyScan GO, on a WHO 55 slide set was evaluated. METHODS The WHO 55 slide set is designed to evaluate microscopist competence in three areas of malaria diagnosis using Giemsa-stained blood films, focused on crucial field needs: malaria parasite detection, malaria parasite species identification (ID), and malaria parasite quantitation. The EasyScan GO is a fully-automated system that combines scanning of Giemsa-stained blood films with assessment algorithms to deliver malaria diagnoses. This system was tested on a WHO 55 slide set. RESULTS The EasyScan GO achieved 94.3 % detection accuracy, 82.9 % species ID accuracy, and 50 % quantitation accuracy, corresponding to WHO microscopy competence Levels 1, 2, and 1, respectively. This is, to our knowledge, the best performance of a fully-automated system on a WHO 55 set. CONCLUSIONS EasyScan GO's expert ratings in detection and quantitation on the WHO 55 slide set point towards its potential value in drug efficacy use-cases, as well as in some case management situations with less stringent species ID needs. Improved runtime may enable use in general case management settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Horning
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA.
| | - Charles B Delahunt
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA.,Applied Math Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christine M Bachman
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | | | - Christian Luna
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Liming Hu
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Mayoore S Jaiswal
- formerly Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 3150 139th AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | | | - Sourabh Kulhare
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | | | - Benjamin K Wilson
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Travis Ostbye
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Martha Mehanian
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Roman Gebrehiwot
- formerly Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 3150 139th AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - Grace Yun
- formerly Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 3150 139th AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - David Bell
- Independent Consultant, Issaquah, WA, USA
| | - Stephane Proux
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | | | | | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- World Wide Antimalarial Resistance Network and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ranitha Vongpromek
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory and World Wide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Asia- Pacific Regional Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter L Chiodini
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Earl G Long
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyaw Tun
- Defence Services Medical Academy, Mingaladon, Myanmar
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Ken Lilley
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Australia
| | - Courosh Mehanian
- Global Health Labs (formerly at Intellectual Ventures Laboratory/Global Good), 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
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Mulondo J, Maleni S, Aanyu-Tukamuhebwa H, Mupere E, Andama AO, Ng CH, Burkot S, Forgie EME, Mian Q, Bachman CM, Rummery G, Lieberman D, Bell D, Hawkes MT, Somoskovi A. Efficacy and safety of oxygen-sparing nasal reservoir cannula for treatment of pediatric hypoxemic pneumonia in Uganda: a pilot randomized clinical trial. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:230. [PMID: 32867735 PMCID: PMC7457357 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxygen is an essential therapy for hypoxemia but is scarce in low-income settings. Oxygen conserving devices optimize delivery, but to date have been designed for adults in high-income settings. Here we present the development and clinical pilot study of an oxygen-sparing nasal reservoir cannula (OSNRC) for pediatric use in low-income settings. Methods (1) Pre-clinical development of a novel OSNRC using a simulated respiratory circuit with metabolic simulator and anatomically accurate face-airway models. Simulated breathing waveforms were designed based on airway resistance, lung compliance, respiratory rate, and tidal volume of spontaneous breathing for three disease conditions. (2) Pilot, randomized, controlled, non-blinded, cross-over study of the OSNRC vs standard nasal cannula (SNC) among children hospitalized with hypoxemic pneumonia in Uganda. Eight children were randomized to OSNRC followed by SNC, and eight were randomized to SNC followed by OSNRC. Results The laboratory simulation showed that the OSNRC provided the same or higher fraction of inspired oxygen at approximately 2.5-times lower flow rate compared to SNC. The flow savings ratio exhibited a linear relationship with the OSNRC volume to tidal volume ratio with a slope that varied with breathing waveforms. The range of performance from different breathing waveforms defined a performance envelope of the OSNRC. Two mask sizes (30 mL and 50 mL) provided sufficient coverage for patients between the 3rd and 97th percentile in our targeted age range. In the clinical pilot study, the rise in capillary blood pCO2 was similar in the OSNRC and SNC groups, suggesting that the OSNRC was not associated with CO2 retention. There were no significant differences between OSNRC and SNC with respect to clinical adverse events, lactate levels, pH, and SpO2. The OSNRC group had a higher mean SpO2 than the SNC group (adjusted mean difference, 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.8), showing oxygen delivery enhancement. Conclusion The OSNRC enhances oxygen delivery without causing CO2 retention and appears to be well-tolerated by pediatric patients. If safety, efficacy and tolerability are confirmed in larger trials, this device has the potential to optimize oxygen delivery in children in low-resource settings, reducing the global burden of pediatric pneumonia. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered (International Standard Registered Clinical/Social Study Number (ISRCTN): 15216845; Date of registration: 15 July 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Mulondo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stella Maleni
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hellen Aanyu-Tukamuhebwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Mulago National Referral Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Mulago National Referral Hospital and Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pediatrics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alfred Onubia Andama
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chin Hei Ng
- Intellectual Ventures, Global Good Fund, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Stephen Burkot
- Intellectual Ventures, Global Good Fund, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Ella M E Forgie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 3-588D Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Qaasim Mian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 3-588D Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - David Bell
- Intellectual Ventures, Global Good Fund, Bellevue, WA, USA.,, Present address: Issaquah, USA
| | - Michael T Hawkes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 3-588D Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Stollery Science Lab, Edmonton, Canada. .,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Akos Somoskovi
- Intellectual Ventures, Global Good Fund, Bellevue, WA, USA
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11
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Torres K, Bachman CM, Delahunt CB, Alarcon Baldeon J, Alava F, Gamboa Vilela D, Proux S, Mehanian C, McGuire SK, Thompson CM, Ostbye T, Hu L, Jaiswal MS, Hunt VM, Bell D. Automated microscopy for routine malaria diagnosis: a field comparison on Giemsa-stained blood films in Peru. Malar J 2018; 17:339. [PMID: 30253764 PMCID: PMC6157053 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films remains a major form of diagnosis in malaria case management, and is a reference standard for research. However, as with other visualization-based diagnoses, accuracy depends on individual technician performance, making standardization difficult and reliability poor. Automated image recognition based on machine-learning, utilizing convolutional neural networks, offers potential to overcome these drawbacks. A prototype digital microscope device employing an algorithm based on machine-learning, the Autoscope, was assessed for its potential in malaria microscopy. Autoscope was tested in the Iquitos region of Peru in 2016 at two peripheral health facilities, with routine microscopy and PCR as reference standards. The main outcome measures include sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of malaria from Giemsa-stained blood films, using PCR as reference. Methods A cross-sectional, observational trial was conducted at two peripheral primary health facilities in Peru. 700 participants were enrolled with the criteria: (1) age between 5 and 75 years, (2) history of fever in the last 3 days or elevated temperature on admission, (3) informed consent. The main outcome measures included sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of malaria from Giemsa-stained blood films, using PCR as reference. Results At the San Juan clinic, sensitivity of Autoscope for diagnosing malaria was 72% (95% CI 64–80%), and specificity was 85% (95% CI 79–90%). Microscopy performance was similar to Autoscope, with sensitivity 68% (95% CI 59–76%) and specificity 100% (95% CI 98–100%). At San Juan, 85% of prepared slides had a minimum of 600 WBCs imaged, thus meeting Autoscope’s design assumptions. At the second clinic, Santa Clara, the sensitivity of Autoscope was 52% (95% CI 44–60%) and specificity was 70% (95% CI 64–76%). Microscopy performance at Santa Clara was 42% (95% CI 34–51) and specificity was 97% (95% CI 94–99). Only 39% of slides from Santa Clara met Autoscope’s design assumptions regarding WBCs imaged. Conclusions Autoscope’s diagnostic performance was on par with routine microscopy when slides had adequate blood volume to meet its design assumptions, as represented by results from the San Juan clinic. Autoscope’s diagnostic performance was poorer than routine microscopy on slides from the Santa Clara clinic, which generated slides with lower blood volumes. Results of the study reflect both the potential for artificial intelligence to perform tasks currently conducted by highly-trained experts, and the challenges of replicating the adaptiveness of human thought processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2493-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Torres
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Laboratorio de Malaria, Laboratiorios de Investigacion y Dessarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430 SMP, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Jhonatan Alarcon Baldeon
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Laboratorio de Malaria, Laboratiorios de Investigacion y Dessarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430 SMP, Lima, Peru
| | - Freddy Alava
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Laboratorio de Malaria, Laboratiorios de Investigacion y Dessarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430 SMP, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa Vilela
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Laboratorio de Malaria, Laboratiorios de Investigacion y Dessarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430 SMP, Lima, Peru
| | - Stephane Proux
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Courosh Mehanian
- Intellectual Ventures, 3150 139 AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - Shawn K McGuire
- Intellectual Ventures, 3150 139 AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - Clay M Thompson
- Intellectual Ventures, 3150 139 AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - Travis Ostbye
- Intellectual Ventures, 3150 139 AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - Liming Hu
- Intellectual Ventures, 3150 139 AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | | | - Victoria M Hunt
- Intellectual Ventures, 3150 139 AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - David Bell
- Intellectual Ventures, 3150 139 AVE SE, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
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12
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Thompson VJ, Bachman CM, Baranowski T, Cullen KW. Self-efficacy and norm measures for lunch fruit and vegetable consumption are reliable and valid among fifth grade students. J Nutr Educ Behav 2007; 39:2-7. [PMID: 17276320 PMCID: PMC2763609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the reliability and validity of a questionnaire measuring fruit and vegetable (FV) self-efficacy and social norms during school lunch among 5th graders. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, students completed lunch food records and a psychosocial questionnaire measuring school lunch FV self-efficacy and social norms regarding consumption during the fall and spring semesters. Test-retest reliability was assessed between fall and spring semesters. The measurement model was cross-validated in the spring data. SETTING One middle school in Houston, Texas. PARTICIPANTS 275 fifth graders in the 1998 fall semester and 262 of these fifth graders in the 1999 spring semester. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES FV consumption and psychosocial variables. ANALYSES Principal components analyses, confirmatory factor analyses and bivariate correlations. RESULTS Three scales were identified: Fruit Self-Efficacy, Vegetable Self-Efficacy, and FV Social Norms. FV self-efficacy were positively correlated with low-fat vegetable and fruit consumption. Social norms were positively correlated with total vegetable, low-fat vegetable, fruit and total FV consumption. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Self-efficacy and norms for eating FV at school lunch are related to lunch FV consumption. Increasing self-efficacy and social norms about consuming FV at school appears to be important targets to improve FV consumption.
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Abstract
Four mechanisms were reviewed to explain the possible association between sweetened beverages and increased overweight or obesity: excess caloric intake, glycemic index and glycemic load, lack of effect of liquid calories on satiety, and displacement of milk. The findings were inconsistent across studies. The strongest support was for the excess caloric intake hypothesis, but the findings were not conclusive. Assigning possible links between sweetened beverage consumption and adiposity requires research that compares and contrasts specific mechanisms, especially in populations at risk for obesity, while controlling for likely confounding variables.
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