Major sources of sinking particulate organic matter in the western Bay of Bengal

Impacts of river discharge on coastal ocean processes are multi-dimensional. Studies on sinking particle fluxes, composition and their seasonal variability in coastal oceans are very limited. In this study, we investigated the impact of river discharge on seasonal variability in sinking fluxes of total mass, biogenic and lithogenic material in a river-dominated continental margin, western coastal Bay of Bengal. Higher POC, lithogenic and total mass fluxes were found during early southwest monsoon, and are decoupled with peak river discharge and elevated primary production. It is attributed to cross-shelf transport of re-suspended surface sediments from shelf region. Peak river discharge followed by elevated chlorophyll-a suggest nutrients supply though river discharge support primary production. Elemental C:N ratios, δ13C and δ15N results likely suggest that both marine and terrestrial sources contributed to sinking POM, . Overall, higher sinking fluxes during southwest monsoon than rest of the year suggest that seasonal river discharge exerts considerable impact on sinking fluxes in the western coastal Bay of Bengal.

Impact of atmospheric dry deposition of nutrients on phytoplankton pigment composition and primary production in the coastal Bay of Bengal

Atmospheric deposition of pollutants decreases pH and increases the nutrient concentration in the surface water. To examine its impact on coastal phytoplankton composition and primary production, monthly atmospheric aerosol samples were mixed with coastal waters in the microcosm experiments. These experiments suggested that the biomass of Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Chlorophyceae were increased and primary production of the coastal waters increased by 3 to 19% due to the addition of aeolian nutrients. The increase in primary production displayed significant relation with a concentration of sulphate and nitrate in the atmospheric aerosols suggesting that both decreases in pH and fertilization enhanced primary production. The impact of acidification on primary production was found to be 22%, whereas 78% was contributed by the nutrient increase. The atmospheric pollution is increasing rapidly over the northern Indian Ocean since past two decades due to rapid industrialization. Hence, it is suggested that the impact of atmospheric pollution on the coastal ecosystem must be included in the numerical models to predict possible changes in the coastal ecosystem due to climate change.

Chemical and Pathogen Impacts on Human Health near Aquaculture Areas in West Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Water is essential for all living organisms in the universe. Chemicals can cause contamination in groundwater near aquacultural activity areas. Keeping in view the hectic aquacultural activity in surrounding locations of Akividu town in West Godavari District of AP, India, it is proposed to assess the chemical and microbial contamination of waters to suggest remedial measures to protect the quality of water for safeguarding the health of the public residing in the nearby habitations who consume these waters for drinking purposes. 16 Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for assessing the physicochemical parameters viz., pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Total hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Na+, K+, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate and Phosphate, Irrigation parameters like %Na, SAR, KR RSC, and microbial analysis. The study results revealed that the samples were contaminated chemically and also with pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli which can cause water-borne diseases. Further, a health survey was carried out to verify the adverse effects to be caused by the chemical and microbial contamination of water on people’s health. The health survey results indicated the sufferings of the people who consume this water for drinking and domestic purposes. The waters are to be treated accordingly to control the chemical and bacterial contamination by using the available treatment methodologies before considering them for drinking purposes.

Changes in the behaviour of monocyte subsets in acute post-traumatic sepsis patients

Trauma remains a major public health problem worldwide, marked as the fourth leading cause of death among all diseases. Trauma patients who survived at initial stages in the Emergency Department (ED), have significantly higher chances of mortality due to sepsis associated complications in the ICU at the later stage. There is paucity of literature regarding the role of circulating monocytes subsets and development of sepsis complications following trauma haemorrhagic shock (THS). The study was conducted to investigate the circulating level of monocyte subsets (Classical, Inflammatory, and Patrolling) and its functions in patients with acute post-traumatic sepsis. A total 72, THS patients and 30 age matched healthy controls were recruited. Blood samples were collected at different time points on days 1, 7, and 14 to measure the serum levels of cytokines by Cytometric bead assay (CBA), for the immunophenotyping of monocytes subsets, and also for the cell sorting of monocytes subsets for the functional studies. The circulating levels of monocytes subsets were found to be significantly differs among THS patients, who developed sepsis when compared with others who did not. The levels of patrolling monocytes were elevated in THS patients who developed sepsis and showed negative correlation with Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on days 7 and 14. Classical monocytes responded strongly to bacterial TLR-agonist (LPS) and produced anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas patrolling monocytes responded with viral TLR agonist TLR-7/8 (R848) and produced inflammatory cytokines in post-traumatic sepsis patients. In conclusion, this study shows disparity in the behaviour of monocytes subsets in patients with acute post-traumatic sepsis.

[MutL Protein from the Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mismatch Repair System: Interaction with ATP and DNA]

The mismatch repair system (MMR) ensures the stability of genetic information during DNA replication in almost all organisms. Mismatch repair is initiated after recognition of a non-canonical nucleotide pair by the MutS protein and the formation of a complex between MutS and MutL. Eukaryotic and most bacterial MutL homologs function as endonucleases that introduce a single-strand break in the daughter strand of the DNA, thus activating the repair process. However, many aspects of the functioning of this protein remain unknown. We studied the ATPase and DNA binding functions of the MutL protein from the pathogenic bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NgoMutL), which exhibits endonuclease activity. For the first time, the kinetic parameters of ATP hydrolysis by the full-length NgoMutL protein were determined. Its interactions with single- and double-stranded DNA fragments of various lengths were studied. NgoMutL was shown to be able to efficiently form complexes with DNA fragments that are longer than 40 nucleotides. Using modified DNA duplexes harboring a 2-pyridyldisulfide group on linkers of various lengths, we obtained NgoMutL conjugates with DNA for the first time. According to these results, the Cys residues of the wild-type protein are located at a distance of approximately 18-50 Å from the duplex. The efficiency of the affinity modification of Cys residues in NgoMutL with reactive DNAs was shown to decrease in the presence of ATP or its non-hydrolyzable analog, as well as ZnCl2, in the reaction mixture. We hypothesize that the conserved Cys residues of the C-terminal domain of NgoMutL, which are responsible for the coordination of metal ions in the active center of the protein, are involved in its interaction with DNA. This information may be useful in reconstruction of the main stages of MMR in prokaryotes that are different from γ-proteobacteria, as well as in the search for new targets for drugs against N. gonorrhoeae.

Tumor microenvironment: Challenges and opportunities in targeting metastasis of triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is most aggressive subtype of breast cancers with high probability of metastasis as well as lack of specific targets and targeted therapeutics. TNBC is characterized with unique tumor microenvironment (TME), which differs from other subtypes. TME is associated with induction of proliferation, angiogenesis, inhibition of apoptosis and immune system suppression, and drug resistance. Exosomes are promising nanovesicles, which orchestrate the TME by communicating with different cells within TME. The components of TME including transformed ECM, soluble factors, immune suppressive cells, epigenetic modifications and re-programmed fibroblasts together hamper antitumor response and helps progression and metastasis of TNBCs. Therefore, TME could be a therapeutic target of TNBC. The current review presents latest updates on the role of exosomes in modulation of TME, approaches for targeting TME and combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and target chemotherapeutics. Finally, we also discussed various phytochemicals that alter genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of TME along with current challenges and future implications. Thus, as TME is associated with the hallmarks of TNBC, the understanding of the impact of different components can improve the clinical benefits of TNBC patients.

Association of dietary intake below recommendations and micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and low birthweight

Background Pregnancy is associated with biochemical changes leading to increased nutritional demands for the developing fetus that result in altered micronutrient status. The Indian dietary pattern is highly diversified and the data about dietary intake patterns, blood micronutrient profiles and their relation to low birthweight (LBW) is scarce. Methods Healthy pregnant women (HPW) were enrolled and followed-up to their assess dietary intake of nutrients, micronutrient profiles and birthweight using a dietary recall method, serum analysis and infant weight measurements, respectively. Results At enrolment, more than 90% of HPW had a dietary intake below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). A significant change in the dietary intake pattern of energy, protein, fat, vitamin A and vitamin C (P < 0.001) was seen except for iron (Fe) [chi-squared (χ2) = 3.16, P = 0.177]. Zinc (Zn) deficiency, magnesium deficiency (MgDef) and anemia ranged between 54-67%, 18-43% and 33-93% which was aggravated at each follow-up visit (P ≤ 0.05). MgDef was significantly associated with LBW [odds ratio (OR): 4.21; P = 0.01] and the risk exacerbate with the persistence of deficiency along with gestation (OR: 7.34; P = 0.04). Pre-delivery (OR: 0.57; P = 0.04) and postpartum (OR: 0.37; P = 0.05) anemia, and a vitamin A-deficient diet (OR: 3.78; P = 0.04) were significantly associated with LBW. LBW risk was much higher in women consuming a vitamin A-deficient diet throughout gestation compared to vitamin A-sufficient dietary intake (OR: 10.00; P = 0.05). Conclusion The studied population had a dietary intake well below the RDA. MgDef, anemia and a vitamin A-deficient diet were found to be associated with an increased likelihood of LBW. Nutrient enrichment strategies should be used to combat prevalent micronutrient deficiencies and LBW.

Role of Trace Elements, Oxidative Stress and Immune System: a Triad in Premature Ovarian Failure

The risk of premature ovarian failure (POF) increases in association with alteration in immunological parameters and oxidative stress (OS). Adequate intake of trace elements is required for antioxidant property and immune defense mechanism. The aim of this study was to explore the involvement of trace elements, OS, and immunological parameters in POF. This was a cross-sectional, case-control study, involving 65 participants divided into the POF (n = 35) and control (n = 30) groups. Serum levels of Se, Zn, and Cu were determined along with hormonal, OS, and immunological markers. POF group had significantly lower levels of Zn, Cu, Se, and Zn:Cu ratio. However, Se:Cu ratio was not significant between the groups. FSH and LH levels were negatively correlated with Zn and Cu levels and positively correlated with Se levels. Estrogen levels were negatively correlated with all the studied trace elements. Inter-element association between Zn and Se was significant in POF (r = - 0.39, p = 0.02) compared to control group (r = - 0.078, p = 0.65). In all the POF patients, SOD and GPx activities were significantly (p < 0.05) lower and MDA level was higher (p > 0.05) than control group. B cell marker CD19 was significantly (p < 0.0001) high in POF group. There are involvement of trace elements in hormonal regulation and antioxidant defense mechanism, which once gets altered leads to high ROS generation and affect functions of the immune system. Exaggereative immune system causing higher expression of B cell associated markers (CD19) leading to autoimmune condition in POF.

Indocyanine green clearance test to evaluate liver function in rat model of extrahepatic biliary atresia

BACKGROUND

Indocyanine green clearance test (ICG-K) has been shown as a sensitive marker of liver function in patients with cirrhosis. However, its role in the assessment of liver function in children with biliary atresia is not well established. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the ICG-K in an experimental model of cholangitis and partial biliary obstruction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty albino rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 each. After exploration under anesthesia, a vial of OK-432 diluted in 0.2 ml of normal saline was injected into the common bile duct (CBD) in rats of Groups B and C. In the control Group A, only saline was injected. Re-exploration was done at 3 weeks in Groups A and B and at 6 weeks in Group C, and freshly prepared ICG was injected into the inferior vena cava. Blood samples were collected at periodic intervals, optical density of the serum was measured, and half-life of ICG and fractional clearance (K) were calculated. Blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical tests and histological examination.

RESULTS

The histological changes in CBD and liver were maximum in Group B; this correlated well with the K-value in this group, which was significantly delayed. In Group C, clearance was delayed than the control group with histological changes ranged from mild to moderate inflammation. The control group had normal histology of liver and CBD, and only four rats showed mild portal inflammation.

CONCLUSION

ICG clearance rate is a reliable marker of liver function and can be utilized for evaluation of liver function in postoperative extrahepatic biliary atresia patients.

IL-12 and IL-23 modulate plasticity of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human Leprosy

Leprosy is a bacterial disease caused by M. leprae. Its clinical spectrum reflects the host's immune response to the M. leprae and provide an ideal model to investigate the host pathogen interaction and immunological dysregulation. Tregs are high in leprosy patients and responsible for immune suppression of the host by producing IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines. In leprosy, plasticity of Tregs remain unstudied. This is the first study describing the conversion of Tregs into Th1-like and Th17-like cells using in vitro cytokine therapy in leprosy patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leprosy patients were isolated and stimulated with M. leprae antigen (MLCwA), rIL-12 and rIL-23 for 48h. Expression of FoxP3 in CD4⁺CD25⁺ Tregs, intracellular cytokines IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-17 in Tregs cells were evaluated by flow cytometry (FACS) after stimulation. rIL-12 treatment increases the levels of pStat4 in Tregs and IFN-γ production. In the presence of rIL-23, pStat3⁺ and IL-17A⁺ cells increase. rIL-12 and r-IL-23 treatment downregulated the FoxP3 expression, IL-10 and TGF-β production by Tregs and enhances the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86). In conclusion rIL-12 converts Tregs into IFN-γ producing cells through STAT-4 signaling while rIL-23 converts Tregs into IL-17 producing cells through STAT-3 signaling in leprosy patients. This study may helpful to provide a new avenue to overcome the immunosuprression in leprosy patients using in vitro cytokine.

Micronutrients Drift During Daily and Weekly Iron Supplementation in Non-anaemic and Anaemic Pregnancy

AIMS

Pregnancy is a phenomenon associated with dynamic changes in physical, mental and biochemical status of body and demands increased nutritional intake for developing foetus. The level of various micronutrients which act as co-factors for antioxidant enzymes or it-self as antioxidants gets altered with the progression of pregnancy. The present longitudinal study summarized the trend of selected micronutrients level in anaemic (AP) and non-anaemic primigravida (NAP) supplemented with daily and weekly oral iron folic acid (IFA) tablet during pregnancy and postpartum.

METHODS

A total of 200 primigravida {N = 100; NAP (Hb > 11 g/dl) and N = 100 AP (Hb = 8-11 g/dl) assigned daily (N = 50) and weekly (N = 50) supplementation} were recruited and overnight fasting blood samples were withdrawn at 13-16 weeks, after 3 months and 6 weeks postpartum. The serum iron, copper, zinc, magnesium and manganese were estimated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometer.

RESULTS

Serum manganese (p < 0.05) at baseline and magnesium (p < 0.01) at postpartum was significantly different between NAP and AP supplemented with daily IFA tablets. The trend of copper found to be increased during pregnancy and later declined at postpartum in both the groups. Daily supplementation resulted in significantly high iron (p < 0.05) in NAP during third trimester.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypozincemia and hypomagnesemia was observed in anaemic pregnancy supplemented with weekly and daily IFA respectively. Clear evidence of altered micronutrients levels during healthy and anaemic pregnancy was seen. The reference values may be drawn from this study for the nutritional assessment during pregnancy for healthy pregnancy outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinical Trial Registry-India, http://ctri.nic.in, CTRI/2014/10/005135.

Coexistence of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg imbalances in patients with post traumatic sepsis

INTRODUCTION

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) developed due to the insult of trauma is a leading cause of death. The high mortality rate in these patients with and without sepsis has been reported up to 50%, throughout the world and thus required an urgent insight to overcome this problem.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to examine the differential changes in subsets of T cells, imbalance in cytokine profile, immune-paralysis (T cell anergy) in Trauma hemorrhagic shock (THS) and post traumatic sepsis patients.

METHODOLOGY

114, THS patients and 50 healthy controls were recruited in the present study. We have measured the T cell proliferation assay using dominant antigens of both gram positive (LTA, 100ng/ml) and gram negative (LPS-100ng/ml) bacteria and PHA (4μg/ml) using radioactive thymidine (1H³) assay. Simultaneously, we have measured the culture supernatant level of cytokines using Cytokine bead assay (CBA). The other parts of this study include the analysis of different subsets of T cells.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

We observed significantly (P<0.05) reduced T cell proliferation in THS patients as compared to control. Our study also showed patients died due to sepsis/septic shock, had significantly (p<0.05) lower T cell response and had significantly elevated levels of IL-4, IL-10andTGF-β, but low level of IL-2andIFN-γ in culture supernatant. THS patients who developed sepsis complication had significantly higher T regulatory cells and lower Th17 cells in comparison to non-sepsis. In conclusion, our study showed an imbalance in cell mediated immune response and disturbance in Th1/Th2/Th17 and T reg population of T helper cells and also the shifts towards Th2 and T17 in THS patients who had developed sepsis and showed poor outcomes.

Effect of muramyl dipeptide and alum adjuvants on immunization with Filarial multi antigen peptide vaccine in mice model

Filarial thioredoxin and transglutaminase are enzymes that are secreted throughout the lifecycle of the parasites which are mandatory for the survival of the parasite. They are reported to be promising vaccine candidates, yet the limitation factors of these proteins to be developed as vaccines is their homology they share with the host proteins. Hence immunodominant epitopes from these proteins were constructed as peptides and immunised in mice model with Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as adjuvant. Immunodominant epitopic portions from Filarial thioredoxin and transglutaminase which are non-homologous with host proteins were constructed as Multi Antigen Peptide (MAP) and assembled in an inert lysine core. The synthesised MAP was immunised with MDP as adjuvant in Balb/c mice model, humoral and cellular immune response were studied. Antibody titre levels for TT MAP with MDP was in par with alum as adjuvant in mice models. T cell responses of TT MAP with MDP showed a balanced TH1/TH2 response. The TH1 cytokines namely IL-2 and IFN-ɤ were also higher in TT MAP immunised groups with MDP as adjuvant whereas alum immunised groups was TH2 biased. TT MAP admixed with MDP as adjuvant proves to be safe in mice model. Further vaccination studies are underway in permissive animal models to determine the role of TT MAP with MDP as adjuvant in protective immunity against W. bancrofti and B. malayi infections.

Evaluation of circulating haematopoietic progenitor cells in patients with Trauma Haemorrhagic shock and its correlation with outcomes

Background:

Haemorrhagic shock accounts up to 50% of early trauma deaths. Hematopoietic failure has been observed in experimental animals and human following shock and injury. One of the facets of bone marrow failure is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and is commonly seen in patients recovering from severe trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Bone Marrow (BM) dysfunction is associated with mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into peripheral blood. Present study explored the association of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) with mortality in trauma haemorrhagic shock patients (T/HS).

Materials and Methods:

Prospective cohort studies of patients presenting within 8 hrs of injury with T/HS to the Department of Emergency Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected in each patient for measurement of peripheral blood HPCs. Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) quantification was performed by measuring HPCs counts using the haematology analyzer (Sysmex XE-2100). Clinical and laboratory data were prospectively collected after consent. Ethical approval was taken and data was analysed by Stata 11.2.

Results:

39 patients with trauma hemorrhagic shock and 30 normal healthy controls were recruited. HPCs were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the T/HS as compared to control. Among study group, 14 patients died within 24 h. at the hospital admission, and found HPCs concentrations were highly significant (<0.001) in non-survivors (n = 14) when compared with survivors (n = 25) among T/HS patients.

Conclusions:

Our studies suggest the peripheral blood HPCs may be early prognostic marker for mortality among patients who presented with trauma hemorrhagic shock on admission. But the exact molecular mechanism and signalling pathway involved in the change of the behaviour of bone marrow microenvironment is still unclear.

Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells behavior with or without growth factors in trauma hemorrhagic shock

Background:

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is the major leading cause of death after trauma. Up to 50% of early deaths are due to massive hemorrhage. Excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokine and hypercatecholamine induces hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) apoptosis, leading to multiorgan failure and death. However, still, result remains elusive for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) behavior in trauma HS (T/HS).

Objectives:

Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the in vitro HSCs behavior with or without recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhIL-3) alone, and combination with rhEPO + rhGM-CSF + rhIL-3 (EG3) in T/HS patients.

Methodology:

Bone marrow (BM) aspirates (n = 14) were collected from T/HS patients, those survived on day 3. BM cells were cultured for HPCs: Colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), and colony-forming unit-granulocyte, monocyte/macrophage colonies growth. HPCs were counted with or without rhEPO, rhGM-CSF, rhIL-3 alone, and combination with EG3 in T/HS patients.

Results:

BM HSCs growth significantly suppressed in T/HS when compared with control group (P < 0.05). In addition, CFU-E and BFU-E colony growth were increased with additional growth factor (AGF) (rhEPO, rhGM-CSF, and rhIL-3) as compared to baseline (without AGF) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Suppressed HPCs may be reactivated by addition of erythropoietin, GM-CSF, IL-3 alone and with combination in T/HS.

Nasal delivery of PLG microparticle encapsulated defensin peptides adjuvanted gp41 antigen confers strong and long-lasting immunoprotective response against HIV-1

Defensins display immunostimulatory activities including a chemotactic effect for T lymphocytes/immature dendritic cells and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines suggest their role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. We hypothesized whether defensins with separately emulsified HIV-1 immunogen would elicit peptide-specific systemic and mucosal antibody response in mice. The HIV-1 peptide alone in microsphere showed low peptide-specific antibody response in sera and different washes, while the presence of defensins markedly increased the antibody peak titre both in sera (102,400-409,600) (p < 0.05) and in washes (800-25,600) (p < 0.001). Defensins with HIV-1 peptide were showing 43.0-83.2% and 38.7-72.3% in vitro neutralization against laboratory isolates in serum and lavage samples, respectively, higher than HIV-1 peptide alone. Our findings may have implications in the development of new mucosal adjuvant for AIDS vaccination.

Comparison of haematological and biochemical changes between non-anaemic and anaemic primigravid women in a north Indian population to establish normative values

Pregnancy is accompanied by several haemodynamic, biochemical and haematological changes, which may lead to severe problems, if they are not suitably addressed. The current study highlights the haematological and biochemical differences observed in anaemic (AP) and non-anaemic primigravida (NAP), in the 2nd trimester, in a north Indian population. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the body weight and body temperature of NAP compared with AP. A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in haematological parameters including haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, MCH and MCHC, was observed in AP; however, MCV was found to be significantly higher (p = 0.038). Many biochemical parameters viz. potassium, albumin, total protein and calcium levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) in AP, except alkaline phosphatase whose level was found significantly increased (p < 0.01). The findings of the study suggest that haematological and biochemical changes take place in anaemia during pregnancy. Further, the results obtained should be used for establishing normative values for similar populations.

Current understanding of HIV-1 and T-cell adaptive immunity: progress to date

The cellular immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has different components originating from both the adaptive and innate immune systems. HIV cleverly utilizes the host machinery to survive by its intricate nature of interaction with the host immune system. HIV evades the host immune system at innate ad adaptive, allows the pathogen to replicate and transmit from one host to another. Researchers have shown that HIV has multipronged effects especially on the adaptive immunity, with CD4(+) cells being the worst effect T-cell populations. Various analyses have revealed that, the exposure to HIV results in clonal expansion and excessive activation of the immune system. Also, an abnormal process of differentiation has been observed suggestive of an alteration and blocks in the maturation of various T-cell subsets. Additionally, HIV has shown to accelerate immunosenescence and exhaustion of the overtly activated T-cells. Apart from causing phenotypic changes, HIV has adverse effects on the functional aspect of the immune system, with evidences implicating it in the loss of the capacity of T-cells to secrete various antiviral cytokines and chemokines. However, there continues to be many aspects of the immune- pathogenesis of HIV that are still unknown and thus required further research in order to convert the malaise of HIV into a manageable epidemic.

Preparation of peptide microspheres using tumor antigen-derived peptides

Due to its distinct biological attributes, poly(D,L lactide-co glycolide) (PLGA) is one of the most preferred methods for DNA/protein/peptide encapsulation for therapeutics. Importantly, PLGA acts as an adjuvant for weakly immunogenic antigens and mimics booster responses after a single dose of administration, thereby serving as a single-shot vaccine delivery vehicle. Efficient delivery of antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APC) has been made possible by the use of a PLGA particle-based vaccine delivery system. Also, the plasma half-life of the PLGA-encapsulated vaccine increases as it is protected from degradation, prior to its further release. PLGAs are reported to be catabolized into individual nontoxic units once inside the host and further degraded via normal metabolic pathways. In this chapter, we have described the preparation and characterization of tumor peptide encapsulated PLGA microparticles as a model for controlled-release peptide delivery system.

Novel adjuvants & delivery vehicles for vaccines development: a road ahead

The pure recombinant and synthetic antigens used in modern day vaccines are generally less immunogenic than older style live/attenuated and killed whole organism vaccines. One can improve the quality of vaccine production by incorporating immunomodulators or adjuvants with modified delivery vehicles viz. liposomes, immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), micro/nanospheres apart from alum, being used as gold standard. Adjuvants are used to augment the effect of a vaccine by stimulating the immune system to respond to the vaccine, more vigorously, and thus providing increased immunity to a particular disease. Adjuvants accomplish this task by mimicking specific sets of evolutionary conserved molecules which include lipopolysaccharides (LPS), components of bacterial cell wall, endocytosed nucleic acids such as dsRNA, ssDNA and unmethylated CpG dinucleotide containing DNA. This review provides information on various vaccine adjuvants and delivery vehicles being developed to date. From literature, it seems that the humoral immune responses have been observed for most adjuvants and delivery platforms while viral-vector, ISCOMs and Montanides have shown cytotoxic T-cell response in the clinical trials. MF59 and MPL® have elicited Th1 responses, and virus-like particles (VLPs), non-degradable nanoparticle and liposomes have also generated cellular immunity. Such vaccine components have also been evaluated for alternative routes of administration with clinical success reported for intranasal delivery of viral-vectors and proteosomes and oral delivery of VLP vaccines.

Multiple antigen peptide containing B and T cell epitopes of F1 antigen of Yersinia pestis showed enhanced Th1 immune response in murine model

Yersinia pestis is a facultative bacterium that can survive and proliferate inside host macrophages and cause bubonic, pneumonic and systemic infection. Apart from humoral response, cell-mediated protection plays a major role in combating the disease. Fraction 1 capsular antigen (F1-Ag) of Y. pestis has long been exploited as a vaccine candidate. In this study, F1-multiple antigenic peptide (F1-MAP or MAP)-specific cell-mediated and cytokine responses were studied in murine model. MAP consisting of three B and one T cell epitopes of F1-antigen with one palmitoyl residue was synthesized using Fmoc chemistry. Mice were immunized with different formulations of MAP in poly DL-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres. F1-MAP with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) as an adjuvant showed enhanced in vitro T cell proliferation and Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and Th17 (IL-17A) cytokine secretion. Similar formulation also showed significantly higher numbers of cytokine (IL-2, IFN-γ)-secreting cells. Moreover, F1-MAP with CpG formulation showed significantly high (P < 0.001) percentage of CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) cells as compared to CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) cells, and also more (CD4- IFN-γ)(+) cells secrete perforin and granzyme as compared to (CD8- IFN-γ)(+) showing Th1 response. Thus, the study highlights the importance of Th1 cytokine and existence of CD4(+) and CD8(+) immune response. This study proposes a new perspective for the development of vaccination strategies for Y. pestis that trigger T cell immune response.

Modulation of HIV peptide antigen specific cellular immune response by synthetic α- and β-defensin peptides

Defensin peptides have their direct role in host defense against microbial infection as innate molecules and also thought to contribute to adaptive immunity by recruiting naïve T-cells and immature dendritic cells at the site of infection through CCR6 receptor. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the efficacy of defensins for the induction of cell mediated immune response against the peptide antigen of HIV-1 encapsulated in PLG microparticles through intranasal (IN) route in mice model. To characterized, we have analyzed T-cell proliferation, Th1/Th2 cytokines, β-chemokines production and IFN-γ/perforin secretion from CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells in response to HIV immunogen alone and with defensins at different mucosal site i.e. lamina propria (LP), spleen (SP) and peyer's patches (PP). The cellular immunogenicity of HIV peptide with defensin formulations showed a significantly higher (p<0.001) proliferation response as compared to individual HIV peptide. The enhanced cytokines measurement profile showed mixed Th1 and Th2 type of peptide specific immune response by the incorporation of defensins. In the continuation, enhancement in MIP-1α and RANTES level was also observed in HIV peptide-defensin formulations. The FACS data had revealed that CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells showed significantly (p<0.001) higher IFN-γ and perforin secretion in HIV with defensin peptide formulations than HIV antigen alone group. Thus, the study emphasized here that defensin peptides have a potential role as mucosal adjuvant, might be responsible for the induction of cell mediated immunity when administered in mice through IN route with HIV peptide antigen.

Intronic SNPs of TP53 gene in chronic myeloid leukemia: Impact on drug response

Background:

TP53, located on chromosome 17p13, is one of the most mutated genes affecting many types of human cancers. Thus, we aimed at investigating the association of SNPs in TP53 gene with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Materials and Methods:

A total of 236 CML and 157 control samples were analysed for mutations in TP53 gene using polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing.

Results:

Sequencing analysis for mutations in exons 7–9 of the TP53 gene revealed four SNPs, three in intron 7 (C14181T, T14201G, and C14310T) and one SNP in intron 6 (A13463G) of TP53 gene. The mutation C14181T is located at position 72 base pairs downstream of the 3′-end of exon 7 of the P53 gene. This mutation is in complete linkage disequilibrium with a T14201G mutation, 20 base pairs further downstream occurring at position 14201. This mutation occurred only in the presence of C14181T mutation and these mutations showed association with advanced phase and cytogenetic poor response. Another two novel mutations, C14310T in intron 7 and A13463G in intron 6 were also found to be associated with cytogenetic poor response.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests that TP53 intronic SNPs might have a strong influence on disease progression and poor response in CML patients.

Multiple antigen peptide consisting of B- and T-cell epitopes of F1 antigen of Y. pestis showed enhanced humoral and mucosal immune response in different strains of mice

Yersinia pestis is a causative agent of plague. F1 and V antigen based vaccines have shown remarkable protection in experimental animals. In order to develop epitope based immunogen, three B and one T-cell epitopes of F1 antigen with palmitate residue at amino terminal were assembled on a lysine backbone as multiple antigen peptide (MAP or F1-MAP). MAP was characterized by SDS-PAGE, immunoblot and immunoreactivity with anti F1 sera. MAP was entrapped in PLGA (polylactide-co-glycolide) microparticles and humoral, mucosal immune responses were studied after intranasal immunization with/without CpG ODN 1826 (CpG)/murabutide in different strains of mice. Serum and mucosal washes were measured for MAP specific IgG, IgA, sIgA and IgG subclasses in three strains of mice. F1-MAP showed high serum antibody and mucosal IgG and IgA peak antibody titers. MAP with CpG showed significantly high (p<0.001) peak antibody titer ranging from 102,400 to 204,800 for IgG and 6400 to 12,800 for IgA. High mucosal sIgA and its secretary component detection confirmed generation of mucosal response in intestinal and lung washes. MAP antisera also showed significant immunoreactivity with individual peptides. Moreover, antibody specific activity (IgG, IgA and sIgA) positively correlates with peak antibody titers. Predominantly IgG2a/IgG2b subclass was observed with CpG formulation but in other formulation a mixed IgG1 and IgG2a response was observed. The present study highlights the importance of multiple antigen peptide approach of F1-antigen with CpG as an alternative approach for subunit vaccine.

Immunomodulation of ovalbumin-specific IgG and other classes of antibody response by honey in mice

It was reported earlier that intraperitoneal administration of honey had immunosuppressive activity on elicitation of allergen-specific murine antibody response as evaluated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and double immunodiffusion methods. In this study, the immunomudulatory effect of honey is evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using ovalbumin as model allergen. It was found that ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgG antibody responses elicited with various doses of OVA were significantly suppressed by rock bee honey (p<0.01). Honey was also found to have inhibited the production of OVA-specific IgM, IgA, IgG(1), and IgG(2b) whereas that of IgG(2a) and IgG(3) were not affected. Furthermore, honey also suppressed the OVA-specific total IgG antibody response in various inbred mice with different genetic background. In addition, the suppressive activity of honey was examined in different groups of mice by injecting honey at different time intervals, before and after immunization with OVA. The anti-OVA IgG antibody response was suppressed significantly when honey was injected 12 hours prior/latter to OVA injection. These results confirm the suppressive activity of honey on antibody response and suggest possible clinical application.

Association of CYP3A5*3 polymorphism with development of acute leukemia

BACKGROUND:

CYP3A5 was observed to be an important genetic contributor to inter individual differences in CYP3A-dependent drug metabolism in acute leukemic patients. Loss of CYP3A5 expression was mainly conferred by a single nucleotide polymorphism at 6986A>G (CYP3A5*3). We investigated the association between CYP3A5*3 polymorphism and acute leukemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Two hundred and eighty nine acute leukemia cases comprising of 145 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 144 acute myeloid leukemia and 241 control samples were analyzed for CYP3A5*3 polymorphism using PCR-RFLP method. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version (15.0) to detect the association between CYP3A5*3 polymorphism and acute leukemia.

RESULTS:

The CYP3A5*3 polymorphism 3/3 genotype was significantly associated with acute leukemia development (χ²- 133.53; df-2, P 0.000). When the data was analyzed with respect to clinical variables, mean WBC, blast % and LDH levels were increased in both ALL and AML cases with 3/3 genotype. The epidemiological variables did not contribute to the genotype risk to develop either AML or ALL.

CONCLUSION:

The results suggest that the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism might confer the risk to develop ALL or AML emphasizing the significance of effective phase I detoxification in carcinogenesis. Association of the polymorphism with clinical variables indicate that the 3/3 genotype might also contribute to poorer survival of the patients.

Observations on some chemical and physical characteristics of buffalo meat

Proximate composition, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractions of buffalo meat were similar to those of beef. Buffalo meat was also rich in lysine. Meat from young animals had a lower collagen content than that from old ones. As the temperature of holding the carcasses was increased, the rate of pH fall was faster. Meat from stressed animals showed a higher ultimate pH. Percentage of cooking loss and thermal shrinkage was higher in muscles of old animals than in young ones, which probably reflected the poor condition of the older animals. Meat cooked by pressure cooking showed lower Warner-Bratzler shear values as compared with meat cooked in boiling water.

Cell-mediated immune response to epitopic MAP (multiple antigen peptide) construct of LcrV antigen of Yersinia pestis in murine model

Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague. Cellular immunity seems to play an important role in defense against this disease. The subunit vaccine based on V (Lcr V) antigen has been proved to be immunogenic in animals and in humans. The multiple antigen peptide (MAP), incorporating all the relevant B and T cell epitopes is highly immunogenic in mice through intranasal route of immunization in PLGA particles containing CpG-ODN as an immunoadjuvant inducing humoral and mucosal immune response. In the present study, cell-mediated immune response using same MAP was studied in murine model. Primary and memory T cell responses were studied in outbred and inbred mice immunized intranasally with MAP in the presence of two immunoadjuvants (Murabutide and CpG-ODN). All the three compartments (Spleen, Lamina propria and Peyer's patches) of the lymphoid system showed increased lymphoproliferative response. Highest lymphoproliferative response was observed especially with CpG-ODN. Cytokine profile in the culture supernatant showed highest Th(1) and Th(17) levels. FACS analysis showed expansion of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells producing gamma-interferon, perforin and granzyme-B with major contribution from CD4(+) T cells.

PvuII polymorphism of estrogen receptor-α gene in breast cancer

BACKGROUND:

Estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor that mediates estrogen action in target tissue. Several common polymorphisms of the ERα gene have been reported to be associated with alterations in receptor expression in breast cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A case-control study was designed to compare 250 breast cancer patients with 250 age-matched healthy controls. The frequency distribution of PvuII polymorphism in the ERα gene was assessed by PCR-RFLP method.

RESULTS:

The frequency of the PP genotype (35.3%) was increased significantly in breast cancer patients when compared to controls (19.8%), with a corresponding increase in P allele frequency (χ²= 16.4; P = 0.0003). The OR for genotypes PP vs. Pp was 1.989 (95% CI: 1.2708 to 3.113). Premenopausal women with breast cancer had an elevated frequency of the PP genotype (22.8%) as compared to postmenopausal women (16.8%). The frequency of the PP genotype was increased in patients positive for ER and HER-2/neu as compared to those with receptor-negative status. The pp and p allele frequencies were increased in progesterone-receptor-negative status. When stage of the disease was considered, both Pp and pp genotype frequencies were elevated in patients with advanced stage breast cancer. The frequency of the P allele and PP genotype frequencies tended to increase with increase in body mass index, whereas the Pp genotype frequency was elevated only in obese patients. The reverse was observed in the case of pp genotype frequency.

CONCLUSION:

The study thus highlighted the influence of ERα PvuII polymorphism on the development and progression of breast cancer.

Th3 immune responses in the progression of leprosy via molecular cross-talks of TGF-β, CTLA-4 and Cbl-b

Leprosy is a chronic human disease; primarily affecting skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, testis etc. Comprehensive-expressional-profiling of Th1-Th2-Th3 associated markers (84 genes) using qRT-PCR array, negated the previously prevailing notion, Th2 bias towards multibacillary stage of leprosy. High production TGF-β further supported the dearth of any immune response(s) in leprosy progression. Over expression of Cbl-b, could emerge as plausible reason for contributing T cell hyporesponsiveness, possibly by degradation of T cells signaling molecules. Anti-TGF-β treatments further confirm the TGF-β-dependent-Cbl-b overexpression in multibacillary patients. Diminished Cbl-b expression in CTLA-4 knockout studies using siRNA, provided other evidence towards T cell hyporesponsiveness. Further, high T cell proliferation and IL-2 production in PBMC cultures treated with anti-TGF-β and siRNA offers here a strategy to revert T cell hyporesponsiveness by downregulating Cbl-b expression in leprosy. Thus, this study negates Th2 bias and substantiates molecular cross-talk amongst TGF-β-CTLA-4-Cbl-b eventually leads to M. leprae persistence.

Disruption of HLA-DR raft, deregulations of Lck-ZAP-70-Cbl-b cross-talk and miR181a towards T cell hyporesponsiveness in leprosy

Leprosy, a chronic human disease, results from infection of Mycobacterium leprae. Defective CMI and T cell hyporesponsiveness are the major hallmark of M. leprae pathogenesis. The present study demonstrates immunological-deregulations that eventually lead to T cell anergy/hyporesponsiveness in M. lepare infection. We firstly, evaluated the membrane fluidity and antigen-presenting-lipid-raft (HLA-DR) on macrophages of leprosy patients using fluorescence anisotropy and confocal microscopy, respectively. Increased membrane fluidity and raft-out localizations of over-expressed HLA-DR towards BL/LL pole are pinpointed as major defects, may be leading to defective antigen presentation in leprosy. Furthermore, altered expression and localization of Lck, ZAP-70, etc. and their deregulated cross talks with negative regulators (CD45, Cbl-b and SHP2) turned out to be the major putative reason(s) leading to T cell hyporesponsiveness in leprosy. Deregulations of Lck-ZAP-70 cross-talk in T cells were found to be associated with cholesterol-dependent-dismantling of HLA-DR rafts in macrophages in leprosy progression. Increased molecular interactions between Cbl-b and Lck/ZAP-70 and their subsequent degradation via ubiquitinization pathway, as result of high expression of Cbl-b, were turned out to be one of the principal underlying reason leading to T cell anergy in leprosy patients. Interestingly, overexpression of SHP2 due to gradual losses of miR181a and subsequent dephosphorylation of imperative T cell signaling molecules were emerged out as another important reason associated with prevailing T cell hyporesponsiveness during leprosy progression. Thus, this study for the first time pinpointed overexpression of Cbl-b and expressional losses of miR-181 as important hallmarks of progression of leprosy.

Codon 72 and G13964C intron 6 polymorphisms of TP53 in relation to development and progression of breast cancer in India

The p53 protein is at the center of cell regulatory pathways influencing transcription and activity of several replication and transcription factors. In exon 4 of the gene TP53, a codon 72 polymorphism causing an Arg/Pro substitution has been reported in breast and other cancers. This substitution is in the putative SH3 binding domain of p53 protein, influencing binding capacity and thereby functional properties. In the present investigation of a relatively large series of cases in India, the frequency of the homozygous arginine genotype (33.2%) was significantly higher in the breast cancer group as compared to controls (19.6%), χ2 =11.791 (P=0.003). Patients with premenopausal breast cancer had a more elevated frequency (41.1%) than postmenopausal cases (25.4%) although the genotype frequency distribution did not show significant variation with respect to hormonal receptor status. Elevation was greatest in patients in advanced stages of cancer. The hetrozygote frequency (Arg/Pro) was also found to be increased in overweight and obese women with breast cancer. TP53 codon 72 polymorphism might predispose individual for the development of breast cancer as well as to bad prognosis. Intronic variants may affect gene regulation through aberrant splicing or through disruption of critical DNA-protein interaction. While no significant association was observed with relation to CC genotype as well as C allele of G13964C intron polymorphism with breast cancer, the C allele frequency showed association with respect to other risk confounding factors which might play role in progression of breast cancer.

Induction of cell-mediated immune responses to peptide antigens of P. vivax in microparticles using intranasal immunization

T-cells play a critical role in resistance to malaria, not only because they function as helper cells for an antibody response, but also because they serve as effector cells. Such cellular immunity is directly implicated in protection from sporozoites as well as from blood stage parasites. The aim of this study was to induce cell mediated immune responses to peptide antigens of Plasmodium vivax co-encapsulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in microparticles. In the present study, we have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of two CpG adjuvants, CpG 1826 and CpG 2006 to the five peptide antigens of Plasmodium vivax derived from circumsporozoite protein, merozoite surface protein-1, apical membrane antigen-1 and gametocyte surface antigen (Pvs24) in microparticle delivery. The T-cell proliferation response study of the cells collected from spleen, lamina propria and peyer's patches showed significantly high (p<0.001) stimulation index when primed with peptide antigens in microparticles co-encapsulating CpG ODN adjuvant as compared to peptide alone primed mice. The cytokine measurement profile of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in culture supernatants of cells primed with peptide antigens in microparticles co-encapsulating CpG ODN showed higher levels of IFN- gamma followed by TNF-alpha and IL-2, with relatively low levels of IL-4 and IL-10.

Protective effect of resveratrol and vitamin E against ethanol-induced oxidative damage in mice: biochemical and immunological basis

The metabolism of ethanol gives rise to the generation of excess amounts of reactive oxygen species and is also associated with immune dysfunction. We examined the efficacy of resveratrol and vitamin E on the immunomodulatory activity and vascular function in mice with liver abnormalities induced by chronic ethanol consumption by measuring the protein, liver-specific transaminase enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymes such as reduced glutathione (GSH) content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level, nitrite level, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in mice blood. Ethanol (1.6 g/kg body wt/day) exposure for 12 wks significantly increased TBARS and nitrite levels and GST activity, and significantly decreased GSH content and the activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx in whole blood hemolyzate of 8-10 wks-old male BALB/c mice (weighing 20-30 g). Ethanol exposure also elevated the activities of transaminase enzymes (AST and ALT), IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, VEGF-A and TGF-beta1, while decreasing the albumin concentration and IL-4 activity in the serum. Both resveratrol (5 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) and vitamin E (80 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) treatment significantly reduced AST, ALT, GST, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, VEGF-A and TGF-beta1 activities and levels of TBARS and nitrite, and elevated albumin content, GSH level and activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx, compared to ethanol-treated group. Thus, results from the study demonstrated that both resveratrol (5 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) and vitamin E (80 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) can effectively ameliorate ethanol (1.6 g kg(-1) day(-1))-induced oxidative challenges, immunomodulatory activity and angiogenesis processes.

Association of a CYP17 gene polymorphism with development of breast cancer in India

The human CYP17 gene, located on chromosome 10q24.3, plays a key role in sex steroid synthesis, mainly related to estrogen. A 5' UTR polymorphism involving a single base pair change in the promoter region results in increased transcriptional activity. In the present study of 250 breast cancer cases and 250 ma tched controls, the A1 genotype frequency was elevated in the disease group, while the A2 genotype frequency demonstrated no association. When data were stratified by risk conferring group, however, the A2 genotype frequency was increased in postmenopausal breast cancer cases (4.2%), patients positive for a family history of breast cancer (5.5%), high BMI, estrogen receptor (6.2%) and progesterone receptor negative (5.0%) status, HER2/neu positive (7.7%) status, positive node status (5.0%) as well as advanced stage of the disease. The A1A1 genotype linked with increased production of androgens might impact on onset of breast cancer while the A2 allele showed associations with respect to important risk conferring parameters.

Association of an MDR1 gene (C3435T) polymorphism with acute leukemia in India

The multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene product P-glycoprotein is a membrane bound protein that functions as an ATP-dependent efflux pump, transporting exogenous and endogenous substrates from the cells. Since it plays an important role in chemotherapy, there is an increasing interest in the possible significance of genetic variation in MDR1. Our main objective was to study the MDR1gene polymorphism at C3435T with reference to development and progression of acute leukemia. The present study included 290 acute leukemia cases, comprising of 147 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 143 acute myeloid leukemia and 249 age-sex matched control samples for the analysis of MDR1 C3435T polymorphism, by the PCR-RFLP method. The MDR1 genotype distribution revealed an elevated frequency of the TT genotype in ALL cases (51.7%) as compared to controls (28.9%), whereas AML group did not show any association. The mean white blood cell count, blast% and LDH levels were increased in ALL patients with the CC genotype. No deviation was observed with respect to hematoglobin, platelet count and disease free survival in ALL patients. The association of CC genotype with clinical variables in ALL indicated that the CC genotype with high expression might be eliminating antileukemic drugs (anthracyclines, Daunorubicin, Vincristeine, Mitoxanthrone) which are P-gp substrates, leading to lower intra cellular drug concentrations and a poor prognosis. Such an association with the CC genotype was not observed in AML. In conclusion, these results suggested that the MDR1 TT genotype might influence risk of development of acute lympoblastic leukemia and the CC genotype might be linked to a poor prognosis of ALL.

Association of the GSTP1 gene (Ile105Val) polymorphism with chronic myeloid leukemia

The GSTP1 enzyme plays a key role in biotransformation and bioactivation of certain environmental pollutants such as benzo[a]pyrene-7, 8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) and other diol epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It catalyses the detoxification of base propanols that arise from DNA oxidation thus offering cellular protection against oxidative stress. A single nucleotide polymorphism at codon 105 results in the substitution of isoleucine (Ile) to valine (Val) causing a metabolically less active variant of the enzyme. We here assessed the impact of the GSTP1 codon 105 polymorphism in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) development and therapy response. The Ile105Val polymorphism was analyzed using a PCR-RFLP technique. Two hundred and sixty patients with CML and 248 healthy, age and sex matched controls were included in the study of associations with patient characteristics and treatment outcome. The GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism was significantly associated with CML development (?2 = 9.57; df = 2; p = 0.0084). With respect to clinical phase, CML patients in advanced phase (accelerated and blast crisis) had higher frequency of heterozygous (Ile/Val) genotype (47.62%) compared to chronic phase (36.5%). Further 54.5% of patients in blast crisis carried valine allele as compared to those in chronic phase (36.5%). The frequency of combined genotypes (Ile/Val, Val/Val) was elevated in cytogenetic poor (41.6%) and minor (53.57%) responders as compared to major (38.51%) responders. Hence the present study suggests that GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism with reduced GSTP1 enzyme activity might influence CML development, progression and response rates.

Analysis of CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A5*6 gene polymorphisms in Indian chronic myeloid leukemia patients

CYP3A5 is a member of the CYP3A gene family which metabolizes 50% of therapeutic drugs and steroid hormones. CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A5*6 polymorphisms exhibit inter-individual differences in CYP3A5 expression. The CYP3A5*3 allele (A6986G transition in intron 3) results in loss of CYP3A5 expression and the CYP3A5*6 allele (G14690A transition in exon 2, leading to the skipping of exon 7) is associated with lower CYP3A5 catalytic activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate their influence on susceptibility to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). 265 CML cases and 241 age and sex matched healthy controls were analyzed by the PCR-RFLP technique. The frequencies of homozygous 3/3 genotype and CYP3A5*3 allele were elevated significantly in the CML group compared to controls (χ²=93.15, df=2, p=0.0001). With respect to clinical parameters, CYP3A5*3 allele frequency was increased in patients with advanced phase of the disease (0.71) as compared to those in chronic phase (0.65). Patients without hematological response (minor/poor) had higher frequency of 3/3 genotype (54.54%) as compared to those with major hematological response (41.2%). CYP3A5*6 allele was not observed in cases as well as in controls. Our study suggests that the CYP3A5*3 gene polymorphism is significantly associated with the risk of CML development and disease progression.

Induction of mucosal and systemic humoral immune responses in murine system by intranasal immunization with peptide antigens of P. vivax and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in microparticle delivery

In the present study we have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of two adjuvants, CpG 1826 (two copies of CpG motifs) and CpG 2006 (three copies of CpG motifs) to the five peptide antigens of Plasmodium vivax derived from circumsporozoite protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1#1, MSP1#23), apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) and gametocyte surface antigen (Pvs24) in alum and microparticle formulations, using intramuscular and intranasal routes of immunization. Alum formulation without CpG ODN generated low serum IgG and IgA antibody titers and the predominant IgG isotypes were IgG1 but with the addition of CpG ODN (1826 or 2006), the antibody titers were increased by four fold with the predominance of IgG2a/2b isotypes. The SIgA peak titers in lung and intestinal washes were significantly increased with the intranasal mode of administration. Specific activity measurement was done to calculate for the accurate amounts of total serum IgG, IgA and SIgA in washes and showed direct correlation between antibody titer and its concentration. High titer anti-Pvs24 antibodies have significant inhibitory effects on parasite development in the mosquito midgut when tested in membrane feeding assays. The immunofluorescence results show that the peptide specific antisera reacted with the air-dried parasite antigens isolated from P. vivax patients. The present study demonstrates that intranasal route of immunization appears to be an alternate mode of inducing protective immunity in P. vivax malaria.

Association of CYP1A1*2 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk: a case control study

BACKGROUND

The Cytochrome P-4501A1 (CYP1A1) gene, located on chromosome 15q, is involved in the metabolism of carcinogens mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as estrogen. It is considered as candidate gene for low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility. Hence the present study aims to discuss the role of CYP1A1 polymorphisms in breast cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 250 breast cancer patients and the same number of healthy age-matched controls were analyzed for the polymorphism of CYP1A1*2 by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

RESULTS

In the present study, association of CYP1A1*2 (Ile 462Val) polymorphism with breast cancer was studied. Only one breast cancer patient was observed to be homozygous for Val allele but none among controls. The frequency of heterozygous Ile/Val genotype was found to be increased significantly in breast cancer patients (68.1%) as compared to controls (51.0%). Higher frequency of heterozygotes for Val allele was observed among premenopausal breast cancer patients and patients with high BMI, positive for HER2/neu status and advanced stage of the disease in comparison to the corresponding groups. No significant association of CYP1A1*2 polymorphism was observed with occupation, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status of breast cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our results suggest a significant correlation between CYP1A1*2 expression and the occurrence of breast cancer.

Molecular mechanisms in response to phosphate starvation in rice

Phosphorus is one of the most important elements that significantly affect plant growth and metabolism. Among the macro-nutrients, phosphorus is the least available to the plants as major phosphorus content of the fertiliser is sorbed by soil particles. An increased knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms controlling plant's phosphorus status is vital for improving phosphorus uptake and P-use efficiency and for reducing excessive input of fertilisers, while maintaining an acceptable yield. Phosphorus use efficiency has been studied using forward and reverse genetic analyses of mutants, quantitative genomic approaches and whole plant physiology but all these studies need to be integrated for a clearer understanding. We provide a critical overview on the molecular mechanisms and the components involved in the plant during phosphorus starvation. Then we summarize the information available on the genes and QTLs involved in phosphorus signalling and also the methods to estimate total phosphate in plant tissue. Also, an effort is made to build a comprehensive picture of phosphorus uptake, homeostasis, assimilation, remobilization, its deposition in the grain and its interaction with other micro- and macro-nutrients as well as phytohormones.

Time-dependent effects of ethanol on blood oxidative stress parameters and cytokines

Alcohol consumption is implicated in the genesis of a spectrum of liver abnormalities, which are associated with a number of factors. In the present study, time-dependent effects of ethanol on cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-gamma, VEGF-A and TGF-beta1) in serum, and blood oxidative stress parameters such as reduced glutathione content, TBARS level and activities of GPx, GR, GST, catalase and SOD in 8-10 weeks-old male BALB/c mice have been investigated. Ethanol administered @ 1.6 g/kg body wt/day significantly increased the activities of liver marker enzymes AST, ALT and ALP. Serum nitrite levels and haemolysate TBARS level also increased, while total antioxidant status in serum and GSH content in whole blood hemolysate decreased from 4th week onwards of exposure. In spite of the increased serum nitrite level and GST activity in the haemolysate, albumin level in serum, GPx and GR activities in haemolysate decreased after 12 weeks of exposure. Chronic ethanol treatment did not show any effect on IL-2, but IL-4 level was reduced and other cytokines such as IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta1 and VEGF-A levels were increased significantly after 12 weeks. The study indicates a relationship between free radical generation and immune response, and suggests that ethanol-induced liver damage is associated with oxidative stress and immunological alterations in a time-dependent manner.

Suppressive effect of strychnos nux-vomica on induction of ovalbumin-specific IgE antibody response in mice

Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. (SNV; Loganiaceae), a medicinal plant has been used as folk medicine for alleviating inflammation, joint pains and allergic symptoms. In the present study, we examined its possible immunomodulatory effect on induction of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE antibody response in a murine model, as evaluated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). The OVA-specific IgE antibody response was significantly suppressed in BALB/c mice (H-2d), following intraperitoneal administration of aqueous stem extract of the plant along with OVA. Furthermore, the different doses of SNV extract were found to significantly suppress the induction of OVA-specific IgE antibody response. The anti-OVA IgE antibody response was suppressed in different haplotypes of mice viz., C57BL/6 (H-2b) and SWR/J (H-29). However, preliminary findings revealed no significant change in the total IgG antibody response against OVA, as evaluated by ELISA. These results confirm the suppressive activity of S. nux-vomica on allergen-specific IgE antibody response and suggest its possible application in allergic conditions.

KEYWORDS

Strychnlos nux-vomica, Immunomodulation, Immunosuppression, IgE antibody response, Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, ELISA

Inhibition of apoptosis, activation of NKT cell and upregulation of CD40 and CD40L mediated by M. leprae antigen(s) combined with Murabutide and Trat peptide in leprosy patients

Protective immunity against intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae is dependent on the activation of T cells. Repeated stimulation of T cells by M. leprae antigens MLCwA (M. leprae total cell wall antigen) and ManLAM (mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan), may lead to apoptosis in leprosy patients. In the present study, inhibition of the Fas-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of leprosy patients was investigated using above M. leprae antigen(s), in combination with immunomodulators murabutide (MB) and a Trat peptide in particulate form (liposome). Incubation of the cells with antigen containing the two immunomodulators in particulate form (liposomes) led to decrease in percentage of propidium iodide positive cells and T cells expressing Fas-FasL as well as decreased caspase-8/-3 activities in lepromatous patients, thereby inhibiting apoptosis, while converse was true upon stimulation with soluble antigen. Concurrently, there was an upregulation of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL in lepromatous patients, leading to the inhibition of apoptosis. It was also observed that same formulation upregulated the expression of CD40 on B cells and monocytes-macrophages and CD40L on T cells of lepromatous leprosy patients. The same liposomal formulation significantly increased the expression of CD1b and CD1d on monocytes-macrophages as well as percentage of NKT cells secreting IFN-gamma in lepromatous leprosy patients. Thus, the liposomal formulation of antigen with the immunomodulators in vitro promoted the activation of CD40:CD40L pathways and NKT cell function involved in providing cell-mediated immunity to these patients. The same formulation also caused reversal of T cell anergy by inhibiting apoptosis through decreased expression of death receptors (Fas-FasL) and caspase activities (3 and 8) and increased expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL in these patients.

Liposomal delivery of Mycobacterium leprae antigen(s) with murabutide and Trat peptide inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from leprosy patients

Protective immunity against intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae is dependent on the activation of T cells. Repeated stimulation of T cells by M. leprae antigens MLCwA (M. leprae total cell wall antigen) and ManLAM (mannose capped lipoarabinomannan) may lead to apoptosis in leprosy patients. In the present study, inhibition of the Fas-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of leprosy patients was investigated using above M. leprae antigen(s), in combination with immunomodulators murabutide (MB) and a Trat peptide in particulate form (liposome). Incubation of the cells with particulate mode of antigen presentation led to both decreased percentage of propidium iodide (PI) positive cells and T cells expressing Fas-FasL, as well as decreased caspase-8/-3 activities in the lepromatous patients, thereby inhibiting apoptosis, while converse was true with stimulation with soluble antigen. Concurrently, there was an upregulation of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-X(L) in the lepromatous patients, thereby inhibiting apoptosis. Thus, the liposomal formulation of antigen promoted proliferation of anergized T cell by inhibiting apoptosis through decreased expression of death receptors and caspase activities and increased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-X(L) in these patients.

Size dependent multiphoton absorption and refraction of CdSe nanoparticles

We report a systematic investigation on nonlinear optical properties of CdSe nanoparticles that are smaller as well as larger than the Bohr radius. Multiphoton absorption and nonlinear refraction properties of CdSe nanoparticles observed with 800nm wavelength and 110femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser are presented. These nonlinear optical studies were undertaken by performing open and closed aperture Z-scan measurements. The four different sizes of CdSe nanoparticles investigated are 5nm, 10nm, 25nm and 400nm. Both the quantum dots 5nm, 10nm sizes (taking the literature value of 10.6nm as the Bohr exciton diameter) show four photon absorption (4PA), while the 25nm and 400nm show the three photon absorption (3PA) properties. All four sizes of CdSe nanoparticles show the positive nonlinear refraction (n2).