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Reitsma LM, Batchelder TA, Davis EM, Machado VS, Neves RC, Ballou MA. Effects of oral calcium bolus supplementation on intracellular polymorphonuclear leukocyte calcium levels and functionality in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11876-11888. [PMID: 33069401 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize Ca levels and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function in primiparous and multiparous animals following oral Ca bolus supplementation, and (2) to determine differential responses of boluses containing a lower dose of Ca than traditionally used in primiparous animals on Ca levels and PMN function. Jersey × Holstein crossbred animals (n = 104) were enrolled within 24 h of parturition. All animals were blocked by time relative to calving and randomly assigned to treatment. The Ca boluses were composed of a mixture of Ca chloride, Ca sulfate, and Ca propionate. For objective 1, animals were assigned to control (CON; no Ca supplementation), or a series of 2 Ca boluses given 24 h apart for a total of 50 g of Ca. Objective 2 treatments included control (CON; no Ca supplementation), a series of 2 Ca boluses given 24 h apart containing 50 g of Ca, or a series of 2 Ca boluses given 24 h apart containing 25 g of Ca. Blood samples were collected on d 1 (<24 h), 2, 3, 5, and 7 relative to parturition. Total serum Ca, serum haptoglobin, PMN intracellular Ca, PMN intracellular Ca after stimulation with an environmental Escherichia coli, PMN L-selectin surface expression, and PMN phagocytic and oxidative burst activities were analyzed. For objective 1 a tendency was detected for a treatment difference on basal intracellular PMN Ca and a treatment difference on E. coli-stimulated intracellular PMN Ca. We detected a parity × DIM effect for PMN oxidative burst intensity. However, no other interactions or parity effects on other functional PMN variables were detectable. In primiparous animals, we found a treatment difference for E. coli-stimulated intracellular PMN Ca among animals given 50 g of Ca but no treatment difference on basal intracellular PMN Ca. The 50 g of Ca treatment increased both PMN phagocytosis and oxidative burst intensities. Supplementing animals with 50 g of oral Ca increased intracellular PMN Ca and influenced PMN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Reitsma
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - T A Batchelder
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409; Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - E M Davis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - R C Neves
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409.
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2
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Richards KC, Vallabhaneni V, Moelter S, Davis EM, Morrison J, Lozano A, Hanlon A, Wang Y, Wolk D, Gooneratne N. 0861 Age, Race, And Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Confidence Score At 1-week Predict 3-month CPAP Adherence In Older Adults With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment And Moderate To Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may delay cognitive decline in older adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), defined as deficits in memory that do not significantly impact daily functioning. The aim of this analysis was to identify predictors of CPAP adherence in this population.
Methods
Data are from Memories 2, an ongoing multisite clinical trial on the effect of treatment of moderate to severe OSA on cognitive decline in older adults 65-85 years of age who have amnestic MCI. Unadjusted and adjusted linear models were used to examine predictors of mean hours of CPAP use at 3 months. Predictors were age, sex (male/female), race (White/Non-White), education (more than high school, less than high school), Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and CPAP Comfort and Confidence scores at 7 days. Collinearity in the adjusted model for CPAP use at 3 months was examined using the variance inflation factor.
Results
Of 57 participants, most were male (54%), White (72%), with a mean age of 66.3 years (SD: 6.1). Mean AHI in this sample was 35.1 (SD: 19.9), with mean daily hours of CPAP use at 3 months 5.3 hours (SD: 2.3). Adjusted linear model results demonstrated that younger age (β=-0.13, SE=0.04, p=0.0032), White race (β=2.56, SE=0.58, p<0.0001), and higher 7-day CPAP Confidence score (β=0.48, SE=0.17, p=0.0086) were significantly associated with CPAP use at 3 months. Sex, education, AHI, ESS, and CPAP comfort were not statistically significant predictors of adherence.
Conclusion
Tailored interventions to increase self-efficacy during the first 7 days of CPAP treatment, especially in Non-Whites and those older than 74 years, may improve long-term CPAP adherence in older adults with amnestic MCI.
Support
R01AG054435
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Vallabhaneni
- Sleep 360 Diagnostic Center, Austin, TX
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - S Moelter
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E M Davis
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - J Morrison
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | | | | | - Y Wang
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - D Wolk
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Sharon KP, Liang Y, Sanchez NCB, Carroll JA, Broadway PR, Davis EM, Ballou MA. Pre-weaning plane of nutrition and Mannheimia haemolytica dose influence inflammatory responses to a bovine herpesvirus-1 and Mannheimia haemolytica challenge in post-weaning Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9082-9096. [PMID: 31400890 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine whether plane of nutrition (PON) of milk replacer previously provided to calves, and dosage level of Mannheimia haemolytica (MH), influenced inflammatory responses to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory challenge. Holstein calves (1 d of age; n = 30) were assigned to treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial with pre-weaning PON and MH dose as main effects (n = 5 per treatment). Calves were fed either a low (LPN; n = 15) or a high PON (HPN; n = 15) from birth through weaning. Calves fed LPN were fed 436 g of dry matter (DM) per day of milk replacer until weaning, and HPN calves were fed 797 g of DM per day of milk replacer from d 1 to 10 and 1,080 g of DM per day from d 11 until weaning. Calf starter and water were offered ad libitum. Calves were step-down weaned beginning at d 54 and moved into an enclosed barn at d 70. Indwelling rectal temperature (RT) recording devices and jugular catheters were inserted at d 80. Calves were challenged with 1.5 × 108 plaque-forming units (pfu) per mL of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in each nostril at d 81 and with either 106, 107, or 108 cfu of MH at d 84. Blood samples were collected at varying intervals relative to BHV-1 and MH challenges. Four LPN calves either died or were euthanized soon after the 144-h observation period, whereas all HPN calves survived the entire observation period. As dosage of MH administered increased, acute and systemic inflammatory responses increased. Higher doses of MH resulted in increased leukocyte, neutrophil, and haptoglobin concentrations in infected calves. Data from the current study suggest that the highest dose, 108 cfu, triggered weaned calves' acute disease response, whereas the lower doses, 106 and 107 cfu, caused more moderate inflammation and disease. The effects of PON on inflammation responses to the disease challenge indicated that calves previously fed the LPN diet had more severe pathophysiological responses. Calves fed LPN showed higher peripheral neutrophil and leukocyte counts and serum haptoglobin concentrations following the BHV-1 challenge. Additionally, following the MH challenge, LPN calves had higher peripheral neutrophil counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations. These data demonstrate that higher doses of MH increase the acute inflammatory response and prolong inflammation, and that calves previously fed LPN responded more severely to the combined viral-bacterial respiratory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Sharon
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79409; USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403
| | - Y Liang
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79409
| | - N C Burdick Sanchez
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403
| | - J A Carroll
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403
| | - P R Broadway
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403
| | - E M Davis
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79409
| | - M A Ballou
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79409.
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Davis EM, Rost JC, Porkolab M, Marinoni A, Van Zeeland MA. A combined phase contrast imaging and heterodyne interferometer system for multiscale fluctuation measurements (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10B106. [PMID: 30399846 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel combined diagnostic capable of measuring multiscale density fluctuations that extend from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) to the lower range of electron temperature gradient turbulence has been designed, installed, and operated at DIII-D. The combined diagnostic was constructed by adding a heterodyne interferometer to the pre-existing phase contrast imaging (PCI) system, both of which measure line-integrated electron density fluctuations. The port-space footprint is minimized via use of a single 10.6 μm probe beam. With temporal bandwidths in excess of 1 MHz, the PCI measures high-k (1.5 cm-1 < |k R | ≤ 25 cm-1) fluctuations with sensitivity 3 × 1 0 13 m - 2 / kHz , while the interferometer simultaneously measures low-k (|k R | < 5 cm-1) fluctuations with sensitivity 3 × 1 0 14 m - 2 / kHz . The intentional mid-k overlap has been empirically verified with sound-wave calibrations and allows quantitative investigation of multiscale effects that are predicted to be significant in the reactor-relevant T e ∼ T i regime. Furthermore, via correlation with the primary DIII-D interferometer, the toroidal mode numbers of core-localized MHD can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Davis
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Rost
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Porkolab
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Marinoni
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Davis EM, Rost JC, Porkolab M, Marinoni A, Van Zeeland MA. A phase contrast imaging-interferometer system for detection of multiscale electron density fluctuations on DIII-D. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E117. [PMID: 27910387 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterodyne interferometry and phase contrast imaging (PCI) are robust, mature techniques for measuring low-k and high-k electron density fluctuations, respectively. This work describes the first-ever implementation of a combined PCI-interferometer. The combined system uses a single 10.6 μm probe beam, two interference schemes, and two detectors to measure electron density fluctuations at large spatiotemporal bandwidth (10 kHz <f < 5 MHz and 0 cm-1 ≤k ≤ 20 cm-1), allowing simultaneous measurement of ion- and electron-scale instabilities. Further, correlating our interferometer's measurements with those from DIII-D's pre-existing, toroidally separated interferometer allows core-localized, low-n MHD studies that may otherwise be inaccessible via external magnetic measurements. The combined diagnostic's small port requirements and minimal access restrictions make it well-suited to the harsh neutron environments and limited port space expected in next-step devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Davis
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Rost
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Porkolab
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Marinoni
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Nayak BS, Suresh R, Rao AVC, Pillai GK, Davis EM, Ramkissoon V, McRae A. Evaluation of Wound Healing Activity of Vanda roxburghii R.Br(Orchidacea): A Preclinical Study in a Rat Model. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2016; 4:200-4. [PMID: 16286371 DOI: 10.1177/1534734605282994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The extract of Vanda roxburghii was administered topically to rats at a dose of 150mgkg – 1 day – 1 for 10daysandwas studied for its effect on wound healing, using the excision wound model. A 60% reduction in wound diameter was observed in the test group rats receiving the extract compared to controls (48%). Significant increases in wet and dry granulation tissue weights (P < .001), hydroxyproline (P < .001), and hexosamine (P < .003) contents were detected. An increase in protein content was also detected in the test group (P > .05, ns). These findings are consistent with wound healing at cellular levels. The pro-healing action may be attributed either to increased collagen deposition or to better alignment and maturation or both. The test wounds (extract-treated wounds) were, on average, fully healed by the 13th day, whereas the control group healed, on average, by the 20th day. These data suggest that the extract ofVanda roxburghii administered topically has wound-healing potential in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Nayak
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
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Gamble JM, Clarke A, Myers KJ, Agnew MD, Hatch K, Snow MM, Davis EM. Incretin-based medications for type 2 diabetes: an overview of reviews. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:649-58. [PMID: 25772666 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To summarize evidence from and assess the quality of published systematic reviews evaluating the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of incretin-based medications used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. METHODS We identified systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials or observational studies published in any language that evaluated the safety and/or effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists or dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Data sources used include the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, table of contents of diabetes journals, and hand-searching of reference lists and clinical practice guidelines. The methodological quality of systematic reviews was independently assessed by two reviewers using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist. Our study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (2013:CRD42013005149). The primary outcomes were pooled treatment effect estimates for glycaemic control, macrovascular and microvascular complications, and hypoglycaemic events. RESULTS We identified 467 unique citations of which 84 systematic reviews met our inclusion criteria. There were 51 reviews that evaluated GLP-1 receptor agonists and 64 reviews that evaluated DPP-4 inhibitors. The median (interquartile range) AMSTAR score was 6 (3) out of 11 for quantitative and 1 (1) for non-quantitative reviews. Among the 66 quantitative systematic reviews, there were a total of 718 pooled treatment effect estimates reported for our primary outcomes and 1012 reported pooled treatment effect estimates for secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians and policy makers, when using the results of systematic reviews to inform decision-making with regard to round clinical care or healthcare policies for incretin-based medications, should consider the variability in quality of reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - A Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - K J Myers
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - M D Agnew
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - K Hatch
- Allyn and Betty Taylor Library, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M M Snow
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - E M Davis
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Antognoli EL, Smith KJ, Mason MJ, Milliner BR, Davis EM, Harris-Haywood S, Seeholzer E, Smith S, Flocke SA. Direct observation of weight counselling in primary care: alignment with clinical guidelines. Clin Obes 2014; 4:69-76. [PMID: 25826730 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary care physicians provide care to a disproportionate number of overweight and obese patients and are uniquely positioned to help patients manage their weight in the context of a continuity relationship. The US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) developed evidence-based guidelines for the effective and efficient care of overweight/obese patients, but little is known about the use of these guidelines in practice. To determine the content of weight discussions and assess the elements of the NHLBI guidelines that were accomplished, office visits of 544 adult, overweight/obese patients to 28 primary care physicians were observed and audio recorded. Associations between type of weight management discussion and patient, physician and visit characteristics were examined. Fifty per cent (n = 270) of visits included weight discussions; 47% and 38% included use of at least one NHLBI assessment or treatment element during discussions about weight, respectively. Only 35% (n = 193) of discussions included an assessment and treatment strategy; none included all NHLBI-recommended elements. Overall, adherence to guidelines was poor, particularly with regard to reporting body mass index to the patient, measuring waist circumference and setting realistic weight loss goals. Weight discussions did not clearly vary by the patient, physician or visit characteristics examined. These findings suggest opportunities to develop and further tailor resources for improved physician training in patient weight management communication and treatment techniques that are both consistent with current standards for effective, evidence-based care and efficient enough for routine use during busy primary care visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Antognoli
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Watson AP, Davis EM, Egland KA. Abstract P1-05-16: Sushi Domain Containing 2 (SUSD2): a plasma membrane protein that increases immune evasion in breast tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p1-05-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Routinely used therapies are not adequate to treat the heterogeneity of breast cancer, and consequently, more therapeutic targets are desperately needed. To identify novel targets, we generated a breast cancer cDNA library enriched for breast cancer genes that encode membrane and secreted proteins. From this library we identified SUSD2 (Sushi Domain Containing 2), which encodes an 822 amino acid protein containing a transmembrane domain and functional domains inherent to adhesion molecules. Previous studies describe the mouse homolog, mSVS-1, but there are no studies on the human gene associated with breast cancer.
Reverse-Transcriptase PCR analysis using total RNA from frozen breast cancer samples showed that SUSD2 is expressed in 19 of 24 breast tumors. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed on human breast tissues using an anti-SUSD2 antibody. IHC showed weak or no expression of SUSD2 in normal epithelial cells, with the endothelial lining of vessels staining positive for SUSD2. However, staining was observed in pathological breast lesions and in lobular and ductal carcinomas.
To explore the role of SUSD2 in breast tumorigenesis, we performed in vitro analyses of stable cell lines generated to over-express SUSD2. Our studies indicate that over-expression of SUSD2 increases the invasion of breast cancer cells through Matrigel and adhesion to fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein. Additionally, contact between peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and breast cancer cells that express SUSD2 leads to diminished secretion of chemotactic cytokines and increased secretion of angiogenic cytokines compared to the empty-vector control. A similar co-culture experiment with Jurkat T cells showed increased induction of T cell apoptosis when cultured with cancer cells expressing SUSD2.
Using an in vivo model with immunocompetent mice, we observed increased tumor growth and decreased survival in mice with mammary tumors expressing mSVS-1. Interestingly, increased tumor growth rate was not due to higher proliferative rates of the cells, as the Ki67 index was similar for all tumors. IHC staining with an anti-CD31 antibody revealed disordered and tortuous microvasculature in tumors expressing mSVS-1. We also characterized the population of lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and tumors of the mice as a measure of the immune response. While proportions of CD4 and CD8 cells were unchanged in the spleen and blood samples, we found significantly fewer CD4 tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in mice with tumors expressing mSVS-1.
SUSD2 interacts with Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a 14-kDa secreted protein that is synthesized by carcinoma cells and promotes tumor immune evasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Several previous studies suggest that cellular localization of Gal-1 is essential for its multiple roles in tumorigenesis. Interestingly, cell surface localization of Gal-1 was observed only in cell lines expressing SUSD2 but not the empty-vector control. Because the localization of Gal-1 on the surface of cells is dependent on the presence of SUSD2, using SUSD2 as a therapeutic target may disrupt this interaction and inhibit events required for tumorigenesis.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- AP Watson
- Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - EM Davis
- Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - KA Egland
- Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD
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Suresh R, Ramesh Rao T, Davis EM, Ovchinnikov N, Mc Rae A. Effect of diagnostic ultrasound during the fetal period on learning and memory in mice. Ann Anat 2007; 190:37-45. [PMID: 18342141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An experiment was conducted to find out whether in utero exposure to diagnostic ultrasound leads to changes in postnatal behavior in adult mice. METHODS A total of 15 pregnant Swiss albino mice were exposed to diagnostic levels of ultrasound (3.5 MHz, 65 mW/cm(2), intensity((spatial peak-temporal peak)) (I(SPTP))=1 mW/cm(2), intensity((spatial average-temporal average)) (I(SATA))=240 mW/cm(2)) for 30 min on day 14 or 16 of gestation. All exposed as well as control animals were left to complete gestation and parturition. Their offspring were used in our further studies. They were monitored during early postnatal life for standard developmental markers (such as pinna detachment, eye opening and fur development) and postnatal mortality was recorded up to 6 weeks of age. The litters were subjected to behavioral tests for learning and memory at 4 months of age. Representative animals from each group were sacrificed and the hippocampal region of the brain was assayed for biogenic amines, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT's metabolite, 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in order to determine whether ultrasound exposure produced any biochemical changes in the hippocampal region of the brain. Coronal sections from the dorsal hippocampus from the representative animals from each group were processed for staining and the number of neurons was counted. RESULTS Neither the standard developmental markers (such as pinna detachment, eye opening and fur development) nor the postnatal mortality was affected by ultrasound exposure. However, there was a significant impairment in learning (hole board test) and memory functions (shuttle box test) in both the exposure groups. Significant reductions in the biogenic amines and the decrease in the neuronal density were found only in day 14th pc ultrasound-exposed group compared with the control animals. The 16th day exposure group is relatively resistant to ultrasound-induced impairment of brain functions. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the early fetal brain is highly susceptible to induction of neurobehavioral changes by ultrasound exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Suresh
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
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Ostler KR, Davis EM, Payne SL, Gosalia BB, Expósito-Céspedes J, Le Beau MM, Godley LA. Cancer cells express aberrant DNMT3B transcripts encoding truncated proteins. Oncogene 2007; 26:5553-63. [PMID: 17353906 PMCID: PMC2435620 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells display an altered distribution of DNA methylation relative to normal cells. Certain tumor suppressor gene promoters are hypermethylated and transcriptionally inactivated, whereas repetitive DNA is hypomethylated and transcriptionally active. Little is understood about how the abnormal DNA methylation patterns of cancer cells are established and maintained. Here, we identify over 20 DNMT3B transcripts from many cancer cell lines and primary acute leukemia cells that contain aberrant splicing at the 5' end of the gene, encoding truncated proteins lacking the C-terminal catalytic domain. Many of these aberrant transcripts retain intron sequences. Although the aberrant transcripts represent a minority of the DNMT3B transcripts present, Western blot analysis demonstrates truncated DNMT3B isoforms in the nuclear protein extracts of cancer cells. To test if expression of a truncated DNMT3B protein could alter the DNA methylation patterns within cells, we expressed DNMT3B7, the most frequently expressed aberrant transcript, in 293 cells. DNMT3B7-expressing 293 cells have altered gene expression as identified by microarray analysis. Some of these changes in gene expression correlate with altered DNA methylation of corresponding CpG islands. These results suggest that truncated DNMT3B proteins could play a role in the abnormal distribution of DNA methylation found in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- KR Ostler
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and
| | - EM Davis
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and
| | - SL Payne
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and
| | - BB Gosalia
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and
| | - J Expósito-Céspedes
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and
| | - MM Le Beau
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and
- University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - LA Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and
- University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
The ethanol extract of Lawsonia inermis (200 mg/kg/day) was used to evaluate the wound healing activity on rats using excision, incision and dead space wound models. The animals were divided into three groups of six each in the excision model and two groups of six each in the incision model and dead space models. The topical application was made in the case of excision wound model, whereas, oral treatment was done with incision and dead space wound models. The following differences were noted in the group of experimental animals which were treated with an extract of L. inermis when compared with the control and reference standard animals: a high rate of wound contraction (p < 0.001), a decrease in the period of epithelialization (p < 0.001), high skin breaking strength (p < 0.001), a significant increase in the granulation tissue weight (p < 0.001) and hydroxyproline content (p < 0.05). The extract-treated animals showed 71% reduction in the wound area when compared with controls which was 58%. Histological studies of the tissue obtained on day 10 from the extract-treated group showed increased well organized bands of collagen, more fibroblasts and few inflammatory cells when compared with the controls which showed inflammatory cells, scanty collagen fibres and fibroblasts. Enhanced wound contraction, increased skin breaking strength, hydroxyproline and histological findings suggest the use of L. inermis in the management of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shivananda Nayak
- Department of Pre Clinical Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
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13
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14
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Hoffmann KF, McCarty TC, Segal DH, Chiaramonte M, Hesse M, Davis EM, Cheever AW, Meltzer PS, Morse HC, Wynn TA. Disease fingerprinting with cDNA microarrays reveals distinct gene expression profiles in lethal type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory reactions. FASEB J 2001; 15:2545-7. [PMID: 11641263 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0306fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of polarized immune responses controls resistance and susceptibility to many microorganisms. However, studies of several infectious, allergic, and autoimmune diseases have shown that chronic type-1 and type-2 cytokine responses can also cause significant morbidity and mortality if left unchecked. We used mouse cDNA microarrays to molecularly phenotype the gene expression patterns that characterize two disparate but equally lethal forms of liver pathology that develop in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice polarized for type-1 and type-2 cytokine responses. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified at least three groups of genes associated with a polarized type-2 response and two linked with an extreme type-1 cytokine phenotype. Predictions about liver fibrosis, apoptosis, and granulocyte recruitment and activation generated by the microarray studies were confirmed later by traditional biological assays. The data show that cDNA microarrays are useful not only for determining coordinated gene expression profiles but are also highly effective for molecularly "fingerprinting" diseased tissues. Moreover, they illustrate the potential of genome-wide approaches for generating comprehensive views on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms regulating infectious disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hoffmann
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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15
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Dickstein JI, Davis EM, Roulston D. Localization of the chromosome 22 breakpoints in two cases of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with t(1;22)(p13;q13). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2001; 129:150-4. [PMID: 11566346 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with t(1;22)(p13;q13) is a rare malignancy occurring in infants and young children. The genes involved in t(1;22)(p13;q13) are unknown. In this study, dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments with 15 probes were performed on the metaphase cells obtained from one patient to systematically narrow the region of the breakpoint on chromosome 22 and localize it to RP5-1042K10. A 22.3-kb FISH probe derived from RP5-1042K10 was used to further refine the locus of the breakpoint in this case. Southern blot analysis covering of genomic DNA from a second patient detected DNA rearrangement at a site close to the breakpoint observed with the 22.3-kb probe in the first case. A partially characterized gene, KIAA 1438, is in the vicinity of the breakpoints determined by FISH and Southern blot experiments, suggesting that this gene plays a role in this malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Southern
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Genes, Neoplasm
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Metaphase
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Dickstein
- Department of Pathology, MC008, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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16
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Schwab W, Williams DC, Davis EM, Croteau R. Mechanism of monoterpene cyclization: stereochemical aspects of the transformation of noncyclizable substrate analogs by recombinant (-)-limonene synthase, (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase, and (-)-pinene synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 392:123-36. [PMID: 11469803 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tightly coupled nature of the reaction sequence catalyzed by monoterpene synthases has prevented direct observation of the topologically required isomerization step leading from geranyl diphosphate to the presumptive, enzyme-bound, tertiary allylic intermediate linalyl diphosphate, which ultimately cyclizes to the various monoterpene skeletons. Previous experimental approaches using the noncyclizable substrate analogs 6,7-dihydrogeranyl diphosphate and racemic methanogeranyl diphosphate, in attempts to dissect the cryptic isomerization step from the normally coupled reaction sequence, were thwarted by the limited product available from native monoterpene synthases and by the inability to resolve chiral monoterpene products at the microscale. These approaches were revisited using three recombinant monoterpene synthases and chiral phase capillary gas chromatographic methods to separate antipodal products of the substrate analogs. The recombinant monoterpene olefin synthases, (-)-limonene synthase from spearmint and (-)-pinene synthase from grand fir, yielded essentially only achiral, olefin products (corresponding to the respective analogs and homologs of myrcene, trans-ocimene and cis-ocimene) from 6,7-dihydrogeranyl diphosphate and (2S,3R)-methanogeranyl diphosphate; no significant amounts of terpenols or homoterpenols were formed, nor was direct evidence obtained for the formation of the anticipated analog and homolog of the tertiary intermediate linalyl diphosphate (i.e., 6,7-dihydrolinalyl diphosphate and homolinalyl diphosphate, respectively). In the case of recombinant (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase from common sage, the achiral olefins were generated, as before, from 6,7-dihydrogeranyl diphosphate and (2R,3S)-methanogeranyl diphosphate, but 6,7-dihydrolinalool and homolinalool also comprised significant components of the respective product mixtures, indicating greater access of water to the active site of this enzyme compared to the olefin synthases; again, no direct evidence for the production of 6,7-dihydrolinalyl diphosphate or homolinalyl diphosphate was obtained. Resolution of the terpenol products of (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase, by chiral phase separation, revealed the predominant formation of (3R)-dihydrolinalool from dihydrogeranyl diphosphate and of (4S)-homolinalool from (2R,3S)-methanogeranyl diphosphate. The opposite stereochemistries of these products indicates water trapping from opposite faces of the corresponding tertiary carbocationic intermediates of the respective reactions, a phenomenon that appears to result from the binding conformations of these substrate analogs. Although these experiments failed to provide direct evidence for the tertiary intermediate of the tightly coupled isomerization-cyclization sequence, they did reveal a mechanistic difference between the olefin synthases and bornyl diphosphate synthase involving access of water as a participant in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schwab
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
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17
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Sato Y, Kobayashi H, Suto Y, Olney HJ, Davis EM, Super HG, Espinosa R, Le Beau MM, Rowley JD. Chromosomal instability in chromosome band 12p13: multiple breaks leading to complex rearrangements including cytogenetically undetectable sub-clones. Leukemia 2001; 15:1193-202. [PMID: 11480561 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of metaphase cells from 70 patients with lymphoid and myeloid hematologic malignancies and chromosomal rearrangements involving band 12p13, we identified nine patients (four with lymphoid malignancies, four with myeloid malignancies and one with biphenotypic leukemia) who showed more complicated rearrangements than we had expected from conventional cytogenetic study. In six patients, multiple breaks occurred in small segments of 12p with subsequent translocations and insertions of these segments into other chromosomes, sometimes to unexpected regions. In three patients additional chromosome breaks resulted in a sub-clone which was cytogenetically indistinguishable from the main clone in each patient based on the cytogenetic analysis. These subtle molecular events were detected exclusively in a region covering TEL/ETV6 and KIP1/CDKN1B. Seven of nine had a previous history of chemo/radiotherapy; all the patients showed complex karyotypes, even though they were newly diagnosed with leukemia. Survival data were available in five patients, and all survived less than 6 months. These findings suggest that the 12p13 region, especially the above-mentioned region, is genetically unstable and fragile. It is likely that multiple chromosome breaks were induced through mutagens used in chemo/ radiotherapy, and are associated with a sub-group of patients with an extremely bad prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Research Institute of International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo
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18
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Hoffmann KF, Davis EM, Fischer ER, Wynn TA. The guanine protein coupled receptor rhodopsin is developmentally regulated in the free-living stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2001; 112:113-23. [PMID: 11166392 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni parasites inhabit three distinct environments including water, intermediate molluscan hosts, and definitive vertebrate hosts. Determining how schistosomes interact with these environments may be one mechanism by which suitable vaccines or novel chemotherapeutic targets will be identified. Towards this end, we describe the identification of a 36-kDa S. mansoni protein that shares extensive sequence similarity to light absorbing rhodopsin guanine protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This protein, S. mansoni rhodopsin (SmRHO), is the first molecularly characterized GPCR described in schistosomes. Sequence analysis reveals that SmRHO shares extensive phylogenetic conservation among rhodopsins/opsins expressed in water-dwelling invertebrates, possibly indicative of orthology. We demonstrate here that SmRHO is expressed in the free-living, light responsive miracidia and cercaria stages and is down-regulated in the adult, vertebrate residing forms. Moreover, we show that SmRHO is localized to sub-tegumental structures found towards the anterior end of cercariae. As SmRHO may be implicated in schistosome photoreception processes, we have begun a search for additional parasite encoded GPCR super-family members, which may be associated with chemoreception, chemotaxis, and olfaction. Identifying and characterizing new GPCRs may uncover hidden aspects of parasite biology useful towards the development of novel intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hoffmann
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike Bldg. 7/Room 318, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Wang PW, Eisenbart JD, Espinosa R, Davis EM, Larson RA, Le Beau MM. Refinement of the smallest commonly deleted segment of chromosome 20 in malignant myeloid diseases and development of a PAC-based physical and transcription map. Genomics 2000; 67:28-39. [PMID: 10945467 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20, del(20q), is a recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid diseases. In previous studies, we delineated a commonly deleted segment (CDS) of 5 Mb within band 20q12 flanked by D20S206 (proximal) and D20S481 (distal). We have generated a detailed physical map of P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) clones of this interval as well as a transcriptional map. The contig consists of 81 clones to which 152 markers (27 genes, 45 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) or UniGenes, 24 polymorphisms, and 56 sequence-tagged sites) have been mapped. Using PAC clones for fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of myeloid leukemia cells with reciprocal translocations of 20q, or unbalanced rearrangements leading to loss of 20q, we have narrowed the CDS to an approximately 250-kb interval encompassing two overlapping PACs, P201E16 and P29M7 (between EST AA368224 and D20S481). This interval is gene-rich and contains 5 characterized genes, 4 UniGenes, and 9 single ESTs. The development of a transcriptional map and the identification of the smallest CDS will facilitate the molecular cloning of a myeloid leukemia suppressor gene on 20q.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Chromosome Banding/methods
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Wang
- Department of Medicine, and the University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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20
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Davis EM. Change, reform, positives, negatives and getting ready--Elizabeth Davis on healthcare reform in Newfoundland and Labrador. Hosp Q 2000; 2:51-4. [PMID: 10621175 DOI: 10.12927/hcq..16559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Korthäuer U, Nagel W, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Menon RS, Mitchell EO, Kozak CA, Kolanus W, Bluestone JA. Anergic T lymphocytes selectively express an integrin regulatory protein of the cytohesin family. J Immunol 2000; 164:308-18. [PMID: 10605025 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the maintenance of T cell anergy depends on the induction of negative regulatory factors. Differential display of reverse transcribed RNA was used to identify novel genes that might mediate this function in anergic Th1 clones. We report that anergic Th1 clones do indeed express a genetic program different from that of responsive T cells. Moreover, one gene, the general receptor of phosphoinositides 1 (GRP1), was selectively induced in anergic T cells. The GRP1, located in the plasma membrane, regulated integrin-mediated adhesion and was invariably associated with unresponsiveness in multiple models of anergy. T cells expressing retrovirally transduced GRP1 exhibited normal proliferation and cytokine production. However, GRP1-transduced T cells were not stable and rapidly lost GRP1 expression. Thus, although GRP1 may not directly mediate T cell anergy, it regulates cell expansion and survival, perhaps through its integrin-associated activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Korthäuer
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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22
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Karimi-Busheri F, Daly G, Robins P, Canas B, Pappin DJ, Sgouros J, Miller GG, Fakhrai H, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Weinfeld M. Molecular characterization of a human DNA kinase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:24187-94. [PMID: 10446193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.34.24187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polydeoxyribonucleotide kinase is an enzyme that has the capacity to phosphorylate DNA at 5'-hydroxyl termini and dephosphorylate 3'-phosphate termini and, therefore, can be considered a putative DNA repair enzyme. The enzyme was purified from HeLa cells. Amino acid sequence was obtained for several tryptic fragments by mass spectrometry. The sequences were matched through the dbEST data base with an incomplete human cDNA clone, which was used as a probe to retrieve the 5'-end of the cDNA sequence from a separate cDNA library. The complete cDNA, which codes for a 521-amino acid protein (57.1 kDa), was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was shown to possess the kinase and phosphatase activities. Comparison with other sequenced proteins identified a P-loop motif, indicative of an ATP-binding domain, and a second motif associated with several different phosphatases. There is reasonable sequence similarity to putative open reading frames in the genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, but similarity to bacteriophage T4 polynucleotide kinase is limited to the kinase and phosphatase domains noted above. Northern hybridization revealed a major transcript of approximately 2.3 kilobases and a minor transcript of approximately 7 kilobases. Pancreas, heart, and kidney appear to have higher levels of mRNA than brain, lung, or liver. Confocal microscopy of human A549 cells indicated that the kinase resides predominantly in the nucleus. The gene encoding the enzyme was mapped to chromosome band 19q13.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Karimi-Busheri
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
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23
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Chen M, She H, Davis EM, Spicer CM, Kim L, Ren R, Le Beau MM, Li W. Identification of Nck family genes, chromosomal localization, expression, and signaling specificity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:25171-8. [PMID: 9737977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.39.25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Already a dozen molecules share binding to the Src homology (SH) 3 domains of human Nck, an SH3-SH3-SH3-SH2 adapter protein. We reason that there may be multiple gene members of Nck to accommodate the large binding repertoires. Here we report identification of novel human and mouse Nck genes and rename them as the Nckalpha and Nckbeta genes (including the human Nckalpha, human Nckbeta, mouse Nckalpha, and mouse Nckbeta genes). Nckalpha and Nckbeta share 68% amino acid identity, whereas the two Nckalpha and two Nckbeta across the species show 96% identity to each other. The human Nckbeta gene is mapped to 2q12, whereas the human Nckalpha gene has previously been mapped at 3q21. Antibodies specifically against Nckalpha and Nckbeta detect Nckalpha and Nckbeta with an identical molecular mass in the same cells of various origins. Ectopically expressed Nckbeta, but not its SH2 domain mutant, strongly inhibits epidermal growth factor- and platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated DNA synthesis. Consistently, epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor preferentially interact with Nckbeta over Nckalpha in vitro. This study indicates that Nck is a multiple gene family and that each gene may have its own signaling specificity. Because previous anti-Nck (human Nckalpha) antibodies cross-react with Nckbeta, reassessment of those studies with specific Nck genes would be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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24
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Luu HH, Zagaja GP, Dubauskas Z, Chen SL, Smith RC, Watabe K, Ichikawa Y, Ichikawa T, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Rinker-Schaeffer CW. Identification of a novel metastasis-suppressor region on human chromosome 12. Cancer Res 1998; 58:3561-5. [PMID: 9721861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for markers that can be used to predict accurately the malignant potential of histological prostate cancers (J. T. Isaacs. Am. J. Pathol., 150: 1511-1521, 1997). Metastasis-suppressor genes are attractive candidates for marker development because, by definition, their loss should be associated with the acquisition of metastatic ability. In an effort to identify such genes, a single copy of human chromosome 12, tagged with the neomycin resistance gene, was introduced into highly metastatic Dunning AT6.1 prostate cancer cells by microcell-mediated chromosomal transfer. Thirty-two AT6.1-12 clonal cell lines were established and the region(s) of chromosome 12 retained was determined by sequence tagged site-based PCR analysis. Representative AT6.1-12 clones containing overlapping regions of chromosome 12 were characterized cytogenetically and were shown to have a normal complement of parental AT6.1 rat chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, performed on representative AT6.1-12 hybrids, demonstrated a single human chromosome 12-specific signal. The metastatic ability of six representative clones was tested in immunodeficient mice. All of the AT6.1-12 clones showed the same in vivo growth rates as the control AT6.1-neo cells. Clonal cell lines that contained a conserved approximately 70-cM portion of chromosome 12 (e.g., AT6.1-12-8, -8-1, and -8-3), showed a >30-fold suppression in the number of macroscopic surface lung metastases. Mice that received injections of these cells developed a mean number 4 lung metastases whereas mice that received injections of other AT6.1-12 hybrids (lacking the approximately 70-cM region) or AT6.1-neo control cells, developed a mean number of 140 metastases. Interestingly, histological examination of the lungs of the mice that received injections of AT6.1-12-8 cells showed essentially no microscopic metastases. These findings suggest that a gene(s) encoded by the approximately 70-cM portion of human chromosome 12 suppresses an early step in the metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Luu
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Furuta H, Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Sussel L, Le Beau MM, Davis EM, Ogata M, Iwamoto Y, German MS, Bell GI. Beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: mutations in the coding region of the BETA2/NeuroD1 (NEUROD1) and Nkx2.2 (NKX2B) genes are not associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young in Japanese. Diabetes 1998; 47:1356-8. [PMID: 9703340 DOI: 10.2337/diab.47.8.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Furuta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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26
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Carney JP, Maser RS, Olivares H, Davis EM, Le Beau M, Yates JR, Hays L, Morgan WF, Petrini JH. The hMre11/hRad50 protein complex and Nijmegen breakage syndrome: linkage of double-strand break repair to the cellular DNA damage response. Cell 1998; 93:477-86. [PMID: 9590181 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 912] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by increased cancer incidence, cell cycle checkpoint defects, and ionizing radiation sensitivity. We have isolated the gene encoding p95, a member of the hMre11/hRad50 double-strand break repair complex. The p95 gene mapped to 8q21.3, the region that contains the NBS locus, and p95 was absent from NBS cells established from NBS patients. p95 deficiency in these cells completely abrogates the formation of hMre11/hRad50 ionizing radiation-induced foci. Comparison of the p95 cDNA to the NBS1 cDNA indicated that the p95 gene and NBS1 are identical. The implication of hMre11/hRad50/p95 protein complex in NBS reveals a direct molecular link between DSB repair and cell cycle checkpoint functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Carney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0750, USA
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27
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Wang PW, Iannantuoni K, Davis EM, Espinosa R, Stoffel M, Le Beau MM. Refinement of the commonly deleted segment in myeloid leukemias with a del(20q). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998; 21:75-81. [PMID: 9491317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 [del(20q)] is a recurring abnormality in a wide spectrum of myeloid disorders. Loss of genetic material from 20q may confer a proliferative advantage to myeloid cells, possibly through loss of function of a tumor suppressor gene. Previously, we analyzed leukemia cells from 19 patients with a del(20q) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and identified a segment that was deleted in 95% of all patients examined. The deleted interval extended from 20q11.2 to q12, spanned approximately 13 Mb, and was flanked proximally by RPN2 and distally by D20S17. To narrow the commonly deleted segment and facilitate the identification of candidate genes, we have employed molecular approaches in combination with FISH. By using 21 microsatellite markers positioned in a recently generated physical map of 20q, we performed allele loss studies in myeloid leukemia cells from 23 patients with a del(20q). The results of these studies allowed us to delineate a new proximal border, flanked by marker D20S206. By FISH analysis of additional leukemia samples from patients with a del(20q), we have also delineated a new distal boundary between markers D20S119 and UT654. As a result of the redesignation of both the proximal and distal boundaries, we have successfully narrowed the commonly deleted segment within 20q12 to a region spanning approximately 8 Mb. Identification of the smallest deleted segment will facilitate the eventual cloning of a candidate myeloid tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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28
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Sato Y, Bohlander SK, Kobayashi H, Reshmi S, Suto Y, Davis EM, Espinosa R, Hoopes R, Montgomery KT, Kucherlapati RS, Le Beau MM, Rowley JD. Heterogeneity in the breakpoints in balanced rearrangements involving band 12p13 in hematologic malignancies identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization: TEL (ETV6 ) is involved in only one half. Blood 1997; 90:4886-93. [PMID: 9389705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and probes located on 12p12.1 to 13.3, we studied the breakpoints of 23 patients who had various hematologic malignant diseases and who had 12p13-balanced translocations (21 patients), inversion (1 patient), or insertion (1 patient). Among them, 14 patients had breakpoints within YAC964c10, which contains the TEL (ETV6 ) gene and in 12 of these with balanced translocations or insertion, the FISH results suggested that TEL was involved. Two of the 14 patients, patients no. 13 and 14, had breakpoints in YAC 964C10 that were centromeric to TEL but telomeric to KIP1. In the other 9 patients whose breakpoints did not fall within the YAC, the breakpoints were found telomeric to the YAC in at least three different locations on distal 12p. These results indicated that TEL was involved in only half (12 of 23) of the patients with balanced 12p13 rearrangements and that there probably were several other breakpoint cluster regions on 12p13, suggesting that genes other than TEL were involved in these rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in American men. Currently, it is difficult to accurately predict the clinical course of histologically localized prostatic cancer in the individual patient. Identification of markers for metastatic potential of prostate cancer may improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. We have previously demonstrated that human chromosome 17 (17pter-q23) suppresses the metastatic ability of AT6.1 rat prostatic cancer cells. In this study we report on the further localization of the metastasis suppressor activity encoded by human chromosome 17. METHODS A series of AT6.1-17 microcell hybrids was constructed using microcell-mediated chromosomal transfer of human chromosome 17 into highly metastatic AT6.1 cells. Hybrids which had spontaneously deleted regions of chromosome 17 were analyzed by PCR for the presence of 32 sequence-tagged sites (STS) markers as well as the prostate cancer tumor-suppressor loci reported on 17q. In addition, we examined a number of candidate genes and markers that previously have been mapped to chromosome 17. The in vivo metastatic potential of these AT6.1-17 deletion hybrids was determined. RESULTS We have localized metastasis-suppressor activity to a approximately 70-centiMorgan (cM) portion of chromosome 17, consisting of three distinct regions of 30 cM (D17S952-->D17S805), 6 cM (D17S930-->D17S797), and 34 cM (D17S944-->D17S784). Three of the four markers on 17p13, including HIC1 and TP53, and 12 of the 13 markers in 17q21-23, including BRCA1 (D17S855) and NM23 (NME1), were not retained in the conserved approximately 70-cM metastasis-suppressor region. CONCLUSIONS These results support a role for a novel metastasis-suppressor gene(s) or a novel metastasis-suppressor function on chromosome 17. Complementary candidate gene and positional cloning approaches are being used to identify the gene(s) within the approximately 70-cM conserved region responsible for metastasis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chekmareva
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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30
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Wang P, Spielberger RT, Thangavelu M, Zhao N, Davis EM, Iannantuoni K, Larson RA, Le Beau MM. dic(5;17): a recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid disorders associated with mutations of TP53. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997; 20:282-91. [PMID: 9365836 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199711)20:3<282::aid-gcc9>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified three unbalanced translocations involving chromosomes 5 and 17, der(5)t(5;17), der(17)t(5;17), and dic(5;17), in the malignant cells from 17 patients with myeloid neoplasms. Six patients had a primary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) de novo; ten patients had therapy-related MDS and/or AML (t-MDS/t-AML), and one patient had chronic myelogenous leukemia in myeloid blast phase. Two of the six patients with MDS or AML de novo had extensive exposure to industrial solvents, and one patient had Seckel syndrome. The primary diagnoses for the ten patients with t-MDS/t-AML were breast carcinoma and Hodgkin's disease in two patients each, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, ovarian carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma in one patient each. Four patients had received both prior chemotherapy and radiotherapy, four others received prior chemotherapy only, and the remaining two patients only prior radiotherapy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of centromere-specific probes for chromosomes 5 and 17 revealed that a dicentric rearrangement was the most common (13/16 patients examined). The genetic consequences of these chromosomal rearrangements are partial monosomy for 5q and 17p. Two of six patients examined had point mutations in TP53, suggesting that loss of function of TP53 in addition to loss of a tumor suppressor gene on 5q may be involved in the pathogenesis of the malignant disease in some of these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Child
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Female
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA
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31
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Sato Y, Bohlander SK, Kobayashi H, Suto Y, Davis EM, Espinosa R, Le Beau MM, Rowley JD. Identification of pericentric inversion 12, inv(12)(p13.1q11), by fluorescence in situ hybridization in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M6). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1997; 97:157-60. [PMID: 9283600 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using probes located between 12p12.1 and 12p13.3, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and identified an inv(12)(p13.1q11) in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M6). Standard cytogenetic analysis had identified the rearranged chromosomes 12 as del(12) (p11p13). Although deletions and translocations involving band 12p13 are fairly common chromosomal abnormalities observed in a broad spectrum of hematologic malignancies, inv(12) is a rather rare abnormality. We compare the clinical and cytogenetic findings with those of the previous cases reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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32
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Janssen U, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Stoffel W. Human mitochondrial enoyl-CoA hydratase gene (ECHS1): structural organization and assignment to chromosome 10q26.2-q26.3. Genomics 1997; 40:470-5. [PMID: 9073515 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The second step in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation is catalyzed by short chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECHS1; EC 4.2.1.17). Inherited disorders of this pathway of energy metabolism present clinical and laboratory features resembling sudden infant death syndrome and Reye-like syndrome. To investigate the role of ECHS1 further, the gene structure was analyzed and its chromosomal locus determined. A fragment of rat liver ECHS1 cDNA was employed for isolation and characterization of two overlapping genomic clones encompassing the entire human ECHS1 gene. The gene, approximately 11 kb, is composed of eight exons, with exons I and VIII containing the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions, respectively. Two major transcription start sites, located 62 and 63 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon, were mapped by primer extension analysis. The immediate 5'-flanking region of the ECHS1 gene is GC-rich and contains several copies of the SP1 binding motive but no typical TATA or CAAT boxes are apparent. Alu repeat elements have been identified within the region -1052/-770 relative to the cap site and in intron 7. The human ECHS1 gene locus was assigned to chromosome 10q26.2-q26.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Janssen
- Medical Faculty, Universität Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, Cologne, D-50931, Germany
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33
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Le Beau MM, Espinosa R, Davis EM, Eisenbart JD, Larson RA, Green ED. Cytogenetic and molecular delineation of a region of chromosome 7 commonly deleted in malignant myeloid diseases. Blood 1996; 88:1930-5. [PMID: 8822909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of a whole chromosome 7 or a deletion of the long arm, del(7q), are recurring abnormalities in malignant myeloid diseases. To determine the location of genes on 7q that are likely to play a role in leukemogenesis, we examined the deleted chromosome 7 homologs in a series of 81 patients with therapy-related or de novo myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia. Our analysis showed that the deletions were interstitial and that there were two distinct deleted segments of 7q. The majority of patients (65 of 81 [80%]) had proximal breakpoints in bands q11-22 and distal breakpoints in q31-36; the smallest overlapping deleted segment was within q22. The remaining 16 patients had deletions involving the distal q arm with a commonly deleted segment of q32-33. To define the proximal deleted segment at 7q22 at a molecular level, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization with a panel of mapped yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones from 7q to examine 15 patients with deletion breakpoints in 7q22. We determined that the smallest overlapping deleted segment is contained in a well-defined YAC contig that spans 2 to 3 Mb. These studies delineate the region of 7q that must be searched to isolate a putative myeloid leukemia suppressor gene, and provide the necessary cloned DNA for more detailed physical mapping and gene isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Le Beau
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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34
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Abstract
We isolated a partial genomic clone encoding ITGAD, a novel beta 2-integrin alpha subunit. The ITGAD gene is highly homologous to the three previously known alpha subunit-encoding genes, that compose the beta 2 integrin family, in deduced amino acid sequence, intron/exon structure and mapping location (chromosome 16p11).
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wong
- Center For Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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35
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Davis EM, Tsuji J, Davis GD, Pierce ML, Essenberg M. Purification of (+)-delta-cadinene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase from bacteria-inoculated cotton foliar tissue. Phytochemistry 1996; 41:1047-1055. [PMID: 8728715 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A sesquiterpene cyclase whose activity is induced in a glandless, bacterial blight-resistant line of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) catalyses the conversion of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate to (+)-delta-cadinene. This enzyme was purified by a combination of salt-induced phase separation, hydroxylapatite fractionation, hydrophobic interaction and strong anion-exchange chromatography, and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by renaturation with Tween 80. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 64-65 kDa, and exhibited a single silver-staining band following electrophoresis in analytical denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Amino acid sequences of three tryptic peptides from the enzyme have been determined and are similar to known sequences in other terpene cyclases from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3035, USA
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36
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Lehto M, Huang X, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Laurila E, Eriksson KF, Bell GI, Groop L. Human hexokinase II gene: exon-intron organization, mutation screening in NIDDM, and its relationship to muscle hexokinase activity. Diabetologia 1995; 38:1466-74. [PMID: 8786021 DOI: 10.1007/bf00400608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In muscle, hexokinase II (HK2) regulates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, which has been reported to be impaired in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Here we report decreased HK2 enzyme activity in skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with impaired glucose tolerance compared with healthy control subjects (2.7 +/- 0.9 vs 4.9 +/- 1.1 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1). Therefore, mutations in the HK2 gene could contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance in NIDDM. To address this question, we first determined the exon-intron structure of the human HK2 gene and using this information, we screened all 18 exons with single-strand conformation polymorphism technique in 80 Finnish NIDDM patients. Nine nucleotide substitutions were found, one of which was a missense mutation (Gln142-His142) in exon 4. In human muscle, a single HK2 mRNA transcript with a size of approximately 5500 nucleotides was detected with Northern blot analysis. We also describe an HK2 pseudogene (HK2P1), which was mapped to chromosome 4, band q26, by fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The clinical characteristics and HK2 enzyme activities of the subjects with either Gln or His at residue 142 did not differ from each other. Instead, HK2 activity correlated inversely with fasting blood glucose levels, suggesting that changes in HK2 activity could be secondary to other metabolic abnormalities (r = 0.55; p < 0.0003; n = 39). In conclusion; the data suggest that impaired HK2 activity in prediabetic individuals is a consequence of impaired glucose tolerance rather than of a genetic abnormality. The data thus seem to rule out mutations in the HK2 gene as a major cause of inherited insulin resistance in NIDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lehto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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37
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Sato Y, Suto Y, Pietenpol J, Golub TR, Gilliland DG, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Roberts JM, Vogelstein B, Rowley JD. TEL and KIP1 define the smallest region of deletions on 12p13 in hematopoietic malignancies. Blood 1995; 86:1525-33. [PMID: 7632960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Unbalanced translocations as well as interstitial deletions of the short arm of chromosome 12 [del(12p)] are found as recurring chromosomal changes in a broad spectrum of hematopoietic malignancies. These changes result in the hemizygous deletion of genetic material from 12p. We mapped a yeast artificial chromosome containing the TEL gene, a cosmid contig containing part of TEL and a P1 contig containing the KIP1 gene to 12p13. These probes were used for fluorescence in situ hybridization to analyze samples from 47 patients with various hematologic malignancies who had unbalanced translocations (25 patients) leading to loss of 12p or deletions (22 patients) involving 12p13. The patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (8 cases), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; 11 cases), acute myeloid leukemia (AML; 10 cases), myeloproliferative disorders (4 cases), therapy-related MDS or AML (7 cases), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2 cases), and other hematopoietic malignancies (5 cases). All three probes were hemizygously detected in 26 cases and were completely retained in only 9 cases. In 12 cases probes for one of the two genes were deleted, allowing us to map the smallest region of overlap of these deletions to a small genomic region that is bordered on the telomeric side by the TEL gene and on the centromeric side by KIP1. The genomic distance between TEL and KIP1 is estimated to be about 1 to 2 Mbp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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38
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Le Beau MM, Song C, Davis EM, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Liao S. Assignment of the human ubiquitous receptor gene (UNR) to 19q13.3 using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 1995; 26:166-8. [PMID: 7782080 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Le Beau
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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39
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Musch MW, Davis EM, Goldstein L. Oligomeric forms of skate erythrocyte band 3. Effect of volume expansion. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:19683-6. [PMID: 8051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Volume expansion of little skate (Raja erinacea) erythrocytes leads to the formation of oligomeric forms of the band 3 protein. The oligomers are formed following incubation in hypotonic media or inclusion of a permeant solute such as ethylene glycol. Oligomers were detected by specifically labeling the skate erythrocyte band 3 homolog with the radiolabeled stilbene [3H]4,4'-diisothiocyano-1,2 diphenylethane-2,2'-disulfonic acid and cross-linking membrane proteins with the homobifunctional agent bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate. Under isoosmotic conditions, the distribution of band 3 in the monomer, dimer, and tetramer forms was 38, 54, and 8%. Medium of 0.5 osmolarity caused the distribution to change to 22% monomer, 31% dimer, and 47% tetramer. Upon return to isoosmotic conditions, cell volume, as well as the distribution of band 3 in the monomer, dimer, and tetrameric forms, returned to control values. Return of hypotonically swollen cells to isoosmotic conditions also returned taurine efflux back to control values. Hyperosmolarity caused a 20% shrinkage of cell volume but did not have any effect on either taurine efflux or the distribution of band 3 in the oligomeric forms. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and dinitrostilbene disulfonate, two agents that interact with and cause the formation of the tetrameric form of human band 3, also caused a shift toward to tetrameric peak in skate band 3. To determine whether the cross-linked oligomers had proteins that closely associate with band 3 in the intact cell, Western blots were performed to detect ankyrin and band 4.1. Neither protein appeared with the dimeric or tetrameric forms of band 3, suggesting that the mobility shift was in fact due to association of band 3 monomers. This is the first demonstration that oligomerization of band 3 occurs during a physiologic effect that may be mediated by the band 3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Musch
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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40
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Abstract
Our previous study [J. K. Haynes and L. Goldstein. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 34): R173-R179, 1993] showed that skate erythrocytes have a volume-sensitive amino acid transporter that passes amino acids across the cell membrane in a size-related nonstereospecific manner. The aim of the present study was to determine whether representatives of other groups of organic osmolytes (polyols, trimethylamines) could be transported by this same system. Volume-sensitive transport was assayed by measuring Na(+)-independent uptake of osmolytes into erythrocytes. Hypotonic stress stimulated uptake of the polyol myo-inositol and the trimethylamine betaine severalfold. There was little or no competition between osmolytes for transport. However, inhibitor studies indicated that both betaine and inositol are transported by the same pathway as amino acids. Inhibitors of the anion exchanger band 3 and a variety of chloride channel inhibitors blocked the hypotonically stimulated uptake of betaine, inositol, and taurine in a quantitatively similar manner. These results show that different chemical classes of organic osmolytes share a common volume-sensitive transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goldstein
- Section of Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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41
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Yano H, Philipson LH, Kugler JL, Tokuyama Y, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Nelson DJ, Bell GI, Takeda J. Alternative splicing of human inwardly rectifying K+ channel ROMK1 mRNA. Mol Pharmacol 1994; 45:854-60. [PMID: 8190102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a new family of inwardly rectifying K+ channels, members of which are known by the acronyms ROMK1, IRK1, and GIRK1. We have isolated cDNAs encoding the human homologue of ROMK1 from an adult kidney cDNA library. The sequences of the human kidney ROMK1 cDNA clones indicated that they were derived from at least two types of mRNAs, human ROMK1A and human ROMK1B, differing in sequence at their 5' ends. The isolation of the human ROMK1 gene, localized to chromosome band 11q24 by fluorescence in situ hybridization, indicated that the different ROMK1 transcripts were generated by alternative splicing. Human ROMK1A mRNA was predicted to encode a protein of 389 amino acids, having 93% identity with the 391-residue rat ROMK1 protein, and expression studies in Xenopus oocytes indicated that it encoded a Ba(2+)-sensitive inwardly rectifying K+ channel with properties similar to those reported for cloned rat ROMK1. Human ROMK1B mRNA was predicted to encode a protein of 372 amino acids whose sequence was truncated at the amino terminus but otherwise identical to that of the human ROMK1A protein. Translation of human ROMK1B mRNA was predicted to initiate at a codon corresponding to Met-18 of human ROMK1A mRNA. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification of human kidney mRNA revealed human ROMK1A and -B transcripts as well as a third type of transcript, human ROMK1C mRNA, which was predicted to encode a protein identical to human ROMK1B. Human ROMK1A, -B, and -C transcripts were identified in kidney, whereas only human ROMK1A mRNA could be detected in pancreatic islets and other tissues in which human ROMK1 was expressed at low levels. Thus, tissue-specific alternative splicing of human ROMK1 mRNA may result in the expression of a family of ROMK1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yano
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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42
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Schwartz WJ, Takeuchi J, Shannon W, Davis EM, Aronin N. Temporal regulation of light-induced Fos and Fos-like protein expression in the ventrolateral subdivision of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience 1994; 58:573-83. [PMID: 8170538 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We measured c-fos messenger RNA levels and Fos protein immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats as a function of light and time of day. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a daily rhythm of immunoreactive Fos in the ventrolateral subdivision of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of animals entrained to a 12 h/12 h light-dark cycle; expression was low during the dark phase, peaked about 2 h after light onset at dawn, and remained elevated at an intermediate level for the remainder of the light phase. Immunoblots of nuclear extracts showed a 54,000 mol. wt band that increased in density from the dark phase to the early light phase and decreased again during the late light phase. In situ hybridization using a radiolabeled cDNA probe revealed a c-fos messenger RNA signal that was detected as early as 15 min after dawn, prominent at 30 min, and absent by 2 h. The expression of c-fos messenger RNA and Fos immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus depended on the presence of ambient light. In rats entrained to two daily 1-h light pulses corresponding to dawn and dusk ("skeleton" photoperiod) instead of the complete light-dark cycle, immunoreactive Fos was elicited by the dawn pulse alone and was less persistent than during the complete photoperiod. In rats free-running in constant darkness, c-fos messenger RNA and Fos immunoreactivity were stimulated by 2-h light pulses administered only during the subjective night and early subjective day, but not by light pulses during the middle or late subjective day or in the absence of light pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655
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43
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Davis EM. Gender stress: a preliminary survey with specific reference to female physicians. W INDIAN MED J 1993; 42:126-8. [PMID: 8273323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Practicing female physicians in Trinidad and Tobago were studied to identify major causal factors of negative stress. Results indicated that major stressors were as follows: job (36%), finance (32%), children (20%), relationships (20%). The minor stressors identified were: children (48%), finance (36%), relationships (36%), job (32%), and health (20%). The physicians showed the ability to cope with the stress and this was attributed to, inter alia, self-sufficiency, empowerment, self-fulfillment and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Davis
- Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Trinidad, West Indies
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44
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Abstract
The gene encoding the somatostatin receptor subtype designated as SSTR5 was mapped to human chromosome 20p11.2 by using fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a probe for SSTR5 in combination with probes for neuroendocrine convertase-2 (NEC2), thrombomodulin (THBD), and brain glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB) established a physical order for these loci of 20pter-NEC2-SSTR5-THBD-PYGB-cen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yasuda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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45
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Kobayashi H, Espinosa R, Thirman MJ, Davis EM, Diaz MO, Le Beau MM, Rowley JD. Variability of 11q23 rearrangements in hematopoietic cell lines identified with fluorescence in situ hybridization. Blood 1993; 81:3027-33. [PMID: 8499638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We mapped and ordered 17 cosmid, phage, and plasmid clones to chromosome 11, bands q22-q24, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We then analyzed four hematopoietic cell lines with 11q23 rearrangements, Karpas 45, SUP-T13, RC-K8, and Karpas 422, using these probes. The studies showed that the translocation breakpoints of the Karpas 45 and SUP-T13 cell lines, which were derived from T-cell malignancies, were located in the same breakpoint cluster region of the MLL gene as the RS4; 11 cell line and patients with the t(9;11), t(11;19), and t(6;11) described previously. We confirmed that the translocation breakpoint of the RC-K8 cell line was located telomeric to the MLL gene, and found that the derivative 11 chromosome of the Karpas 422 cell line, which had been thought to contain a t(4;11) (q21;q23), was in fact formed through a deletion and an inverted tandem repeat of part of 11q.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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Jenkins RB, Le Beau MM, Kraker WJ, Borell TJ, Stalboerger PG, Davis EM, Penland L, Fernald A, Espinosa R, Schaid DJ. Fluorescence in situ hybridization: a sensitive method for trisomy 8 detection in bone marrow specimens. Blood 1992; 79:3307-15. [PMID: 1596571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 8 is a common anomaly in bone marrow (BM) cells of patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). We studied the efficacy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detection of trisomy 8 in patients with MPD, MDS, or ANLL using directly labeled fluorescent alpha-satellite and whole chromosome paint (WCP) DNA probes specific for chromosome 8. Using FISH, we analyzed interphase nuclei and metaphase spreads from randomized series of BM specimens from normal individuals and patients with varying proportions of trisomy 8 as determined by conventional cytogenetic analysis. The BM of all normal donors contained less than or equal to 2.0% nuclei with 3 interphase FISH signals and less than or equal to 1 metaphase with 3 WCP FISH signals. Ninety-five percent and 98% of BM specimens with at least two metaphase cells with trisomy 8 by cytogenetic analysis contained greater than 2.0% nuclei with 3 interphase FISH and greater than 2 metaphases with 3 WCP FISH signals, respectively. Thirteen patients had 1 in 20 or 1 in 30 metaphase cells with trisomy 8 by conventional cytogenetic studies. Of these patients, four had greater than 2.0% nuclei with 3 interphase FISH signals. The BM of all four patients contained positive metaphase FISH results. We then studied the usefulness of FISH analysis to detect occult trisomy 8 by analyzing BM nuclei from 144 patients who had MPD, MDS, or ANLL and either 20 normal metaphase cells or an abnormal karyotype without trisomy 8. Seven patients had greater than 2.0% nuclei with 3 interphase FISH signals (range, 2.10% to 3.40%) and six patients had 2 or more cells with trisomy 8 upon metaphase FISH or extensive conventional cytogenetic analysis. Our results show that interphase and metaphase FISH analyses are useful methods to detect trisomy 8 cells in BM specimens, especially for specimens with normal or uncertain conventional cytogenetic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Jenkins
- Section of Laboratory Genetics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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Thangavelu M, Bitter MA, Larson RA, Davis EM, Rowley JD, Le Beau MM. Der(5)t(5;7)(q11.2;p11.2): a new recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid disorders. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1989; 37:1-8. [PMID: 2917326 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(89)90067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Complete or partial monosomy for the long arm of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 is frequently observed in malignant cells from patients with a therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) or therapy-related acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (t-ANLL). Partial monosomy is usually the result of a chromosomal deletion; however, unbalanced translocations have also been observed. We have identified one such translocation in three patients who had either t-ANLL or a primary MDS. The genetic consequences of this translocation [-5,-7,+der(5)t(5;7)(q11.2;p11.2)] are partial monosomy for the long arm of chromosome 5 and complete monosomy for the long arm of chromosome 7. Thus, this rearrangement may represent a new, recurring abnormality that is associated with malignant myeloid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thangavelu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Harris BN, Davis EM, Le Beau MM, Bitter MA, Kaminer LS, Morgan E, Rowley JD. Variant translocations (9;11): identification of the critical genetic rearrangement. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1988; 30:171-5. [PMID: 3422044 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(88)90108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The t(9;11)(p22;q23) is a recurring abnormality in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. The analysis of complex 9;11 translocations will aid in the identification of the conserved chromosomal junction or the critical genetic alteration created by the rearrangement; however, variant translocations involving chromosomes #9 and #11 have not been reported. We have identified such variants in two patients who had acute myelomonocytic leukemia and acute monocytic leukemia, characterized by a t(9;11;18)(p22;q23;q12) and a t(9;11;13)(p22;q23;q34), respectively. The conserved junction resulting from these rearrangements is created by the translocation of chromosomal material from 9p to 11q.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Ill 60637
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Davis EM. Keeping values alive in an ever-changing health care environment. CHAC Rev 1987; 15:4-10. [PMID: 10284790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Le Beau MM, Albain KS, Larson RA, Vardiman JW, Davis EM, Blough RR, Golomb HM, Rowley JD. Clinical and cytogenetic correlations in 63 patients with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: further evidence for characteristic abnormalities of chromosomes no. 5 and 7. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4:325-45. [PMID: 3950675 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1986.4.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical, histologic, and cytogenetic features in 63 patients with a therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (t-ANLL) following cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy for a previous disease were analyzed. Eleven patients had received only radiotherapy for the primary disorder. In most cases, high doses had been administered to treatment ports that included the pelvic or spinal bone marrow. Twenty-one patients had received only chemotherapy for their primary disease, all for more than 1 year and all but one with an alkylating agent, either alone or in combination with other drugs. Thirty-one patients had received both radiotherapy and chemotherapy, either concurrently or sequentially. A clonal chromosomal abnormality was observed in marrow or blood cells from 61 of the 63 patients (97%). Fifty-five patients (87%) had a clonal abnormality of chromosomes no. 5 and/or 7 consisting of loss of all or part of the long arm of the chromosome. The critical chromosome region that was consistently deleted in all 17 patients with del(5q) comprised bands q23 to q32. In addition to nos. 5 and 7, five other chromosomes (no. 1, 4, 12, 14, and 18) were found to be nonrandomly involved. Both t-MDS and t-ANLL are late complications of cytotoxic therapies that have distinctive clinical and histologic features and are associated with characteristic aberrations of chromosomes no. 5 and 7. It seems likely that these two chromosomes contain genes involved in the pathogenesis of these hematopoietic neoplasms.
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