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Rodríguez-Cano R, Lotre K, von Soest T, Rognli EB, Bramness JG. Loneliness in adolescence and prescription of psychotropic drugs in adulthood: 23-year longitudinal population-based and registry study. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e61. [PMID: 38465662 PMCID: PMC10951847 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2024.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of adolescent loneliness in adult mental health and prescriptions of psychotropic drugs remains underexplored. AIMS We aim to determine whether (a) experiencing loneliness in adolescence and (b) changes in loneliness from adolescence to adulthood are prospectively associated with prescriptions for a variety of psychotropic drugs in adulthood. METHOD We used data from a Norwegian population-based sample with 2602 participants, collected across four waves between 1992 and 2006. Loneliness was assessed at each wave, with survey data linked to medicinal drug prescription records from the Norwegian Prescription Database. We identified prescription histories of antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, antidepressants and benzodiazepines from 2007 to 2015, for each participant. We use latent growth curve analyses to model the relationship of adolescent loneliness and loneliness change from adolescence to adulthood, with subsequent psychotropic drugs prescription. RESULTS Adolescents with heightened loneliness, and adolescents whose loneliness increased into young adulthood, had a greater likelihood of being prescribed antipsychotics, mood stabilisers and antidepressants in adulthood. These associations remained significant after adjustment for confounders such as sociodemographic characteristics, conduct problems, substance use and mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS Loneliness in adolescence and its adverse development over a span of 15 years was linked to higher risk of receiving prescriptions for antipsychotics, mood stabilisers and antidepressants later in life. The findings may indicate that loneliness increases the risk for developing psychotic disorders, bipolar disorders and major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Rodríguez-Cano
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway; and PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Karianne Lotre
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; and Norwegian Social Research (NOVA), OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
| | - Eline Borger Rognli
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Jørgen Gustav Bramness
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Norway; Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Trondheim, Norway; and Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Hamar, Norway
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Rognli EB, Taipale H, Hjorthøj C, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Bramness JG, Heiberg IH, Niemelä S. Annual incidence of substance-induced psychoses in Scandinavia from 2000 to 2016. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5246-5255. [PMID: 35983644 PMCID: PMC10476053 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172200229x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance-induced psychosis (SIP) is a serious condition and may predispose for schizophrenia. We know too little about SIP incidence over time and across countries, including substance-specific SIPs. We estimated annual incidence rate of SIP in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden according to substance, age, gender, and socioeconomic background. METHODS Data were drawn from registries covering the whole adult population in the countries. Annual incidence rate per 100 000 persons of SIPs was estimated for Denmark and Sweden from 2000 to 2016 and for Norway from 2010 to 2015. RESULTS The annual incidence rate of any SIP fluctuated between 9.3 and 14.1. The most commonly occurring SIPs were those induced by alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, and multiple substances. There was a steady decrease in the incidence rate of alcohol-induced psychosis from the first to the last year of the observation period in Denmark (from 4.9 to 1.5) and Sweden (from 4.5 to 2.2). The incidence rate of cannabis-induced psychosis increased in all countries, from 2.6 to 5.6 in Denmark, from 0.8 to 2.7 in Sweden, and from 1.8 to 3.0 in Norway. Median age of any SIP decreased in Denmark (from 36 to 29 years) and Sweden (from 41 to 31 years). Incidence rates were higher in men and in individuals on disability pension, and increased more among those with high parental education. CONCLUSIONS We found similar and stable incidence rates of any SIP in all Scandinavian countries through the observation period. The incidence of alcohol-induced psychosis decreased. The incidence of cannabis-induced psychosis increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Borger Rognli
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Taipale
- Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Hjorthøj
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health – CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen G. Bramness
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ina H. Heiberg
- Center for Clinical Documentation and Evaluation (SKDE), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Psychiatry Unit, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Rognli EB, Dalsrud MK, Wüsthoff LEC, Arnevik EA. Ubenyttet behandlingstilbud ved rusakuttmottak – en kvalitativ studie. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2023; 143:22-0471. [PMID: 36987889 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patient pathway for follow-up after a drug overdose, which is an important part of Norway's national overdose strategy, started up on 1 January 2022. Four years earlier, a collaboration was initiated between the ambulance service and the drug-related emergency department at Oslo University Hospital with the same aim as this patient pathway: to provide emergency follow-up in the specialist health service after a drug overdose. Uptake of the follow-up provision was minimal, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons behind this. MATERIAL AND METHOD We used a case study design and carried out twelve qualitative interviews with representatives from the ambulance service, the drug-related emergency department and the service user group. A thematic analysis of the interviews was then conducted. RESULTS The analysis revealed five thematic areas with different explanations for the poor uptake of the service provision. There was insufficient information about the provision, and the admission criteria were unclear. Communication issues between the ambulance service and the drug-related emergency department meant that the provision did not function as an emergency service. The service users' wishes after an overdose did not correspond fully with the provision, and uptake was sometimes associated with sanctions. INTERPRETATION The results show that things could have been done differently at a local level, but also that the content of the patient pathway is unclear, and that general guidelines can lead to the provision being perceived as unsafe. The knowledge generated from this survey can help uncover areas that require improvement at a national level in the follow-up pathway after a drug overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Borger Rognli
- Seksjon for klinisk rus- og avhengighetsforskning (RusForsk), Klinikk psykisk helse og avhengighet, Oslo universitetssykehus
| | | | - Linda Elise Couëssurel Wüsthoff
- Seksjon for klinisk rus- og avhengighetsforskning (RusForsk), Klinikk psykisk helse og avhengighet, Oslo universitetssykehus
| | - Espen Ajo Arnevik
- Seksjon for klinisk rus- og avhengighetsforskning (RusForsk), Klinikk psykisk helse og avhengighet, Oslo universitetssykehus
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Bramness JG, Syse A, Rognli EB. Rusutløst psykose – en problematisk diagnose. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2023; 143:22-0762. [PMID: 36811432 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
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Rognli EB, Støme LN, Kværner KJ, Wilhelmsen C, Arnevik EA. The effect of employment support integrated in substance use treatment: A health economic cost-effectiveness simulation of three different interventions. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2022; 40:199-211. [PMID: 37063816 PMCID: PMC10101164 DOI: 10.1177/14550725221122196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Unemployment rates for individuals in treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) are high, with Norwegian estimates in the range of 81%–89%. Although Individual Placement and Support (IPS) represents a promising method to improved vocational outcome, cross-disciplinary investigations are needed to document implementation benefits and address reimbursements needs. The aim of this study was to model the potential socioeconomic value of employment support integrated in SUD treatment. Methods: Based on scientific publications, an ongoing randomised controlled trial (RCT) on employment support integrated in SUD treatment, and publicly available economy data, we made qualified assumptions about costs and socioeconomic gain for the different interventions targeting employment for patients with SUD: (1) treatment as usual (TAU); (2) TAU and a self-help guide and a workshop; and (3) TAU and IPS. For each intervention, we simulated three different outcome scenarios based on 100 patients. Results: Assuming a 40% employment rate and full-time employment (100%) for 10 years following IPS, we found a 10-year socioeconomic effect of €18,732,146. The corresponding effect for the more conservative TAU + IPS simulation assuming 40% part-time positions (25%) for five years, was €2,519,906. Compared to the two alternative interventions, IPS was cost-effective and more beneficial after six months to two years. Discussion: This concept evaluation study suggests that integrating employment support in the health services is socioeconomically beneficial. Our finding is relevant for decision makers within politics and health. Once employment rates from our ongoing RCT is available, real-life data will be applied to adjust model assumptions and socioeconomic value assumptions.
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Rognli EB, Bramness JG, von Soest T. Smoking in early adulthood is prospectively associated with prescriptions of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants and anxiolytics. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3241-3250. [PMID: 33583454 PMCID: PMC9693672 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether smoking should be regarded as a risk factor for mental disorders remains unresolved. Prescribed psychotropic drugs can be used as indications for mental disorders. We investigated how smoking was prospectively related to prescription of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and anxiolytics. METHODS Information about smoking, including the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, and relevant confounders, were obtained from the population-based Young in Norway Study (N = 2602), with four data collection waves between 1992 and 2006. These survey data were linked with information on prescriptions for psychotropic drugs from the comprehensive, nationwide Norwegian Prescription Database from 2007 to 2015. RESULTS Daily smoking with high dependence in 2006 at age 28.5 (s.d. = 2.0) was associated with filling prescriptions of antipsychotics (OR, 6.57, 95% CI 2.19-19.70, p = 0.001), mood stabilizers (OR, 7.11, 95% CI 2.51-20.15, p < 0.001) and antidepressants (OR, 1.91, 95% CI 1.13-3.23, p = 0.016) 1-9 years later. Associations remained significant after adjustment for a variety of potential confounders measured before the assessment of smoking, including sociodemographic background, conduct problems, cannabis use, mental distress, and previous prescriptions for psychotropic medications. The association between smoking and prescription of anxiolytics was weaker and more unstable. CONCLUSIONS In this study of young adults, daily smoking with high dependence was associated with later prescriptions of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and antidepressants, indicating smoking as a risk factor for mental disorders treated with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Borger Rognli
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Department on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Gustav Bramness
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Hamar, Norway
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Social Research (NOVA), OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Edvardsen HME, Aamodt C, Bogstrand ST, Krajci P, Vindenes V, Rognli EB. Concentrations of psychoactive substances in blood samples from non-fatal and fatal opioid overdoses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4494-4504. [PMID: 35470456 PMCID: PMC9543683 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The primary aim was to compare concentrations of psychoactive substances in blood in non‐fatal and fatal opioid overdoses. The secondary aim was to assess the concentration levels of naloxone in blood in non‐fatal overdoses and the association between naloxone findings and concomitantly detected drugs. Method Design Case‐control study. Setting Norway. Fatal overdoses from 2017 and non‐fatal overdoses from February 2018 to September 2019. Cases Thirty‐one non‐fatal and 160 fatal opioid overdose cases. Data from the non‐fatal overdoses were collected from hospital records and blood samples, and data from the fatal overdoses were collected from autopsy reports. Concentrations of psychoactive substances (including ethanol) in blood samples were collected at the time of hospital admission for the non‐fatal overdoses and during autopsy for the fatal overdoses. Results The median number of different substances detected was four for fatal and five for non‐fatal overdoses. The fatal overdoses had higher pooled concentrations of opioids (188 vs 57.2 ng/mL, P < .001), benzodiazepines (5467 vs 2051 ng/mL, P = .005) and amphetamines (581 vs 121 ng/mL, P < .001) than the non‐fatal overdoses. A linear relationship between naloxone and concomitant pooled opioid concentrations was found (95% confidence interval = 0.002‐0.135, P < .05). Conclusion The total load of drug concentrations was associated with the fatal outcome of an overdose, while the number of drugs used, to a lesser extent, differentiated between those who survived and those who died from an overdose. Higher opioid concentrations were associated with treatment with higher naloxone doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl Aamodt
- Department of Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Tore Bogstrand
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Krajci
- Department of Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eline Borger Rognli
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Bukten A, Lokdam NT, Skjærvø I, Ugelvik T, Skurtveit S, Gabrhelík R, Skardhamar T, Lund IO, Havnes IA, Rognli EB, Chang Z, Fazel S, Friestad C, Hesse M, Lothe J, Ploeg G, Dirkzwager AJE, Clausen T, Tjagvad C, Stavseth MR. PriSUD-Nordic-Diagnosing and Treating Substance Use Disorders in the Prison Population: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e35182. [PMID: 35320114 PMCID: PMC8987966 DOI: 10.2196/35182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large proportion of the prison population experiences substance use disorders (SUDs), which are associated with poor physical and mental health, social marginalization, and economic disadvantage. Despite the global situation characterized by the incarceration of large numbers of people with SUD and the health problems associated with SUD, people in prison are underrepresented in public health research. Objective The overall objective of the PriSUD (Diagnosing and Treating Substance Use Disorders in Prison)-Nordic project is to develop new knowledge that will contribute to better mental and physical health, improved quality of life, and better life expectancies among people with SUD in prison. Methods PriSUD-Nordic is based on a multidisciplinary mixed method approach, including the methodological perspectives of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative part includes ethnographic fieldwork and semistructured interviews. The quantitative part is a registry-based cohort study including national registry data from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. The national prison cohorts will comprise approximately 500,000 individuals and include all people imprisoned in Norway, Sweden, and Demark during the period from 2000 to 2019. The project will investigate the prison population during three different time periods: before imprisonment, during imprisonment, and after release. Results PriSUD-Nordic was funded by The Research Council of Norway in December 2019, and funding started in 2020. Data collection is ongoing and will be completed in the first quarter of 2022. Data will be analyzed in spring 2022 and the results will be disseminated in 2022-2023. The PriSUD-Nordic project has formal ethical approval related to all work packages. Conclusions PriSUD-Nordic will be the first research project to investigate the epidemiology and the lived experiences of people with SUD in the Nordic prison population. Successful research in this field will have the potential to identify significant areas of benefit and will have important implications for ongoing policy related to interventions for SUD in the prison population. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/35182
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bukten
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicoline Toresen Lokdam
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Skjærvø
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Ugelvik
- Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svetlana Skurtveit
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Disorders, Division of Mental and Physical Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roman Gabrhelík
- Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Torbjørn Skardhamar
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingunn Olea Lund
- Department of Mental Disorders, Division of Mental and Physical Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Amalia Havnes
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Adult Psychiatry Unit, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eline Borger Rognli
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Friestad
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Lillestrøm, Norway
| | - Morten Hesse
- Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan Lothe
- WayBack, Foundation for Life After Imprisonment, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerhard Ploeg
- Directorate of Norwegian Correctional Service, Lillestrøm, Norway
| | - Anja J E Dirkzwager
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Clausen
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Tjagvad
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Riksheim Stavseth
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Rognli EB, Aas EM, Drake RE, Marsden J, Anders P, Bond GR, Lystad JU, Reme SE, Arnevik EA. The effect evaluation of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) for patients with substance use disorders: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of IPS versus enhanced self-help. Trials 2021; 22:705. [PMID: 34654464 PMCID: PMC8518218 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Employment is associated with better outcomes of substance use treatment and protects against relapse after treatment completion. Unemployment rates are high for people with substance use disorders (SUD) who undergo treatment, with Norwegian estimates ranging from 81 to 91%. Evidence-based vocational models are lacking for patients in SUD treatment but exist for patients with psychosis in terms of Individual Placement and Support (IPS). The aim of the IPS for substance use disorders (IPS-SUD) trial is to investigate the effect of IPS in a SUD population. Methods/design The IPS-SUD trial is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing IPS to an enhanced control intervention. The study is a seven-site, two-arm, pragmatic, parallel-group, superiority RCT. Participants are randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either IPS plus treatment as usual (TAU) or to receive a self-help guide book and 12-h workshop plus 1-h individual vocational guidance plus TAU. Aiming to recruit 200 participants, we will be able to detect a 20% difference in the main outcome of employment with 90% power. We will make assessments at inclusion and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups and obtain outcome data on employment from national mandatory registries. The primary outcome will be at least 1 day of competitive employment during the 18-month follow-up period. Secondary employment outcomes will capture the pattern and extent of employment in terms of total time worked (days/hours), time to first employment, number of different jobs, duration of the longest employment, and sustained employment. Secondary non-employment outcomes will be substance use, mental distress, and quality of life measured by validated instruments at 6, 12, and 18 months follow-up assessments. To be eligible, participants must be between 18 and 65 years, currently unemployed and in treatment for SUD. Discussion The IPS-SUD trial will provide evidence for the use of IPS in a SUD population. Findings from the study will have implications for service delivery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04289415. Registered on February 28, 2020 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05673-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Borger Rognli
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erlend Marius Aas
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert E Drake
- Westat, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,IPS Employment Center, Laconia, New Hampshire, USA
| | - John Marsden
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Gary R Bond
- Westat, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,IPS Employment Center, Laconia, New Hampshire, USA
| | - June Ullevoldsæter Lystad
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Ajo Arnevik
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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Havnes IA, Bukten A, Rognli EB, Muller AE. Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and other substances prior to and during imprisonment - Results from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 217:108255. [PMID: 32949884 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with health problems and substance use. Substance use is common among inmates. This study aims to estimate lifetime and prison use of AAS and other substances, compare characteristics of groups of inmates, and describe factors associated with AAS use in a national prison population. METHODS Data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) Study, a cross-sectional survey of people in prisons, included sociodemographic variables and lifetime and prison use of AAS and other substances. Altogether 1,499 inmates, including 96 (6.4%) women, were divided into three mutually exclusive groups according to lifetime AAS use, non-AAS substance use and no substance use. RESULTS Lifetime AAS use was reported by 427 (28.5%) inmates; 6 women and 421 men. Non-AAS substance use was reported by 593 (39.6%) and 479 (31.9%) had never used AAS or non-AAS substances. Compared to the non-AAS substance group, the AAS group reported younger debut ages for nearly all non-AAS substances, higher mean number of non-AAS substances used in their lifetime (8.9, 6.6, p < 0.001), during the six months prior to incarceration (5.2, 3.1, p < 0.001), and during (2.3, 1.3, p < 0.001) imprisonment. Although 120 (8.0%) inmates used AAS during the six months prior to incarceration, only ten continued during imprisonment. CONCLUSIONS Lifetime AAS use is common among inmates and may be an indicator of more severe substance use problems. Screening for previous and present AAS use at incarceration and increased staff awareness are needed to tailor treatment approaches appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Amalia Havnes
- National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4959, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Bukten
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway; Section for Clinical Addiction Research (RusForsk), Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eline Borger Rognli
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research (RusForsk), Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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Bukten A, Lund IO, Kinner SA, Rognli EB, Havnes IA, Muller AE, Stavseth MR. Factors associated with drug use in prison - results from the Norwegian offender mental health and addiction (NorMA) study. Health Justice 2020; 8:10. [PMID: 32399643 PMCID: PMC7218530 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-020-00112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remarkably little is known about drug use during imprisonment, including whether it represents a continuation of pre-incarceration drug use, or whether prison is also a setting for drug use initiation. This paper aims to describe drug use among people in prison in Norway and investigate risk factors associated with in-prison drug use. METHODS We used data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) Study, a cross-sectional survey of 1499 individuals in Norwegian prisons. Respondents reported on drug use (narcotics and non-prescribed medications) both before and during imprisonment. We used multivariate logistic regression to investigate the associations between drug use in prison and demographics, previous drug use, mental health, and criminal activity. RESULTS Sixty-five percent of respondents reported lifetime drug use, and about 50% reported daily use of drugs during the 6 months before incarceration. Thirty-five percent reported ever using drugs in prison, but initiation of drug used during incarceration was uncommon. In a multivariate model, factors independently associated with drug use in prison included lifetime number of drugs used (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.23; p < 0.001), daily drug use in the 6 months before imprisonment (aOR = 7.12; 95%CI 3.99-12.70; p < 0.001), and being intoxicated while committing the crime related to current imprisonment (aOR = 2.13; 95%CI 1.13-4.03; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS In-prison drug use is independently associated with high-risk drug use before imprisonment. To reduce drug use in prison, correctional services must systematically screen for pre-prison drug use and offer effective drug treatment for those in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bukten
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Kirkveien 166, 0407, Oslo, Norway.
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Public Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eline Borger Rognli
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Marianne Riksheim Stavseth
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Kirkveien 166, 0407, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Rognli EB, Bramness JG, von Soest T. Cannabis use in early adulthood is prospectively associated with prescriptions of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2020; 141:149-156. [PMID: 31560790 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis is an acknowledged risk factor for some mental disorders, but for others the evidence is inconclusive. Prescribed medicinal drugs can be used as proxies for mental disorders. In this study, we investigate how use of cannabis is prospectively related to prescription of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and anxiolytics. METHODS Data on cannabis exposure and relevant confounders were obtained from 2,602 individuals in the longitudinal Young in Norway Study, providing survey data from four data collection waves between 1992 and 2006. Data were coupled with information about prescriptions for psychotropic drugs from the Norwegian Prescription Database between 2007 and 2015. RESULTS Past year cannabis use increased the risk of prescription of antipsychotics (OR = 5.56, 95 % CI 1.64 - 18.87), mood stabilizers (OR = 5.36, 95 % CI 1.99 - 14.44) and antidepressants (OR = 2.10, 95 % CI 1.36 - 3.25), after accounting for sociodemographic variables, conduct problems, additional drug use, mental distress, and prescriptions the year before cannabis use was measured. CONCLUSIONS In this study of young adults from the general population, past year cannabis use was associated with later prescriptions of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Borger Rognli
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Department on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Gustav Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Hamar, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Social Research (NOVA), OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
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13
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Bukten A, Lund IO, Rognli EB, Stavseth MR, Lobmaier P, Skurtveit S, Clausen T, Kunøe N. The Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction Study - Design and Implementation of a National Survey and Prospective Cohort Study. Subst Abuse 2015; 9:59-66. [PMID: 26648732 PMCID: PMC4666526 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s23546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Norwegian prison inmates are burdened by problems before they enter prison. Few studies have managed to assess this burden and relate it to what occurs for the inmates once they leave the prison. The Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study is a large-scale longitudinal cohort study that combines national survey and registry data in order to understand mental health, substance use, and criminal activity before, during, and after custody among prisoners in Norway. The main goal of the study is to describe the criminal and health-related trajectories based on both survey and registry linkage information. Data were collected from 1,499 inmates in Norwegian prison facilities during 2013–2014. Of these, 741 inmates provided a valid personal identification number and constitute a cohort that will be examined retrospectively and prospectively, along with data from nationwide Norwegian registries. This study describes the design, procedures, and implementation of the ongoing NorMA study and provides an outline of the initial data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bukten
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. ; Oslo University Hospital, Division for Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway. ; The Correctional Service of Norway, Staff Academy, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Eline Borger Rognli
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. ; Oslo University Hospital, Division for Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway. ; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Hamar, Norway
| | - Marianne Riksheim Stavseth
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Philipp Lobmaier
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. ; Oslo University Hospital, Division for Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svetlana Skurtveit
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. ; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Clausen
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. ; Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaj Kunøe
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Rognli EB, Berge J, Håkansson A, Bramness JG. Long-term risk factors for substance-induced and primary psychosis after release from prison. A longitudinal study of substance users. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:185-90. [PMID: 26359848 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine long-term risk factors for substance-induced and primary psychosis after release from prison. MATERIAL We used a longitudinal register-based cohort study combining European version of Addiction Severity Index (Europ-ASI) interviews and the Swedish inpatient register. The study included 6217 individuals who were in the Swedish criminal justice system from 2001 to 2006. MEASUREMENTS The outcomes were substance-induced and primary psychosis as defined by the International Classification of Disease - 10th version. All variables for estimating baseline risk were drawn from the Europ-ASI interview, and included information on substance use, demographics and health. The interview database and the inpatient register were coupled, and groups were compared by using tests of significance and logistic regression. RESULTS Polydrug use was the strongest predictor for substance induced psychosis (OR=9.55, 95% CI 3.42-26.67), but all substances imposed an increased risk. Previous psychiatric hospitalization and non-drug related hallucinations were significant, but weaker, risk factors. The only substance variable that predicted primary psychosis was cannabis (OR=2.62, 95% CI 1.39-4.96), but previous psychiatric hospitalization (OR=3.22, 95% CI 2.27-4.54) and non-drug related hallucinations (OR=4.00, 95% CI 2.82-5.67) were even stronger predictors. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use was a risk factor for primary psychosis, but other health related individual risk factors were even more important. Polydrug use was the strongest risk factor for substance-induced psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Borger Rognli
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Address: Box 1039 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Address: Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Address: Box 104, 2381 Brumunddal, Norway.
| | - Jonas Berge
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Psychiatry, Lund University, Address: Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Psychiatry, Lund University, Address: Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Address: Box 1039 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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15
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Medhus S, Rognli EB, Gossop M, Holm B, Mørland J, Bramness JG. Amphetamine-induced psychosis: Transition to schizophrenia and mortality in a small prospective sample. Am J Addict 2015; 24:586-9. [PMID: 26332037 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We investigated transition from amphetamine-induced psychosis (AIP) to schizophrenia. METHODS A sample of 28 individuals was identified while hospitalized for AIP. We reviewed their hospital records after six years. RESULTS During follow-up, seven individuals (25%) died and nine (32%) had moved from the area. Of the remaining 12, four individuals (25%) were diagnosed with schizophrenia. These individuals were, at baseline, characterized by fewer hallucinatory symptoms and more homelessness. CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Hospitalization for AIP was a relatively specific risk factor for schizophrenia and the mortality rate in AIP was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Medhus
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Norway.,Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eline Borger Rognli
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Norway.,Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Norway
| | - Michael Gossop
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Norway.,Kings College London, National Addiction Centre, London, UK
| | - Bjørn Holm
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørg Mørland
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Norway
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16
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17
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Rognli EB, Håkansson A, Berge J, Bramness JG. Does the pattern of amphetamine use prior to incarceration predict later psychosis?--a longitudinal study of amphetamine users in the Swedish criminal justice system. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 143:219-24. [PMID: 25146382 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported amphetamine use prior to inclusion in the criminal justice system and hospitalization due to psychosis in the years following release. METHOD All the information was extracted from existing databases. Amphetamine-using clients in the criminal justice system in Sweden were identified using the European version of the addiction severity index (Europ-ASI) interview. Between 2001 and 2006, a total of 1709 individuals were identified. A follow-up of the subjects, using national registry data, was conducted in 2010. The outcome measure was hospitalization for primary or substance-induced psychotic episodes during the follow-up period. Data was analyzed in a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS Age of onset of amphetamine use, number of years used, and use in the month prior to baseline interview were all unrelated to risk of future hospitalization due to psychosis. Prior psychiatric hospitalization and experience of hallucinations not related to drug use, as well as being born outside of a Nordic country and being homeless, were all positively linked to hospitalization due to psychosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that, in a cohort of amphetamine users within the criminal justice system, prior psychiatric morbidity and demographic risk factors are more important than baseline patterns of amphetamine use in predicting future risk of hospitalization due to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Berge
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Bramness JG, Gundersen ØH, Guterstam J, Rognli EB, Konstenius M, Løberg EM, Medhus S, Tanum L, Franck J. Amphetamine-induced psychosis--a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:221. [PMID: 23216941 PMCID: PMC3554477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of amphetamine and methamphetamine is widespread in the general population and common among patients with psychiatric disorders. Amphetamines may induce symptoms of psychosis very similar to those of acute schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. This has been an argument for using amphetamine-induced psychosis as a model for primary psychotic disorders. To distinguish the two types of psychosis on the basis of acute symptoms is difficult. However, acute psychosis induced by amphetamines seems to have a faster recovery and appears to resolve more completely compared to schizophrenic psychosis. The increased vulnerability for acute amphetamine induced psychosis seen among those with schizophrenia, schizotypal personality and, to a certain degree other psychiatric disorders, is also shared by non-psychiatric individuals who previously have experienced amphetamine-induced psychosis. Schizophrenia spectrum disorder and amphetamine-induced psychosis are further linked together by the finding of several susceptibility genes common to both conditions. These genes probably lower the threshold for becoming psychotic and increase the risk for a poorer clinical course of the disease.The complex relationship between amphetamine use and psychosis has received much attention but is still not adequately explored. Our paper reviews the literature in this field and proposes a stress-vulnerability model for understanding the relationship between amphetamine use and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Hoel Gundersen
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joar Guterstam
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eline Borger Rognli
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maija Konstenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Else-Marie Løberg
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sigrid Medhus
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Tanum
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Franck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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