1
|
Leung E, Maingard J, Yeh J, Lee MJ, Brooks DM, Asadi H, Burrows DA, Kok HK. Contemporary endovascular management of splenic vascular pathologies. Clin Radiol 2020; 75:960.e23-960.e34. [PMID: 32819705 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is a commonly injured organ and the splenic vasculature is also susceptible to inflammation and trauma, often resulting in aneurysm formation. Splenic artery aneurysms carry a high risk of rupture and are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Due to the advances in endovascular techniques and devices, endovascular management of splenic vascular pathologies is now considered a first-line strategy. Endovascular embolisation and advance techniques including balloon- or stent-assisted coil embolisation enables minimally invasive management option while preserving splenic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Leung
- Interventional Radiology Service - Department of Radiology, Northern Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - J Maingard
- Interventional Neuroradiology Service - Monash Imaging, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - J Yeh
- Interventional Radiology Service - Department of Radiology, Northern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M J Lee
- Department of Radiology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D M Brooks
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia; Interventional Neuroradiology Service - Radiology Department, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Asadi
- Interventional Neuroradiology Service - Monash Imaging, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia; Interventional Neuroradiology Service - Radiology Department, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D A Burrows
- Interventional Radiology Service - Department of Radiology, Northern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H K Kok
- Interventional Radiology Service - Department of Radiology, Northern Health, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brooks DM. Psoas compartment block. CRNA 2000; 11:62-5. [PMID: 11271041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The psoas compartment acts as a conduit for the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus. Originating at approximately the 12th thoracic vertebrae, this potential compartment continues on caudally, bordered posterolaterally by fascia of the quadratus lumborum and iliacus muscles, medially by the fascia of the psoas major muscle, and anteriorly by the transversalis fascia. This natural "gutter" acts as a repository for local anesthetic agents and provides an excellent method of unilateral anterior lower extremity anesthesia. After elicitation of a motor evoked response in the muscles of the anterior thigh, 30 to 40 milliliters of local anesthetic is incrementally injected into the compartment. Spread of the anesthetic to all roots of the plexus occurs in 15 to 20 minutes. Profound sensory and motor blockade can be achieved providing surgical anesthesia as well as long duration postoperative pain relief.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Brooks
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kloek AP, Brooks DM, Kunkel BN. A dsbA mutant of Pseudomonas syringae exhibits reduced virulence and partial impairment of type III secretion. Mol Plant Pathol 2000; 1:139-150. [PMID: 20572960 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2000.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract To identify virulence genes of P. syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 we screened for mutants with reduced virulence on its plant hosts, Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato. We isolated a Tn5-insertion mutant that exhibited reduced virulence on both hosts. Further characterization showed that this mutant carried a single Tn5 insertion in the dsbA gene, which encodes a periplasmic disulphide bond-forming protein. In addition to reduced virulence, the dsbA mutant exhibits mucoid colony morphology, loss of fluorescence, decreased motility, and a reduced growth rate in culture. The dsbA mutant is able to multiply in A. thaliana and tomato plants, trigger the hypersensitive response on tobacco and elicit Pto-mediated resistance in tomato, indicating that type III secretion occurs in this background. However, type III secretion appears to function with reduced efficiency in the dsbA mutant, as type III-dependent secretion of HrpZ and AvrRpt2 is impaired. These findings indicate that while the dsbA gene is required for multiple cellular functions in P. syringae, type III secretion in P. syringae is only partially dependent on dsbA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Kloek
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Three cases of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy using the Amplatz thrombectomy device are presented. All cases involve the application of the device in a major thoracic or abdominal vein in situations in which chemothrombolysis was contraindicated. The method of operation of the Amplatz thrombectomy device, as well as a brief overview of its clinical applications, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Smith
- Department of Radiology, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Super HJ, Hasenkrug KJ, Simmons S, Brooks DM, Konzek R, Sarge KD, Morimoto RI, Jenkins NA, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Frankel W, Chesebro B. Fine mapping of the friend retrovirus resistance gene, Rfv3, on mouse chromosome 15. J Virol 1999; 73:7848-52. [PMID: 10438878 PMCID: PMC104315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7848-7852.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rfv3 is a host resistance gene that operates through an unknown mechanism to control the development of the virus-neutralizing antibody response required for recovery from infection with Friend retrovirus. The Rfv3 gene was previously mapped to an approximately 20-centimorgan (cM) region of chromosome 15. More refined mapping was not possible, due to a lack of microsatellite markers and leakiness in the Rfv3 phenotype, which prevented definitive phenotyping of individual recombinant mice. In the present study, we overcame these difficulties by taking advantage of seven new microsatellite markers in the Rfv3 region and by using progeny tests to accurately determine the Rfv3 phenotype of recombinant mice. Detailed linkage analysis of relevant crossovers narrowed the location of Rfv3 to a 0.83-cM region. Mapping of closely linked genes in an interspecific backcross panel allowed us to exclude two previous candidate genes, Ly6 and Wnt7b. These studies also showed for the first time that the Hsf1 gene maps to the Rfv3-linked cluster of genes including Il2rb, Il3rb, and Pdgfb. This localization of Rfv3 to a region of less than 1 cM now makes it feasible to attempt the cloning of Rfv3 by physical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Super
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Many human viruses not only cause acute diseases but also establish persistent infections. Such persistent viruses can cause chronic diseases or can reactivate to cause acute diseases in AIDS patients or patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies. While the prevention of persistent infections is an important consideration in the design of modern vaccines, surprisingly little is known about this aspect of protection. In the current study, we tested the feasibility of vaccine prevention of retroviral persistence by using a Friend virus model that we recently developed. In this model, persistent virus can be detected at very low levels by immunosuppressing the host to reactivate virus or by transferring persistently infected spleen cells into highly susceptible mice. Two vaccines were analyzed, a recombinant vaccinia virus vector expressing Friend virus envelope protein and a live attenuated Friend virus. Both vaccines reduced pathogenic virus loads to levels undetectable by infectious center assays. However, only the live, attenuated vaccine prevented immunosuppression-induced reactivation of persistent virus. Thus, even very low levels of persistent Friend virus posed a significant threat during immunosuppression. Our results demonstrate that vaccine protection against establishment of retroviral persistence is attainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Dittmer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brooks DM, Hand WR. A cost analysis: general endotracheal versus regional versus monitored anesthesia care. Mil Med 1999; 164:303-5. [PMID: 10226461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective study was conducted to compare the total cost of all consumable products used to perform a general endotracheal anesthetic (GETA), a regional anesthetic, and a monitored anesthetic (MAC). For 1 month, providers completed a survey for each anesthetic rendered identifying type and quantity of consumables used. The mean cost of each type of anesthetic was identified. Analysis of variance was conducted using SPSS (version 7.5.1) to compare the mean costs of the three groups. Of 936 anesthetics performed, 536 surveys were returned (57%). The breakdown by type was GETA, 60% (N = 319); regional, 35% (N = 189); and MAC, 5% (N = 28). The mean cost per case type was GETA, $61.74; regional, $34.99; and MAC, $26.27. The cost of rendering a GETA was significantly greater (p < 0.0005) than that of either regional or MAC. Clinical practice guidelines were established to address areas in which cost savings could be realized and were provided to all anesthesia practitioners to assist in providing the safest and most cost-effective method of rendering an anesthetic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Brooks
- Navy Nurse Corps Anesthesia Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dittmer U, Brooks DM, Hasenkrug KJ. Requirement for multiple lymphocyte subsets in protection by a live attenuated vaccine against retroviral infection. Nat Med 1999; 5:189-93. [PMID: 9930867 DOI: 10.1038/5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infection by live attenuated retroviruses provides excellent protection from challenge with pathogenic viruses in several animal models, but little is known about which immune effectors are necessary for protection. We examined this using adoptive transfer experiments in the Friend virus mouse model. Transfers of immune spleen cells into naive mice conferred complete protection, and transfers of purified lymphocyte subsets demonstrated that this effect required complex immune responses involving CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and also B cells. In addition, passive immunization experiments demonstrated that antibodies alone reduced virus loads but did not prevent infection. These findings may have implications for retroviral vaccine design in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Dittmer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barker LP, Brooks DM, Small PL. The identification of Mycobacterium marinum genes differentially expressed in macrophage phagosomes using promoter fusions to green fluorescent protein. Mol Microbiol 1998; 29:1167-77. [PMID: 9767585 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium marinum, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a slow-growing pathogenic mycobacteria that is able to survive and replicate in macrophages. Using the promoter-capture vector pFPV27, we have constructed a library of 200-1000 bp fragments of M. marinum genomic DNA inserted upstream of a promoterless green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. Only those plasmids that contain an active promoter will express GFP. Macrophages were infected with this fusion library, and phagosomes containing fluorescent bacteria were isolated. Promoter constructs that were more active intracellularly were isolated with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, and inserts were partially sequenced. The promoter fusions expressed intracellularly exhibited homology to mycobacterial genes encoding, among others, membrane proteins and biosynthetic enzymes. Intracellular expression of GFP was 2-20 times that of the same clones grown in media. Several promoter constructs were transformed into Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These constructs were positive for GFP expression in all mycobacterial strains tested. Sorting fluorescent bacteria in phagosomes circumvents the problem of isolating a single clone from macrophages, which may contain a mixed bacterial population. This method has enabled us to isolate 12 M. marinum clones that contain promoter constructs differentially expressed in the macrophage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Barker
- Microscopy Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Several immunological epitopes are known to be located within the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) envelope protein, but their relative contributions to protection from Friend virus-induced disease are not known. To determine how expression of various immunological determinants affected protection, mice were immunized with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing different portions of the F-MuLV envelope protein, and they were then challenged with a lethal dose of Friend virus complex. The disease parameters that were followed in the mice were early viremia, early splenomegaly, and late splenomegaly. Both the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the F-MuLV gp70 were found to protect against late splenomegaly, the primary clinical sign associated with virus-induced erythroleukemia. However, neither region alone protected against early splenomegaly and early viremia, indicating poor immunological control over early virus replication and spread through the spleen and blood. In contrast, mice immunized with a vaccine expressing the entire F-MuLV envelope protein were protected against all three disease parameters. The results indicated that expression of multiple immunological determinants including both T-helper and B cell epitopes was necessary for full protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, Montana, 59840, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Live-attenuated retroviruses have been shown to be effective retroviral vaccines, but currently little is known regarding the mechanisms of protection. In the present studies, we used Friend virus as a model to analyze characteristics of a live-attenuated vaccine in protection against virus-induced disease. Highly susceptible mice were immunized with nonpathogenic Friend murine leukemia helper virus (F-MuLV), which replicates poorly in adult mice. Further attenuation of the vaccine virus was achieved by crossing the Fv-1 genetic resistance barrier. The minimum dose of vaccine virus required to protect 100% of the mice against challenge with pathogenic Friend virus complex was determined to be 10(3) focus-forming units of attenuated virus. Live vaccine virus was necessary for induction of immunity, since inactivated F-MuLV did not induce protection. To determine whether immune cells mediated protection, spleen cells from vaccinated donor mice were adoptively transferred into syngeneic recipients. The results indicated that immune mechanisms rather than viral interference mediated protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Dittmer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Reactivations of persistent viral infections pose a significant medical problem in immunocompromised cancer, transplant, and AIDS patients, yet little is known about how persistent viral infections are immunologically controlled. Here we describe a mouse model for investigating the role of the immune response in controlling a persistent retroviral infection. We demonstrate that, following recovery from acute Friend virus infection, a small number of B cells evade immunological destruction and harbor persistent virus. In vivo depletions of T-cell subsets in persistently infected mice revealed a critical role for CD4(+) T cells in controlling virus replication, spread to the erythroid lineage, and induction of erythroleukemia. The CD4(+) T-cell effect was independent of CD8(+) T cells and in some cases was also independent of virus-neutralizing antibody responses. Thus, the CD4(+) T cells may have had a direct antiviral effect. These results may have relevance for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections where loss of CD4(+) T cells is associated with an increase in HIV replication, reactivation of persistent viruses, and a high incidence of virus-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dorward DW, Fischer ER, Brooks DM. Invasion and cytopathic killing of human lymphocytes by spirochetes causing Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25 Suppl 1:S2-8. [PMID: 9233657 DOI: 10.1086/516169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a persistent low-density spirochetosis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Although spirochetes causing Lyme disease are highly immunogenic in experimental models, the onset of specific antibody responses to infection is often delayed or undetectable in some patients. The properties and mechanisms mediating such immune avoidance remain obscure. To examine the nature and consequences of interactions between Lyme disease spirochetes and immune effector cells, we coincubated B. burgdorferi with primary and cultured human leukocytes. We found that B. burgdorferi actively attaches to, invades, and kills human B and T lymphocytes. Significant killing began within 1 hour of mixing. Cytopathic effects varied with respect to host cell lineage and the species, viability, and degree of attenuation of the spirochetes. Both spirochetal virulence and lymphocytic susceptibility could be phenotypically selected, thus indicating that both bacterial and host cell factors contribute to such interactions. These results suggest that invasion and lysis of lymphocytes may constitute previously unrecognized factors in Lyme disease and bacterial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Dorward
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Waugh RE, McKenney JB, Bauserman RG, Brooks DM, Valeri CR, Snyder LM. Surface area and volume changes during maturation of reticulocytes in the circulation of the baboon. J Lab Clin Med 1997; 129:527-35. [PMID: 9142049 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the surface area and volume of reticulocytes were measured in vivo during late stage maturation. Baboons were treated with erythropoietin to produce mild reticulocytosis. Reticulocyte-rich cohorts of cells were obtained from whole blood by density gradient centrifugation. The cohorts were labeled with biotin, reinfused into the animal, and recovered from whole blood samples by panning on avidin supports. Changes in the surface area, volume, and membrane deformability were measured using micropipettes during the 2 to 6 weeks subsequent to reinfusion. For the entire cohort, the membrane area decreased by 10% to 15% and the cell volume decreased by approximately 8.5%, mostly within 24 hours after reinfusion. Estimates of the cellular dimensions of the reticulocyte subpopulation within this cohort indicated larger reductions in the mean cell area (12% to 30%) and mean cell volume (approximately 15%) of the reticulocytes themselves. Two weeks after reinfusion, the distribution of cell size for the cohort was indistinguishable from that of whole blood. There was evidence of slightly elevated membrane shear rigidity in some reticulocytes before reinfusion, but this slight increase disappeared within 24 hours after reinfusion. These are the first direct measurements of changes in the membrane physical properties of an identifiable cohort of reticulocytes as they mature in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Waugh
- Department of Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tumas DB, Spangrude GJ, Brooks DM, Williams CD, Chesebro B. High-frequency cell surface expression of a foreign protein in murine hematopoietic stem cells using a new retroviral vector. Blood 1996; 87:509-17. [PMID: 8555472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A retroviral vector (pSFF) derived from murine Friend spleen focus forming virus was used to transduce murine hematopoietic stem cells and express a cell surface marker protein, mutated murine prion protein, in vitro and in vivo after transplantation. To enhance retroviral vector integration in bone marrow cells, mice were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to increase stem cell mitotic activity, which peaked on day 8 post-5-FU. The infectivity titer of the vector, pSFF-mPrP-3F4, was determined by a novel assay in which antigen-positive foci of infected cells were detected after replication and spread of the vector in cultures of mixed packaging cell lines. Infection of Sca-1+/Lineageneg-low cells with pSFF-mPrP-3F4 resulted in marker protein expression in 40% of the progeny cells after 7 days of culture. Transplantation of marrow cells or sorted Sca-1+/Lineageneg-low cells transduced with vector resulted in 3F4-positive mPrP expression in 11% to 37% of donor-derived peripheral blood leukocytes at 2 weeks. Though the percentage of 3F4-positive blood cells gradually declined, at 28 weeks 23% of recipient mice still maintained expression of the marker gene. Expression was observed in lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineages and was detected in Sca-1+/Lineageneg-low marrow cells. The multilineage, high-frequency expression observed suggests that pSFF may be useful in gene therapy directed at hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiated progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Tumas
- Laboratories of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, MT 59840, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Friend murine leukemia virus is a retrovirus complex that induces rapid erythroleukemia and immunosuppression in susceptible strains of adult mice. Using this model, we directly examined the T-cell subsets required for a protective retrovirus vaccine. Paradoxically, recovery in mice immunized with a chimeric envelope containing only T-helper (TH) and B-cell epitopes was dependent on CD8+ T cells as well as CD4+ T cells despite the fact that the vaccine contained no CD8+ cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. However, the requirement for CD8+ T cells was overcome by inclusion of additional TH and B-cell epitopes in the immunizing protein. These additional epitopes primed for more rapid production of virus-neutralizing antibody which appeared to limit virus spread sufficiently to protect even in the absence of CD8+ T cells. Inclusion of an immunodominant CTL epitope in the vaccine was not sufficient to overcome dependence on CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that TH priming is more critical for retrovirus immunity than CTL priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hasenkrug KJ, Brooks DM, Chesebro B. Passive immunotherapy for retroviral disease: influence of major histocompatibility complex type and T-cell responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:10492-5. [PMID: 7479826 PMCID: PMC40637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.23.10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of virus-specific antibodies is known to be an effective early treatment for some viral infections. Such immunotherapy probably acts by antibody-mediated neutralization of viral infectivity and is often thought to function independently of T-cell-mediated immune responses. In the present experiments, we studied passive antibody therapy using Friend murine leukemia virus complex as a model for an immunosuppressive retroviral disease in adult mice. The results showed that antibody therapy could induce recovery from a well-established retroviral infection. However, the success of therapy was dependent on the presence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Thus, cell-mediated responses were required for recovery from infection even in the presence of therapeutic levels of antibody. The major histocompatibility type of the mice was also an important factor determining the relative success of antibody therapy in this system, but it was less critical for low-dose than for high-dose infections. Our results imply that limited T-cell responsiveness as dictated by major histocompatibility genes and/or stage of disease may have contributed to previous immunotherapy failures in AIDS patients. Possible strategies to improve the efficacy of future therapies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- J E Jackson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spangrude GJ, Brooks DM, Tumas DB. Long-term repopulation of irradiated mice with limiting numbers of purified hematopoietic stem cells: in vivo expansion of stem cell phenotype but not function. Blood 1995; 85:1006-16. [PMID: 7849289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells were isolated from normal adult mouse bone marrow based on surface antigen expression (Thy-1.1(low)Lin(neg)Ly-6A/E+) and further selected for low retention of rhodamine 123. This population of cells (Rh-123low) could mediate radioprotection and long-term (greater than 12 months) repopulation after transplantation of as few as 25 cells. Transfer of five genetically marked Rh-123low cells in the presence of 10(5) normal bone marrow cells resulted in reconstitution of peripheral blood by greater than 10% donor cells in 64% (30 of 47) of recipient mice. Of 46 animals surviving after 24 weeks, 10 had over 50% donor-derived cells in peripheral blood. Two general patterns of long-term reconstitution were observed: one in which many donor-derived cells were observed 5 to 6 weeks after reconstitution and another in which donor-derived cells were rare initially but expanded with time. This result suggests that two classes of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells exist, differing in their ability to function early in the course of transplantation. Alternatively, distinct anatomic sites of engraftment may dictate these two outcomes from a single type of cell. As an approach to measure the extent of self-renewal by the injected cells, recipients of five or 200 stem cells were killed 8 to 13 months after the transplants, and Thy-1.1(low)Lin(neg)Ly-6A/E+ progeny of the original injected cells were isolated for a second transplant. While a numerical expansion of cells expressing the cell surface phenotype of stem cells was observed, along with activity in the colony-forming unit-spleen assay, the expanded cells were vastly inferior in radioprotection and long-term reconstitution assays when compared with cells freshly isolated from normal animals. This result demonstrates that in stem cell expansion experiments, cell surface antigen expression is not an appropriate indicator of stem cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Spangrude
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hasenkrug KJ, Sprangrude GJ, Nishio J, Brooks DM, Chesebro B. Recovery from Friend disease in mice with reduced major histocompatibility complex class I expression. J Virol 1994; 68:2059-64. [PMID: 8138991 PMCID: PMC236679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.4.2059-2064.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice homozygous for the b allele of the MHC gene, H-2D, have a high incidence of recovery from Friend virus infections, while mice heterozygous for the b allele at H-2D have a very low incidence of recovery. Previous experiments indicated that the low recovery rates associated with heterozygosity at H-2D might be related to a gene dosage effect requiring the expression of two H-2Db alleles for high recovery. We investigated the effects of reduced H-2Db expression on recovery from Friend disease by using H-2b homozygous mice carrying a single beta 2-microglobulin gene disruption. These mice had reductions in cell surface H-2Db expression comparable to those of H-2Da/b heterozygotes. Numerous cell types with various levels of H-2Db expression were examined, and in each case, the expression levels in the beta 2-microglobulin mutants closely reflected those observed in the H-2Da/b heterozygotes. We found, however, that reduced expression did not affect recovery from Friend disease, indicating that heterozygous levels of H-2Db expression are sufficient for the high-recovery phenotype previously associated only with H-2Db homozygotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Spangrude GJ, Brooks DM. Mouse strain variability in the expression of the hematopoietic stem cell antigen Ly-6A/E by bone marrow cells. Blood 1993; 82:3327-32. [PMID: 8241503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface molecule Ly-6A/E provides a convenient marker for primitive stem cells in the hematopoietic tissues of both fetal and adult mice. However, previous studies have shown that Ly-6A/E expression by lymphocytes is variable depending on the haplotype of the Ly-6 locus. Therefore, strain-specific variation in Ly-6A/E expression by bone marrow (BM) cells was investigated. The results show that Ly-6a mice have, on average, 50% of the number of BM cells expressing Ly-6A/E relative to that for Ly-6b mice. Furthermore, among the 5% of BM cells that do not express antigens characteristic of mature T, B, myeloid, or erythroid lineages, which include the primitive hematopoietic stem cell compartment, Ly-6a mice have, on average, more than fivefold fewer Ly-6A/E+ cells relative to that for Ly-6b mice. Isolation of Ly-6A/E- and Ly-6A/E+ cells from mice of both haplotypes showed that, whereas 99% of the marrow repopulating activity (MRA) of C57BL/Ka (Ly-6b) mice could be recovered in the Ly-6A/E+ fraction, only about 25% of the MRA of BALB/c (Ly-6a) was recoverable in the same population. On a per-cell basis, the Ly-6A/E+ cells that were isolated from BALB/c mice were essentially equivalent in MRA to those isolated from C57BL/Ka mice. Thus, whereas a large percentage of the hematopoietic stem cells of Ly-6a mice do not express the Ly-6A/E molecule, the antigen may be used to isolate a subset of stem cells from these mice. These results show that hematopoietic stem cell phenotype can vary between mouse strains and imply that caution should be exercised in the identification of human stem cell antigens such as CD34, because a similar variability may occur between individual humans. To further explore the influence of Ly-6 haplotype on Ly-6A/E expression by specific cell subsets, lymph-node lymphocytes from a panel of mouse strains were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry for correlated expression of Ly-6A/E, CD4, and CD8. All Ly-6a strains examined had less than 20% Ly-6A/E+ cells, and those cells were predominantly CD8+ T lymphocytes. In contrast, the Ly-6b strains had greater than 30% Ly-6A/E+ cells, and those cells included CD4+, CD8+, and B lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Spangrude
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Spangrude GJ, Brooks DM. Phenotypic analysis of mouse hematopoietic stem cells shows a Thy-1-negative subset. Blood 1992; 80:1957-64. [PMID: 1356513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse hematopoietic stem cells can be identified and enriched from populations of normal bone marrow cells by immunofluorescent labeling of cell surface molecules followed by flow cytometric separation. We show here that the majority of hematopoietic stem cell activity, as defined by long-term competitive repopulation of irradiated animals and by a secondary transplant assay for spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S), could be localized in Ly-6b haplotype mice to a fraction of bone marrow cells that expresses the Ly-6A/E (Sca-1) molecule. Further, an analysis of hematopoietic stem cell activity in bone marrow of mouse strains expressing the Thy-1.1 allele indicated that the vast majority of activity was included in the Thy-1low population. In contrast, hematopoietic stem cell activity found in the bone marrow of Thy-1.2 genotype mouse strains was recovered in both the Thy-1neg and the Thy-1low populations. However, similar to Thy-1.1 strains, most activity was localized to the Ly-6A/E+ population of cells. The difference in Thy-1 phenotype of hematopoietic stem cell activity apparent between Thy-1.1- and Thy-1.2-expressing mouse strains was not caused by differences in the staining intensity of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for the Thy-1 alleles. Furthermore, an antiframework MoAb that stains both alleles of Thy-1 separated hematopoietic stem cell activity from mice expressing the two alleles in the same manner as did allele-specific MoAb. The results of this study show that Thy-1 expression is not an invariant characteristic of mouse hematopoietic stem cells, and that mice expressing the Thy-1.1 allele are unique in that hematopoietic stem cell activity is found exclusively in the Thy-1low population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Spangrude
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Prediction tree techniques are employed in the analysis of data from 555 patients admitted to the Medical College of Virginia hospitals with severe head injuries. Twenty-three prognostic indicators are examined to predict the distribution of 12-month outcomes among the five Glasgow Outcome Scale categories. A tree diagram, illustrating the prognostic pattern, provides critical threshold levels that split the patients into subgroups with varying degrees of risk. It is a visually useful way to look at the prognosis of head-injured patients. In previous analyses addressing this prediction problem, the same set of prognostic factors (age, motor score, and pupillary response) was used for all patients. These approaches might be considered inflexible because more informative prediction may be achieved by somewhat different combinations of factors for different patients. Tree analysis reveals that the pattern of important prognostic factors differs among various patient subgroups, although the three previously mentioned factors are still of primary importance. For example, it is noted that information concerning intracerebral lesions is useful in predicting outcome for certain patients. The overall predictive accuracy of the tree technique for these data is 77.7%, which is somewhat higher than that obtained via standard prediction methods. The predictive accuracy is highest among patients who have a good recovery or die; it is lower for patients having intermediate outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Melvin DB, Brooks DM, Taliano RJ. Electric power induction through an isolated intestinal pouch. ASAIO Trans 1991; 37:M203-4. [PMID: 1751111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new transintegumental power transformer uses the walls of an isolated intestinal pouch to separate primary and secondary coils. It may surpass transcutaneous devices in heat dissipation potential and in comfort. It was acutely tested in 13 dogs. Corrections in geometry and insulation were suggested by the nine initial trials. In the remaining four animals, up to 14.1 W were delivered, incrementing over 90 to 395 min. Three pouch and two remote thermistors recorded temperature (T) at 10 min intervals. Thirty sets of data were taken at 4 W or less (Group A), 31 at 4-8 W (Group B), and 16 at more than 8 W (Group C). T elevations above reference drift were 0.096 + 0.062 degrees C, 0.468 + 0.234 degrees C, and 0.876 + 0.156 degrees C for groups A, B, and C, respectively. These were significant by t-tests (p less than 0.001 for Group A vs. B; p less than 0.05 for Group B vs. C). The concept appears to be feasible, and longer term implantation trials seem justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Melvin
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ohio
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Braswell C, Brooks DM, Decuir AA, Humphrey T, Jacobs KW, Sutton K. Development and Implementation of a Music/Activity Therapy Intake Assessment for Psychiatric Patients. Part II: Standardization Procedures on Data from Psychiatric Patients. J Music Ther 1986. [DOI: 10.1093/jmt/23.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
27
|
Braswell C, Decuir A, Brooks DM. A survey of clinical training in music therapy: degree of compliance with NAMT guidelines. J Music Ther 1986; 22:73-86. [PMID: 10271938 DOI: 10.1093/jmt/22.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the experiences and responsibilities of music therapy interns with requirements outlined in the Guidelines for Establishing and Maintaining Music Therapy Clinical Training Programs (National Association for Music Therapy, Inc., 1983). Subjects were 134 music therapy clinical training directors and 75 music therapy interns. Results from the intern survey indicated that over 80% of the interns were more than satisfied with their clinical training experiences. However, the data revealed several areas of concern. First, 75% of the directors and 92% of the responding interns were female; this response suggests that music therapy is not recognized as a viable career choice among male music majors. In addition, 22% of the responding clinical training facilities were not affiliated with the closest NAMT-approved college or university; reported range between these facilities and the nearest university was 5 to 1,500 miles, with a mean of 392 miles. The authors concluded that the affiliate process is often meaningless. While the Guidelines require training in "Administrative skills, i.e., budgeting, program proposals, organizational structures," nearly 63% of intern respondents had not received such training. The authors recommend that the Guidelines be rewritten and professionally printed, that interns and clinical training directors be required to complete annual questionnaires, and that the affiliation between clinical training facility and academic institution be strengthened.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
We compared the homologous amino acid sequences of hevein and each of the four domains (A, B, C, and D) of wheat germ agglutinin and used them to construct a pseudophylogenetic tree relating these sequences to a hypothetical common ancestor sequence. In the crystal structure of the wheat germ agglutinin dimer, six pseudo-two-fold rotational symmetry axes have previously been located in addition to the true twofold axis. Four of these relate two nonidentical domains to each other in each of the four possible pairs constituting the sugar-binding sites (A1D2, A2D1, B1C2, and B2C1). The remaining two relate contiguous unique pairs of sugar-binding sites to each other (A1D2 to B1C2, and A2D1 to B2C1). These latter two sets of pairs are related to each other by the true twofold axis. Side chains that mediate sugar binding in the interfaces of each of the four pairs were found to be largely conserved. The sequence homology, taken together with these pseudo-symmetry elements in the dimer structure, suggests a pathway for the evolution of the four-domain molecule from a single-domain dimer that can be correlated with simultaneous development of the saccharide-binding sites.
Collapse
|
29
|
Braswell C, Brooks DM, Decuir A, Humphrey T, Jacobs KW, Sutton K. Development and implementation of a music/activity therapy intake assessment for psychiatric patients. Part I: initial standardization procedures on data from university students. J Music Ther 1984; 20:88-100. [PMID: 10262389 DOI: 10.1093/jmt/20.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The stimulus for the Music/Activity Therapy Intake Assessment was a recent publication by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals requiring for activity services, "assessment of the patient's needs, interests, life experiences, capacities, and deficiencies" (1981, p. 126). The Assessment was written in the spring of 1982 and contains four sections: Activity Preference, Organizational involvement, Attitude Survey, and Post-Interview Observations. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Attitude Survey. The Attitude Survey was administered to 214 university students enrolled in three areas of study: human science, performance, and liberal arts. Results show that each of the three scales in the Survey is internally consistent (.63 to .74), that each scale measures a single large dimension, and that two of the three scales significantly discriminate between groups of students (p less than .05). The authors conclude that the Attitude Survey possesses adequate psychometric properties to justify its continued use as part of the Music/Activity Intake Assessment.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
In view of several case reports of relief of various neuralgias by propranolo, a double-blind cross-over trial using this drug was conducted in 10 patients with severe persistent pain and paraesthesiae following upper limb peripheral nerve injuries. The patients received up to 240 mg of propranolol per day. Only one patient reported pain relief, but this patient withdrew from the trial. An open trial of propranolol was conducted in 6 other patients with a variety of peripheral nerve lesions. Of these, neuroma tenderness was transiently reduced in one patient and the hyperaesthesia of a painful scar was relieved in another. Routine use of propranolol in such patients cannot be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Scadding
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Great Portland Street, London W1 and Cerebral Functions Research Group, Department of Anatomy, University College London, Cower St., London WC1 Great Britain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
It was hypothesized that the large variance in low achievers' self-portraits may be related to frustration and symbolic acting out. 29 low achievers in Reading and Mathematics were given the Describe Your School inventory. Subjects below the median drew pictures which were taller than pictures drawn by subjects above the median score. It was concluded that frustation must be considered when using height of drawing to analyze low achievers' self-portraits.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Nerve pedicle grafts in the upper limb were performed on nine patients with Volkmann's Ischaemia. Long-term follow-up of three cases has shown that the results of this operation are successful. Sensory and motor recovery of the median nerve occurs and consequently useful hand function is regained. Since Volkmann's Ischaemic contracture is not rare in developing countries, this operation should be the treatment of choice when the median and ulnar nerves have been damaged beyond hope of recovery.
Collapse
|
33
|
Brooks DM. Problems of restoration of tendon movements after repair and grafts. Proc R Soc Med 1970; 63:67-8. [PMID: 5417784 PMCID: PMC1810953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
34
|
|
35
|
|