1
|
Fuge TG, Tsourtos G, Miller ER. Imprisonment for South Ethiopian people living with HIV presents a double health burden: lived experiences of prisoners. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:122. [PMID: 38254096 PMCID: PMC10804648 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal adherence is crucial for ensuring both therapeutic and preventative benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Sub-optimal adherence is common in prisoners and little information is available about its predisposing circumstances in resource-limited settings. We explored lived experiences of inmates living with HIV (ILWH) and experiential accounts of service providers in South Ethiopia to identify barriers to and facilitators of HIV care use in the prison context. METHODS We conducted qualitative in-depth interviewing with eleven ILWH and eleven service providers. Audio recorded interview data were transcribed verbatim in Amharic language, translated into English and coded based on emerging concepts. We employed a descriptive phenomenological approach to abstract meaning attributed to the prisoners' lived experiences in relation to HIV care use and service providers' experiential account regarding care provision as presented to our consciousness. FINDINGS Several concepts emerged as barriers to HIV care use amongst ILWH in South Ethiopia including: limited access to standard care, insufficient health staff support, uncooperative security system, loss of patient privacy, a lack of status disclosure due to social stigma, and food supply insufficiency. In addition to a unique opportunity offered by an imprisonment for some ILWH to refrain from health damaging behaviours, the presence of social support in the prison system facilitated care use. CONCLUSIONS This study identified important structural and social contexts that can both hinder and enhance HIV care use amongst ILWH in South Ethiopia. Given the disproportionate burden of HIV in prisoners and the potential of transmission to others during and after incarceration, development of contextually-responsive strategies is required to address the barriers and to also strengthen the enablers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma R Miller
- The Stretton Institute, Stretton Health Equity, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arick MA, Grover CE, Hsu CY, Magbanua Z, Pechanova O, Miller ER, Thrash A, Youngblood RC, Ezzell L, Alam MS, Benzie JAH, Hamilton MG, Karsi A, Lawrence ML, Peterson DG. A high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of rohu carp, Labeo rohita, and its utilization in SNP-based exploration of gene flow and sex determination. G3 (Bethesda) 2023; 13:6987299. [PMID: 36639248 PMCID: PMC9997561 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Labeo rohita (rohu) is a carp important to aquaculture in South Asia, with a production volume close to Atlantic salmon. While genetic improvements to rohu are ongoing, the genomic methods commonly used in other aquaculture improvement programs have historically been precluded in rohu, partially due to the lack of a high-quality reference genome. Here we present a high-quality de novo genome produced using a combination of next-generation sequencing technologies, resulting in a 946 Mb genome consisting of 25 chromosomes and 2,844 unplaced scaffolds. Notably, while approximately half the size of the existing genome sequence, our genome represents 97.9% of the genome size newly estimated here using flow cytometry. Sequencing from 120 individuals was used in conjunction with this genome to predict the population structure, diversity, and divergence in three major rivers (Jamuna, Padma, and Halda), in addition to infer a likely sex determination mechism in rohu. These results demonstrate the utility of the new rohu genome in modernizing some aspects of rohu genetic improvement programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Corrinne E Grover
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Chuan-Yu Hsu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Zenaida Magbanua
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Olga Pechanova
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Emma R Miller
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Adam Thrash
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ramey C Youngblood
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Lauren Ezzell
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Md Samsul Alam
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - John A H Benzie
- WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Global Center for Aquatic Health and Food Security, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grover CE, Arick MA, Thrash A, Sharbrough J, Hu G, Yuan D, Snodgrass S, Miller ER, Ramaraj T, Peterson DG, Udall JA, Wendel JF. Dual Domestication, Diversity, and Differential Introgression in Old World Cotton Diploids. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6890153. [PMID: 36510772 PMCID: PMC9792962 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication in the cotton genus is remarkable in that it has occurred independently four different times at two different ploidy levels. Relatively little is known about genome evolution and domestication in the cultivated diploid species Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium arboreum, due to the absence of wild representatives for the latter species, their ancient domestication, and their joint history of human-mediated dispersal and interspecific gene flow. Using in-depth resequencing of a broad sampling from both species, we provide support for their independent domestication, as opposed to a progenitor-derivative relationship, showing that diversity (mean π = 6 × 10-3) within species is similar, and that divergence between species is modest (FST = 0.413). Individual accessions were homozygous for ancestral single-nucleotide polymorphisms at over half of variable sites, while fixed, derived sites were at modest frequencies. Notably, two chromosomes with a paucity of fixed, derived sites (i.e., chromosomes 7 and 10) were also strongly implicated as having experienced high levels of introgression. Collectively, these data demonstrate variable permeability to introgression among chromosomes, which we propose is due to divergent selection under domestication and/or the phenomenon of F2 breakdown in interspecific crosses. Our analyses provide insight into the evolutionary forces that shape diversity and divergence in the diploid cultivated species and establish a foundation for understanding the contribution of introgression and/or strong parallel selection to the extensive morphological similarities shared between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Arick
- Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Institute for Genomics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Adam Thrash
- Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Institute for Genomics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joel Sharbrough
- Biology Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Guanjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Daojun Yuan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China
| | - Samantha Snodgrass
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 5001, USA
| | - Emma R Miller
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 5001, USA
| | - Thiruvarangan Ramaraj
- School of Computing, College of Computing and Digital Media, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 6060, USA
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Institute for Genomics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joshua A Udall
- Crop Germplasm Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grover CE, Forsythe ES, Sharbrough J, Miller ER, Conover JL, DeTar RA, Chavarro C, Arick MA, Peterson DG, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Sloan DB, Wendel JF. Variation in cytonuclear expression accommodation among allopolyploid plants. Genetics 2022; 222:6661348. [PMID: 35951749 PMCID: PMC9526054 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytonuclear coevolution is a common feature among plants, which coordinates gene expression and protein products between the nucleus and organelles. Consequently, lineage-specific differences may result in incompatibilities between the nucleus and cytoplasm in hybrid taxa. Allopolyploidy is also a common phenomenon in plant evolution. The hybrid nature of allopolyploids may result in cytonuclear incompatibilities, but the massive nuclear redundancy created during polyploidy affords additional avenues for resolving cytonuclear conflict (i.e., cytonuclear accommodation). Here we evaluate expression changes in organelle-targeted nuclear genes for six allopolyploid lineages that represent four genera (i.e., Arabidopsis, Arachis, Chenopodium, and Gossypium) and encompass a range in polyploid ages. Because incompatibilities between the nucleus and cytoplasm could potentially result in biases toward the maternal homoeolog and/or maternal expression level, we evaluate patterns of homoeolog usage, expression bias, and expression-level dominance in cytonuclear genes relative to the background of non-cytonuclear expression changes and to the diploid parents. Although we find subsets of cytonuclear genes in most lineages that match our expectations of maternal preference, these observations are not consistent among either allopolyploids or categories of organelle-targeted genes. Our results indicate that cytonuclear expression evolution may be subtle and variable among genera and genes, likely reflecting a diversity of mechanisms to resolve nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibilities in allopolyploid species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrinne E Grover
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Dept., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Evan S Forsythe
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joel Sharbrough
- Biology Dept., New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Emma R Miller
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Dept., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Justin L Conover
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Dept., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Rachael A DeTar
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Carolina Chavarro
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mark A Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Soraya C M Leal-Bertioli
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Dept., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lunnay B, Foley K, Meyer SB, Miller ER, Warin M, Wilson C, Olver IN, Batchelor S, Thomas JA, Ward PR. 'I have a healthy relationship with alcohol': Australian midlife women, alcohol consumption and social class. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6674367. [PMID: 36000531 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption by Australian women during midlife has been increasing. Health promotion efforts to reduce alcohol consumption in order to reduce alcohol-related disease risk compete with the social contexts and value of alcohol in women's lives. This paper draws on 50 qualitative interviews with midlife women (45-64 years of age) from different social classes living in South Australia in order to gain an understanding of how and why women might justify their relationships with alcohol. Social class shaped and characterized the different types of relationships with alcohol available to women, structuring their logic for consuming alcohol and their ability to consider reducing (or 'breaking up with') alcohol. We identified more agentic relationships with alcohol in the narratives of affluent women. We identified a tendency for less control over alcohol-related decisions in the narratives of women with less privileged life chances, suggesting greater challenges in changing drinking patterns. If classed differences are not attended to in health promotion efforts, this might mitigate the effectiveness of alcohol risk messaging to women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Lunnay
- Research Centre of Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kristen Foley
- Research Centre of Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha B Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Megan Warin
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia and Fay Gale Centre for Research on Gender, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carlene Wilson
- School of Psychology and Public Health and the Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre at Austin Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian N Olver
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha Batchelor
- Research Centre of Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica A Thomas
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul R Ward
- Research Centre of Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dong Y, Hu G, Grover CE, Miller ER, Zhu S, Wendel JF. Parental legacy versus regulatory innovation in salt stress responsiveness of allopolyploid cotton (Gossypium) species. Plant J 2022; 111:872-887. [PMID: 35686631 PMCID: PMC9540634 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy provides an opportunity for evolutionary innovation and species diversification, especially under stressful conditions. In allopolyploids, the conditional dynamics of homoeologous gene expression can be either inherited from ancestral states pre-existing in the parental diploids or novel upon polyploidization, the latter potentially permitting a wider range of phenotypic responses to stresses. To gain insight into regulatory mechanisms underlying the diversity of salt resistance in Gossypium species, we compared global transcriptomic responses to modest salinity stress in two allotetraploid (AD-genome) cotton species, Gossypium hirsutum and G. mustelinum, relative to their model diploid progenitors (A-genome and D-genome). Multivariate and pairwise analyses of salt-responsive changes revealed a profound alteration of gene expression for about one third of the transcriptome. Transcriptional responses and associated functional implications of salt acclimation varied across species, as did species-specific coexpression modules among species and ploidy levels. Salt responsiveness in both allopolyploids was strongly biased toward the D-genome progenitor. A much lower level of transgressive downregulation was observed in the more salt-tolerant G. mustelinum than in the less tolerant G. hirsutum. By disentangling inherited effects from evolved responses, we show that expression biases that are not conditional upon salt stress approximately equally reflect parental legacy and regulatory novelty upon allopolyploidization, whereas stress-responsive biases are predominantly novel, or evolved, in allopolyploids. Overall, our work suggests that allopolyploid cottons acquired a wide range of stress response flexibility relative to their diploid ancestors, most likely mediated by complex suites of duplicated genes and regulatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yating Dong
- Department of AgronomyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310 053China
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB), Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Guanjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyang455 000China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhen518 120China
| | - Corrinne E. Grover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB), Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Emma R. Miller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB), Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Department of AgronomyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310 053China
| | - Jonathan F. Wendel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB), Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fuge TG, Tsourtos G, Miller ER. Risk factors for late linkage to care and delayed antiretroviral therapy initiation amongst HIV infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:885-904. [PMID: 35843499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late treatment initiation threatens the clinical and public health benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Quantitative synthesises of the existing evidence related to this is lacking in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which would help ascertain the best evidence-based interventions. This review aimed to systematically synthesise the available literature on factors affecting linkage to care and ART initiation amongst HIV-infected adults in SSA. METHODS Systematic searches were undertaken on four databases to identify observational studies investigating factors affecting both HIV care outcomes amongst adults (age ≥19 years) in SSA, and were published between January 1, 2015 and June 1, 2021. RevMan-5 software was used to conduct meta-analyses and Mantel-Haenszel statistics to pool outcomes with 95% confidence interval and <0.05 level of significance. RESULTS Forty-six studies were included in the systematic review, of which 18 fulfilled requirements for meta-analysis. In both narrative review and meta-analyses, factors related to health care delivery, individual perception and sociodemographic circumstances were associated with late linkage to care and delays in ART initiation. CONCLUSION This review identified a range of risk factors for late linkage to care and delayed ART initiation amongst HIV-infected adults in SSA. We recommend implementation of patient-centred intervention approaches to alleviate these barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terefe Gone Fuge
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - George Tsourtos
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharbrough J, Conover JL, Gyorfy MF, Grover CE, Miller ER, Wendel JF, Sloan DB. Global Patterns of subgenome evolution in organelle-targeted genes of six allotetraploid angiosperms. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6564157. [PMID: 35383845 PMCID: PMC9040051 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are a prominent process of diversification in eukaryotes. The genetic and evolutionary forces that WGD imposes on cytoplasmic genomes are not well understood, despite the central role that cytonuclear interactions play in eukaryotic function and fitness. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis depend on successful interaction between the 3,000+ nuclear-encoded proteins destined for the mitochondria or plastids and the gene products of cytoplasmic genomes in multi-subunit complexes such as OXPHOS, organellar ribosomes, Photosystems I and II, and Rubisco. Allopolyploids are thus faced with the critical task of coordinating interactions between the nuclear and cytoplasmic genes that were inherited from different species. Because the cytoplasmic genomes share a more recent history of common descent with the maternal nuclear subgenome than the paternal subgenome, evolutionary “mismatches” between the paternal subgenome and the cytoplasmic genomes in allopolyploids might lead to the accelerated rates of evolution in the paternal homoeologs of allopolyploids, either through relaxed purifying selection or strong directional selection to rectify these mismatches. We report evidence from six independently formed allotetraploids that the subgenomes exhibit unequal rates of protein-sequence evolution, but we found no evidence that cytonuclear incompatibilities result in altered evolutionary trajectories of the paternal homoeologs of organelle-targeted genes. The analyses of gene content revealed mixed evidence for whether the organelle-targeted genes are lost more rapidly than the non-organelle-targeted genes. Together, these global analyses provide insights into the complex evolutionary dynamics of allopolyploids, showing that the allopolyploid subgenomes have separate evolutionary trajectories despite sharing the same nucleus, generation time, and ecological context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sharbrough
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Biology Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA
| | - Justin L Conover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Corrinne E Grover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Emma R Miller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Daniel B Sloan
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huppatz E, Lunnay B, Foley K, Miller ER, Warin M, Wilson C, Olver IN, Ward PR. Adaptive capacity: A qualitative study of midlife Australian women's resilience during COVID-19. SSM - Mental Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
10
|
Fuge TG, Tsourtos G, Miller ER. Factors affecting optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression amongst HIV-infected prisoners in South Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. AIDS Res Ther 2022; 19:5. [PMID: 35093100 PMCID: PMC8800260 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-022-00429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining optimal adherence and viral suppression in people living with HIV (PLWH) is essential to ensure both preventative and therapeutic benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prisoners bear a particularly high burden of HIV infection and are highly likely to transmit to others during and after incarceration. However, the level of treatment adherence and viral suppression in incarcerated populations in low-income countries is unknown. This study aimed to determine factors affecting optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression amongst HIV-infected prisoners in South Ethiopia. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between June 1, 2019 and May 31, 2020 to compare the level of adherence and viral suppression between incarcerated and non-incarcerated PLWH. Patient information including demographic, socio-economic, behavioral, and incarceration-related characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire. Medication adherence was assessed according to self-report and pharmacy refill. Plasma viral load measurements undertaken within the study period were prospectively extracted to determine viral suppression. Univariate and multivariate logistic and fractional regression models were used to analyse data. RESULTS Seventy-four inmates living with HIV (ILWH) and 296 non-incarcerated PLWH participated in the study. While ILWH had a significantly higher pharmacy refill adherence compared to non-incarcerated PLWH (89 vs 75%), they had a slightly lower dose adherence (81% vs 83%). The prevalence of viral non-suppression was also slightly higher in ILWH (6.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7-14.6%) compared to non-incarcerated PLWH (4.5%; 95%CI: 2.4-7.5%). Overall, missing ART appointments, dissatisfaction with ART services, inability to comply with a specified medication schedule, and types of methods used to monitor the schedule (e.g., news time on radio/TV or other social cues) were significantly associated with non-adherence according to self-report. In ILWH specifically, accessing ART services from a hospital, inability to properly attend clinic appointments, depressive symptoms, and lack of social support predicted NA. Viral non-suppression was significantly higher in males, people of age 31to 35 years and in those who experienced social stigma, regardless of their incarceration status. CONCLUSIONS Sub-optimal dose adherence and viral suppression are generally higher in HIV-infected prisoners in South Ethiopia compared to their non-incarcerated counterparts. A multitude of factors were found to be responsible for this requiring multilevel intervention strategies focusing on the specific needs of prisoners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terefe Gone Fuge
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - George Tsourtos
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grover CE, Yuan D, Arick MA, Miller ER, Hu G, Peterson DG, Wendel JF, Udall JA. The Gossypium anomalum genome as a resource for cotton improvement and evolutionary analysis of hybrid incompatibility. G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 2021; 11:jkab319. [PMID: 34549783 PMCID: PMC8527517 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cotton is an important crop that has been the beneficiary of multiple genome sequencing efforts, including diverse representatives of wild species for germplasm development. Gossypium anomalum is a wild African diploid species that harbors stress-resistance and fiber-related traits with potential application to modern breeding efforts. In addition, this species is a natural source of cytoplasmic male sterility and a resource for understanding hybrid lethality in the genus. Here, we report a high-quality de novo genome assembly for G. anomalum and characterize this genome relative to existing genome sequences in cotton. In addition, we use the synthetic allopolyploids 2(A2D1) and 2(A2D3) to discover regions in the G. anomalum genome potentially involved in hybrid lethality, a possibility enabled by introgression of regions homologous to the D3 (Gossypium davidsonii) lethality loci into the synthetic 2(A2D3) allopolyploid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrinne E Grover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Daojun Yuan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mark A Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Emma R Miller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Guanjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Joshua A Udall
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Crop Germplasm Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernandes Gyorfy M, Miller ER, Conover JL, Grover CE, Wendel JF, Sloan DB, Sharbrough J. Nuclear-cytoplasmic balance: whole genome duplications induce elevated organellar genome copy number. Plant J 2021; 108:219-230. [PMID: 34309123 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant genome is partitioned across three distinct subcellular compartments: the nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids. Successful coordination of gene expression among these organellar genomes and the nuclear genome is critical for plant function and fitness. Whole genome duplication (WGD) events in the nucleus have played a major role in the diversification of land plants and are expected to perturb the relative copy number (stoichiometry) of nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid genomes. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms whereby plant cells respond to the cytonuclear stoichiometric imbalance that follows WGDs represents an important yet underexplored question in understanding the evolutionary consequences of genome doubling. We used droplet digital PCR to investigate the relationship between nuclear and organellar genome copy numbers in allopolyploids and their diploid progenitors in both wheat and Arabidopsis. Polyploids exhibit elevated organellar genome copy numbers per cell, largely preserving the cytonuclear stoichiometry observed in diploids despite the change in nuclear genome copy number. To investigate the timescale over which cytonuclear stoichiometry may respond to WGD, we also estimated the organellar genome copy number in Arabidopsis synthetic autopolyploids and in a haploid-induced diploid line. We observed corresponding changes in organellar genome copy number in these laboratory-generated lines, indicating that at least some of the cellular response to cytonuclear stoichiometric imbalance is immediate following WGD. We conclude that increases in organellar genome copy numbers represent a common response to polyploidization, suggesting that maintenance of cytonuclear stoichiometry is an important component in establishing polyploid lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma R Miller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Justin L Conover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Corrinne E Grover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Daniel B Sloan
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joel Sharbrough
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Biology Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Batchelor S, Miller ER, Lunnay B, Macdonald S, Ward PR. Revisiting Candidacy: What Might It Offer Cancer Prevention? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph181910157. [PMID: 34639459 PMCID: PMC8508007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The notion of candidacy emerged three decades ago through Davison and colleagues’ exploration of people’s understanding of the causes of coronary heart disease. Candidacy was a mechanism to estimate one’s own or others risk of disease informed by their lay epidemiology. It could predict who would develop illness or explain why someone succumbed to it. Candidacy’s predictive ability, however, was fallible, and it was from this perspective that the public’s reticence to adhere to prevention messages could be explained, as ultimately anybody could be ‘at-risk’. This work continues to resonate in health research, with over 700 citations of Davison’s Candidacy paper. Less explored however, is the candidacy framework in its entirety in other illness spheres, where prevention efforts could potentially impact health outcomes. This paper revisits the candidacy framework to reconsider it use within prevention. In doing so, candidacy within coronary heart disease, suicide prevention, diabetes, and cancer will be examined, and key components of candidacy and how people negotiate their candidacy within differing disease contexts will be uncovered. The applicability of candidacy to address modifiable breast cancer risk factors or cancer prevention more broadly will be considered, as will the implications for public health policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Batchelor
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia; (S.B.); (E.R.M.); (B.L.)
| | - Emma R. Miller
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia; (S.B.); (E.R.M.); (B.L.)
| | - Belinda Lunnay
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia; (S.B.); (E.R.M.); (B.L.)
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Paul R. Ward
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia; (S.B.); (E.R.M.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fuge TG, Tsourtos G, Miller ER. Various structural factors influenced early antiretroviral therapy initiation amongst HIV infected prisoners: a qualitative exploration in South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1463. [PMID: 34320958 PMCID: PMC8317278 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS related comorbidities and mortality, and prevents transmission. However, the prevalence of delayed ART initiation amongst prisoners in sub-Saharan African countries is high and the contributing factors to this are relatively unknown. Methods Qualitative interviewing was employed to understand the prisoners’ lived world with regard to initiating ART and associated barriers and facilitators in the South Ethiopian prison system. We interviewed seven (five male and two female) inmates living with HIV (ILWH) and eleven stakeholders who had a role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care provision for incarcerated people. A phenomenological approach was used to analyse the interview data in which meaning attributed to the lived experiences of the participants was abstracted. Results In this study, participants discussed both barriers to, and facilitators of, early ART initiation during incarceration. The barriers included a lack of access to voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services, poor linkage to care due to insufficient health staff training, uncooperative prison security systems and loss of privacy regarding disclosure of HIV status. Insufficient health staff training and uncooperative prison security systems both contributed to a loss of patient privacy, ultimately resulting in treatment refusal. Although most participants described the importance of peer education and support for enhancing HIV testing and treatment programs amongst prisoners, there had been a decline in such interventions in the correctional facilities. Service providers suggested opportunities that a prison environment offers for identification and treatment of HIV infected individuals and implementation of peer education programs. Conclusions Our study identified crucial barriers to and facilitators of early ART initiation amongst prisoners, a key HIV priority population group. Interventions that address the barriers while strengthening the facilitators may enhance a greater utilisation of ART. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11499-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terefe Gone Fuge
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - George Tsourtos
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miller ER, Olver IN, Wilson CJ, Lunnay B, Meyer SB, Foley K, Thomas JA, Toson B, Ward PR. COVID-19, Alcohol Consumption and Stockpiling Practises in Midlife Women: Repeat Surveys During Lockdown in Australia and the United Kingdom. Front Public Health 2021; 9:642950. [PMID: 34277533 PMCID: PMC8278199 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.642950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This project examined the impact of COVID-19 and associated restrictions on alcohol practises (consumption and stockpiling), and perceptions of health risk among women in midlife (those aged 45–64 years). Methods: We collected online survey data from 2,437 midlife women in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia in May 2020, recruited using a commercial panel, in the early days of mandated COVID-19 related restrictions in both countries. Participants were surveyed again (N = 1,377) in July 2020, at a time when COVID-19 restrictions were beginning to ease. The surveys included the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test—Consumption (AUDIT-C) and questions alcohol stockpiling. Analysis involved a range of univariate and multivariate techniques examining the impact of demographic variables and negative affect on consumption and acquisition outcomes. Results: In both surveys (May and July), UK women scored higher than Australian women on the AUDIT-C, and residence in the UK was found to independently predict stockpiling of alcohol (RR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.91). Developing depression between surveys (RR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.04) and reporting pessimism (RR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.81), and fear/anxiety (RR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.70) at the beginning of the study period also predicted stockpiling by the end of the lockdown. Having a tertiary education was protective for alcohol stockpiling at each time point (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.87). Conclusions: COVID-19 was associated with increases in risky alcohol practises that were predicted by negative emotional responses to the pandemic. Anxiety, pessimism and depression predicted stockpiling behaviour in UK and Australian women despite the many demographic and contextual differences between the two cohorts. Given our findings and the findings of others that mental health issues developed or were exacerbated during lockdown and may continue long after that time, urgent action is required to address a potential future pandemic of alcohol-related harms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian N Olver
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carlene J Wilson
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Lunnay
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Samantha B Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Kristen Foley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica A Thomas
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Barbara Toson
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul R Ward
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lunnay B, Toson B, Wilson C, Miller ER, Meyer SB, Olver IN, Foley K, Thomas JA, Ward PR. Social Class and Changes in Australian Women's Affect and Alcohol Consumption During COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:645376. [PMID: 34268284 PMCID: PMC8277297 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.645376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Before the pandemic, mid-life women in Australia were among the "heaviest" female alcohol consumers, giving rise to myriad preventable health risks. This paper uses an innovative model of social class within a sample of Australian women to describe changes in affective states and alcohol consumption patterns across two time points during COVID-19. Methods: Survey data were collected from Australian mid-life women (45-64 years) at two time points during COVID-19-May 2020 (N = 1,218) and July 2020 (N = 799). We used a multi-dimensional model for measuring social class across three domains-economic capital (income, property and assets), social capital (social contacts and occupational prestige of those known socially), and cultural capital (level of participation in various cultural activities). Latent class analysis allowed comparisons across social classes to changes in affective states and alcohol consumption patterns reported at the two time points using alcohol consumption patterns as measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) and its component items. Results: Seven social classes were constructed, characterized by variations in access to capital. Affective states during COVID-19 differed according to social class. Comparing between the survey time points, feeling fearful/anxious was higher in those with high economic and cultural capital and moderate social capital ("emerging affluent"). Increased depression was most prominent in the class characterized by the highest volumes of all forms of capital ("established affluent"). The social class characterized by the least capital ("working class") reported increased prevalence of uncertainty, but less so for feeling fearful or anxious, or depressed. Women's alcohol consumption patterns changed across time during the pandemic. The "new middle" class-a group characterized by high social capital (but contacts with low prestige) and minimal economic capital-had increased AUDIT-C scores. Conclusion: Our data shows the pandemic impacted women's negative affective states, but not in uniform ways according to class. It may explain increases in alcohol consumption among women in the emerging affluent group who experienced increased feelings or fear and anxiety during the pandemic. This nuanced understanding of the vulnerabilities of sub-groups of women, in respect to negative affect and alcohol consumption can inform future pandemic policy responses designed to improve mental health and reduce the problematic use of alcohol. Designing pandemic responses segmented for specific audiences is also aided by our multi-dimensional analysis of social class, which uncovers intricate differences in affective states amongst sub-groups of mid-life women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Lunnay
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Barbara Toson
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Carlene Wilson
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health, and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Samantha Beth Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ian N Olver
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kristen Foley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica A Thomas
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Paul Russell Ward
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to explore international literature relating to alcohol warning labels as a public health approach for reducing alcohol-related harm. INTRODUCTION Alcohol-related harm is a global public health issue. More than 200 injuries, diseases and conditions are attributable to alcohol, and almost 6% of all global deaths are related to alcohol consumption.A common approach to raising public awareness of health hazards is product warning labels. Currently, 31 countries or territories have mandated the inclusion of alcohol warning labels on alcoholic beverages. However, research findings on the effectiveness of alcohol warning labeling to reduce alcohol-related harm are mixed and debatable. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review will consider studies that focus on alcohol warning labeling (in the form of alcoholic beverage containers, simulated messages displayed on a computer screen or cards shown to participants that depict alcohol warning labels on beverage containers) as a strategy to reduce alcohol-related harm (e.g. drunk driving, violence, drinking while pregnant). METHODS PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL and JSTOR will be searched for relevant articles. The search for unpublished studies will utilise Trove and Google Scholar. Studies published in English from 1989 to the present will be considered. Retrieved papers will be screened for inclusion by at least two reviewers. Data will be extracted and presented in tabular form and a narrative summary that align with the review's objective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J May
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jaklin Eliott
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shona Crabb
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dadi AF, Miller ER, Azale T, Mwanri L. "We do not know how to screen and provide treatment": a qualitative study of barriers and enablers of implementing perinatal depression health services in Ethiopia. Int J Ment Health Syst 2021; 15:41. [PMID: 33952338 PMCID: PMC8098000 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-021-00466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qualitative studies evaluating maternal mental health services are lacking in Ethiopia, and the available evidence targets severe mental illnesses in the general population. We conducted a qualitative study to explore barriers to, enablers of, or opportunities for perinatal depression health services implementations in Ethiopia. METHODS We conducted a total of 13 face to face interviews with mental and maternal health service administrators from different levels of the Ethiopian healthcare system. We interviewed in Amharic (a local language), transcribed and translated into English, and imported into NVivo. We analysed the translated interviews inductively using thematic framework analysis. RESULTS The study identified: (i) health administrators' low literacy about perinatal depression as individual level barriers; (ii) community low awareness, health-seeking behaviours and cultural norms about perinatal depression as socio-cultural level barriers; (iii) lack of government capacity, readiness, and priority of screening and managing perinatal depression as organisational level barriers; and (iv) lack of mental health policy, strategies, and healthcare systems as structural level barriers of perinatal mental health implementation in Ethiopia. The introduction of the new Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGap), health professionals' commitment, and simplicity of screening programs were identified enablers of, or opportunities for, perinatal mental health service implementation. CONCLUSIONS This qualitative inquiry identified important barriers and potential opportunities that could be used to address perinatal depression in Ethiopia. Building the capacity of policy makers and planners, strengthening the mental healthcare system and governance should be a priority issue for an effective integration of maternal mental health care with the routine maternal health services in Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Emma R. Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
| | - Telake Azale
- Department of Health Education and Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yuan D, Grover CE, Hu G, Pan M, Miller ER, Conover JL, Hunt SP, Udall JA, Wendel JF. Parallel and Intertwining Threads of Domestication in Allopolyploid Cotton. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2003634. [PMID: 34026441 PMCID: PMC8132148 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The two cultivated allopolyploid cottons, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, represent a remarkable example of parallel independent domestication, both involving dramatic morphological transformations under selection from wild perennial plants to annualized row crops. Deep resequencing of 643 newly sampled accessions spanning the wild-to-domesticated continuum of both species, and their allopolyploid relatives, are combined with existing data to resolve species relationships and elucidate multiple aspects of their parallel domestication. It is confirmed that wild G. hirsutum and G. barbadense were initially domesticated in the Yucatan Peninsula and NW South America, respectively, and subsequently spread under domestication over 4000-8000 years to encompass most of the American tropics. A robust phylogenomic analysis of infraspecific relationships in each species is presented, quantify genetic diversity in both, and describe genetic bottlenecks associated with domestication and subsequent diffusion. As these species became sympatric over the last several millennia, pervasive genome-wide bidirectional introgression occurred, often with striking asymmetries involving the two co-resident genomes of these allopolyploids. Diversity scans revealed genomic regions and genes unknowingly targeted during domestication and additional subgenomic asymmetries. These analyses provide a comprehensive depiction of the origin, divergence, and adaptation of cotton, and serve as a rich resource for cotton improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daojun Yuan
- Department of EcologyEvolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB)Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Corrinne E. Grover
- Department of EcologyEvolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB)Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Guanjing Hu
- Department of EcologyEvolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB)Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Mengqiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCotton Hybrid R & D Engineering CenterNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Emma R. Miller
- Department of EcologyEvolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB)Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Justin L. Conover
- Department of EcologyEvolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB)Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | | | - Joshua A. Udall
- Crop Germplasm Research UnitUSDA‐ARSCollege StationTX77845USA
| | - Jonathan F. Wendel
- Department of EcologyEvolution, and Organismal Biology (EEOB)Bessey HallIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tarigan YN, Woodman RJ, Miller ER, Wisaksana R, Ward PR. Impact of strategic use of antiretroviral therapy intervention to the HIV continuum of care in 13 cities in Indonesia: an interrupted time series analysis. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:22. [PMID: 33902631 PMCID: PMC8074419 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2013 the Indonesian government introduced the strategic use of antiretroviral therapy (SUFA) initiative of expanding access to HIV test and treatment, to help achieve the UNAIDS 90–90–90 targets. However, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the impact of this intervention in Indonesia. We conducted an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis across 6-years to assess its immediate and medium-term impact. Methods Monthly aggregated HIV data from all HIV care clinics for persons aged ≥ 15 years were collected from 13 pilot cities. The data period encompassed 3-years prior to SUFA (26 Dec 2010–25 Dec 2013) and 3-years post-SUFA (26 Dec 2013–25 Dec 2016). The ITS was performed using a multilevel negative binomial regression model to assess the immediate and trend changes in each stage of the HIV continuum of care. Results In the pre-SUFA period, the overall coverage in the respective risk populations for HIV tests, cases, enrolments, eligible cases and ARV initiation were 1.0%, 8.6%, 98.9%, 76.9% and 75.8% respectively. In the post-SUFA period coverage was 3%, 3.8%, 98.6%, 90.3% and 81.2% respectively—with a significant increase in the median number of HIV tests, HIV cases, those eligible for ARV treatment and treatment initiation (p < 0.05 for each). The ITS analysis demonstrated immediate increases in HIV tests (IRR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.25, 1.59; p < 0.001) and an immediate decrease in detected HIV cases per person tested (IRR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.69–0.86; p < 0.001) in the month following commencement of SUFA. There was also a 3% decline in the monthly trend for HIV tests performed (IRR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.97–0.98, p < 0.001), a 1% increase for detected cases (IRR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.0–1.02, p < 0.001), and a 1% decline for treatment initiation (IRR = 0.99,95% CI 0.99–1.0 p < 0.05). Conclusions SUFA was associated with an immediate and sustained increase in the absolute number of HIV tests performed, detected HIV cases, and close to complete coverage of detected cases that were enrolled to care and defined as eligible for treatment. However, treatment initiation remained sub-optimal. The findings of this study provide valuable information on the real-world effect of accelerating ARV utilizing Treatment as Prevention for the full HIV continuum of care in limited resource countries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12981-021-00340-4.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lunnay B, Foley K, Meyer SB, Warin M, Wilson C, Olver I, Miller ER, Thomas J, Ward PR. Alcohol Consumption and Perceptions of Health Risks During COVID-19: A Qualitative Study of Middle-Aged Women in South Australia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:616870. [PMID: 33981661 PMCID: PMC8107353 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.616870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian women's alcohol consumption has increased in frequency during COVID-19. Research suggests this is to cope with stress resulting from the pandemic and COVID-19 countermeasures that require social distancing. This is a critical public health concern because increased alcohol consumption, even for a short period, increases the myriad longer-term health risks associated with cumulative exposure to alcohol. This paper provides unique qualitative evidence of how health risk perceptions are re-focused toward the shorter-term during the pandemic, through analysis of interviews with 40 middle-aged Australian women (aged 45-64) representing a range of self-perceived drinking status' ("occasional"/"light"/"moderate"/"heavy") before and then during the pandemic (n = 80 interviews). Our analysis captures women's risk horizons drifting away from the uncertain longer-term during COVID-19, toward the immediate need to "get through" the pandemic. We show how COVID-19 has increased the perceived value of consuming alcohol among women, particularly when weighed up against the social and emotional "costs" of reducing consumption. Our findings have implications for the delivery of alcohol-related health risk messages designed for middle-aged women both during, and into the recovery phases of the pandemic, who already consume more alcohol and experience more alcohol-related health risk than women in other age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Lunnay
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kristen Foley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Samantha B Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Warin
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Fay Gale Centre for Research on Gender, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carlene Wilson
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian Olver
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica Thomas
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul R Ward
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grover CE, Yuan D, Arick MA, Miller ER, Hu G, Peterson DG, Wendel JF, Udall JA. The Gossypium stocksii genome as a novel resource for cotton improvement. G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 2021; 11:6237488. [DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cotton is an important textile crop whose gains in production over the last century have been challenged by various diseases. Because many modern cultivars are susceptible to several pests and pathogens, breeding efforts have included attempts to introgress wild, naturally resistant germplasm into elite lines. Gossypium stocksii is a wild cotton species native to Africa, which is part of a clade of vastly understudied species. Most of what is known about this species comes from pest resistance surveys and/or breeding efforts, which suggests that G. stocksii could be a valuable reservoir of natural pest resistance. Here, we present a high-quality de novo genome sequence for G. stocksii. We compare the G. stocksii genome with resequencing data from a closely related, understudied species (Gossypium somalense) to generate insight into the relatedness of these cotton species. Finally, we discuss the utility of the G. stocksii genome for understanding pest resistance in cotton, particularly resistance to cotton leaf curl virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrinne E Grover
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Daojun Yuan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mark A Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Emma R Miller
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Guanjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Joshua A Udall
- Crop Germplasm Research Unit, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dadi AF, Miller ER, Woodman RJ, Azale T, Mwanri L. Effect of perinatal depression on risk of adverse infant health outcomes in mother-infant dyads in Gondar town: a causal analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:255. [PMID: 33771103 PMCID: PMC7995776 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately one-third of pregnant and postnatal women in Ethiopia experience depression posing a substantial health burden for these women and their families. Although associations between postnatal depression and worse infant health have been observed, there have been no studies to date assessing the causal effects of perinatal depression on infant health in Ethiopia. We applied longitudinal data and recently developed causal inference methods that reduce the risk of bias to estimate associations between perinatal depression and infant diarrhea, Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), and malnutrition in Gondar Town, Ethiopia. METHODS A cohort of 866 mother-infant dyads were followed from infant birth for 6 months and the cumulative incidence of ARI, diarrhea, and malnutrition were assessed. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess the presence of maternal depression, the Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) guidelines were used to identify infant ARI and diarrhea, and the mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) was used to identify infant malnutrition. The risk difference (RD) due to maternal depression for each outcome was estimated using targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE), a doubly robust causal inference method used to reduce bias in observational studies. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of diarrhea, ARI and malnutrition during 6-month follow-up was 17.0% (95%CI: 14.5, 19.6), 21.6% (95%CI: 18.89, 24.49), and 14.4% (95%CI: 12.2, 16.9), respectively. There was no association between antenatal depression and ARI (RD = - 1.3%; 95%CI: - 21.0, 18.5), diarrhea (RD = 0.8%; 95%CI: - 9.2, 10.9), or malnutrition (RD = -7.3%; 95%CI: - 22.0, 21.8). Similarly, postnatal depression was not associated with diarrhea (RD = -2.4%; 95%CI: - 9.6, 4.9), ARI (RD = - 3.2%; 95%CI: - 12.4, 5.9), or malnutrition (RD = 0.9%; 95%CI: - 7.6, 9.5). CONCLUSION There was no evidence for an association between perinatal depression and the risk of infant diarrhea, ARI, and malnutrition amongst women in Gondar Town. Previous reports suggesting increased risks resulting from maternal depression may be due to unobserved confounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public health, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5054, Australia.
| | - Emma R Miller
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public health, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5054, Australia
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public health, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5054, Australia
| | - Telake Azale
- Department of Health promotion and Behavioral sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public health, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5054, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Thomas T, Wilson A, Tonkin E, Miller ER, Ward PR. How the Media Places Responsibility for the COVID-19 Pandemic-An Australian Media Analysis. Front Public Health 2020; 8:483. [PMID: 32974266 PMCID: PMC7472525 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Global pandemics are likely to increase in frequency and severity, and media communication of key messages represents an important mediator of the behavior of individuals in response to public health countermeasures. Where the media places responsibility during a pandemic is therefore important to study as blame is commonly used as a tool to influence public behavior but can also lead to the subjective persecution of groups. The aim of this paper is to investigate where the media places responsibility for COVID-19 in Australia. Specifically, we identify the key themes and frames that are present and observe how they changed over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to government actions and progression of the pandemic. Understanding media representations of the COVID-19 pandemic will provide insights into ways in which responsibility is framed in relation to health action. Newspaper articles from the Australian and the Sydney Morning Herald were sampled between January 20 and March 31 2020 on every second Monday. Factiva was used to identify and download newspaper articles using the following search criteria: "COVID-19" OR coronavirus OR "Wuhan virus" OR "corona virus" OR "Hebei virus" OR "wet market" OR (Wuhan AND virus) OR (market AND Wuhan and virus) or (China AND Virus) or (Novel AND Virus). Articles were imported into Nvivo and thematic and framing analyses were used. The results show that framing of the pandemic was largely based on societal issues with the theme of economic disruption prevalent throughout the study time period. Moral evaluations of the pandemic were infrequent initially but increased co-incident with the first signs of "flattening of the curve." Explicit examples of blame were very rare but were commonly implied based on the causal origin of the virus. The Australian printed media were slow to report on the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition they were reluctant to apportion blame until the end of the study period, after confirmed case rates had begun to slow. This is interpreted as being due to an evaluation of the pandemic risks as low by the media and therefore the tools of othering and blame were not used until after the study period when the actual risks had begun to abate, more consistent with an inquiry than a mediating mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul R. Ward
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dadi AF, Miller ER, Mwanri L. Postnatal depression and its association with adverse infant health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:416. [PMID: 32698779 PMCID: PMC7374875 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postnatal Depression (PND) is a mood disorder that steals motherhood and affects the health and development of a newborn. While the impact of PND on motherhood and newborn in developed countries are well described, its epidemiology and health consequences in infant is not well known in middle-and low-income countries. The objective of this review was to determine the burden and association of PND with adverse infant health outcomes in low-and middle- income countries. Methods We searched observational studies written in the English language and conducted in middle-and low-income countries between December 1st, 2007, and December 31st, 2017. The CINHAL, MEDLINE, Emcare, PubMed, Psych Info, and Scopus databases were searched for the following search terms: PND, acute respiratory infection, pneumonia, diarrhea, exclusive breastfeeding, common infant illnesses, and malnutrition. We excluded studies in which the primary outcomes were not measured following a standardized approach. We have meta-analyzed the estimates from primary studies by adjusting for possible publication bias and heterogeneity. The analysis was conducted in Stata 14. The study was registered in PROSPERO protocol number CRD42017082624. Result Fifty-eight studies on PND prevalence (among 63,293 women) and 17 studies (among 32,454 infants) on infant health outcomes were included. PND prevalence was higher in the low-income countries (Pooled prevalence (PP) = 25.8%; 95%CI: 17.9–33.8%) than in the middle-income countries (PP = 20.8%; 95%CI: 18.4–23.1%) and reached its peak in five to ten weeks after birth. Poor obstetric history and social support, low economic and educational status, and history of exposure to violence were associated with an increased risk of PND. The risk of having adverse infant health outcomes was 31% higher among depressed compared to non-depressed postnatal mothers (Pooled relative risk (PRR) = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.17–1.48). Malnutrition (1.39; 1.21–1.61), non-exclusive breastfeeding (1.55; 1.39–1.74), and common infant illnesses (2.55; 1.41–4.61) were the main adverse health outcomes identified. Conclusions One in four and one in five postnatal mothers were depressed in low and middle-income countries, respectively. Causes of depression could be explained by social, maternal, and psychological constructs. High risk of adverse infant health outcomes was associated with PND. Timely screening of PND and evidence-based interventions were a pressing need in low and middle-income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. .,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fekadu Dadi A, Miller ER, Woodman RJ, Azale T, Mwanri L. Effect of antenatal depression on adverse birth outcomes in Gondar town, Ethiopia: A community-based cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234728. [PMID: 32555631 PMCID: PMC7299401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of antenatal depression on pregnancy outcomes has been well investigated in developed countries, but few studies have been conducted in low-income countries. As depression is significantly affected by socio-economic and cultural factors, it would be difficult to generalize evidence from high-income countries to low-income countries. We conducted a community-based cohort study to estimate the incidence of adverse birth outcomes and the direct and indirect pathways via which depression and other psychosocial risk factors may impact such birth outcomes within Gondar town, Ethiopia. METHODS The study followed 916 pregnant women who were screened for antenatal depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). We also assessed the incidence of preterm births, Low Birth Weight (LBW) and stillbirths. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk of predictors on adverse birth outcomes and a Generalized Structural Equation Model (GSEM) was used to estimate the direct and indirect effect of antenatal depression and other psychological risk factors on adverse birth outcomes. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of stillbirth, LBW and preterm was 1.90%, 5.25%, and 16.42%, respectively. The risk of preterm birth was 1.61, 1.46, 1.49, and 1.77 times higher among participants who identified as Muslim, reported being fearful of delivery, were government employee's, and who had no antenatal care services, respectively. Partner support moderated the association between depression, preterm birth, and LBW. Depression had no direct effect on birth outcomes but indirectly affected preterm birth via partner support. Religion had both direct and indirect effects on preterm birth, while occupation and fear of delivery had direct effects. The risk of LBW was 9.44 and 2.19 times higher among preterm births and those who had exposure to tobacco, respectively. Stress coping was indirectly associated, and preterm birth and tobacco exposure were directly associated with LBW. The risk of stillbirth was 3.22 times higher in women with antenatal depression and 73% lower in women with higher coping abilities. CONCLUSIONS There was a high incidence of all adverse birth outcomes in Gondar Town. Depression and psychosocial risk factors had important indirect negative effects on risk, while partner support provided a positive indirect effect on the incidence of adverse birth outcomes. Interventions that focus on increasing partner engagement and participation in antenatal support may help reduce adverse birth outcomes by enhancing maternal resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Emma R. Miller
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Richard J. Woodman
- Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Telake Azale
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fuge TG, Tsourtos G, Miller ER. A systematic review and meta-analyses on initiation, adherence and outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in incarcerated people. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233355. [PMID: 32421754 PMCID: PMC7233580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated people are at increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection relative to the general population. Despite a high burden of infection, HIV care use among prison populations is often suboptimal and varies among settings, and little evidence exists explaining the discrepancy. Therefore, this review assessed barriers to optimal use of HIV care cascade in incarcerated people. METHODS Quantitative and qualitative studies investigating factors affecting linkage to care, ART (antiretroviral therapy) initiation, adherence and/or outcomes among inmates were systematically searched across seven databases. Studies published in English language and indexed up to 26 October 2018 were reviewed. We performed a narrative review for both quantitative and qualitative studies, and meta-analyses on selected quantitative studies. All retrieved quantitative studies were assessed for risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan-5 software and pooled odds ratios were calculated using Mantel-Haenszel statistics with 95% confidence interval at a p<0.05. The review protocol has been published at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; Number: CRD42019135502). RESULTS Of forty-two studies included in the narrative review, eight were qualitative studies. Sixteen of the quantitative studies were eligible for meta-analyses. The narrative synthesis revealed structural factors such as: a lack of access to community standard of HIV care, particularly in resource limited countries; loss of privacy; and history of incarceration and re-incarceration as risk factors for poor HIV care use in prison populations. Among social and personal characteristics, lack of social support, stigma, discrimination, substance use, having limited knowledge about, and negative perception towards ART were the main determinants of suboptimal use of care in incarcerated people. In the meta-analyses, lower odds of ART initiation was noticed among inmates with higher baseline CD4 count (CD4 ≥500celss/mm3) (OR = 0.37, 95%CI: 0.14-0.97, I2 = 43%), new HIV diagnosis (OR = 0.07, 95%CI: 0.05-0.10, I2 = 68%), and in those who lacked belief in ART safety (OR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.18-0.56, I2 = 0%) and efficacy (OR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.17-0.57, I2 = 0%). Non-adherence was high among inmates who lacked social support (OR = 3.36, 95%CI: 2.03-5.56, I2 = 35%), had low self-efficiency score (OR = 2.50, 95%CI: 1.64,-3.80, I2 = 22%) and those with depressive symptoms (OR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.34-3.02, I2 = 0%). Lower odds of viral suppression was associated with history of incarceration (OR = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.35-0.46, I2 = 0%), re-incarceration (OR = 0.09, 95%CI: 0.06-0.13, I2 = 64%) and male gender (OR = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.42-0.72, I2 = 0%). Higher odds of CD4 count <200cells/mm3 (OR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.62, 2.50, I2 = 44%) and lower odds of viral suppression (OR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.17-0.22, I2 = 0%) were observed during prison entry compared to those noticed during release. CONCLUSION Given the high HIV risk in prison populations and rapid movements of these people between prison and community, correctional facilities have the potential to substantially contribute to the use of HIV treatment as a prevention strategy. Thus, there is an urgent need for reviewing context specific interventions and ensuring standard of HIV care in prisons, particularly in resource limited countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terefe G. Fuge
- Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - George Tsourtos
- Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma R. Miller
- Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dadi AF, Miller ER, Woodman R, Bisetegn TA, Mwanri L. Antenatal depression and its potential causal mechanisms among pregnant mothers in Gondar town: application of structural equation model. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:168. [PMID: 32183726 PMCID: PMC7079401 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-02859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various forms of life stressors have been implicated as causes of antenatal depression. However, there is a lack of understanding of which forms of stress lead to antenatal depression and through what mechanisms. Modeling stress processes within a theoretical model framework can enhance an understanding of the mechanisms underlying relationships between stressors and stress outcomes. This study used the stress process model framework to explore the causal mechanisms underlying antenatal depression in Gondar, Ethiopia. METHODS Questionnaires, using an Online Data collection Kit (ODK) tool were administered face-to-face in 916 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters. Pregnant women were included from six randomly selected urban districts in Gondar, Ethiopia during June and August 2018. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for antenatal depression. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed to explore the direct, indirect, and total effect of stressors and mediators of antenatal depression. RESULT Sixty-three participants (6.9%) reported symptoms of depression. Of these, 16 (4.7%) and 47 (8.1%) were in their second and third trimesters, respectively. The SEM demonstrated several direct effects on antenatal depression scores including unplanned pregnancy (standardized β = 0.15), having a history of common mental health disorder (standardized β = 0.18) and fear of giving birth to the current pregnancy (standardized β = 0.29), all of which were associated with a higher depression score. Adequate food access for the last 3 months (standardized β = - 0.11) was associated with decreased depression score. Social support (β = - 0.21), marital agreement (β = - 0.28), and partner support (β = -.18) appeared to partially mediate the link between the identified stressors and the risk of antenatal depression. CONCLUSION Both direct and indirect effects contributed to higher antenatal depression score in Ethiopian women. The three psychosocial resources namely marital agreement, social and partner support, mediated reduced antenatal depression scores. Early screening of antenatal depression and enhancing the three psychosocial resources would help to improve maternal resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- College of Medicine and Public health, Discipline of Public health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public health, Discipline of Public health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- College of Medicine and Public health, Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Telake Azale Bisetegn
- Department of Health promotion and Behavioral sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public health, Discipline of Public health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dadi AF, Miller ER, Bisetegn TA, Mwanri L. Global burden of antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes: an umbrella review. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:173. [PMID: 32019560 PMCID: PMC7001252 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women of childbearing age are at high risk of developing depression and antenatal depression is one of the most common mood disorders. Antenatal depression is also associated with a number of poor maternal and infant outcomes, however, there remains a lack of focus on mental issues in antenatal care, particularly in lower income countries. This systematic review of reviews provides useful evidence regarding the burden of antenatal depression which may provide guidance for health policy development and planning. Methods We searched CINAHL(EBSCO), MEDLINE (via Ovid), PsycINFO, Emcare, PubMed, Psychiatry Online, and Scopus databases for systematic reviews that based on observational studies that were published in between January 1st, 2007 and August 31st, 2018. We used the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist scores to assess the quality of the included reviews. We applied vote counting and narrative review to summarize the prevalence of antenatal depression and its associated factors, while statistical pooling was conducted for estimating the association of antenatal depression with low birth weight and preterm birth. This systematic review of reviews was registered on PROSPERO with protocol number CRD42018116267. Results We have included ten reviews (306 studies with 877,246 participants) on antenatal depression prevalence and six reviews (39 studies with 75,451 participants) conducted to identify the effect of antenatal depression on preterm and low birth weight. Globally, we found that antenatal depression prevalence ranged from 15 to 65%. We identified the following prominent risk factors based on their degree of influence: Current or previous exposure to different forms of abuse and violence (six reviews and 73 studies); lack of social and/or partner support (four reviews and 47 studies); personal or family history of any common mental disorder (three reviews and 34 studies). The risk of low birth weight and preterm birth was 1.49 (95%CI: 1.32, 1.68; I2 = 0.0%) and 1.40 (95%CI: 1.16, 1.69; I2 = 35.2%) times higher among infants born from depressed mothers. Conclusions Globally, antenatal depression prevalence was high and could be considered a common mental disorder during pregnancy. Though the association between antenatal depression and adverse birth outcomes appeared to be modest, its absolute impact would be significant in lower-income countries with a high prevalence of antenatal depression and poor access to quality mental health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Telake Azale Bisetegn
- Department of Health promotion and Behavioral sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fekadu Dadi A, Miller ER, Mwanri L. Antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227323. [PMID: 31923245 PMCID: PMC6953869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depression in pregnancy (antenatal depression) in many low and middle-income countries is not well documented and has not been given priority for intervention due to competing urgencies and the belief that it does not immediately cause fatalities, which mainly emanated from lack of comprehensive research on the area. To fill this research gap, this systematic review was conducted to investigate the burden of antenatal depression and its consequences on birth outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Methods We systematically searched the databases: CINHAL, MEDLINE, EMCare, PubMed, PSyc Info, Psychiatry online, and Scopus for studies conducted in low and middle-income countries about antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes. We have included observational studies (case control, cross-sectional and cohort studies), written in English-language, scored in the range of “good quality” on the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS), and were published between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2017. Studies were excluded if a standardized approach was not used to measure main outcomes, they were conducted on restricted (high risk) populations, or had fair to poor quality score on NOS. We used Higgins and Egger’s to test for heterogeneity and publication bias. Primary estimates were pooled using a random effect meta-analysis. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO with protocol number CRD42017082624. Result We included 64 studies (with 44, 035 women) on antenatal depression and nine studies (with 5,540 women) on adverse birth outcomes. Antenatal depression was higher in the lower-income countries (Pooled Prevalence (PP) = 34.0%; 95%CI: 33.1%-34.9%) compared to the middle-income countries (PP = 22.7%, 95%CI: 20.1%-25.2%) and increased over the three trimesters. Pregnant women with a history of economic difficulties, poor marital relationships, common mental disorders, poor social support, bad obstetric history, and exposure to violence were more likely to report antenatal depression. The risk of having preterm birth (2.41; 1.47–3.56) and low birth weight (1.66; 1.06–2.61) was higher in depressed mothers compared to mothers without depression. Conclusions Antenatal depression was higher in low-income countries than in middle-income countries and was found to be a risk factor for low birth weight and preterm births. The economic, maternal, and psychosocial risk factors were responsible for the occurrence of antenatal depression. While there could be competing priority agenda to juggle for health policymakers in low-income countries, interventions for antenatal depression should be reprioritized as vitally important in order to prevent the poor maternal and perinatal outcomes identified in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Adelaide, South Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma R. Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Adelaide, South Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Meyer SB, Foley K, Olver I, Ward PR, McNaughton D, Mwanri L, Miller ER. Alcohol and breast cancer risk: Middle-aged women's logic and recommendations for reducing consumption in Australia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211293. [PMID: 30759125 PMCID: PMC6374008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to understand the factors shaping alcohol consumption patterns in middle-aged women (45-64), and to identify participant-driven population- and policy-level strategies that may be used to addresses alcohol consumption and reduce breast cancer risk. METHODS Semi-structured interviews (n = 35) were conducted with 'middle-aged' women conversant in English and living in South Australia with no history of breast cancer diagnosis. Data were deductively coded using a co-developed framework including variables relevant to our study objectives. Women were asked about their current level of awareness of the association between alcohol and breast cancer risk, and their personal recommendations for how to decrease consumption in middle-aged Australian women. RESULTS Women discussed their previous efforts to decrease consumption, which we drew on to identify preliminary recommendations for consumption reduction. We identified a low level of awareness of alcohol and breast cancer risk, and confusion related to alcohol as a risk for breast cancer, but not always causing breast cancer. Participants suggested that education and awareness, through various means, may help to reduce consumption. CONCLUSIONS Participants' description of strategies used to reduce their own consumption lead us to suggest that campaigns might focus on the more salient and immediate effects of alcohol (e.g. on physical appearance and mental health) rather than longer-term consequences. Critical considerations for messaging include addressing the personal, physical and social pleasures that alcohol provides, and how these may differ across socio-demographics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B. Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen Foley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Olver
- University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul R. Ward
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darlene McNaughton
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma R. Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing evidence that resilience to stress can promote nonsmoking. However, few studies have undertaken quantitative research to investigate whether resilience, generated by internal and external factors, moderates the impact of stress on the likelihood of smoking. OBJECTIVE This study aims to help fill this knowledge gap in relation to smokers and ex-smokers, and those people who have never smoked. METHODS A large online cross-sectional survey was administered in Australia (2015-2016) to collect data on demographic variables, levels of internal and external resilience, and stress from current and past smokers (n = 400) and those who have never-smoked (n = 921). Logistic regressions were employed to test our hypotheses. RESULTS Most participants were female (82%) and ranged between 18 and 77 years. Higher levels of reported perceived stress and stress-related variables did significantly predict smoking. The combined impact of internal and external resilience factors predicted never-smoking and lessened the relationship between perceived stress and stress-related variables, and the likelihood of smoking. CONCLUSION These results are important because they suggest that the social environment should be developed to augment social support and internal properties such as developing "a strong sense of purpose in life" to encourage people not to commence smoking, rather than focus on smoking cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Tsourtos
- a College of Medicine and Public Health , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Paul R Ward
- a College of Medicine and Public Health , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Emma R Miller
- a College of Medicine and Public Health , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Kathy Hill
- b School of Midwifery , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Christopher Barton
- c Department of General Practice , Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Carlene J Wilson
- d Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health , Flinders Drive , Bedford Park SA , Australia.,e Olivia Newton John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre , Heidelberg , Victoria , Australia.,f Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health , College of Science, Health and Engineering, Latrobe University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- a College of Medicine and Public Health , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
McNaughton D, Miller ER, Tsourtos G. The Importance of Water Typologies in Lay Entomologies of Aedes aegypti Habitat, Breeding and Dengue Risk: A Study from Northern Australia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3020067. [PMID: 30274463 PMCID: PMC6073414 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is making a significant comeback globally and its control still depends largely on residents' actions. Community awareness and education are central to its management; however, programmes have had limited impact, because they are often based on short-term research and limited awareness of the socio-ecological contexts wherein local knowledge of dengue and its vectors (lay entomology) is produced and enacted in and through place. Long-term studies of lay knowledge of dengue vectors are very rare, even though they are essential to the development of effective, targeted community education campaigns and mobilisation. In this paper, we examine the popular belief that dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, is ubiquitous in the north Australian landscape and demonstrate how local typologies of water are central to the reasoning underwriting this assumption. We show how these logics are fortified by people's lived experiences of mosquitoes and the watery abodes they are thought to reside in, as well as through key messages from health education. We posit that long term, context-sensitive research approaches are better able to identify, understand and later address and challenge assumptions and may be more effective at informing, empowering and mobilizing the public to combat dengue fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darlene McNaughton
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Emma R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - George Tsourtos
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Miller ER, Wilson C, Chapman J, Flight I, Nguyen AM, Fletcher C, Ramsey I. Connecting the dots between breast cancer, obesity and alcohol consumption in middle-aged women: ecological and case control studies. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:460. [PMID: 29625601 PMCID: PMC5889566 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) incidence in Australian women aged 45 to 64 years (‘middle-aged’) has tripled in the past 50 years, along with increasing alcohol consumption and obesity in middle-age women. Alcohol and obesity have been individually associated with BC but little is known about how these factors might interact. Chronic psychological stress has been associated with, but not causally linked to, BC. Here, alcohol could represent the ‘missing link’ – reflecting self-medication. Using an exploratory cross-sectional design, we investigated inter-correlations of alcohol intake and overweight/obesity and their association with BC incidence in middle-aged women. We also explored the role of stress and various lifestyle factors in these relationships. Methods We analysed population data on BC incidence, alcohol consumption, overweight/obesity, and psychological stress. A case control study was conducted using an online survey. Cases (n = 80) were diagnosed with BC and controls (n = 235) were women in the same age range with no BC history. Participants reported lifestyle data (including alcohol consumption, weight history) over consecutive 10-year life periods. Data were analysed using a range of bivariate and multivariate techniques including correlation matrices, multivariate binomial regressions and multilevel logistic regression. Results Ecological inter-correlations were found between BC and alcohol consumption and between BC and obesity but not between other variables in the matrix. Strong pairwise correlations were found between stress and alcohol and between stress and obesity. BMI tended to be higher in cases relative to controls across reported life history. Alcohol consumption was not associated with case-control status. Few correlations were found between lifestyle factors and stress, although smoking and alcohol consumption were correlated in some periods. Obesity occurring during the ages of 31 to 40 years emerged as an independent predictor of BC (OR 3.5 95% CI: 1.3–9.4). Conclusions This study provides ecological evidence correlating obesity and alcohol consumption with BC incidence. Case-control findings suggest lifetime BMI may be important with particular risk associated with obesity prior to 40 years of age. Stress was ecologically linked to alcohol and obesity but not to BC incidence and was differentially correlated with alcohol and smoking among cases and controls. Our findings support prevention efforts targeting weight in women below 40 years of age and, potentially, lifelong alcohol consumption to reduce BC risk in middle-aged women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Miller
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - C Wilson
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia.,Cancer Council of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J Chapman
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
| | - I Flight
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
| | - A-M Nguyen
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Fletcher
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ij Ramsey
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miller ER, Ramsey IJ, Tran LT, Tsourtos G, Baratiny G, Manocha R, Olver IN. How Australian general practitioners engage in discussions about alcohol with their patients: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e013921. [PMID: 27909042 PMCID: PMC5168624 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate factors that inhibit and facilitate discussion about alcohol between general practitioners (GPs) and patients. DESIGN Data analysis from a cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 894 GP delegates of a national health seminar series held in five capital cities of Australia in 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Likelihood of routine alcohol enquiry; self-assessed confidence in assessing and managing alcohol issues in primary healthcare. RESULTS Most GPs (87%) reported that they were likely to routinely ask patients about their alcohol consumption and had sufficient skills to manage alcohol issues (74%). Potential barriers to enquiring about alcohol included perceptions that patients are not always honest about alcohol intake (84%) and communication difficulties (44%). 'I usually ask about alcohol' was ranked by 36% as the number one presentation likely to prompt alcohol discussion. Altered liver function test results followed by suspected clinical depression were most frequently ranked in the top three presentations. Suspicious or frequent injuries, frequent requests for sickness certificates and long-term unemployment were ranked in the top three presentations by 20% or less. Confidence in managing alcohol issues independently predicted likelihood to 'routinely ask' about alcohol consumption. Lack of time emerged as the single most important barrier to routinely asking about alcohol. Lack of time was predicted by perceptions of competing health issues in patients, fear of eliciting negative responses and lower confidence in ability to manage alcohol-related issues. CONCLUSIONS Improving GPs' confidence and ability to identify, assess and manage at-risk drinking through relevant education may facilitate greater uptake of alcohol-related enquiries in general practice settings. Routine establishment of brief alcohol assessments might improve confidence in managing alcohol issues, reduce the time burden in risk assessment, decrease potential stigma associated with raising alcohol issues and reduce the potential for negative responses from patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Miller
- Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Imogen J Ramsey
- Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ly Thi Tran
- Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - George Tsourtos
- Department of Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Ramesh Manocha
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian N Olver
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Miller ER, Ramsey IJ, Baratiny GY, Olver IN. Message on a bottle: are alcohol warning labels about cancer appropriate? BMC Public Health 2016; 16:139. [PMID: 26864239 PMCID: PMC4750299 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although most Australians are unaware of the risk, there is strong evidence for a direct link between alcohol consumption and many types of cancer. Warning labels on alcohol products have been proposed as a cost-effective strategy to inform the community of this health risk. We aimed to identify how Australians might respond to such an approach. Methods We conducted a national online survey canvassing responses to four separate cancer warning messages on labels. The graphically presented messages were informed by qualitative data from a series of focus groups among self-identified ‘light-to-moderate’ drinkers. For each label, participants were asked their level of agreement with impact statements about raising awareness, prompting conversation, influencing drinking behaviour and educating others about cancer risk. We analysed responses according to demographic and other factors, including self-reported drinking behaviour (using the 3-item Alcohol Use Disorder Test – AUDIT-C – scores). Results Approximately 1600 participants completed the survey, which was open to all Australian adults over a period of 1 month in 2014. Overall, the labels were well received, with the majority (>70 %) agreeing all labels could raise awareness and prompt conversations about the cancer risk associated with alcohol. Around 50 % or less agreed that the labels could influence drinking behaviour, but larger proportions agreed that the labels would prompt them to discuss the issue with family and friends. Although sex, AUDIT-C score and age were significantly associated with agreement on bivariate analysis, multivariate analyses demonstrated that being inclined to act upon warning label recommendations in general was the most important predictor of agreement with all of the impact statements. Having a low AUDIT-C score also predicted agreement that the labels might prompt behaviour change in friends. Conclusions The findings suggest that providing detailed warnings about cancer risk on alcohol products is a viable means of increasing public awareness of the health risks associated with alcohol consumption. Further research is needed to explore the ability of such warnings to influence behavioural intentions and actual drinking behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Miller
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Bedford Park, 5001, South Australia.
| | - Imogen J Ramsey
- Discipline of Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Bedford Park, 5001, South Australia.
| | - Genevieve Y Baratiny
- Mt Isa Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mt Isa, Queensland.
| | - Ian N Olver
- Samson Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jaklin A Eliott
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Emma R Miller
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Miller ER, McNally S, Wallace J, Schlichthorst M. The ongoing impacts of hepatitis c--a systematic narrative review of the literature. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:672. [PMID: 22900973 PMCID: PMC3505729 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries have developed, or are developing, national strategies aimed at reducing the harms associated with hepatitis C infection. Making these strategies relevant to the vast majority of those affected by hepatitis C requires a more complete understanding of the short and longer term impacts of infection. We used a systematic approach to scope the literature to determine what is currently known about the health and psychosocial impacts of hepatitis C along the trajectory from exposure to ongoing chronic infection, and to identify what knowledge gaps remain. METHODS PubMed, Current Contents and PsychINFO databases were searched for primary studies published in the ten years from 2000-2009 inclusive. Two searches were conducted for studies on hepatitis C in adult persons focusing on: outcomes over time (primarily cohort and other prospective designs); and the personal and psychosocial impacts of chronic infection. All retrieved studies were assessed for eligibility according to specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, data completeness and methodological coherence. Outcomes reported in 264 included studies were summarized, tabulated and synthesized. RESULTS Injecting drug use (IDU) was a major risk for transmission with seroconversion occurring relatively early in injecting careers. Persistent hepatitis C viraemia, increasing age and excessive alcohol consumption independently predicted disease progression. While interferon based therapies reduced quality of life during treatment, improvements on baseline quality of life was achieved post treatment--particularly when sustained viral response was achieved. Much of the negative social impact of chronic infection was due to the association of infection with IDU and inflated assessments of transmission risks. Perceived discrimination was commonly reported in health care settings, potentially impeding health care access. Perceptions of stigma and experiences of discrimination also had direct negative impacts on wellbeing and social functioning. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C and its management continue to have profound and ongoing impacts on health and social well being. Biomedical studies provided prospective information on clinical aspects of infection, while the broader social and psychological studies presented comprehensive information on seminal experiences (such as diagnosis and disclosure). Increasing the focus on combined methodological approaches could enhance understanding about the health and social impacts of hepatitis C along the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Miller
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia
| | - Stephen McNally
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jack Wallace
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Miller ER, Benefit BR, McCrossin ML, Plavcan JM, Leakey MG, El-Barkooky AN, Hamdan MA, Abdel Gawad MK, Hassan SM, Simons EL. Systematics of early and middle Miocene Old World monkeys. J Hum Evol 2009; 57:195-211. [PMID: 19640562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New information about the early cercopithecoids Prohylobates tandyi (Wadi Moghra, Egypt) and Prohylobates sp. indet. (Buluk and Nabwal, Kenya) is presented. Comparisons are made among all major collections of Early and Middle Miocene catarrhine monkeys, and a systematic revision of the early Old World monkeys is provided. Previous work involving the systematics of early Old World monkeys (Victoriapithecidae; Cercopithecoidea) has been hampered by a number of factors, including the poor preservation of Prohylobates material from North Africa and lack of comparable anatomical parts across collections. However, it is now shown that basal cercopithecoid species from both northern and eastern Africa can be distinguished from one another on the basis of degree of lower molar bilophodonty, relative lower molar size, occlusal details, symphyseal construction, and mandibular shape. Results of particular interest include: 1) the first identification of features that unambiguously define Prohylobates relative to Victoriapithecus; 2) confirmation that P. tandyi is incompletely bilophodont; and 3) recognition of additional victoriapithecid species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Miller
- Department of Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27106-7807, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Miller ER, Hellard ME, Bowden S, Bharadwaj M, Aitken CK. Markers and risk factors for HCV, HBV and HIV in a network of injecting drug users in Melbourne, Australia. J Infect 2009; 58:375-82. [PMID: 19328555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current injecting drug users (IDU) in major street drug markets within greater Melbourne were recruited to a longitudinal study on blood borne viruses. Here we investigated risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV infection in these IDU at the time of their recruitment. METHODS Three hundred and eighty-two IDU completed detailed questionnaires on their drug use and risk behaviours, and provided blood samples for serology testing. These data were analysed using univariate and multivariate techniques. RESULTS The overall prevalence of exposure to HCV, HBV and HIV was estimated at 70%, 34% and <1%, respectively. Independent predictors of HCV exposure were history of imprisonment (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.52), use of someone else's needle or syringe (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.07-1.42), >7.6years length of time injecting (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07-1.37), and originating from Vietnam (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07-1.18). Independent predictors of HBV exposure were HCV exposure (RR 2.15, 95% CI 1.35-3.43), >7.6years length of time injecting (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.17-2.13) and originating from outside Australia (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.22-2.10). Neither prison- nor community-applied tattoos predicted HCV or HBV exposure. Up to 31% of IDU who injected for 1year or less were HCV antibody positive, as were 53% of those who injected for 2years or less. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing engagement with young IDU, through the provision of harm reduction education and resources, is critical if we are to address blood borne viral infections and other health and social harms associated with injecting drug use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Miller
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yi S, Contreras G, Miller ER, Appel LJ, Astor BC. Correlates of N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptides in African Americans with hypertensive chronic kidney disease: the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Am J Nephrol 2008; 29:292-8. [PMID: 18824845 DOI: 10.1159/000159276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The N-amino-terminal fragment of the prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a marker of cardiac stress and elevated levels are indicative of heart failure. Few correlates of NT-proBNP levels have been identified in persons with moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD), and data from those without heart failure and from African Americans are especially limited. METHODS The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) enrolled nondiabetic African Americans with hypertensive kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] = 20-65 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) and no evidence of clinical heart failure. NT-proBNP was measured in 982 AASK participants. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, GFR (r = -0.39; p < 0.001), hematocrit (r = -0.21; p < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI; r = -0.07; p = 0.04) were inversely correlated, and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.30; p < 0.001) and log UPCR (r = 0.32; p < 0.001) were positively correlated with log NT-proBNP levels. After adjustment for potential confounders, lower GFR and hematocrit and higher systolic blood pressure and protein:creatinine ratio remained significantly associated with higher NT-proBNP. CONCLUSION Lower GFR and hematocrit, and higher urinary protein excretion may be associated with volume expansion in CKD. These results suggest that these processes are associated with increased NT-proBNP in CKD and may play a role in the development of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yi
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Miller ER, Fielding JE, Grant KA, Barr IG, Papadakis G, Kelly HA. Higher than expected seasonal influenza activity in Victoria, 2007. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2008; 32:63-70. [PMID: 18522306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, the Victorian influenza season exceeded normal seasonal activity thresholds. The average rate of influenza-like illness (ILI) reported by general practitioners (GPs) participating in sentinel surveillance was 9.0 cases per 1,000 consultations, peaking at 22 cases per 1,000 consultations in mid-August. The average ILI rate reported by the Melbourne Medical Locum Service (MMLS) was 11.5 per 1,000 consultations over the season. The MMLS ILI rate peaked at 30 per 1,000 consultations at the same time as peak rates were reported by GPs, with a secondary peak observed three weeks later (22 cases per 1,000 consultations). Influenza cases notified to the Victorian Department of Human Services peaked in mid-August with a secondary peak of influenza A in early September. Of the influenza positive swabs collected by GPs and among those collected throughout the state, 92% were type A and 8% were type B. The most common strains identified in Victoria in the 2007 influenza season were A/ Brisbane/10/2007-like followed by A/Solomon Islands/3/2006-like. While neither virus strain was specifically included in the 2007 Australian influenza vaccine, reasonable cross protection was afforded by the strains in the vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Miller
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fielding JE, Miller ER, Adams J, Hawking B, Grant K, Kelly HA. Influenza surveillance in Victoria, 2006. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2007; 31:100-6. [PMID: 17503649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Victorian influenza season in 2006 remained within normal seasonal activity thresholds and was relatively mild compared with recent years. The season peaked in mid-August, with influenza-like illness (ILI) rates from general practitioner sentinel surveillance and the Melbourne Medical Locum Service (MMLS), and cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza notified to the Department of Human Services, reaching their zeniths within one week of each other. A total of 74 general practitioners (GPs) participated in the sentinel surveillance in 2006, reporting a total of 136,732 consultations during the surveillance period from May to September inclusive. Participating GPs reported a total of 765 patients with an ILI; an average ILI rate of 5.6 cases per 1,000 consultations. The average ILI rate from the MMLS in the same period was 8.5 cases per 1,000 call-outs. Eighty-two per cent of laboratory-confirmed influenza notifications during the surveillance period were type A; the remainder were type B. Typing indicated circulation of two predominant strains during the season: A/Wisconsin/67/2005(H3N2)-like virus and B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus. The influenza vaccine for 2006 contained A/New Caledonia/20/ 99(H1N1)-like virus, A/California/7/2004(H3N2)-like virus and B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Fielding
- Communicable Disease Control Unit, Department of Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the long-term effect on weight maintenance and dietary habits of participants in a clinical trial for weight loss. SETTING Community-based residents living in Maryland. PARTICIPANTS Forty-four hypertensive, overweight adults who participated in a randomized clinical trial of weight loss. Participants were randomized to an intensive 'lifestyle' intervention or a 'monitoring' group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Weight, self-reported current intake of fat and fruit/fibre and self-reported barriers to maintain weight loss were assessed 1 year after the completion of the Diet, Exercise and Weight-loss Intervention Trial (DEW-IT) trial. ANALYSIS t-tests were used to compare groups for differences in continuous variables and chi-square tests were used to compare groups for categorical variables. RESULTS Fourty-two of the 44 DEW-IT subjects participated in the follow-up study. Overall, 55% (12/19) of the lifestyle intervention group remained at or below their baseline weight at 1 year, compared with 48% (11/23) of the monitoring group (P = 0.32). However, during that year, 95% (18/19) of the lifestyle intervention group and 52% (12/23) of the monitoring group gained weight from the end of the study. Both groups reported similar intake of fruits/vegetables (servings day(-1)), dietary fibre (g day(-1)) and fat (g day(-1)). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The majority of participants who lost weight during the trial regained weight during the course of 1 year. A successful intensive 2-month programme of lifestyle modification (DEW-IT) was ineffective for long-term maintenance of weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Jehn
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Recent models from theoretical physics have predicted that mass-migrating animal groups may share group-level properties, irrespective of the type of animals in the group. One key prediction is that as the density of animals in the group increases, a rapid transition occurs from disordered movement of individuals within the group to highly aligned collective motion. Understanding such a transition is crucial to the control of mobile swarming insect pests such as the desert locust. We confirmed the prediction of a rapid transition from disordered to ordered movement and identified a critical density for the onset of coordinated marching in locust nymphs. We also demonstrated a dynamic instability in motion at densities typical of locusts in the field, in which groups can switch direction without external perturbation, potentially facilitating the rapid transfer of directional information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Buhl
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Miller ER, Bi P, Ryan P. The prevalence of HCV antibody in South Australian prisoners. J Infect 2005; 53:125-30. [PMID: 16313963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study was aimed at identifying the hepatitis C virus (HCV)-antibody status of prisoners incarcerated in South Australia in order to develop an HCV prevalence estimate for the whole prison system. METHODS The health records of persons incarcerated within eight prisons (accommodating approximately 93% of the jurisdiction's adult incarcerated population) were audited for evidence of HCV infection, age, sex, Indigenous status (Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) and date of entry to prison. These data were analysed using both univariate and multivariate techniques. RESULTS Among 1347 prisoners (1254 males and 93 females), 30.2% were HCV-antibody positive. After excluding those with no history of testing, HCV-antibody prevalence rose to 41.3% (males 39.8%, females 66.1%). HCV-antibody positivity was significantly associated with age, sex and Indigenous status in both univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the literature, the prevalence of HCV infection in the SA prison system appears to be extremely high. This study suggests that HCV prevention efforts in prison settings should be considered as an important priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Miller
- Department of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Sex-separate male and female broilers (2,592 broilers; Ross x 708) were placed in 144 floor pens (12 replications per treatment) and fed diets containing high (H) and moderate (M) amino acid density from 1 to 55 d of age. Diets were formulated using ileal digestible amino acid ratios to Lys. Six dietary treatment combinations (MMMMM, HMMMM, HHMMM, HHHMM, HHHHM, and HHHHH) were implemented in 5 diet phases (1 to 5, 6 to 14, 15 to 35, 36 to 45, and 46 to 55 d of age). Male birds were heavier (P < or = 0.05) and had lower (P < or = 0.05) feed conversion, abdominal fat, and breast yield than female birds. Birds fed H diets in the first 3 phases had optimal (P < or = 0.05) BW and feed conversion (d 35, and 45), but optimal (P < or = 0.05) feed conversion at d 55 warranted H diets in all phases. Breast meat (d 35) and carcass (d 55) relative to BW were highest (P < or = 0.05) in birds fed H diets in the first 3 phases; however, differences in 55 d breast meat yield did not occur. Results indicate that amino acid needs of Ross x 708 broilers are most critical from 1 to 35 d of age. Predicted economic margins were advantageous in birds fed H diets resulting in dollar 0.12 and dollar 0.05/bird more income over feed costs at 35 and 55 d, respectively, in comparison with birds fed M diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Kidd
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Erlinger TP, Conlin PR, Macko RF, Bohannon AD, Miller ER, Moore TJ, Svetkey LP, Appel LJ. The impact of angiotensin II receptor blockade and the DASH diet on markers of endogenous fibrinolysis. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16:391-7. [PMID: 12037693 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2001] [Revised: 11/12/2001] [Accepted: 01/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with impaired fibrinolysis. Both angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet effectively lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Some evidence suggests that treatment with ARBs could increase fibrinolysis, however, data is conflicting. The impact of the DASH diet on fibrinolytic parameters is not known. Fifty-five hypertensive participants (35 African-American, 20 white) were randomly assigned to receive 8 weeks of either a control diet or the DASH diet. The diets did not differ in sodium content (approximately 3 g/day). Within each diet, individuals were randomly assigned to receive losartan or placebo for 4 weeks in double-blind, cross-over fashion. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, t-PA activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured at the end of a 2-week run-in period on the control diet and after each treatment period. The DASH diet did not affect markers of fibrinolysis. Losartan significantly lowered t-PA antigen levels (-1.8 ng/mL, P = 0.045), but had no effect on t-PA or PAI-1 activities. This effect was more pronounced in whites (-4.1 ng/mL (P = 0.003)) compared with African-Americans (-0.3 ng/mL (P = 0.7), P-interaction = 0.03). Results were not materially affected by adjustment for basline values or changes in blood pressure. This study demonstrates that losartan reduces t-PA antigen levels in white, but not African-American hypertensive individuals. In contrast, the DASH diet had no significant effect on markers of fibrinolysis in whites or African-Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Erlinger
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Clifton GL, Choi SC, Miller ER, Levin HS, Smith KR, Muizelaar JP, Wagner FC, Marion DW, Luerssen TG. Intercenter variance in clinical trials of head trauma--experience of the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia. J Neurosurg 2001; 95:751-5. [PMID: 11702863 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2001.95.5.0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT In a recently conducted trial of hypothermia in patients with severe brain injury, differences were found in the effects of hypothermia treatment among various centers. This analysis explores the reasons for such differences. METHODS The authors reviewed data obtained in 392 patients treated for severe brain injury. Prerandomization variables, critical physiological variables, treatment variables, and accrual methodologies were investigated among various centers. Hypothermia was found to be detrimental in patients older than the age of 45 years, beneficial in patients younger than 45 years of age in whom hypothermia was present on admission, and without effect in those in whom normothermia was documented on admission. Marginally significant differences (p < 0.054) in the intercenter outcomes of hypothermia-treated patients were likely the result of wide differences in the percentage of patients older than 45 years of age and in the percentage of patients in whom hypothermia was present on admission among centers. The trial sensitivity was likely diminished by significant differences in the incidence of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) less than 70 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) less than 50 mm Hg (p < 0.05) but not intracranial pressure (ICP) greater than 25 mm Hg (not significant) among patients in the various centers. Hours of vasopressor usage (p < 0.03) and morphine dose (p < 0.001) and the percentage of dehydrated patients varied significantly among centers (p < 0.001). The participation of small centers increased intercenter variance and diminished the quality of data. CONCLUSIONS For Phase III clinical trials we recommend: 1) a detailed protocol specifying fluid and MABP, ICP, and CPP management: 2) continuous monitoring of protocol compliance; 3) a run-in period for new centers to test accrual and protocol adherence; and 4) inclusion of only centers in which patients are regularly randomized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Clifton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vivian L. Smith Center for Neurologic Research, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tokars JI, Gehr T, Jarvis WR, Anderson J, Armistead N, Miller ER, Parrish J, Qaiyumi S, Arduino M, Holt SC, Tenover FC, Westbrook G, Light P. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in patients at seven hemodialysis centers. Kidney Int 2001; 60:1511-6. [PMID: 11576366 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are increasing in prevalence at many institutions, and are often reported in dialysis patients. We studied the prevalence of and risk factors for VRE at seven outpatient hemodialysis centers (three in Baltimore, MD, USA, and four in Richmond, VA, USA). METHODS Rectal or stool cultures were performed on consenting hemodialysis patients during December 1997 to April 1998. Consenting patients were recultured during May to July 1998 (median 120 days later). Clinical and laboratory data and functional status (1 to 10 scale: 1, normal function; 9, home attendant, not totally disabled; 10, disabled, living at home) were recorded. RESULTS Of 478 cultures performed, 20 (4.2%) were positive for VRE. Among the seven centers, the prevalence of VRE-positive cultures varied from 1.0 to 7.9%. Independently significant risk factors for a VRE-positive culture were a functional score of 9 to 10 (odds ratio 6.9, P < 0.001), antimicrobial receipt within 90 days before culture (odds ratio 6.1, P < 0.001), and a history of injection drug use (odds ratio 5.4, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS VRE-colonized patients were present at all seven participating centers, suggesting that careful infection-control precautions should be used at all centers to limit transmission. In agreement with previous studies, VRE colonization was more frequent in patients who had received antimicrobial agents recently, underscoring the importance of judicious antimicrobial use in limiting selection for this potential pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J I Tokars
- Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|