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Alvares SM, Shlichta JG, McFarland JL, Theobald EJ. Assessing Community College Biology Student Perceptions of Being Called on in Class. CBE Life Sci Educ 2023; 22:ar51. [PMID: 37906686 PMCID: PMC10756043 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.23-05-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Random call has been proposed as an inclusive and equitable practice that engages students in learning. However, this inclusion may come with a cost. In some contexts, students experience anxiety and distress when being called on. Recently, focus has shifted to critical components of random call that may mitigate this cost. We examined how community college (CC) students perceive being called on by addressing 1) benefits that help their learning and 2) characterizing the anxiety students experience through this practice. To do this, we surveyed students in six biology courses taught by six faculty members over six academic quarters. We analyzed survey responses from 383 unique students (520 total responses) using mixed methods. Qualitative responses were coded and consensus codes revealed that students saw benefits to being called on, including paying attention and coming prepared. Qualitative codes also revealed different types of anxiety, both distress and eustress. Analysis of Likert scale survey data revealed perceptions of increased student interaction with their peers in warm random call classes. Furthermore, warm random call may increase participation in class discussions, and it is not correlated with increased extreme anxiety. These data suggest warm random call used in smaller, community college classes, may contribute to students' positive perceptions of being called on.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elli J. Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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2
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Connell GL, Donovan DA, Theobald EJ. Forming Groups in a Large-Enrollment Biology Class: Group Permanence Matters More than Group Size. CBE Life Sci Educ 2023; 22:ar37. [PMID: 37751500 PMCID: PMC10756034 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.22-08-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Active-learning pedagogies often require group work. We tested aspects of forming groups in a nonmajors Biology class. We asked whether large or small groups affected student learning outcomes and attitudes towards working in groups. We placed students in groups of three or six and students stayed in their groups for the term. We measured learning outcomes using a pre/postassessment as well as two-stage exams. Attitudes towards working in groups were measured using a previously published pre/post survey and an exit survey. We found that students in large groups did better on group exams and large groups had higher highest scores on the individual part of two-stage exams. Group size had no effect on students' postassessment scores or attitudes towards working in groups. We next assigned students to permanent or nonpermanent groups. We used the same metrics as the group size experiment. Students in permanent groups had higher group exam scores and better attitudes towards working in groups. Group permanence had no effect on students' postassessment scores. Students preferred working in permanent groups due to positive group interactions that developed over the quarter. Optimal group size and permanence are likely context-specific and dependent on the types of group work used in class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elli J. Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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3
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Sievers M, Reemts C, Dickinson KJ, Mukerji J, Beltran IB, Theobald EJ, Velasco V, Freeman S. Assessing how well students understand the molecular basis of evolution by natural selection. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2023; 51:212-220. [PMID: 36420772 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have called for undergraduate courses to update teaching frameworks based on the Modern Synthesis with insights from molecular biology, by stressing the molecular underpinnings of variation and adaptation. To support this goal, we developed a modified version of the widely used Assessing Conceptual Reasoning of Natural Selection (ACORNS) instrument. The expanded tool, called the E-ACORNS, is explicitly designed to test student understanding of the connections among genotypes, phenotypes, and fitness. E-ACORNS comprises a slight modification to the ACORNS open-response prompts and a new scoring rubric. The rubric is based on five core concepts in evolution by natural selection, with each concept broken into elements at the novice, intermediate, and expert-level understanding. Initial tests of the E-ACORNS showed that (1) upper-level undergraduates can score responses reliably and quickly, and (2) students who were just starting an introductory biology series for majors do not yet grasp the molecular basis of phenotypic variation and its connection to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Sievers
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Connor Reemts
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Joya Mukerji
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Elli J Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vicente Velasco
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott Freeman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Kiser SL, Andrews CM, Seidel SB, Fisher MR, Wright NA, Theobald EJ. Increased Pass Rates in Introductory Biology: Benefits and Potential Costs of Implementing a Mathematics Prerequisite in a Community College Setting. CBE Life Sci Educ 2022; 21:ar72. [PMID: 36154117 PMCID: PMC9727600 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.21-09-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We explored the impacts of a mathematics prerequisite on student success in Introductory Biology, focusing on students historically underserved in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Specifically, we studied Introductory Biology student outcomes 5 years before and 6 years after adding the prerequisite. Students who had not previously passed Intermediate Algebra had a 54.91% chance of passing Introductory Biology, compared with a 69.25% chance for students who had passed this math course. Furthermore, we found a disproportionate benefit of passing the math course for Pell Grant recipients. When considering pre- versus post-prerequisite terms of Introductory Biology, we found pass rates were significantly higher after the mathematics prerequisite was required, but grades were not. After the mathematics prerequisite, enrollments in Introductory Biology temporarily decreased in comparison to a similar chemistry course and the college's overall enrollments, a potential cost to students. Pell Grant recipients and women took Introductory Biology at the same rate as before, and contrary to our hypothesis, we saw the proportion of persons excluded due to ethnicity or race (PEER) students enrolled in Introductory Biology was higher after the implementation. This study provides a model for assessing prerequisites in a local context and contributes evidence that mathematical prerequisites can benefit students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Kiser
- Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Division, Lane Community College, Eugene, OR 97405
| | - Christine M. Andrews
- Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Division, Lane Community College, Eugene, OR 97405
| | - Shannon B. Seidel
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447
| | - Matthew R. Fisher
- Biological Sciences Department, Oregon Coast Community College, Newport, OR 97366
| | | | - Elli J. Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Shukla SY, Theobald EJ, Abraham JK, Price RM. Reframing Educational Outcomes: Moving beyond Achievement Gaps. CBE Life Sci Educ 2022; 21:es2. [PMID: 35294255 PMCID: PMC9508913 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.21-05-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The term "achievement gap" has a negative and racialized history, and using the term reinforces a deficit mindset that is ingrained in U.S. educational systems. In this essay, we review the literature that demonstrates why "achievement gap" reflects deficit thinking. We explain why biology education researchers should avoid using the phrase and also caution that changing vocabulary alone will not suffice. Instead, we suggest that researchers explicitly apply frameworks that are supportive, name racially systemic inequities and embrace student identity. We review four such frameworks-opportunity gaps, educational debt, community cultural wealth, and ethics of care-and reinterpret salient examples from biology education research as an example of each framework. Although not exhaustive, these descriptions form a starting place for biology education researchers to explicitly name systems-level and asset-based frameworks as they work to end educational inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Y. Shukla
- School of Educational Studies, University of Washington, Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011-8246
| | - Elli J. Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Joel K. Abraham
- Department of Biological Science, California State University–Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831
| | - Rebecca M. Price
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences, University of Washington, Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011-8246
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Clemmons AW, Donovan DA, Theobald EJ, Crowe AJ. Using the Intended-Enacted-Experienced Curriculum Model to Map the Vision and Change Core Competencies in Undergraduate Biology Programs and Courses. CBE Life Sci Educ 2022; 21:ar6. [PMID: 34941362 PMCID: PMC9250375 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.21-02-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
One critical step in the challenging process of curricular reform is determining how closely a curriculum aligns with national recommendations. Here, we examine the alignment of teaching, assessment, and student experience in undergraduate biology courses with the Vision and Change core competency recommendations. We applied the intended-enacted-experienced curriculum model to obtain a more complete, multiperspective view of the curriculum. First, we developed and piloted the BioSkills Curriculum Survey with more than 100 biology instructors across five institutions. Using multilevel logistic regression modeling of the survey data, we found that instructors were equally likely to report teaching all competencies; however, they reported assessing some competencies more than others. After adding course characteristics to our model, we found that the likelihood of teaching certain competencies depended on course type. Next, we analyzed class materials and student perceptions of instruction in 10 biology courses in one department. Within this smaller sample, we found that instructors messaged a narrower range of competency learning outcomes on their syllabi than they reported teaching on the survey. Finally, modeling revealed that inclusion of an outcome on assessments, but not syllabi, increased the likelihood that students and their instructor agreed whether it was taught.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah A. Donovan
- Biology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225
- Science Education Group, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225
| | - Elli J. Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Alison J. Crowe
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Yannier N, Hudson SE, Koedinger KR, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM, Munakata Y, Doebel S, Schwartz DL, Deslauriers L, McCarty L, Callaghan K, Theobald EJ, Freeman S, Cooper KM, Brownell SE. Active learning: "Hands-on" meets "minds-on". Science 2021; 374:26-30. [PMID: 34591619 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesra Yannier
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hudson
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Koedinger
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Hirsh-Pasek
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Doebel
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Daniel L Schwartz
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Logan McCarty
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristina Callaghan
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Elli J Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott Freeman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katelyn M Cooper
- Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sara E Brownell
- Research for Inclusive STEM Education Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Sethi ML, Theobald EJ, Breckheimer I, Hille Ris Lambers J. Early snowmelt and warmer, drier summers shrink postflowering transition times in subalpine wildflowers. Ecology 2020; 101:e03171. [PMID: 32852790 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant reproductive phenology-the timing of reproduction-is shifting rapidly with global climate change. Many studies focus on flowering responses to climate, but few investigate how postflowering processes, such as how quickly plants develop from flowering to seed dispersal, respond to environmental factors. We examined the climatic drivers of postflowering phenology in 28 species of western North American subalpine meadow plants over large spatial and temporal climate gradients. We took a Bayesian hierarchical approach to address whether and how climate influences the time it takes for wildflower populations to transition from flower to seed. Our previous work on the same species demonstrated that the initiation of flowering depends on snowmelt timing, with warmer temperatures and soil moisture also playing a role. Here, we found that for the majority of the flowering community, the same climate drivers also affected the time it takes to move from flowering to seed dispersal. Climate-sensitive species shortened flower-seed transitions when snow melted earlier, temperatures were warmer, and/or soil dried down more quickly-conditions we expect with higher frequency under climate change. Our work underscores the fact that predicting the impact of climate change on plant reproductive phenology demands empirical data on phases beyond flowering. Additionally, it suggests that some species face a future in which multiple environmental factors will push them towards more rapid transitions from flowering to postflowering phases, with potential effects on plants themselves and the many animal associates that rely on them, including frugivores and seed predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Lee Sethi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800 Seattle, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Elli J Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800 Seattle, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Ian Breckheimer
- Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, PO Box 519, Crested Butte, Colorado, 81224, USA
| | - Janneke Hille Ris Lambers
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800 Seattle, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
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Theobald EJ, Breckheimer I, HilleRisLambers J. Climate drives phenological reassembly of a mountain wildflower meadow community. Ecology 2017; 98:2799-2812. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elli J. Theobald
- Biology Department University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Ian Breckheimer
- Biology Department University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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Theobald EJ, Eddy SL, Grunspan DZ, Wiggins BL, Crowe AJ. Student perception of group dynamics predicts individual performance: Comfort and equity matter. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181336. [PMID: 28727749 PMCID: PMC5519092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active learning in college classes and participation in the workforce frequently hinge on small group work. However, group dynamics vary, ranging from equitable collaboration to dysfunctional groups dominated by one individual. To explore how group dynamics impact student learning, we asked students in a large-enrollment university biology class to self-report their experience during in-class group work. Specifically, we asked students whether there was a friend in their group, whether they were comfortable in their group, and whether someone dominated their group. Surveys were administered after students participated in two different types of intentionally constructed group activities: 1) a loosely-structured activity wherein students worked together for an entire class period (termed the 'single-group' activity), or 2) a highly-structured 'jigsaw' activity wherein students first independently mastered different subtopics, then formed new groups to peer-teach their respective subtopics. We measured content mastery by the change in score on identical pre-/post-tests. We then investigated whether activity type or student demographics predicted the likelihood of reporting working with a dominator, being comfortable in their group, or working with a friend. We found that students who more strongly agreed that they worked with a dominator were 17.8% less likely to answer an additional question correct on the 8-question post-test. Similarly, when students were comfortable in their group, content mastery increased by 27.5%. Working with a friend was the single biggest predictor of student comfort, although working with a friend did not impact performance. Finally, we found that students were 67% less likely to agree that someone dominated their group during the jigsaw activities than during the single group activities. We conclude that group activities that rely on positive interdependence, and include turn-taking and have explicit prompts for students to explain their reasoning, such as our jigsaw, can help reduce the negative impact of inequitable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli J. Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Eddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel Z. Grunspan
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Wiggins
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Crowe
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wiggins BL, Eddy SL, Wener-Fligner L, Freisem K, Grunspan DZ, Theobald EJ, Timbrook J, Crowe AJ. ASPECT: A Survey to Assess Student Perspective of Engagement in an Active-Learning Classroom. CBE Life Sci Educ 2017; 16:16/2/ar32. [PMID: 28495936 PMCID: PMC5459250 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.16-08-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary measure used to determine relative effectiveness of in-class activities has been student performance on pre/posttests. However, in today's active-learning classrooms, learning is a social activity, requiring students to interact and learn from their peers. To develop effective active-learning exercises that engage students, it is important to gain a more holistic view of the student experience in an active-learning classroom. We have taken a mixed-methods approach to iteratively develop and validate a 16-item survey to measure multiple facets of the student experience during active-learning exercises. The instrument, which we call Assessing Student Perspective of Engagement in Class Tool (ASPECT), was administered to a large introductory biology class, and student responses were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. The 16 items loaded onto three factors that cumulatively explained 52% of the variation in student response: 1) value of activity, 2) personal effort, and 3) instructor contribution. ASPECT provides a rapid, easily administered means to measure student perception of engagement in an active-learning classroom. Gaining a better understanding of students' level of engagement will help inform instructor best practices and provide an additional measure for comprehensively assessing the impact of different active-learning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L Eddy
- Biology Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
- STEM Transformation Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | | | - Karen Freisem
- Center for Teaching and Learning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1265
| | - Daniel Z Grunspan
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
| | - Elli J Theobald
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
| | - Jerry Timbrook
- **Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Alison J Crowe
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
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Theobald EJ, Gabrielyan H, HilleRisLambers J. Lilies at the limit: Variation in plant-pollinator interactions across an elevational range. Am J Bot 2016; 103:189-197. [PMID: 26865124 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Many studies assume climatic factors are paramount in determining species' distributions, however, biotic interactions may also play a role. For example, pollinators may limit species' ranges if floral abundance or floral attractiveness is reduced at range margins, thus causing lower pollinator visitation and reduced reproductive output. METHODS To test if pollinators influence the altitudinal distribution of Erythronium montanum (Liliaceae) at Mount Rainier National Park, we asked whether (1) seed production in this species relies on pollinators, (2) seed production and pollen limitation is greatest at range limits, and (3) pollinator visitation rates (either overall or by individual taxonomic groups) reflect patterns of seed production and pollen limitation. RESULTS From this three-year study, we established that this plant does rely on pollinators for fruit set and we found that pollen limitation trended toward being higher at the upper range limit in some years, but not consistently year to year. Insect visitation rates did not mirror spatial patterns of pollen limitation, but annually variable pollinator composition suggested differential importance of some pollinator taxonomic groups (specifically, bumblebees may be better pollinators than syrphid flies). CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that while pollinators are critical for the reproductive success of this high mountain wildflower, plant-pollinator interactions do not obviously drive the distribution of this species. Nonetheless, high spatio-temporal variability in range-wide plant-pollinator dynamics may complicate responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli J Theobald
- Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA
| | - Hrach Gabrielyan
- Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA
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