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Zheng L, Cho SH, Kang CW, Lee KW, Kim KE, An BK. Effects of β-mannanase on Egg Production Performance, Egg Quality, Intestinal Microbiota, Viscosity, and Ammonia Concentration in Laying Hens. Braz J Poult Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Zheng
- Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - SH Cho
- Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - CW Kang
- Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - KW Lee
- Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | - KE Kim
- Nonghyup Feed, Republic of Korea
| | - BK An
- Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
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Li HY, Osman H, Kang CW, Ba T, Lou J. Numerical and experimental studies of water disinfection in UV reactors. Water Sci Technol 2019; 80:1456-1465. [PMID: 31961808 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Performance of UV reactors for water disinfection is investigated in this paper. Both experimental and numerical studies are performed on base reactor LP24. Enterobacteria phage MS2 is chosen as the challenge microorganism in the experiments. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the effect of different parameters, i.e. flow rate and UV transmission, on the reactor performance. Simulation is carried out based on the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT with user defined functions (UDFs) implemented. The UDF is programmed to calculate UV dose absorbed by different microorganisms along their flow trajectories. The effect with boundary layer mesh and without boundary layer mesh for LP24 is studied. The results show that the inclusion of boundary layer mesh does not have much effect on the reactor performance in terms of reduction equivalent dose (RED). The numerical results agree well with the experimental measurements, hence validating the numerical model. With this achieved, the numerical model is applied to study other scaled reactors: LP12, LP40, LP60 and LP80. Comparisons show that LP40 has the highest RED and log inactivation among all the reactors while LP80 has the lowest RED and log inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Li
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, 16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore E-mail:
| | - H Osman
- Research & Development, Sembcorp Marine Ltd, 80 Tuas South Boulevard, Singapore 637051, Singapore
| | - C W Kang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, 16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore E-mail:
| | - T Ba
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, 16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore E-mail:
| | - J Lou
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, 16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore E-mail:
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An BK, Jung JH, Oh ST, Kang CW, Lee KW, Lee SR. Effects of Diets with Graded Levels of Canola Meal on the Growth Performance, Meat Qualities, Relative Organ Weights, and Blood Characteristics of Broiler Chickens. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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An BK, Kim JY, Oh ST, Kang CW, Cho S, Kim SK. Effects of onion extracts on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood profiles of white mini broilers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015; 28:247-51. [PMID: 25557821 PMCID: PMC4283170 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was carried out to investigate effects of onion extract on growth performance, meat quality and blood profiles of White mini broilers. Total of 600 one-d-old male White mini broiler chicks were divided into four groups and fed control diets (non-medicated commercial diet or antibiotics medicated) or experimental diets (non-medicated diets containing 0.3% or 0.5% onion extract) for 5 wks. The final body weight (BW) and weight gain of the group fed non-medicated control diet were lower than those of medicated control group (p<0.01). The chicks fed diet with 0.3% or 0.5% onion extract showed a similar BW to that of medicated control group. The relative weight of various organs, such as liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, abdominal fat, and the activities of serum enzymes were not affected by dietary treatments. There were no significant differences in meat color among groups. Whereas, groups fed diets containing onion extract had slightly lower cooking loss and higher shear force value, but not significantly. The concentrations of serum free cholesterol and triacylglycerol in groups fed diet containing onion extract were significantly decreased compared with those of controls (p<0.01). In conclusion, the onion extracts exerted a growth-promoting effect when added in White mini broiler diets, reflecting potential alternative substances to replace antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K An
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - J Y Kim
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - S T Oh
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - C W Kang
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - S Cho
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - S K Kim
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
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Oh ST, Zheng L, Kwon HJ, Choo YK, Lee KW, Kang CW, An BK. Effects of Dietary Fermented Chlorella vulgaris (CBT(®)) on Growth Performance, Relative Organ Weights, Cecal Microflora, Tibia Bone Characteristics, and Meat Qualities in Pekin Ducks. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015; 28:95-101. [PMID: 25557680 PMCID: PMC4283193 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fermented Chlorella vulgaris was examined for its effects on growth performance, cecal microflora, tibia bone strength, and meat qualities in commercial Pekin ducks. A total of three hundred, day-old male Pekin ducks were divided into three groups with five replicates (n = 20 ducklings per replicate) and offered diets supplemented with commercial fermented C. vulgaris (CBT(®)) at the level of 0, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, respectively for 6 wks. The final body weight was linearly (p = 0.001) increased as the addition of fermented C. vulgaris into diets increased. Similarly, dietary C. vulgaris linearly increased body weight gain (p = 0.001) and feed intake (p = 0.001) especially at the later days of the feeding trial. However, there was no C. vulgaris effect on feed efficiency. Relative weights of liver were significantly lowered by dietary fermented C. vulgaris (linear effect at p = 0.044). Dietary fermented C. vulgaris did not affect total microbes, lactic acid bacteria, and coliforms in cecal contents. Finally, meat quality parameters such as meat color (i.e., yellowness), shear force, pH, or water holding capacity were altered by adding fermented C. vulgaris into the diet. In our knowledge, this is the first report to show that dietary fermented C. vulgaris enhanced meat qualities of duck meats. In conclusion, our study indicates that dietary fermented C. vulgaris exerted benefits on productivity and can be employed as a novel, nutrition-based strategy to produce value-added duck meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Oh
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - L Zheng
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - H J Kwon
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - Y K Choo
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - K W Lee
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - C W Kang
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
| | - B K An
- Dan Biotech Inc., Cheonan 330-834, Korea
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Lee KW, Choi YI, Moon EJ, Oh ST, Lee HH, Kang CW, An BK. Evaluation of dietary multiple enzyme preparation (natuzyme) in laying hens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 27:1749-54. [PMID: 25358369 PMCID: PMC4213687 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2014.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current experiment was designed to evaluate the efficacy of adding the multi-enzyme mixture (Natuzyme) into layers' diets with different levels of energy and available phosphorus in relation to laying performance, egg qualities, blood cholesterol level, microflora and intestinal viscosity. Two hundred and fifty 43-wk-old Hy-Line commercial layers were divided into five groups with five replicates per group (10 birds per replicate) and fed one of five experimental diets. A corn and soybean meal-based control diet was formulated and used as a control diet. Two experimental control diets were formulated to reduce energy and crude protein contents (rE) or energy, crude protein and phosphorus contents (rEP). In addition, Natuzyme was added into either rE (rE-Natu500) or rEP (rEP-Natu500) diet to reach a concentration of 500 mg per kg of diet. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg qualities such as eggshell color or Haugh unit, total cholesterol, relative organ weights and cecal microflora profiles between any dietary treatments. Natu500 supplementation into the rE diet, but not rEP diet significantly increased egg mass and eggshell qualities such as strength and thickness, but it decreased cecal ammonia concentration and intestinal viscosity in laying hens. In conclusion, the present study shows that adding multiple enzyme preparation could improve performance of laying hens fed energy and protein restricted diets.
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Choo YK, Kwon HJ, Oh ST, Kang CW, Kim HK, Hong EC, Heo KN, Lee SK, An BK. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of korean native ducks fed diets with varying levels of limiting amino acids. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 27:518-23. [PMID: 25049982 PMCID: PMC4093530 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple experiments conducted with male Korean native ducks (KND) to evaluate the optimal levels of limiting amino acids (AA). In Exp. 1, a total of 450 one-d-old male KNDs were divided into five groups with six replicates and fed experimental diets with varying levels of lysine, total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) and threonine (T1, 0.90/0.74/0.70%; T2, 1.00/0.82/0.77%; T3, 1.10/0.90/0.85%; T4, 1.20/0.98/0.93%; T5, 1.30/1.07/1.01%) to 21 d of age. In Exp. 2, one-d-old male KND were received and fed commercial starter diet from hatching to 21 d of age, and then divided into five groups with six replicates and fed one of five diets varying levels of lysine, TSAA, and threonine (T1, 0.73/0.62/0.54%; T2, 0.80/0.68/0.60%; T3, 0.87/0.74/0.65%; T4, 0.94/0.80/0.70%; T5, 1.01/0.86/0.75%) during 22 to 56 d of age, respectively. The BW gain was linearly increased as dietary limiting AA levels increased to 1.20% lysine, 0.98% TSAA and 0.93% threonine. There were no significant differences in feed intake, gain:feed and uniformity among groups. In Exp. 2, the BW gain and gain:feed were not affected by dietary limiting AA levels. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and meat quality among groups. The growth performance and carcass characteristics did not show the significant response to increasing dietary limiting AA levels in KND during 22 to 56 d of age. In conclusion, the levels of lysine, TSAA and threonine necessary to maximize growth for starter phase were at least 1.20%, 0.98%, and 0.93%, respectively. On the other hands, KND require relatively low levels of limiting AA for late growth and carcass yield. The dietary levels of 0.73% lysine, 0.62% TSAA and 0.54% threonine appear to be adequate during growing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Choo
- Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
| | - H J Kwon
- Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
| | - S T Oh
- Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
| | - C W Kang
- Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
| | - H K Kim
- Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
| | - E C Hong
- Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
| | - K N Heo
- Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
| | - S K Lee
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - B K An
- Poultry Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan 330-801, Korea
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Choi YI, Ahn HJ, Lee BK, Oh ST, An BK, Kang CW. Nutritional and Hormonal Induction of Fatty Liver Syndrome and Effects of Dietary Lipotropic Factors in Egg-type Male Chicks. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 25:1145-52. [PMID: 25049674 PMCID: PMC4092996 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted with male chicks to investigate the influence of hormones and nutrients on the development of fatty liver syndrome (FLS) as well as the effects of dietary lipotropic factors on hepatic fat accumulation and lipogenic enzyme gene expression. A total of two-hundred sixteen 4-wk-old Hy-Line male chicks were divided into six groups and fed an experimental diet (T1, low-energy diet with low levels of lipotropic factors; T2, high-energy diet with low levels of lipotropic factors; T3 and T5, low-energy diet with high levels of lipotropic factors; T4 and T6, high-energy diet with high levels of lipotropic factors) for six weeks. The chicks in T5 and T6 groups were treated with intramuscular injections of estradiol benzoate for three days prior to biopsy and clinical analysis of FLS. Chicks treated with estrogen had significantly greater liver weights than untreated chicks. The abdominal fat contents were increased in chicks consuming high-energy diets as compared to those consuming low-energy diets. Treatment with estrogen significantly increased the concentrations of serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipid (p<0.05). The hepatic triacylglycerol levels were tenfold higher in the estrogen treated chicks than in the untreated chicks. There were no significant differences in malondialdehyde levels between the treatment groups. Estrogen treatment dramatically increased the levels of fatty acid synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and ApoB mRNA. The results indicated that treatment with exogenous estrogen in growing male chicks induced hepatic fat accumulation, which might be partially due to increased lipogenic enzyme gene expression.
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Choo YK, Kwon HJ, Oh ST, Um JS, Kim BG, Kang CW, Lee SK, An BK. Comparison of growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of korean local chickens and silky fowl. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 27:398-405. [PMID: 25049967 PMCID: PMC4093260 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of 4 breeds of local chicken. A total of 480 1-d-old chicks were distributed to 16 pens, with 4 treatments of breed, 4 replicates and 30 chicks per pen. Three Korean local breeds of white-mini broiler, Hanhyup-3-ho, and Woorimatdag, and a breed of silky fowl were raised under identical rearing and feeding conditions for 31-d, 37-d, 36-d, and 59-d, respectively. The BW and feed consumption on a pen basis were weekly measured for all pens, and ADFI, ADG and gain:feed were calculated for each pen. The ADFI and ADG of 3 breeds of Korean local chicken were greater than those of silky fowl (p<0.05). Within the Korean local breeds, ADFI of white-mini broiler was the highest (p<0.05), and ADG of Hanhyup-3-ho and white-mini broiler was the highest (p<0.05). Gain:feed of silky fowl was less than that of the 3 breeds of Korean local chicken. The carcass and breast yield of white-mini broiler were the greater than those of other breeds (p<0.05). The breast meat color (CIE L*, a*, and b*) of 3 breeds of Korean local chicken were higher than that of silky fowl (p<0.05). The breast meat of Hanhyup-3-ho had greater cooking loss (p<0.05), whereas water holding capacity and pH were less than those of other breeds (p<0.05). The color score of 3 breeds of Korean local chicken was higher than that of silky fowl (p<0.05). Woorimatdag had a higher score on tenderness (p<0.05), whereas flavor score was less than that of other breeds (p<0.05). In conclusion, 4 local breeds of chicken have some unique features and seem to have more advantages, and this information can help consumers who prefer healthy and premium chicken meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Choo
- Nonghyup Feed Inc., Seoul 134-763, Korea
| | - H J Kwon
- Nonghyup Feed Inc., Seoul 134-763, Korea
| | - S T Oh
- Nonghyup Feed Inc., Seoul 134-763, Korea
| | - J S Um
- Nonghyup Feed Inc., Seoul 134-763, Korea
| | - B G Kim
- Nonghyup Feed Inc., Seoul 134-763, Korea
| | - C W Kang
- Nonghyup Feed Inc., Seoul 134-763, Korea
| | - S K Lee
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - B K An
- Nonghyup Feed Inc., Seoul 134-763, Korea
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Sodhi SS, Ghosh M, Song KD, Sharma N, Kim JH, Kim NE, Lee SJ, Kang CW, Oh SJ, Jeong DK. An approach to identify SNPs in the gene encoding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2) and their proposed role in metabolic processes in pig. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102432. [PMID: 25050817 PMCID: PMC4106792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel liver protein acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase-2 (ACAT2) is involved in the beta-oxidation and lipid metabolism. Its comprehensive relative expression, in silico non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP) analysis, as well as its annotation in terms of metabolic process with another protein from the same family, namely, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase-2 (ACAA2) was performed in Sus scrofa. This investigation was conducted to understand the most important nsSNPs of ACAT2 in terms of their effects on metabolic activities and protein conformation. The two most deleterious mutations at residues 122 (I to V) and 281 (R to H) were found in ACAT2. Validation of expression of genes in the laboratory also supported the idea of differential expression of ACAT2 and ACAA2 conceived through the in silico analysis. Analysis of the relative expression of ACAT2 and ACAA2 in the liver tissue of Jeju native pig showed that the former expressed significantly higher (P<0.05). Overall, the computational prediction supported by wet laboratory analysis suggests that ACAT2 might contribute more to metabolic processes than ACAA2 in swine. Further associations of SNPs in ACAT2 with production traits might guide efforts to improve growth performance in Jeju native pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simrinder Singh Sodhi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Ki Duk Song
- The Animal Genomics and Breeding Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Nam Eun Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Sung Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Chul Woong Kang
- Department of Mechanical and System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Sung Jong Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, South Korea
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Wecker L, Engberg ME, Philpot RM, Lambert CS, Kang CW, Antilla JC, Bickford PC, Hudson CE, Zesiewicz TA, Rowell PP. Neuronal nicotinic receptor agonists improve gait and balance in olivocerebellar ataxia. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:75-86. [PMID: 23711550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have reported that the nicotinic receptor agonist varenicline improves balance and coordination in patients with several types of ataxia, but confirmation in an animal model has not been demonstrated. This study investigated whether varenicline and nicotine could attenuate the ataxia induced in rats following destruction of the olivocerebellar pathway by the neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP). The administration of 3-AP (70 mg/kg followed by 300 mg niacinamide/kg; i.p.) led to an 85% loss of inferior olivary neurons within one week without evidence of recovery, and was accompanied by a 72% decrease in rotorod activity, a 3-fold increase in the time to traverse a stationary beam, a 19% decrease in velocity and 31% decrease in distance moved in the open field, and alterations in gait parameters, with a 19% increase in hindpaw stride width. The daily administration of nicotine (0.33 mg free base/kg) for one week improved rotorod performance by 50% and normalized the increased hindpaw stride width, effects that were prevented by the daily preadministration of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (0.8 mg free base/kg). Varenicline (1 and 3 mg free base/kg daily) also improved rotorod performance by approximately 50% following one week of administration, and although it did not alter the time to traverse the beam, it did improve the ability to maintain balance on the beam. Neither varenicline nor nicotine, at doses that improved balance, affected impaired locomotor activity in the open field. Results provide evidence that nicotinic agonists are of benefit for alleviating some of the behavioral deficits in olivocerebellar ataxia and warrant further studies to elucidate the specific mechanism(s) involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wecker
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613-4706, USA.
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Oh ST, Zheng L, Shin YK, An BK, Kang CW. Effects of dietary persimmon peel and its ethanol extract on the production performance and liver lipids in the late stage of egg production in laying hens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2013; 26:260-5. [PMID: 25049785 PMCID: PMC4093163 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary effects of persimmon peel (PP) and PP ethanol extract (PPE) on egg production, egg quality, and liver lipids in the late stage of egg production in laying hens. One hundred and twenty 50-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers (n = 120) were fed different diets. Four replicate groups of 6 hens each were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments. The 5 dietary treatments were as follows: i) CON, basal diet; ii) PP 0.15, CON+0.15% PP (0.035% tannin); iii) PP 0.5, CON +0.5% PP (0.117% tannin); iv) PPE 0.075, CON+0.075% PPE (0.03% tannin); and v) PPE 0.25, CON+0.25% PPE (0.11% tannin). The total tannin concentration of PPE was higher (p<0.05) than that of PP. Egg production in the PP 0.5 group was higher than in the other groups. Egg production and mass of hens in the PPE 0.25 group showed a greater decrease than that in the other groups (p<0.05). Eggshell color in the PP 0.15, PP 0.5, and PPE 0.075 groups was lighter than that of the control group (p<0.05). The Haugh unit for the groups that were fed PP and PPE were significantly higher than that in the other groups after 7 d of storage (p<0.05). Therefore, PP seems an effective feed additive for improving the production performance and egg quality in late stage laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Oh
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - L Zheng
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Y K Shin
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - B K An
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - C W Kang
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Zheng L, Oh ST, Jeon JY, Moon BH, Kwon HS, Lim SU, An BK, Kang CW. The Dietary Effects of Fermented Chlorella vulgaris (CBT(®)) on Production Performance, Liver Lipids and Intestinal Microflora in Laying Hens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2012; 25:261-6. [PMID: 25049560 PMCID: PMC4093139 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fermented Chlorella vulgaris CBT® was evaluated for its effects on egg production, egg quality, liver lipids and intestinal microflora in laying hens. One hundred and eight Hy-line Brown layers (n = 108), 80 wk of age, were fed a basal diet supplemented with CBT® at the level of 0, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, respectively for 42 d. Egg production was measured daily and egg quality was measured every two weeks. Five eggs from each replicate were collected randomly to determine egg quality. Egg production increased linearly with increasing levels of CBT® supplementation (p<0.05), although there was no significant effect of treatment on feed intake. Egg yolk color (p<0.001) and Haugh unit (p<0.01) improved linearly with increasing dietary CBT®. Hepatic triacylglycerol level was linearly decreased with increasing dietary CBT® (p<0.05). The supplemental CBT® resulted in linear (p<0.001) and quadratic (p<0.01) response in population of cecal lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, fermented Chlorella vulgaris supplemented to laying hen diets improved egg production, egg yolk color, Haugh unit and positively affected the contents of hepatic triacylglycerol and the profiles of cecal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zheng
- Daesang Corp., Ichon-city, Kyoungki-do, 467-813, Korea
| | - S T Oh
- Daesang Corp., Ichon-city, Kyoungki-do, 467-813, Korea
| | - J Y Jeon
- Daesang Corp., Ichon-city, Kyoungki-do, 467-813, Korea
| | - B H Moon
- Celltech, Co., Ltd, Eumseong-gun, Chung buk, 369-841, Korea
| | - H S Kwon
- Ace M&F, Co., Ltd, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-805, Korea
| | - S U Lim
- Ace M&F, Co., Ltd, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-805, Korea
| | - B K An
- Daesang Corp., Ichon-city, Kyoungki-do, 467-813, Korea
| | - C W Kang
- Daesang Corp., Ichon-city, Kyoungki-do, 467-813, Korea
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Yi HK, Hwang PH, Yang DH, Kang CW, Lee DY. Expression of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in human gastric cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:2257-63. [PMID: 11677116 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II are potent mitogens and postulated to exert autocrine, and paracrine effects on growth regulation in human gastric cancer. Their mitogenic effects are tightly regulated by the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). In this study, we evaluated the mRNA expression of IGF-I, IGF-II and the IGFBPs in a panel of human gastric cancer cell lines, and normal and tumour tissue specimens from patients with gastric cancer by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and competitive PCR. Conditioned media (CM) of the gastric cancer cell lines were studied for the secretion of the IGFBPs by western ligand blot (WLB) and western immunoblot (WIB). IGF-I and IGF-II were expressed in all of the gastric cancer cell lines, and the normal and tumour tissue specimens. Overexpression of the IGFs, in particular, IGF-II, was observed in the tumour tissues. The expression pattern of IGFBPs was heterogeneous among the gastric cancer cell lines. IGFBP-2 was expressed in all of the gastric cancer cell lines, whereas IGFBP-1 was not detected in any cell lines. IGFBP-4 was expressed in the most of cell lines. IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-6 were expressed in approximately 50% of cell lines. In addition, exogenous IGF-I and IGF-II stimulated the proliferation of gastric cancer cells, suggesting the existence of a functional IGF system in gastric cancer. Taken together, our data-suggest that the IGF-IGFBP system may play an important role in the initiation, progression and metastasis of gastric cancer. Further studies are needed to understand the exact role of IGFs and IGFBPs in gastric neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-712, South Korea
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15
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Heo YR, Kang CW, Cha YS. L-Carnitine changes the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001; 47:329-34. [PMID: 11814147 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.47.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of L-carnitine on insulin-like growth factor-I/II (IGF-I/II) and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Each rat in the three L-carnitine-treated groups was injected subcutaneously with L-carnitine, 50 (D50), 100 (D100), or 200 (D200) mg/kg body weight every other day for four weeks, and animals in normal (N) and diabetic (DM) groups received saline by the same method. Diabetic rats had significantly lower carnitine concentrations in serum and liver compared with normal rats. Total carnitine concentrations were increased dose-dependently by carnitine treatment. Total IGF-I in serum from diabetic rats was increased dose-dependently by carnitine treatment, but was statistically significant only in the D200 group. The expression of liver IGF-I mRNA was lower in diabetic rats than in normal rats and increased by L-carnitine treatment. L-Carnitine treatment of diabetic rats had no effect on the levels of IGF-II in serum, liver, and kidney. Although the levels of IGF-II in serum and kidney of diabetic rats were increased in comparison with normal rats, IGF-II mRNA was not expressed in liver. Diabetic rats had markedly lower IGFBP-3 than normal rats did, and IGFBP-3 was increased by L-carnitine treatment. These results demonstrate that L-carnitine treatment of diabetic rats modulates the IGFs/IGFBPs axis. Especially note-worthy is that L-carnitine at a dose of 200 mg/kg/48 h for four weeks was able to restore serum total IGF-I in STZ-induced diabetic rats to nearly normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Heo
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea
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16
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Ryu H, Lee MS, Jeong SM, Lee JH, Kang CW, Lee DY, Chung HT. Modulation of neuroendocrinological function by psychosomatic training: acute effect of ChunDoSunBup Qi-training on growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000; 25:439-51. [PMID: 10818279 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system is regarded as the major link between the psychological state and the immune system in man. The present study was undertaken to examine the acute effect of ChunDoSunBup Qi-training, a traditional psychosomatic training, on the plasma level of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and insulin like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in young men. To characterize the plasma level of hormones and the pattern of IGFBP-3 at pre- (-10 min), mid-time (40 min), and immediately after (post-time, +10 min) Qi-training, radioimmunoassay (RIA) and western ligand blot (WLB) analysis were used. The plasma level of GH at the mid-time was significantly increased (P<0.05) compared to the level at pre-time of Qi-training. The plasma level of IGF-I was also increased at mid-time (P<0.05) and immediately after Qi-training. There was a significant correlation between the levels of GH and IGF-I immediately after Qi-training (r=0.69, P<0.01). In this study, the change of IGFBP-3 among the several IGFBPs was determined. There was a relative shift in IGFBP-3 for the 43-kDa fraction during mid-time of Qi-training (P<0.05). These results suggest that Qi-training influences the growth hormone, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 status via brain-target organ axis in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ryu
- Department of Immunology and Qi (Bioenergy) Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea.
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Brown SA, Brown CA, Crowell WA, Barsanti JA, Kang CW, Allen T, Cowell C, Finco DR. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in early renal insufficiency in dogs. J Lab Clin Med 2000; 135:275-86. [PMID: 10711867 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2000.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) alters the course of experimental kidney disease in dogs. In particular, supplementation with omega-6 PUFAs hastens the decline of kidney function, and omega-3 PUFAs are renoprotective. We investigated the early stages of renal insufficiency to determine whether PUFA supplementation altered the magnitude of hypercholesterolemia or glomerular hemodynamics. Two months after 11/12 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of 6 animals each. Each group of dogs was then fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources were rich in omega-3 PUFAs (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFAs (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group C). Early in renal insufficiency, before significant kidney damage, group FO had a lower (P<.05) serum cholesterol concentration and tended to have a lower urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) excretion than group C. In contrast, group SO had a higher mean glomerular capillary pressure (P<.05) and more glomerular enlargement (P<.05) and tended to have higher eicosanoid excretion rates than group C. These differences in lipid metabolism, glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy, and urinary eicosanoid metabolism could explain, in part, the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and the detrimental effects of omega-6 PUFAs when administered on a long-term basis in this model of renal insufficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol/blood
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/toxicity
- Dinoprostone/urine
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/toxicity
- Female
- Hypercholesterolemia/diet therapy
- Hypercholesterolemia/etiology
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/diet therapy
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology
- Male
- Renal Circulation
- Thromboxane A2/urine
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brown
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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18
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Lee MS, Kang CW, Ryu H, Kim JD, Chung HT. Effects of ChunDoSunBup Qi-training on growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and testosterone in young and elderly subjects. Am J Chin Med 1999; 27:167-75. [PMID: 10467451 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x99000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We observed the response of plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and testosterone (T) to an acute period of ChunDoSunBup (CDSB) Qi-training. Although the basal level of GH was not different between the two groups, after the portion of the training in which the subjects were physically active (the mid-training point), plasma GH levels increased by 7.26 fold (p < 0.05) in the elderly trainees and by 1.66 fold (p < 0.05) in the young. In response to CDSB Qi-training, IGF-I levels in the young increased significantly at mid-training point, but there were no increase in the elderly. Significant correlations existed between GH and IGF-I levels in the young subjects, but not in the elderly. The T level at the mid-training point increased significantly in elderly subjects but not in the young. These results suggest that CDSB Qi-training is a potential method for modulating of the secretion of growth factor in the young and the elderly, but that the elderly IGF-I response does not equal that of the young. In addition, our study suggests CDSB Qi-training may be one mode of therapy applicable to growth factor related disorders such as GH deficiency in children and osteoporosis in the elderly, especially women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lee
- Department of Qi-Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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Lee MS, Kang CW, Shin YS, Huh HJ, Ryu H, Park JH, Chung HT. Acute effects of chundosunbup qi-training on blood concentrations of TSH, calcitonin, PTH and thyroid hormones in elderly subjects. Am J Chin Med 1998; 26:275-81. [PMID: 9862015 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x98000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated how the systemic treatment of a programmed exercise, ChunDoSunBup (CDSB) Qi-training, affects the secretion of thyroid and parathyroid hormones in elderly subjects (10 male and 5 female). Plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium, and calcitonin were determined. CDSB Qi-training induces a slight increase in TSH. Both T4 and T3 were increased at the mid-time of CDSB Qi-training (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations only between T3 and T4 at mid-training. This shows that increase in the plasma level of T3 was associated with the secretion of T4. The plasma concentrations of calcitonin and PTH were increased at mid-time and post-time of CDSB Qi-training. But ionized calcium was decreased slightly by CDSB Qi-training. These results suggest that Qi-training modulates the secretion of thyroid hormones, calcium metabolism, and parathyroid hormones in the elderly. However, whether the long-term practice of CDSB Qi-training might change bone metabolism and have longitudinal effects on the thyroid hormone of the elderly need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lee
- Department of Qi-Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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20
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Lee DY, Yang DH, Kang CW, Kim SJ, Joo CU, Cho SC, Kim JS. Serum insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in patients with gastric cancer: IGFBP-3 protease activity induced by surgery. J Korean Med Sci 1997; 12:32-9. [PMID: 9142657 PMCID: PMC3054268 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.1997.12.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have indicated that insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) may play a role in neoplasia. Alteration of serum IGFs or IGF Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) have been reported in some tumors. In this study, we measured serum IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBPs profile in gastric cancer by radioimmunoassay and Western ligand blots. The serum IGF-I level in gastric cancer was significantly lower than in control subjects (65.2 +/- 26.5 vs 148.4 +/- 55.2 ng/ml, p < 0.01) and was further decreased to 45.5 +/- 20.9 ng/ml after surgery. The serum IGF-II level was slightly higher than that in control subjects (826.3 +/- 360.2 vs 735.7 +/- 154.6 ng/ml) but it was significantly decreased after surgery (525.7 +/- 220.1 ng/ml, p < 0.05). The serum IGFBP-3 level was not significantly different from those in control subjects. However, we observed a decreased level of serum IGFBP-3 after surgery, and incubation of postoperative serum with control serum resulted in a significant reduction of IGFBP-3 level. The reduction of IGFBP-3 in postoperative serum was mainly due to surgery associated IGFBP-3 protease activity. This protease activity was totally inhibited by aprotinin, EDTA and PMSF but not by pepstatin and leupeptin. This inhibition pattern is consistant with cation dependent serine protease. We speculate that proteolysis of IGFBP-3 may contribute to increase the bioavailability of IGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and General Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Korea
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Abstract
Synthesis and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are not confined to the atrium, but are also present in other tissues. Recently, we have found synthesis of ANP in the eggs of several vertebrate animals. The present study was undertaken to determine whether immunoreactive ANP (irANP) is present in the egg of an invertebrate, the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The serial dilution curve of egg extracts of silkworm was parallel to the standard curve of atriopeptin III. Analysis of ANP immunoreactivity by gel filtration chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC showed that the major immunoreactivity corresponded to rat proANP. The semipurified irANP of egg extracts produced a dose-dependent relaxation on rat aortic strips, which was blocked by preincubation with anti-ANP antiserum. Therefore, we suggest that ANP is synthesized in the silkworm egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kim
- Department of Physiology, Jeonbug National University Medical School, Republic of Korea
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Oh SH, Cho KW, Kim SH, Jeong GB, Kang CW, Hwang YH, Seul KH, Cho BH. Identification of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide in the gallbladder and bile juice of rabbit, pig and human. Regul Pept 1994; 49:217-23. [PMID: 8140275 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(94)90144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (irANP) in rabbit, pig and human gallbladders was investigated using radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry. Serial dilution curves of gallbladder tissue and bile juice extracts were paralleled to the standard curve of atriopeptin III. Gel filtration profiles of gallbladder tissue extracts showed a major peak corresponding to rat pro-ANP. The amounts of irANP in rabbit, pig and human gallbladders were 30.0 +/- 12.3 pg/mg (n = 7), 7.0 +/- 2.0 fg/mg (n = 7) and 17.7 +/- 2.0 fg/mg wet tissue (n = 8), respectively. Bile juice was also shown to contain irANP but with small molecular mass. The amounts of irANP in the rabbit, pig and human bile juice were 25.0 +/- 2.0 (n = 7) and 0.50 +/- 0.02 (n = 7), and 1.3 +/- 0.1 pg/ml (n = 8), respectively. The immunohistochemical staining of the rabbit gallbladder tissue revealed the presence of irANP in the luminal epithelium and smooth muscle layer. The amount of irANP was higher in the luminal epithelium than in the rest of the gallbladder tissue from rabbits (0.30 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.01 +/- 0.01 pg/microgram protein, P < 0.01). These findings suggest that ANP may be synthesized and stored in the gallbladder, and may have a role in the regulation of fluid balance and cystic motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Oh
- Department of Physiology, Jeonbug National University Medical School, Keum-Am-Dong-San, South Korea
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23
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Nam SC, Kang CW. Transcription initiation site selection and abortive initiation cycling of phage SP6 RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:18123-7. [PMID: 3192528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of mutations around the phage SP6 transcription initiation site on SP6 RNA polymerase's selection of initiation site were studied. In the in vitro transcription reactions, the limiting concentration of a ribonucleotide causes the SP6 RNA polymerase to stall long enough only at the positions of the limited nucleotide and dissociate from the elongation complex. As a result, a series of RNA oligomers comprises a sequencing ladder, and abortive initiation cycling products up to 6-mer are made in high yield. Precise sizing of the product RNAs from the elongation pausings determined the initiation site of each mutant. When the wild-type +1 G is changed to C or A without change in the upstream sequence including TATA from -4 to -1, transcription still starts only at the +1 site. But, the mutant containing TATCC from -4 to +1 C. We propose that the phage SP6 RNA polymerase selects the initiation site precisely at a certain distance from a direct contact point in the upstream promoter sequence, regardless of the species of initiating nucleotide. It is also suggested that the sequence-dependent perturbations of DNA helical structure, for example D to B form, may shift the initiation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Nam
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul
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Abstract
We have recently shown that the nutritional efficiency, R, of alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) as a substitute for leucine, defined as the ratio of the dose of leucine to the dose of KIC (on a leucine-free diet) for equal growth, can be evaluated isotopically: 14C-KIC and 3H-leucine are administered p.o.; six hours later, 14C/3H in the leucine of whole body protein, divided by 14C/3H in the injectate, gives a value distinguishable from R assessed in the same animals by growth experiments. To see how chronic uremia affects R, 11/12 nephrectomized rats and sham-operated controls were fed a regular diet for 15 days and then given these isotopes p.o. Six hours later, R, measured in whole body protein, and in the protein of brain, heart, muscle, salivary gland, liver, and the kidney remnant was significantly greater than in sham-operated controls. The greatest difference (39%) was seen in liver protein and the smallest difference (19%) in muscle. Thus chronic uremia increases the efficiency, relative to leucine, with which KIC is utilized for protein synthesis in all of these organs and in the body as a whole. Possible explanations are discussed.
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26
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Kang CW, Tungsanga K, Walser M. Effect of the level of dietary protein on the utilization of alpha-ketoisocaproate for protein synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43:504-9. [PMID: 3962903 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/43.4.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) as a dietary substitute for leucine in rats on varying protein intake was estimated by an isotopic method, previously shown to yield the same results as comparative growth experiments. 14C-KIC and 3H-leucine are injected orally. Six hours later the ratio, R, of 14C/3H in isolated proteins, divided by the same ratio in the injectate is measured. This ratio has been shown to be approximately equal to nutritional efficiency of KIC relative to leucine. As dietary protein increased from 6.3% to 48.3%, whole body protein R decreased from 0.515 +/- 0.045 to 0.299 +/- 0.016. Variations with protein intake were noted in R of protein isolated from individual organs. The magnitude of R in these organs varied two-fold, in the following sequence: brain greater than heart greater than or equal to skeletal muscle greater than or equal to salivary gland greater than or equal to kidney greater than liver. Whole body protein R could be confidently predicted (r2 = 0.992) from R in the protein of kidney and muscle. Thus the nutritional efficiency of KIC as a dietary substitute for leucine in individual organs as well as in the whole animal is strongly dependent on the level of protein intake.
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Abstract
The efficiency of alpha-ketoisocaproate as a dietary substitute for leucine was assessed in rats by two techniques: first, the minimal dose of alpha-ketoisocaproate required, as a supplement to a leucine-free diet, to achieve a growth rate as great as animals receiving leucine was found to be between 2.2 and 4.4 times larger. Therefore the nutritional efficiency of alpha-ketoisocaproate lies between 0.23 and 0.46. Second, alpha-[1-14C]-ketoisocaproate and [3H]leucine were administered orally and the ratio of 14C/3H incorporated into the leucine of whole-body protein and fibrin was measured. This ratio, divided by the ratio 14C/3H injected, was the same in fibrin as in whole-body protein and averaged 0.39. Thus both techniques yield the same value, within the error of measurement, for the relative nutritional efficiency of alpha-ketoisocaproate. We also found that alpha-ketoisocaproate feeding at varying dosage did not alter this ratio in whole-body protein (measured in rats fasted overnight), suggesting that neither wide variations in growth rate nor exposure for 10 days to alpha-ketoisocaproate (in a diet of constant protein content) alters the relative rates of utilization (or oxidation) of alpha-ketoisocaproate vs. leucine.
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Abstract
Growth and protein turnover were examined in the breast (pectoralis thoracica) and the leg (gastrocnemius-peroneus) muscles of broiler chicks at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks posthatching. The fractional rate of protein synthesis (ks) was measured by an isotope emulsion method. The fractional degradation rate (kd) was calculated from the difference in ks and fractional deposition rate (kg), which was estimated from regression equations of muscle size and protein content on body weights. The growth rate (%/day) of skeletal muscle exceeded that of the whole body. Muscle growth involved an increase in the total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the DNA-unit size and a subsequent decrease in the concentrations of nucleic acids without alteration in the ribonucleic acid (RNA):DNA ratio and RNA and DNA activity. The ks in breast muscle protein fell markedly from 48 to 16%/day between 1 and 6 weeks posthatching, whereas in leg muscle, ks underwent a more gradual decrease; from 36 to 17%/day during the same period. These changes resulted mainly from the reduction of DNA and RNA concentrations with age. The kd decreased only slightly between 1 and 2 weeks in the both muscle groups. The kg also showed a developmental fall from 33 to 4%/day and from 21 to 4%/day in the breast and leg muscles, respectively, during the 5-week period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
Protein turnover and DNA and RNA levels were measured in the breast (pectoralis thoracica) and leg (gastrocnemius-peroneus) muscles of large white (Nicholas strain) turkey poults from 1 to 8 weeks of age to investigate their cellular growth and to evaluate the influence of protein turnover on muscle growth. Fractional rates of protein deposition (kg) were determined from regression equations of muscle size and protein content on body weights. Protein synthesis rates (ks) were measured by an isotope emulsion technique. Protein degradation rates (kd) were estimated by the difference between ks and kg. Muscle growth involved increases in total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), an increase in the DNA-unit size, and decreases in concentrations of the nucleic acids without changes in the RNA:DNA ratio or RNA and DNA activity. The muscles showed developmental changes in ks from 56 to 10%/day and from 38 to 13%/day in breast and leg, respectively, over the 7-week period. The fractional degradation rate also fell from 22 to 7%/day in the breast muscle and from 21 to 10%/day in the leg muscle. The disproportionate decline of ks and kd resulted in an age-associated fall in kg from 34 to 4%/day and from 18 to 3%/day in the breast and the leg muscles, respectively. The efficiency of protein deposition decreased from 61 to 35% in breast muscle and 46 to 20% in leg muscle. The results were qualitatively similar to those obtained in a study with broiler chicks.
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Abstract
Digestion with ribonuclease T2 has been used to study the size of poly(U) protected by ribosome binding. Several different preparations of ribosomes all appear to cover 49 nucleotides of message; however, there are two partially accessible internal nuclease cleavage sites, which yield, ultimately, fragments 20, 16 and 13 nucleotides in length. Curiously, the site between fragments of length 20 and 16 is accessible to RNase T2 but not to the several much smaller RNases. Arguments based on the quantitative pattern of cleavage and comparisons with previous studies lead to the conclusion that the 20-mer is the 5' fragment, while 13-mer (which is lost the moment it is cleaved from the 16-mer) is the 3' fragment. Both ribosome-bound tRNAs appear to contact only the 16-mer. The presence of the two internal cleavage sites fits nicely with recent electron microscopic data suggesting that mRNA forms a loop around the 30 S subunit.
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Kang CW, Sunde ML, Swick RW. Characteristics of growth and protein synthesis in skeletal muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 802:1-8. [PMID: 6207859 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(84)90026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several characteristics of cellular growth and protein synthesis were measured in vivo in the breast and leg muscles of normal (line 454) and hereditary muscular dystrophic (line 455) New Hampshire chickens at different ages. Fractional rates of protein synthesis (ks) were calculated from the rate of incorporation of labeled tyrosine administered continuously via a subcutaneous injection of an emulsion of L-[U-14C]tyrosine in sesame oil. Only the breast muscle showed signs of gross hypertrophy. The hypertrophy involved an abnormally rapid accumulation of protein, DNA and RNA. In dystrophic chickens, ks was at least 170% of the normal rates at 2, 5 and 52 weeks. The elevated ks was presumably a reflection of the higher DNA and RNA concentrations relative to those in normal birds. Because the RNA/DNA ratio and the activities of RNA and DNA were similar to values observed in normal birds, there may be no defect in the synthesis machinery per se.
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Abstract
The growth rates of chicks can be varied by dietary manipulations. The rates of synthesis of protein in selected muscles can be measured by using radioactive amino acids. Measurements are made of expired air, plasma, and muscle tissues. Synthesis rates are most rapid in the young chick and turkey. As the bird ages, synthesis rates and degradation rates decrease; but these two parameters gradually come together so that the net gain in protein is zero. Synthesis rates remain fairly similar in chicks fed a complete diet or a diet lacking in lysine. This is true even if the growth rate is extremely low. However, the degradation rates are extremely high in the deficient birds so that the gain in protein deposition is very low. When the energy is restricted, growth is reduced dramatically, but synthesis rates are reduced only a small amount. Again, degradation rates are extremely high. Chickens with muscular dystrophy exhibit very high synthesis rates in breast muscle. The leg muscle changes compare with a normal bird. There are also high degradation rates in the breast muscle throughout so that the growth rate of the muscle was only greater during the early stages of growth. Additional work needs to be conducted to develop a reliable accurate chemical method for determining the degradation rates. It is apparent that the emphasis in research to increase the rapidity of growth should center on the degradation rates rather than on increasing synthesis rates.
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Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of choline supplementation on corn-soy-meat-based grower and laying hen diets. Diets contained 2.5% and 3% meat and bone meal in the growing and laying diets, respectively, and on chemical analysis contained 1005 and 1041 ppm of choline respectively. In the first experiment, 1000 ppm of choline were added to the basal growing and laying diets, and in the second experiment the laying diet was supplemented with 550 ppm or 1000 ppm of choline. In both trials, choline supplementation did not increase gains or feed efficiency for pullets from 8 to 20 weeks. However, choline supplementation during the laying period resulted in a statistically significant improvement of egg production and egg size. Supplementation of choline in the growing phase did not affect the laying performance. Laying performance was not improved by 2 micrograms/kg of supplementary vitamin B12 in a 1000 ppm choline supplement diet (78% vs. 76% hen-day production). In the second trial, added levels of choline (0, 500, and 1000 ppm) resulted in egg production from 24 to 64 weeks of 73, 76, and 76% hen-day production, respectively. Egg weights were 59, 61, and 61 g, respectively. This suggests that the total choline requirement of laying hens on a corn-soy-meat diet, and in absence of supplementary methionine, is greater than 1000 ppm but no more than 1500 ppm.
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