1
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Kassabian B, Levy AM, Gardella E, Aledo-Serrano A, Ananth AL, Brea-Fernández AJ, Caumes R, Chatron N, Dainelli A, De Wachter M, Denommé-Pichon AS, Dye TJ, Fazzi E, Felt R, Fernández-Jaén A, Fernández-Prieto M, Gantz E, Gasperowicz P, Gil-Nagel A, Gómez-Andrés D, Greiner HM, Guerrini R, Haanpää MK, Helin M, Hoyer J, Hurst ACE, Kallish S, Karkare SN, Khan A, Kleinendorst L, Koch J, Kothare SV, Koudijs SM, Lagae L, Lakeman P, Leppig KA, Lesca G, Lopergolo D, Lusk L, Mackenzie A, Mei D, Møller RS, Pereira EM, Platzer K, Quelin C, Revah-Politi A, Rheims S, Rodríguez-Palmero A, Rossi A, Santorelli F, Seinfeld S, Sell E, Stephenson D, Szczaluba K, Trinka E, Umair M, Van Esch H, van Haelst MM, Veenma DCM, Weber S, Weckhuysen S, Zacher P, Tümer Z, Rubboli G. Developmental epileptic encephalopathy in DLG4-related synaptopathy. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1029-1045. [PMID: 38135915 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The postsynaptic density protein of excitatory neurons PSD-95 is encoded by discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4 (DLG4), de novo pathogenic variants of which lead to DLG4-related synaptopathy. The major clinical features are developmental delay, intellectual disability (ID), hypotonia, sleep disturbances, movement disorders, and epilepsy. Even though epilepsy is present in 50% of the individuals, it has not been investigated in detail. We describe here the phenotypic spectrum of epilepsy and associated comorbidities in patients with DLG4-related synaptopathy. METHODS We included 35 individuals with a DLG4 variant and epilepsy as part of a multicenter study. The DLG4 variants were detected by the referring laboratories. The degree of ID, hypotonia, developmental delay, and motor disturbances were evaluated by the referring clinician. Data on awake and sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and/or video-polygraphy and brain magnetic resonance imaging were collected. Antiseizure medication response was retrospectively assessed by the referring clinician. RESULTS A large variety of seizure types was reported, although focal seizures were the most common. Encephalopathy related to status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep (ESES)/developmental epileptic encephalopathy with spike-wave activation during sleep (DEE-SWAS) was diagnosed in >25% of the individuals. All but one individual presented with neurodevelopmental delay. Regression in verbal and/or motor domains was observed in all individuals who suffered from ESES/DEE-SWAS, as well as some who did not. We could not identify a clear genotype-phenotype relationship even between individuals with the same DLG4 variants. SIGNIFICANCE Our study shows that a subgroup of individuals with DLG4-related synaptopathy have DEE, and approximately one fourth of them have ESES/DEE-SWAS. Our study confirms DEE as part of the DLG4-related phenotypic spectrum. Occurrence of ESES/DEE-SWAS in DLG4-related synaptopathy requires proper investigation with sleep EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Kassabian
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Dianalund, Denmark
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Amanda M Levy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Gardella
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Angel Aledo-Serrano
- Epilepsy and Neurogenetics Unit, Vithas la Milagrosa University Hospital, Vithas Hospital Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amitha L Ananth
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alejandro J Brea-Fernández
- Grupo de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERER-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Genética, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Chatron
- Service de Genetique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Institute NeuroMyoGène, Laboratoire Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Centre National de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 5261- L'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1315, Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alice Dainelli
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias De Wachter
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- Functional Unit for Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine TRANSLationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU-TRANSLAD), Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
- L'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 1231, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement (GAD), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine TRANSLationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU-TRANSLAD), University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas J Dye
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roxanne Felt
- Department of Neurology, Kaiser Permanente Bellevue Medical Center, Bellevue, Washington, USA
| | - Alberto Fernández-Jaén
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics Section, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Fernández-Prieto
- Grupo de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERER-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Genética, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emily Gantz
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Piotr Gasperowicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antonio Gil-Nagel
- Neurology Department, Epilepsy Program, Ruber Internacional Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Gómez-Andrés
- Child Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hansel M Greiner
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria K Haanpää
- Department of Genomics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Minttu Helin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juliane Hoyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Institute of Human Genetics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna C E Hurst
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Staci Kallish
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shefali N Karkare
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Koch
- University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sanjeev V Kothare
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Suzanna M Koudijs
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erfelijke Neuro-Cognitieve Ontwikkelingsstoornissen, Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center (ENCORE)-GRIN Expertise Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieven Lagae
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Section Paediatric Neurology, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Phillis Lakeman
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen A Leppig
- Genetic Services, Kaiser Permanente of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Service de Genetique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Institute NeuroMyoGène, Laboratoire Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Centre National de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 5261- L'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1315, Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Diego Lopergolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laina Lusk
- Division of Neurology, Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Mackenzie
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davide Mei
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Florence, Italy
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elaine M Pereira
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chloe Quelin
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Anya Revah-Politi
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Agustí Rodríguez-Palmero
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Filippo Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Syndi Seinfeld
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA
| | - Erick Sell
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Stephenson
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krzysztof Szczaluba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Center of Excellence for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Neurointensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
- Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle C M Veenma
- Erfelijke Neuro-Cognitieve Ontwikkelingsstoornissen, Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center (ENCORE)-GRIN Expertise Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center (MC)-Sophia Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Weber
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pia Zacher
- Center for Adults with Disability (MZEB), Epilepsy Center Kleinwachau, Radeberg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guido Rubboli
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Freire CM, King NR, Dzieciatkowska M, Stephenson D, Moura PL, Dobbe JGG, Streekstra GJ, D'Alessandro A, Toye AM, Satchwell TJ. Complete absence of GLUT1 does not impair human terminal erythroid differentiation. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.10.574621. [PMID: 38293086 PMCID: PMC10827085 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.574621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is one of the most abundant proteins within the erythrocyte membrane and is required for glucose and dehydroascorbic acid (Vitamin C precursor) transport. It is widely recognized as a key protein for red cell structure, function, and metabolism. Previous reports highlighted the importance of GLUT1 activity within these uniquely glycolysis-dependent cells, in particular for increasing antioxidant capacity needed to avoid irreversible damage from oxidative stress in humans. However, studies of glucose transporter roles in erythroid cells are complicated by species-specific differences between humans and mice. Here, using CRISPR-mediated gene editing of immortalized erythroblasts and adult CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, we generate committed human erythroid cells completely deficient in expression of GLUT1. We show that absence of GLUT1 does not impede human erythroblast proliferation, differentiation, or enucleation. This work demonstrates for the first-time generation of enucleated human reticulocytes lacking GLUT1. The GLUT1-deficient reticulocytes possess no tangible alterations to membrane composition or deformability in reticulocytes. Metabolomic analyses of GLUT1-deficient reticulocytes reveal hallmarks of reduced glucose import, downregulated metabolic processes and upregulated AMPK-signalling, alongside alterations in antioxidant metabolism, resulting in increased osmotic fragility and metabolic shifts indicative of higher oxidant stress. Despite detectable metabolic changes in GLUT1 deficient reticulocytes, the absence of developmental phenotype, detectable proteomic compensation or impaired deformability comprehensively alters our understanding of the role of GLUT1 in red blood cell structure, function and metabolism. It also provides cell biological evidence supporting clinical consensus that reduced GLUT1 expression does not cause anaemia in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Freire
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - N R King
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - D Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - P L Moura
- Center for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J G G Dobbe
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G J Streekstra
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - A M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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3
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Fitzgerald MP, Kaufman MC, Massey SL, Fridinger S, Prelack M, Ellis C, Ortiz-Gonzalez X, Fried LE, DiGiovine MP, Melamed S, Malcolm M, Banwell B, Stephenson D, Witzman SM, Gonzalez A, Dlugos D, Kessler SK, Goldberg EM, Abend NS, Helbig I. Assessing seizure burden in pediatric epilepsy using an electronic medical record-based tool through a common data element approach. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1617-1628. [PMID: 34075580 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Improvement in epilepsy care requires standardized methods to assess disease severity. We report the results of implementing common data elements (CDEs) to document epilepsy history data in the electronic medical record (EMR) after 12 months of clinical use in outpatient encounters. METHODS Data regarding seizure frequency were collected during routine clinical encounters using a CDE-based form within our EMR. We extracted CDE data from the EMR and developed measurements for seizure severity and seizure improvement scores. Seizure burden and improvement was evaluated by patient demographic and encounter variables for in-person and telemedicine encounters. RESULTS We assessed a total of 1696 encounters in 1038 individuals with childhood epilepsies between September 6, 2019 and September 11, 2020 contributed by 32 distinct providers. Childhood absence epilepsy (n = 121), Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (n = 86), and Dravet syndrome (n = 42) were the most common epilepsy syndromes. Overall, 43% (737/1696) of individuals had at least monthly seizures, 17% (296/1696) had a least daily seizures, and 18% (311/1696) were seizure-free for >12 months. Quantification of absolute seizure burden and changes in seizure burden over time differed between epilepsy syndromes, including high and persistent seizure burden in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Individuals seen via telemedicine or in-person encounters had comparable seizure frequencies. Individuals identifying as Hispanic/Latino, particularly from postal codes with lower median household incomes, were more likely to have ongoing seizures that worsened over time. SIGNIFICANCE Standardized documentation of clinical data in childhood epilepsies through CDE can be implemented in routine clinical care at scale and enables assessment of disease burden, including characterization of seizure burden over time. Our data provide insights into heterogeneous patterns of seizure control in common pediatric epilepsy syndromes and will inform future initiatives focusing on patient-centered outcomes in childhood epilepsies, including the impact of telemedicine and health care disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Fitzgerald
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Kaufman
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shavonne L Massey
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Fridinger
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marisa Prelack
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colin Ellis
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xilma Ortiz-Gonzalez
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence E Fried
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marissa P DiGiovine
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Melamed
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marissa Malcolm
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donna Stephenson
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Witzman
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dennis Dlugos
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sudha Kilaru Kessler
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Abend
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chadehumbe M, Craig S, Stephenson D, Helbig I. Child Neurology Telemedicine: Understanding the Data We Have and Finding the Patients We Do Not See. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 116:84. [PMID: 33508732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Chadehumbe
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sansanee Craig
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna Stephenson
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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5
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Pan H, Grabau R, Vargas I, Baldwin M, Cara B, Stephenson D, Lindon A, Chalfant C, Wickline S. P702Anti-thrombin nanoparticles for reduce vascular damage and promote functional recovery in acute ischemic kidney injury well after reperfusion. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz747.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
We have shown previously that pretreatment of acute ischemic kidney injury (AKI) in mice prior to reperfusion with anti-thrombin perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFC NP) limits damage to endothelium and hastens functional recovery. However, whether such treatments are effective after AKI is established is not known. We hypothesized that thrombin would continue to exert deleterious clotting and molecular signaling effects in AKI well after reperfusion that would respond to sustained local inhibition with long acting anti-thrombin nanoparticles.
Methods
23 C57Bl6 mice underwent bilateral kidney ischemia for 17 min, followed by 2 hours reperfusion and i.v. injection of anti-thrombin PPACK (D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone)-conjugated PFC NP (∼ 13,000 PPACK per PFC NP), or plain PFC NP (control: no drug). At 24 hours BUN was measured, and mice were euthanized for kidney histological assessment (H&E), protein expression (western blot) and eicosanoid mediators of inflammation (LC-MS/MS: AB SCIEX 5500 QTRAP).
Results
BUN at 24 hours after AKI was 63.29±9.09 vs 110.96±6.21 (P<0.002), for treated versus untreated mice, respectively, a 43% improvement. Western blots (Figure) indicated 40% reduction of canonical NF-kB signaling pathway protein p65 (p<0.01) and 2.2 fold increases in Bcl-xL: Bax ratio (P<0.01). Vascular damage, as indicated by glomerular and mesangial hemorrhage (Figure), was reduced, as was tubular cell swelling and edema. Levels of inflammatory procoagulant eicosanoids (e.g., PGE1, TBX2, PGA2, 15-HETE, 5-HETE, etc.) generally were higher in renal medulla than in cortex, and were suppressed by PPACK PFC NP.
Discussion
Continued inhibition of thrombin in AKI with locally-acting PPACK PFC NP preserved vascular integrity, limited renal hemorrhage, mitigated inflammation and tubular cell death, and accelerated functional recovery even when administered 2 hours after reperfusion. Because these PPACK PFC NP do not prolong bleeding times or coagulation parameters beyond ∼30–60 min after injection, yet maintain prolonged local surveillance against activated thrombin, they represent a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for established AKI after an ischemic insult.
Acknowledgement/Funding
DK102691
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pan
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
| | - R Grabau
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
| | - I Vargas
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
| | - M Baldwin
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
| | - B Cara
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
| | - D Stephenson
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
| | - A Lindon
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
| | - C Chalfant
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
| | - S Wickline
- University of South Florida, The Heart Institute, Tampa, United States of America
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6
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Stephenson D, Perry J, Perry A. P155 Sample decontamination - how does treatment really affect the recovery of nontuberculous mycobacteria. J Cyst Fibros 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(19)30449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Stephenson D, Perry A, Appleby MR, Lee D, Davison J, Johnston A, Jones AL, Nelson A, Bourke SJ, Thomas MF, De Soyza A, Lordan JL, Lumb J, Robb AE, Samuel JR, Walton KE, Perry JD. An evaluation of methods for the isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria from patients with cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis and patients assessed for lung transplantation. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:19. [PMID: 30665395 PMCID: PMC6341538 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RGM medium is an agar-based, selective culture medium designed for the isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) from the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We evaluated RGM medium for the detection of NTM in patients with CF (405 samples), bronchiectasis (323 samples) and other lung diseases necessitating lung transplantation (274 samples). METHODS In total, 1002 respiratory samples from 676 patients were included in the study. Direct culture on RGM medium, with incubation at two temperatures (30 °C and 37 °C), was compared with conventional culture of decontaminated samples for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) using both a solid medium (Löwenstein-Jensen medium) and a liquid medium (the Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube; MGIT). RESULTS For all three patient groups, significantly more isolates of NTM were recovered using RGM medium incubated at 30 °C than by any other method (sensitivity: 94.6% vs. 22.4% for conventional AFB culture; P < 0.0001). Significantly more isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus complex were isolated on RGM at 30 °C than by AFB culture (sensitivity: 96.1% vs. 58.8%; P < 0.0001). The recovery of Mycobacterium avium complex was also greater using RGM medium at 30 °C compared to AFB culture (sensitivity: 83% vs. 70.2%), although this difference was not statistically significant and a combination of methods was necessary for optimal recovery (P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS In the largest study of RGM medium to date, we reaffirm its utility for isolation of NTM from patients with CF. Furthermore; we show that it also provides an effective tool for culture of respiratory samples from patients with bronchiectasis and other lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephenson
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Perry
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - M R Appleby
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - D Lee
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - J Davison
- Adult Bronchiectasis Service, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Johnston
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A L Jones
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Nelson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S J Bourke
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M F Thomas
- Paediatric Respiratory Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A De Soyza
- Adult Bronchiectasis Service, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J L Lordan
- Cardiopulmonary Transplant Service, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Lumb
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - A E Robb
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - J R Samuel
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - K E Walton
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - J D Perry
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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8
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Perry A, Stephenson D, Perry J, Appleby M, Samuel J, Gould F. Superior Isolation of Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria, Including Mycobacterium abscessus Complex, From Lung Transplant Patients Using RGM Medium Compared With Traditional AFB Culture. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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9
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Fridinger S, Stephenson D. Post-concussion Syndrome and Neurologic Complications. Curr Pediatr Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-018-0149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Romero K, Ito K, Rogers JA, Polhamus D, Qiu R, Stephenson D, Mohs R, Lalonde R, Sinha V, Wang Y, Brown D, Isaac M, Vamvakas S, Hemmings R, Pani L, Bain LJ, Corrigan B. The future is now: model-based clinical trial design for Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 97:210-4. [PMID: 25669145 PMCID: PMC6463482 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Failures in trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be attributable to inadequate dosing, population selection, drug inefficacy, or insufficient design optimization. The Coalition Against Major Diseases (CAMD) was formed in 2008 to develop drug development tools (DDT) to expedite drug development for AD and Parkinson's disease. CAMD led a process that successfully advanced a clinical trial simulation (CTS) tool for AD through the formal regulatory review process at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Romero
- Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizone, USA
| | - K Ito
- Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - JA Rogers
- Metrum Research Group, Tariffville, Connecticut, USA
| | - D Polhamus
- Metrum Research Group, Tariffville, Connecticut, USA
| | - R Qiu
- Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - R Mohs
- Eli Lilly, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - V Sinha
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Y Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - D Brown
- European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - M Isaac
- European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | - L Pani
- European Medicines Agency, London, UK
| | - LJ Bain
- Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizone, USA
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11
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Abstract
Abstract
The magnetic field dependence of the 1H spin-lattice relaxation time in ammonium persulphate shows pronounced minima near the 1H magnetic resonance frequencies of 1,200 and 2,200 kHz. These are interpreted in terms of a model involving cross-relaxation between 1H in the NH4 ion and 17O in natural abundance in the S2O2-
8 ions, the latter having a much shorter spin-lattice relaxation time. A theoretical analysis of the shape of the minima is used to derive values for the 17O quadrupole parameters. This analysis results in best estimate values for the quadrupole coupling constant of 6.75 (± 0.05) MHz and an asymmetry of 0.30 (± 0.02). Such values are indicative o f O-H hydrogen bonding and suggest the S2O2-
8 ion is not undergoing rapid reorientation at temperatures below 320 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. F. Peirson
- Chemistry Department, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - J. A. S. Smith
- Chemistry Department, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - D. Stephenson
- Chemistry Department, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, W.I
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12
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Abstract
The boron and nitrogen nuclear quadrupole double resonance spectra of several ring compounds with transannular boron-nitrogen bonds are reported. The electron donation from nitrogen to boron as seen by their quadrupole coupling parallels the boron-nitrogen bond lengths. One of the compounds exhibits a transannular valence topomerisation between two identical boron-nitrogen pairs in solution which is frozen in the solid state but may possibly exist in a preformed state of this equilibrium from its quadrupole coupling. The oxygen-boron π-bond in boroxines, whose extent is deduced from the quadrupole coupling in one of the compounds with a boroxine-like structure at boron and in (PhBO)3, is approximately half as strong as the nitrogen-boron π-bond in borazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lötz
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität München
| | - J. Voitländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität München
| | - D. Stephenson
- Chemistry Department, King’s College (Kensington), Campden Hill Road, London W 8 7AH, Great Britain
| | - J. A. S. Smith
- Chemistry Department, King’s College (Kensington), Campden Hill Road, London W 8 7AH, Great Britain
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13
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Reid S, Stephenson D, Bowden L. Perception of emergency medicine by consultants and specialist registrars from other hospital specialties. Emerg Med J 2011; 26:706-10. [PMID: 19773487 DOI: 10.1136/emj.2008.066977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first study to consider feedback on the specialty of emergency medicine (EM) given by other hospital specialties. METHOD A questionnaire was sent to 100 randomly selected consultants and specialist registrars from other specialties in a district general hospital in Northern England. The response rate was 67%. RESULTS 80% of respondents felt that the official term for the specialty should be "accident and emergency medicine". Resuscitation and major trauma were given the highest importance scores (>9/10) when evaluating the purpose of EM and minor injuries were given an intermediate importance score (6.5/10). Respondents advocated "rapid rule out" of acute medical problems by the emergency department (75%) and "any trained individual" carrying out ultrasound (72%) or stroke thrombolysis (59%) in the emergency department. Rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia exclusively by emergency physicians was unpopular (3%). Respondents were least satisfied with the study department's documentation, availability of senior staff 24 h/day and the availability of equipment and drugs. Polyclinics and closure of smaller emergency department were unpopular future proposals, while 70% advocated a revival of traditional out-of-hours general practice services. CONCLUSION The perceived purpose, strengths and weaknesses of EM provide a focus for training and development, while opinion on new practices indicates areas where resistance to change may be met. The results can contribute to decision-making for emergency departments and for EM as it strives to adapt to its role in the modern NHS. Further similar studies are planned on a wider scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reid
- Accident and Emergency Department, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK.
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15
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Abstract
Operant temporal discrimination learning was investigated in goldfish. In the first experiment, there was a fixed daily change in illumination. Eight subjects were trained to operate a lever that reinforced each press with food. The period during which responses were reinforced was then progressively reduced until it was 1 hr in every 24. The final 1-hr feeding schedule was maintained over 4 weeks. The feeding period commenced at the same time each day throughout. The food dispensers were then made inactive, and a period of extinction ensued for 6 days. The pattern of responding suggested that the fish were able to exhibit temporal discrimination in anticipation of feeding time. This pattern of responding persisted for a limited number of days during the extinction procedure. The second experiment produced evidence that operant temporal discrimination could develop under continuous illumination.
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Brien S, Bishop F, Riggs K, Stephenson D, Friere V, Lewith G. Trade offs: A framework analysis of factors affecting adherence to orthodox medicine in complementary and alternative medicine users with chronic health conditions. Eur J Integr Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2009.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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D'Haens G, Hommes D, Engels L, Baert F, van der Waaij L, Connor P, Ramage J, Dewit O, Palmen M, Stephenson D, Joseph R. Once daily MMX mesalazine for the treatment of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: a phase II, dose-ranging study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24:1087-97. [PMID: 16984503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SPD476 (MMX mesalazine), is a novel, once daily, high-strength mesalazine formulation (1.2 g/tablet) that utilizes Multi Matrix System (MMX) technology to delay and extend delivery of the active drug throughout the colon. AIM To assess the safety and efficacy of MMX mesalazine in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis, in a pilot, phase II, randomized, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-ranging study (SPD476-202). METHODS Thirty-eight patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis were randomized to MMX mesalazine 1.2, 2.4 or 4.8 g/day given once daily for 8 weeks. Remission ulcerative colitis-disease activity index (UC-DAI) < or =1, a score of 0 for rectal bleeding and stool frequency, and > or =1 -point reduction in sigmoidoscopy score from baseline was the primary end point. RESULTS Week 8 remission rates were 0%, 31% and 18% of patients receiving MMX mesalazine 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 g/day respectively. No statistically significant difference in remission was observed between treatment groups. MMX mesalazine 2.4 and 4.8 g/day groups demonstrated greater improvement in overall UC-DAI and component scores from baseline, compared with the 1.2 g/day group. CONCLUSION MMX mesalazine given as 2.4 or 4.8 g/day once daily is well tolerated and effective for the treatment of mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Imelda General Hospital, Imelda GI Clinical Research Center, Imeldalaan, Bonheiden, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Gray
- The Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories, London, and the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent
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19
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Buttle GA, Dewing T, Foster GE, Gray WH, Smith S, Stephenson D. The action of substances allied to 4:4'-diaminodiphenylsulphone in streptococcal and other infections in mice. Biochem J 2006; 32:1101-10. [PMID: 16746726 PMCID: PMC1264155 DOI: 10.1042/bj0321101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Buttle
- The Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories, London, the Wellcome Chemical Works, Dartford, and the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent
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20
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Chaplin R, Barley M, Cooper SJ, Kusel Y, McKendrick J, Stephenson D, Obuaya T, Stockton-Henderson J, O'Brien LS, Burns T. The impact of intellectual functioning on symptoms and service use in schizophrenia. J Intellect Disabil Res 2006; 50:288-94. [PMID: 16507033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate differences in the clinical profiles and use of psychiatric services by people with schizophrenia with and without borderline intellectual functioning. Both groups in this study were receiving standard community psychiatric care. METHODS A naturalistic sample of 372 people with schizophrenia completed the National Adult Reading Test. Data were collected prospectively over 18 months on psychiatric symptoms and service use. Three hundred and thirteen had normal intellectual functioning (mean age 43, range 20-76 years) and 59 had borderline or lower intellectual functioning (mean age 45, range 21-81 years). This was defined by a National Adult Reading Test error score of more than 40. RESULTS People with borderline or lower intellectual functioning had a lower quality of life, more severe psychotic symptoms, reduced functioning and fewer antidepressant prescriptions. There were no significant differences in service use including hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS People with schizophrenia and borderline or lower intellectual functioning are a more disabled group within general adult psychiatric services who should be the focus of initiatives for improved service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaplin
- Royal College of Psychiatrists-College Research Unit, London, UK.
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21
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22
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Filik R, Sipos A, Kehoe PG, Burns T, Cooper SJ, Stevens H, Laugharne R, Young G, Perrington S, McKendrick J, Stephenson D, Harrison G. The cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 113:298-305. [PMID: 16638074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with severe mental illness (SMI) and compare findings with the Health Surveys for England. METHOD A prospective, multi-centre observational prevalence study of 602 patients with schizophrenia-related psychoses carried out in six locations across the UK over 24 months. RESULTS Compared with general population subjects, people with SMI reported higher rates of angina and respiratory symptoms and had poor lung function. Much of this increased risk could be explained by lifestyle risk factors; there were increased levels of obesity among younger people with SMI. CONCLUSION Key indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with SMI are poor compared with those of the general population. Care plans should prioritize interventions to attenuate lifestyle risk factors. Evidence of increasing obesity in younger patients is of particular concern, predicting even greater health needs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Filik
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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23
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Burns T, Christova L, Cooper S, Harrison G, McKendrick J, Laugharne R, Obuaya T, McCreadie R, O'Brien S, Perrington S, Stephenson D. Maintenance antipsychotic medication patterns in outpatient schizophrenia patients: a naturalistic cohort study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 113:126-34. [PMID: 16423164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Newer antipsychotics are increasingly used in schizophrenia maintenance. The UK change has been slow with little known on switching patterns. We aimed to investigate antipsychotic prescribing patterns in schizophrenia patients. METHOD A naturalistic six-site cohort sample of 600 patients were interviewed by researchers at 6-monthly intervals for 2 years to record their clinical and social functioning; use of services and medication for the preceding 6 months was obtained by structured extraction from clinical case notes. RESULTS Alterations in antipsychotic medication were frequent in this group, mainly during periods of inpatient care. Atypical prescribing increased steadily, though slowly, across the period. Polypharmacy was less than anticipated. CONCLUSION Inpatient care remains the main forum for switching of antipsychotics. The UK maintains a slow shift to atypical antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Burns
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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24
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McCreadie RG, Stevens H, Henderson J, Hall D, McCaul R, Filik R, Young G, Sutch G, Kanagaratnam G, Perrington S, McKendrick J, Stephenson D, Burns T. The dental health of people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110:306-10. [PMID: 15352933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the dental health of community dwelling people with schizophrenia and to compare results with those in the general population. METHOD Dental health of 428 people with schizophrenia in six different areas of the UK was assessed by a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS Compared with the general population, significantly more of the younger patients were edentate (3-39% vs. 1-20%) and fewer had more than 20 teeth (70% vs. 83%). None of four dental health targets had been achieved in the patient population. More patients had last visited the dentist because of trouble with their teeth; fewer had visited for a check-up. Fewer patients cleaned their teeth daily; this group had more negative symptoms. CONCLUSION The dental health of people with schizophrenia is poor. Community mental health teams should encourage them to attend their community dentist regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G McCreadie
- Department of Clinical Research, Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries, UK.
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25
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Collins PW, Bolton-Maggs P, Stephenson D, Jenkins B, Loran C, Winter M. Pilot study of an Internet-based electronic patient treatment record and communication system for haemophilia, Advoy.com. Haemophilia 2003; 9:285-91. [PMID: 12694519 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2516.2003.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Communication between patients and haemophilia centres is important in the management of the disease. Traditionally this has been done by paper records which give retrospective and often incomplete data. This paper describes the development and pilot study of a novel Internet-based electronic patient treatment log. The advantages of the system include up to date information available to the haemophilia centre, less data entry, better quality records and an individualized alert system for significant events. The system was tested with ten patients at three UK haemophilia centres and found to be feasible and easy to use. In the opinion of the patients and health care professionals involved in the pilot study, the system improves quality, accuracy, accessibility and usefulness of patient generated data. Development of the system is ongoing and its use extended to other haemophilia centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Collins
- Arthur Bloom Haemophilia Centre, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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26
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Lees M, Aristides M, Maniadakis N, McKendrick J, Botwood N, Stephenson D. Economic evaluation of gemcitabine alone and in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Pharmacoeconomics 2002; 20:325-337. [PMID: 11994042 DOI: 10.2165/00019053-200220050-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost effectiveness of gemcitabine in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Gemcitabine was compared with best supportive care and gemcitabine/cisplatin was compared with three standard chemotherapies and four other novel chemotherapy combinations. Costs and effectiveness measures were based on resource and outcome data from previously reported clinical trials. All direct costs associated with NSCLC treatment were included and adjusted to year 2000 values. PERSPECTIVE UK National Health Service. RESULTS Gemcitabine plus best supportive care was associated with an incremental cost per progression-free life year gained of pound sterling5228 compared with best supportive care alone. In comparison with standard chemotherapies, gemcitabine/cisplatin was associated with an incremental cost per progression-free life year gained of pound sterling1751 versus etoposide/cisplatin and cost per 1-year survival gain of pound sterling5681 versus mitomycin/vinblastine/platinum. Incremental cost per tumour response was pound sterling2032 relative to etoposide/cisplatin, pound sterling5169 relative to mitomycin/ifosfamide/cisplatin and pound sterling6240 relative to mitomycin/vinblastine/platinum. Compared with four novel (newer) combination chemotherapies gemcitabine/ cisplatin showed cost savings in each case, with the same or better outcome. Thus, gemcitabine/cisplatin showed improved cost effectiveness and dominance. Sensitivity analyses showed the results were robust to variations to the values of key parameters. CONCLUSION Gemcitabine alone or in combination with cisplatin was assessed to be a cost-effective or cost-saving therapy when compared with best supportive care, standard chemotherapy regimens and novel chemotherapy combinations. Chemotherapy regimens containing gemcitabine therefore represent good value for money and efficient use of healthcare resources in the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lees
- M-TAG, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Botwood N, McKendrick J, Aristides M, Lees M, Maniadakis N, Wein W, Stephenson D. Economic evaluation of Gemzar/cisplatin relative to other cisplatin based treatments for non small cell lung (NSCLC) cancer in the UK. Eur J Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)81349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Baker SR, Stephenson D. Prediction and control as determinants of behavioural uncertainty: effects on task performance and heart rate reactivity. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 2000; 35:235-50. [PMID: 11330487 DOI: 10.1007/bf02688786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Control or control-belief is often viewed as being directly instrumental in facilitating coping mechanisms in aversive situations, and yet the empirical evidence for the beneficial effects of control is inconclusive. In this study we investigated the role of predictability in determining the effects of perceived control during an aversive reaction time task. Fifty-six subjects were allocated to one of four groups; predictable-control, predictable-no control, unpredictable-control, unpredictable-no control. In the predictable conditions, subjects could temporally predict the occurrence of an aversive noise. In the perceived control conditions, duration of the aversive tone was contingent on subject's performance. All subjects were matched in terms of the nature of the task and in the number and time of receipt of both the warning signal and noise. Heart rate reactivity and two performance parameters were measured, reaction time and performance increase. Both predictability and control-belief led to a reduction in heart rate reactivity, although they appeared to function independently and at different points in the sequence of events. That is, predictability or perceived control was sufficient to mitigate the effects of an aversive situation. Neither perception of control or predictability led to better task performance. These results are discussed in terms of behavioural uncertainty explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Baker
- Department of Psychology, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
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29
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Stephenson D. Detecting hereditary hemochromatosis. Nurse Pract 2000; 25:64, 69, 73-6. [PMID: 10916830 DOI: 10.1097/00006205-200025070-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis is the most commonly inherited autosomal recessive disorder. Hemochromatosis is a current or potential progression of abnormally high accumulations of iron in the liver. If left untreated, the condition can lead to chronic or irreversible hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, arthritis, and organ failure. Common signs and symptoms seen in the primary care setting include fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, palpitations, skin pigmentation changes, and arthropathy, but any symptom associated with organ damage may be reported. Because prompt intervention can cease or reverse the debilitating effects of iron overload, prompt disease diagnosis and treatments are imperative.
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30
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Stephenson D, Yin T, Smalstig EB, Hsu MA, Panetta J, Little S, Clemens J. Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B is activated in neurons after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20:592-603. [PMID: 10724123 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200003000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a multisubunit transcription factor that when activated induces the expression of genes encoding acute-phase proteins, cell adhesion molecules, cell surface receptors, and cytokines. NF-kappaB is composed of a variety of protein subunits of which p50-and p65-kDa (RelA) are the most widely studied. Under resting conditions, these subunits reside in the cytoplasm as an inactive complex bound by inhibitor proteins, IkappaB alpha and IkappaB beta. On activation, IkappaB is phosphorylated by IkappaB kinase and ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome; simultaneously, the active heterodimer translocates to the nucleus where it can initiate gene transcription. In the periphery, NF-kappaB is involved in inflammation through stimulation of the production of inflammatory mediators. The role of NF-kappaB in the brain is unclear. In vitro, NF-kappaB activation can be either protective or deleterious. The role of NF-kappaB in ischemic neuronal cell death in vivo was investigated. Adult male rats were subjected to 2 hours of focal ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 2, 6, and 12 hours after reperfusion, the expression and transactivation of NF-kappaB in ischemic versus nonischemic cortex and striatum were determined by immunocytochemistry and by electrophoretic mobility gel-shift analysis. At all time points studied, p50 and p65 immunoreactivity was found exclusively in the nuclei of cortical and striatal neurons in the ischemic hemisphere. The contralateral nonischemic hemisphere showed no evidence of nuclear NF-kappaB immunoreactivity. Double immunofluorescence confirmed expression of p50 in nuclei of neurons. Increased NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in nuclear extracts prepared from the ischemic hemisphere was further substantiated by electrophoretic mobility gel-shift analysis. Because the activation of NF-kappaB by many stimuli can be blocked by antioxidants in vitro, the effect of the antioxidant, LY341122, previously shown to be neuroprotective, on NF-kappaB activation in the MCAO model was evaluated. No significant activation of NF-kappaB was found by electrophoretic mobility gel-shift analysis in animals treated with LY341122. These results demonstrate that transient focal cerebral ischemia results in activation of NF-kappaB in neurons and supports previous observations that neuroprotective antioxidants may inhibit neuronal death by preventing the activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephenson
- Lilly Neuroscience, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, USA
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31
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Thompson C, Peveler RC, Stephenson D, McKendrick J. Compliance with antidepressant medication in the treatment of major depressive disorder in primary care: a randomized comparison of fluoxetine and a tricyclic antidepressant. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:338-43. [PMID: 10698807 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many claims have been made for superior compliance with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) compared with tricyclic antidepressants, but to date meta-analyses have not confirmed reduced dropouts in randomized controlled trials. The authors used a randomized study design to evaluate differential compliance with antidepressant medications in a primary care setting. METHOD A total of 152 patients treated in 10 primary care practices in the United Kingdom were included in a randomized, open-label, parallel-group study of fluoxetine and dothiepin at therapeutic doses for 12 weeks. Compliance was assessed by using pill count, patient questionnaires, and the Medication Event Monitoring System. RESULTS The level of compliance with fluoxetine was numerically higher than the level of compliance with dothiepin on all three primary outcome measures, although the differences were not significant. In a secondary analysis using data from the Medication Event Monitoring System, both a survival analysis for length of time without a gap in medicine taking and a derived compliance index showed a significant advantage to fluoxetine. Patients in the fluoxetine group reported superior response on the health transition scale of the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire and numerically greater improvement on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. In both treatment arms patients with a superior compliance index were more likely to have improved in Hamilton depression scale scores by the last study visit. CONCLUSIONS This study supports recent meta-analyses of SSRIs versus tricyclic antidepressants in finding no significant differences in crude indices of compliance between fluoxetine and dothiepin, despite marked differences in side effect profile and dose regimen. However, both a survival analysis and a new measure that takes account of prolonged periods of noncompliance distinguished between the treatments and was associated with improvement in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thompson
- Department of Mental Health, University of Southampton, England.
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32
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Bartolini B, Tipton KF, Bianchi L, Stephenson D, Cunningham C, Della Corte L. Determination of monoamine oxidase activity by HPLC with fluorimetric detection. Neurobiology (Bp) 1999; 7:109-21. [PMID: 10591046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The aldehyde produced from the oxidative deamination of primary and secondary amines by the monoamine oxidases (EC 1.4.3.4; MAO) or the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (EC 1.4.3.6; SSAO) may be determined followed reaction at elevated temperatures with 2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione-1-hydrazone (DIH), separation by high-performance chromatography liquid (C-8 column, eluting isocratically with acetonitrile, ammonium acetate, water) and fluorimetric detection (excitation and emission wavelengths 430 and 525 nm). The detection limits for benzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-phenylacetaldehyde were 125 nM, 150 and 62.3 nM, respectively. Thus the assay is appropriate for determination of amine oxidase activities towards benzylamine, 2-phenylethylamine and tyramine. The fluorescence of the DIH adduct with indole-3-aldehyde was strongly quenched, giving a relatively high detection limit (17.5 microM). The detection limit was lower (3.8 microM) when the absorbance at 430 nm was monitored. Enzyme activities determined by this procedure were shown to be linear with enzyme-protein concentration (rat liver mitochondria). The presence of 1-2 mM semicarbazide, necessary for determining MAO activities in samples also containing SSAO, did not adversely affect the derivatization reaction. The DIH-aldehyde adducts were sufficiently stable to permit their storage at low temperatures prior to assay. The product produced by reaction of 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde with DIH had no significant fluorescence and too low an absorbance at 430 nm to allow its determination for assay of activities towards 5-HT. This procedure can also measure succinic semialdehyde (detection limit 240 nM) and thus would be applicable to the determination of GABA transaminase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bartolini
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica M. Aiazzi Mancini, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
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33
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Dunn RL, Donoghue JM, Ozminkowski RJ, Stephenson D, Hylan TR. Longitudinal patterns of antidepressant prescribing in primary care in the UK: comparison with treatment guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 1999; 13:136-43. [PMID: 10475718 DOI: 10.1177/026988119901300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether patients beginning therapy on the most common tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) differed in their likelihood of having antidepressant treatment that was consistent with recommended treatment guidelines in the UK. An analytical file constructed from a large general practitioner medical records database (DIN-LINK) from the UK for the years 1992-97 was constructed. A total of 16,204 patients with a new episode of antidepressant therapy who initiated therapy on one of the most often prescribed TCAs (amitriptyline, dothiepin, imipramine and lofepramine) or SSRIs (fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline) were analysed. A dichotomous measure was defined to indicate whether subjects were prescribed at least 120 days of antidepressant therapy at an adequate average daily dose within the first 6 months after initiation of therapy. Only 6.0% of patients initiating therapy on aTCA and 32.9% of patients initiating therapy on a SSRI were prescribed antidepressant treatment that was consistent with treatment guidelines. After controlling for observable characteristics, patients who initiated therapy on a SSRI were much more likely (odds ratio=7.473, p<0.001) to have a prescribed average daily dose and duration consistent with recommended treatment guidelines within the first 6 months of initiating therapy than were patients who initiated therapy on a TCA. These findings suggest that initial antidepressant selection is an important determinant of whether the subsequent course of treatment is consistent with current national guidelines for the treatment of depression in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Dunn
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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34
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Stephenson D, Rash K, Smalstig B, Roberts E, Johnstone E, Sharp J, Panetta J, Little S, Kramer R, Clemens J. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 is induced in reactive glia following different forms of neurodegeneration. Glia 1999; 27:110-28. [PMID: 10417811 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199908)27:2<110::aid-glia2>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies have emphasized the deleterious role of inflammation in CNS injury. Increases in free fatty acids, eicosanoids, and products of lipid peroxidation are known to occur in various conditions of acute and chronic CNS injury, including cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. Although an inflammatory response can be induced by many different means, phospholipases, such as cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), may play an important role in the production of inflammatory mediators and in the production of other potential second messengers. cPLA(2) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids and its activity liberates free fatty acids leading directly to the production of eicosanoids. We investigated the cellular localization of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in the CNS following: (1) focal and global cerebral ischemia, (2) facial nerve axotomy, (3) human cases of Alzheimer's disease, (4) transgenic mice overexpressing mutant superoxide dismutase, a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and (5) transgenic mice overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein, which exhibits age-related amyloid deposition characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. We show that in every condition evaluated, cytosolic phospholipase A(2) is present in reactive glial cells within the precise region of neuron loss. In conditions where neurons did not degenerate or are protected from death, cytosolic phospholipase A(2) is not observed. Both astrocytes and microglial cells are immunoreactive for cytosolic phospholipase A(2) following injury, with astrocytes being the most consistent cell type expressing cytosolic phospholipase A(2). The presence of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) does not merely overlap with reactive astroglia, as reactive astrocytes were observed that did not exhibit cytosolic phospholipase A(2) immunoreactivity. In most conditions evaluated, inflammatory processes have been postulated to play a pivotal role and may even participate in neuronal cell death. These results suggest that cytosolic phospholipase A(2) may prove an attractive therapeutic target for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephenson
- Graduate Program in Medical Neurobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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35
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Stephenson D. Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in vivo induces intraneuronal amyloid immunoreactivity in guinea pig hippocampus. Neurochem Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(97)00066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Ni B, Wu X, Su Y, Stephenson D, Smalstig EB, Clemens J, Paul SM. Transient global forebrain ischemia induces a prolonged expression of the caspase-3 mRNA in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18:248-56. [PMID: 9498841 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199803000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The authors recently cloned a cDNA for an ICE/CED3-related cysteine protease from rat brain, which is closely related to human CPP32 (now designated caspase-3). In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed a profound developmental regulation of the caspase-3 transcript in rat brain, with relatively high levels of caspase-3 mRNA observed in neurons of the fetal and neonatal brain and low levels of mRNA in neurons of the adult brain. The authors report that transient forebrain ischemia, which results in a delayed apoptotic death of CA1 pyramidal neurons, results in prolonged expression of caspase-3 mRNA in these same pyramidal neurons. Up-regulation of caspase-3 mRNA in CA1 pyramidal neurons is prominent 24 hours after transient global ischemia, and expression is maintained at higher levels for at least 72 hours after ischemia. However, by 96 hours after ischemia, a marked decrease in caspase-3 mRNA expression is observed in CA1 pyramidal neurons, showing severe degenerative changes (e.g., nuclear condensation). By contrast, there is no change in the expression of a closely related member of caspase family, caspase-2, in CA1 pyramidal neurons after global ischemia. Instead, caspase-2 mRNA is induced in lamina layers of cerebral cortex 24 hours after the ischemia. A selective and prolonged induction of the caspase-3 gene in committed CA1 pyramidal neurons suggests that transcriptional activation of this caspase-3 gene may be involved in the apoptotic cell death cascade of CA1 neurons after transient global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ni
- Division of Neuroscience Research Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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37
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Little SP, Dixon EP, Norris F, Buckley W, Becker GW, Johnson M, Dobbins JR, Wyrick T, Miller JR, MacKellar W, Hepburn D, Corvalan J, McClure D, Liu X, Stephenson D, Clemens J, Johnstone EM. Zyme, a novel and potentially amyloidogenic enzyme cDNA isolated from Alzheimer's disease brain. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:25135-42. [PMID: 9312124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.40.25135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposition of the beta amyloid peptide in neuritic plaques and cerebral blood vessels is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. The major component of the amyloid deposit is a 4.2-kDa polypeptide termed amyloid beta-protein of 39-43 residues, which is derived from processing of a larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). It is hypothesized that a chymotrypsin-like enzyme is involved in the processing of APP. We have discovered a new serine protease from the AD brain by polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA sequences representing active site homologous regions of chymotrypsin-like enzymes. A cDNA clone was identified as one out of one million that encodes Zyme, a serine protease. Messenger RNA encoding Zyme can be detected in some mammalian species but not in mice, rats, or hamster. Zyme is expressed predominantly in brain, kidney, and salivary gland. Zyme mRNA cannot be detected in fetal brain but is seen in adult brain. The Zyme gene maps to chromosome 19q13.3, a region which shows genetic linkage with late onset familial Alzheimer's disease. When Zyme cDNA is co-expressed with the APP cDNA in 293 (human embryonic kidney) cells, amyloidogenic fragments are detected using C-terminal antibody to APP. These co-transfected cells release an abundance of truncated amyloid beta-protein peptide and shows a reduction of residues 17-42 of Abeta (P3) peptide. Zyme is immunolocalized to perivascular cells in monkey cortex and the AD brain. In addition, Zyme is localized to microglial cells in our AD brain sample. The amyloidogenic potential and localization in brain may indicate a role for this protease in amyloid precursor processing and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Little
- Central Nervous System Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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Ni B, Stephenson D, Wu X, Smalstig EB, Clemens J, Paul SM. Selective loss of neuronal Na+-dependent phosphate cotransporter mRNA in CA1 pyramidal neuron following global ischemia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1997; 48:132-9. [PMID: 9379833 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A recently identified neuronal Na+-dependent phosphate cotransporter (rBNPI) has been shown to import inorganic phosphate (P(i)) required for the production of high-energy phosphates which are vital to neuronal energy metabolism. In the present study, we have examined the expression of rBNPI mRNA in the hippocampus of rats subjected to 30 min of global ischemia by four-vessel occlusion. In situ hybridization reveals that transient forebrain ischemia results in a selective reduction in rBNPI mRNA expression in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Expression of rBNPI is significantly reduced by 24 h and completely absent at 72 h following global ischemia when CA1 pyramidal neurons begin to show cell damage. By contrast, there is no change in the expression of Nedd2 mRNA, a developmentally regulated cell death gene, in CA1 pyramidal neurons at these same time points. The loss of rBNPI transcripts appears to be selective for CA1 pyramidal neurons since rBNPI mRNA expression is unchanged in neurons of the CA2-CA4 pyramidal cell layers following global ischemia. Our data indicate that an early reduction of rBNPI transcripts may contribute to a reduction in P(i)-dependent energy metabolism or signal transduction which has been reported in CA1 hippocampal neurons following global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ni
- Division of Neuroscience Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kozak
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA
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40
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May PC, Clemens JA, Panetta JA, Smalstig EB, Stephenson D, Fuson KS. Induction of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (clusterin) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) RNA expression following transient global ischemia is differentially attenuated by LY231617. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1996; 42:145-8. [PMID: 8915593 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(96)00155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) is a secreted glycoprotein that along with GFAP has emerged as a prominent molecular marker of neurodegeneration. In the present study, we have evaluated further the relationship between SGP-2, GFAP and neurodegeneration, by examining the effects of LY231617, a potent antioxidant, on expression of SGP-2 and GFAP following four vessel occlusion (4VO). GFAP and SGP-2 RNA levels increased several fold in hippocampus and caudate nucleus in response to 30 min of 4VO. LY231617 treatment markedly attenuated the induction of GFAP RNA in both hippocampus and caudate nucleus, consistent with the significant neuroprotection observed histologically. In contrast, LY231617 treatment blunted SGP-2 RNA expression only in the hippocampus; SGP-2 RNA expression in caudate nucleus was similar to vehicle-treated 4VO, despite the marked attenuation of neuronal damage in both areas by LY231617. These data suggest region-specific differential regulation of SGP-2 and GFAP RNA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C May
- Lilly Research Laboratories, CNS Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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41
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Johnstone EM, Babbey LE, Stephenson D, Paul DC, Santerre RF, Clemens JA, Williams DC, Little SP. Nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of the beta-amyloid peptide (1-43) in transfected 293 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 220:710-8. [PMID: 8607830 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of transformed human embryonic kidney 293 cells were transiently transfected with minigene constructs coding for the Abeta peptide (1-43). The Abeta minigene used in this study consisted of exons 16 and 17 of the amyloid precursor protein gene, including the 6000+ bp intronic region. Two of the constructs used in this study, human amyloid precursor protein (APP) promoter-driven Abeta minigene and BK virus enhancer/adenovirus major late promoter-driven Abeta minigene, did not contain a signal peptide sequence, whereas the third, human APP promoter-signal peptide Abeta minigene did not contain the human APP signal sequence. The resulting Abeta products were detected by immune precipitation, using 10D5 antibody and Western blot analysis, using R1280 antisera, as SDS stable oligomers in cell lysates of cells containing all three constructs or in culture media when produced by the signal peptide construct. Evaluation of the cells by immunocytochemistry using conventional and transmission electron microscopy indicated that the cells transfected with constructs without the signal peptide accumulated immunoreactive Abeta primarily in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Johnstone
- Central Nervous System/GI/GU/Molecular Biology Research Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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42
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O'Brien EP, Novak EK, Zhen L, Manly KF, Stephenson D, Swank RT. Molecular markers near two mouse chromosome 13 genes, muted and pearl, which cause platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD). Mamm Genome 1995; 6:19-24. [PMID: 7719021 DOI: 10.1007/bf00350888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The recessive muted (mu) and pearl (pe) mutations on Chromosome (Chr) 13 cause pigment dilution and platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD) in mice. In addition, mu causes inner ear abnormalities and pe has symptoms associated with night blindness. Using an interspecific backcross involving the wild-derived Mus musculus musculus (PWK) stock, we have mapped 33 microsatellite markers and four cDNAs relative to mu, pe, and another recessive mutation, satin (sa). Analyzing a total of 528 backcross offspring, we found tight linkage between the pigment loci and several microsatellite markers (D13Mit87, D13Mit88, D13Mit137 with mu; and D13Mit104, D13Mit160, D13Mit161, and D13Mit169 with pe). These markers should aid the eventual molecular identification of these specific SPD genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P O'Brien
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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Swank RT, Jiang SY, Reddington M, Conway J, Stephenson D, McGarry MP, Novak EK. Inherited abnormalities in platelet organelles and platelet formation and associated altered expression of low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins in the mouse pigment mutant gunmetal. Blood 1993; 81:2626-35. [PMID: 8490171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gunmetal (gm/gm) is a recessively inherited mouse pigment dilution mutant that has high mortality and poor reproductive rates. In these studies, several hematologic defects were found associated with the mutation, including prolonged bleeding times, together with thrombocytopenia and increased platelet size. A unique feature is the presence of simultaneous abnormalities in two platelet organelles, dense granules and alpha-granules. The dense granule component serotonin is present at about half the normal concentration, as are visible dense granules. Three alpha-granule components (fibrinogen, platelet factor 4, and von Willebrand factor) are also significantly reduced. Thus, in several respects the gunmetal mutant resembles the human gray platelet syndrome. A novel abnormality in expression of low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins occurs in platelets of gunmetal. In Western blot assays, two additional GTP-binding proteins of 28.5 and 25 Kd were detected. The abnormal expression of GTP-binding proteins is, like the hematologic defects, genetically recessive and is tissue specific. Liver, kidney, brain, spleen, macrophages, and neutrophils have normal GTP-binding protein expression. The additional GTP-binding proteins are soluble. The data indicate that platelet formation and platelet organelle biogenesis are under common genetic control and that abnormal regulation of GTP-binding proteins may affect one or both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Swank
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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Robison PM, Clemens JA, Smalstig EB, Stephenson D, May PC. Decrease in amyloid precursor protein precedes hippocampal degeneration in rat brain following transient global ischemia. Brain Res 1993; 608:334-7. [PMID: 8495367 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have studied amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression in rat brain following transient global ischemia. Ischemic damage 24 h after 30 min of four-vessel occlusion (4VO) was limited to the caudate nucleus; hippocampal pyramidal neurons appeared histologically normal by light microscopy. Consistent with ongoing neurodegeneration in the caudate nucleus, microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) levels assessed by immunoblots were significantly reduced in homogenates of caudate nucleus after 4VO. MAP-2 levels In the hippocampus were comparable to control values. In contrast, full length APP levels in both the caudate nucleus and hippocampal homogenates were significantly decreased following 4VO despite normal hippocampal morphology at 24 h. These findings suggest that decrements in full length APP precede overt neuronal damage and may play a role in the subsequent delayed neurodegeneration in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Robison
- Lilly Research Labs., CNS Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285
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Stephenson D. Borrowed earth, borrowed time. Ecol Modell 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3800(93)90133-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rosnet O, Stephenson D, Mattei MG, Marchetto S, Shibuya M, Chapman VM, Birnbaum D. Close physical linkage of the FLT1 and FLT3 genes on chromosome 13 in man and chromosome 5 in mouse. Oncogene 1993; 8:173-9. [PMID: 8380915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-type tyrosine kinases (RTK) with five or seven immunoglobulin-like domains in their extracellular region are encoded by genes grouped in clusters. In human, two such clusters have been individualized, in chromosomal regions 4q11-q12 and 5q33-qter respectively. We define here a third cluster located on chromosome 13q and containing two contiguous RTK genes, FLT1 and FLT3. The former has recently been shown to encode a RTK of a new class while the latter codes for a hematopoietic receptor closely related to the products of the FMS and KIT genes. The physical linkage is also evidenced in mouse, where the two genes appear to lie within a 350 kb Mlu I fragment, on mouse chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rosnet
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, U.119 INSERM, Marseille, France
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May PC, Robison P, Fuson K, Smalstig B, Stephenson D, Clemens JA. Sulfated glycoprotein-2 expression increases in rodent brain after transient global ischemia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992; 15:33-9. [PMID: 1279348 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(92)90148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) is emerging as a prominent marker of neurodegeneration in mammalian brain. Regulation of brain SGP-2 was studied in adult male Wistar rats subjected to 30 min of forebrain ischemia by four vessel occlusion. By 3 days after the ischemic insult, SGP-2 RNA levels were increased two fold in caudate nucleus and hippocampus. SGP-2 protein levels assessed by immunoblots were markedly increased in both brain regions following ischemia. GFAP RNA levels also increased over 5 fold in caudate nucleus and hippocampus following the ischemic insult. Despite significant elevations in GFAP RNA, protein levels of GFAP assessed by immunoblot were only marginally affected. The elevated expression of SGP-2 in rodent brain following this and other experimental lesion paradigms (e.g., excitotoxic lesions, deafferentation) suggest some general involvement of SGP-2 in neurodegeneration and remodelling following neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C May
- CNS Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285
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Abstract
The literature on bioaugmentation products has been reviewed. Their manufacture and method of use is explained. The various applications are listed and the independent investigations, as opposed to manufacturers accounts, at laboratory and full scale are reviewed. The economics and kinetic modelling are also discussed. In laboratory investigations bioaugmentation often failed, whereas at full scale it was often successful, probably due to the imposition of steady state at laboratory scale. Most products require a period of acclimatisation before working; this and other possible reasons for failure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephenson
- School of Water Sciences, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Cranfield, Bedford, UK
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Stephenson D, Norman F, Cumming RH. Shear thickening of DNA in SDS lysates. Bioseparation 1992; 3:285-9. [PMID: 1369427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells of Escherichia coli were subjected to lysis by an alkali detergent treatment (sodium dodecyl sulphate). The rate of detergent lysis was not first order. The rheological properties of the lysate were measured using a controlled stress rheometer. Detergent-lysed cells produced a lysate which showed marked non-Newtonian properties. The material showed a shear thickening at specific low shear stress conditions. The acceleration of the cone during the ascent stage of a flow curve, influenced the shape of the flow curves. These findings are discussed in relation to the form of bacterial DNA in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephenson
- Division of Chemical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, Middlesborough, Cleveland, UK
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