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Jensen MP, Petersen WA, Bansemer A, Bharadwaj N, Carey LD, Cecil DJ, Collis SM, Del Genio AD, Dolan B, Gerlach J, Giangrande SE, Heymsfield A, Heymsfield G, Kollias P, Lang TJ, Nesbitt SW, Neumann A, Poellot M, Rutledge SA, Schwaller M, Tokay A, Williams CR, Wolff DB, Xie S, Zipser EJ. THE MIDLATITUDE CONTINENTAL CONVECTIVE CLOUDS EXPERIMENT (MC3E). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2016; 97:1667-1686. [PMID: 32669729 PMCID: PMC7362300 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-14-00228.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E), a field program jointly led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, was conducted in south-central Oklahoma during April–May 2011. MC3E science objectives were motivated by the need to improve our understanding of midlatitude continental convective cloud system life cycles, microphysics, and GPM precipitation retrieval algorithms. To achieve these objectives, a multiscale surface- and aircraft-based in situ and remote sensing observing strategy was employed. A variety of cloud and precipitation events were sampled during MC3E, of which results from three deep convective events are highlighted. Vertical structure, air motions, precipitation drop size distributions, and ice properties were retrieved from multiwavelength radar, profiler, and aircraft observations for a mesoscale convective system (MCS) on 11 May. Aircraft observations for another MCS observed on 20 May were used to test agreement between observed radar reflectivities and those calculated with forward-modeled reflectivity and microwave brightness temperatures using in situ particle size distributions and ice water content. Multiplatform observations of a supercell that occurred on 23 May allowed for an integrated analysis of kinematic and microphysical interactions. A core updraft of 25 m s−1 supported growth of hail and large raindrops. Data collected during the MC3E campaign are being used in a number of current and ongoing research projects and are available through the ARM and NASA data archives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Jensen
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - W A Petersen
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - A Bansemer
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - N Bharadwaj
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - L D Carey
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - D J Cecil
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S M Collis
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - A D Del Genio
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - B Dolan
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - J Gerlach
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S E Giangrande
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - A Heymsfield
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - G Heymsfield
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - P Kollias
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - T J Lang
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S W Nesbitt
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - A Neumann
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - M Poellot
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S A Rutledge
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - M Schwaller
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - A Tokay
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - C R Williams
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - D B Wolff
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S Xie
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - E J Zipser
- Jensen and Giangrande-Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York; Petersen, Gerlach, and Wolff-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia; Bansemer and A. Heymsfield-National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado; Bharadwaj-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; Carey-University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama; Cecil and Lang-NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama; Collis-Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Del Genio-NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York; Dolan and Rutledge-Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; G. Heymsfield and Schwaller-NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Kollias-McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nesbitt-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Neumann and Poellot-University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; Tokay-University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Williams-University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Xie-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California; Zipser-University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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