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Cassidy FC, Kedia-Mehta N, Bergin R, Woodcock A, Berisha A, Bradley B, Booth E, Jenkins BJ, Ryan OK, Jones N, Sinclair LV, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Glycogen-fuelled metabolism supports rapid mucosal-associated invariant T cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300566120. [PMID: 37307453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300566120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells which recognize a limited repertoire of ligands presented by the MHC class-I like molecule MR1. In addition to their key role in host protection against bacterial and viral pathogens, MAIT cells are emerging as potent anti-cancer effectors. With their abundance in human, unrestricted properties, and rapid effector functions MAIT cells are emerging as attractive candidates for immunotherapy. In the current study, we demonstrate that MAIT cells are potent cytotoxic cells, rapidly degranulating and inducing target cell death. Previous work from our group and others has highlighted glucose metabolism as a critical process for MAIT cell cytokine responses at 18 h. However, the metabolic processes supporting rapid MAIT cell cytotoxic responses are currently unknown. Here, we show that glucose metabolism is dispensable for both MAIT cell cytotoxicity and early (<3 h) cytokine production, as is oxidative phosphorylation. We show that MAIT cells have the machinery required to make (GYS-1) and metabolize (PYGB) glycogen and further demonstrate that that MAIT cell cytotoxicity and rapid cytokine responses are dependent on glycogen metabolism. In summary, we show that glycogen-fueled metabolism supports rapid MAIT cell effector functions (cytotoxicity and cytokine production) which may have implications for their use as an immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Féaron C Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, D12 N512 Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Nidhi Kedia-Mehta
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Ronan Bergin
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Andrea Woodcock
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Ardena Berisha
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Ben Bradley
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Eva Booth
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Benjamin J Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Odhrán K Ryan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Donal O'Shea
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College Dublin, D04 T6F4 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, D12 N512 Dublin 12, Ireland
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Gallagher C, Mahon JM, O'Neill C, Cassidy FC, Dunbar H, De Barra C, Cadden C, Pisarska MM, Wood NAW, Masterson JC, McNamee EN, Schrumpf E, English K, O'Shea D, Tobin AM, Hogan AE. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Are Altered in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Contribute to the Inflammatory Milieu. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 143:1094-1097.e2. [PMID: 36516909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Mac Mahon
- Dermatology Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chloe O'Neill
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Féaron C Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Hazel Dunbar
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Conor De Barra
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Caoimhe Cadden
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Marta M Pisarska
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicole A W Wood
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanne C Masterson
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Eoin N McNamee
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Elisabeth Schrumpf
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Section of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karen English
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Section of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Marie Tobin
- Dermatology Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland; St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Wrigley Kelly NE, Kenny G, Cassidy FC, Garcia‐Leon AA, De Barra C, Mallon PWG, Hogan AE, O'Shea D. Individuals with obesity who survive SARS-CoV-2 infection have preserved antigen-specific T cell frequencies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1927-1931. [PMID: 35766325 PMCID: PMC9350216 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a major risk factor for severe disease in COVID-19, with increased hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mortality. This increased impact of COVID-19 in people with obesity (PWO) is likely driven, in part, by the well-described obesity-induced immune dysregulation. Obesity has also been associated with impaired immune memory in many settings, including weakened responses to hepatitis B, tetanus, rabies, and influenza vaccination. Recently, it was reported that PWO who have COVID-19 have reduced IgG antibody titers with defective neutralizing capabilities. However, it remains unknown whether PWO generate durable T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2. METHODS This study investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in a cohort of 40 patients (n = 20 PWO and n = 20 matched control individuals) who had recovered from COVID-19. T cell (CD4+ , CD8+ ) cytokine responses (IFNγ, TNFα) to SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools (spike, membrane) were determined using multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS Circulating T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 were readily detected in the total cohort. PWO displayed comparable levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike- and membrane-specific T cells, with both T cell subsets responding. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that PWO who survive COVID-19 generate robust and durable SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity that is equivalent to that seen in those without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E. Wrigley Kelly
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College DublinDublinIreland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
| | - Grace Kenny
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College DublinDublinIreland
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Féaron C. Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
- National Children's Research CentreDublinIreland
| | - Alejandro A. Garcia‐Leon
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Conor De Barra
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
| | - Patrick W. G. Mallon
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College DublinDublinIreland
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
- National Children's Research CentreDublinIreland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- St Vincent's University Hospital & University College DublinDublinIreland
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Bergin R, Kinlen D, Kedia-Mehta N, Hayes E, Cassidy FC, Cody D, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are associated with insulin resistance in childhood obesity, and disrupt insulin signalling via IL-17. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1012-1017. [PMID: 35305128 PMCID: PMC9076704 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are an abundant population of innate T cells. When activated, MAIT cells rapidly produce a range of cytokines, including IFNγ, TNF-α and IL-17. Several studies have implicated MAIT cells in the development of metabolic dysfunction, but the mechanisms through which this occurs are not fully understood. We hypothesised that MAIT cells are associated with insulin resistance in children with obesity, and affect insulin signalling through their production of IL-17. METHODS In a cross-sectional observational study, we investigated MAIT cell cytokine profiles in a cohort of 30 children with obesity and 30 healthy control participants, of similar age, using flow cytometry. We then used a cell-based model to determine the direct effect of MAIT cells and IL-17 on insulin signalling and glucose uptake. RESULTS Children with obesity display increased MAIT cell frequencies (2.2% vs 2.8%, p=0.047), and, once activated, these produced elevated levels of both TNF-α (39% vs 28%, p=0.03) and IL-17 (1.25% vs 0.5%, p=0.008). The IL-17-producing MAIT cells were associated with an elevated HOMA-IR (r=0.65, p=0.001). The MAIT cell secretome from adults with obesity resulted in reduced glucose uptake when compared with the secretome from healthy adult control (1.31 vs 0.96, p=0.0002), a defect that could be blocked by neutralising IL-17. Finally, we demonstrated that recombinant IL-17 blocked insulin-mediated glucose uptake via inhibition of phosphorylated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS Collectively, these studies provide further support for the role of MAIT cells in the development of metabolic dysfunction, and suggest that an IL-17-mediated effect on intracellular insulin signalling is responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Bergin
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - David Kinlen
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nidhi Kedia-Mehta
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Eadaoin Hayes
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Féaron C Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Declan Cody
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.
- St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Cooper AJR, Clegg J, Cassidy FC, Hogan AE, McLoughlin RM. Human MAIT Cells Respond to Staphylococcus aureus with Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010148. [PMID: 35056597 PMCID: PMC8778732 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells have been shown to play protective roles during infection with diverse pathogens through their propensity for rapid innate-like cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Among the potential applications for MAIT cells is to defend against Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen of serious clinical significance. However, it is unknown how MAIT cell responses to S. aureus are elicited, nor has it been investigated whether MAIT cell cytotoxicity is mobilized against intracellular S. aureus. In this study, we investigate the capacity of human MAIT cells to respond directly to S. aureus. MAIT cells co-cultured with dendritic cells (DCs) infected with S. aureus rapidly upregulate CD69, express IFNγ and Granzyme B and degranulate. DC secretion of IL-12, but not IL-18, was implicated in this immune response, while TCR binding of MR1 is required to commence cytokine production. MAIT cell cytotoxicity resulted in apoptosis of S. aureus-infected cells, and reduced intracellular persistence of S. aureus. These findings implicate these unconventional T cells in important, rapid anti-S. aureus responses that may be of great relevance to the ongoing development of novel anti-S. aureus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. R. Cooper
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Féaron C. Cassidy
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (F.C.C.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (F.C.C.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (A.J.R.C.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-896-2526
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Cassidy FC, Shortiss C, Murphy CG, Kearns SR, Curtin W, De Buitléir C, O’Brien T, Coleman CM. Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Number and Phenotypic Characteristics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072476. [PMID: 32252490 PMCID: PMC7177361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been investigated in numerous disease settings involving impaired regeneration because of the crucial role they play in tissue maintenance and repair. Considering the number of comorbidities associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the hypothesis that MSCs mediate these comorbidities via a reduction in their native maintenance and repair activities is an intriguing line of inquiry. Here, it is demonstrated that the number of bone marrow-derived MSCs in people with T2DM was reduced compared to that of age-matched control (AMC) donors and that this was due to a specific decrease in the number of MSCs with osteogenic capacity. There were no differences in MSC cell surface phenotype or in MSC expansion, differentiation, or angiogenic or migratory capacity from donors living with T2DM as compared to AMCs. These findings elucidate the basic biology of MSCs and their potential as mediators of diabetic comorbidities, especially osteopathies, and provide insight into donor choice for MSC-based clinical trials. This study suggests that any role of bone marrow MSCs as a mediator of T2DM comorbidity is likely due to a reduction in the osteoprogenitor population size and not due to a permanent alteration to the MSCs' capacity to maintain tissue homeostasis through expansion and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Féaron C. Cassidy
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), H91 FD82 Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ciara Shortiss
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), H91 FD82 Galway, Ireland
| | - Colin G. Murphy
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
| | - Stephen R. Kearns
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
| | - William Curtin
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
| | - Ciara De Buitléir
- Saolta University Healthcare Group, Galway University Hospital, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O’Brien
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), H91 FD82 Galway, Ireland
- Saolta University Healthcare Group, Galway University Hospital, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, H91 FD82 Galway, Ireland
| | - Cynthia M. Coleman
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), H91 FD82 Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
In the 1980s, mouse nuclear transplantation experiments revealed that both male and female parental genomes are required for successful development to term (McGrath and Solter, 1983; Surani and Barton, 1983). This non-equivalence of parental genomes is because imprinted genes are predominantly expressed from only one parental chromosome. Uniparental inheritance of these genomic regions causes paediatric growth disorders such as Beckwith–Wiedemann and Silver–Russell syndromes (reviewed in Peters, 2014). More than 100 imprinted genes have now been discovered and the functions of many of these genes have been assessed in murine models. The first such genes described were the fetal growth factor insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and its inhibitor Igf2 receptor (Igf2r) (DeChiara et al., 1991; Lau et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994). Since then, it has emerged that most imprinted genes modulate fetal growth and resource acquisition in a variety of ways. First, imprinted genes are required for the development of a functional placenta, the organ that mediates the exchange of nutrients between mother and fetus. Second, these genes act in an embryo-autonomous manner to affect the growth rate and organogenesis. Finally, imprinted genes can signal the nutritional status between mother and fetus, and can modulate levels of maternal care. Importantly, many imprinted genes have been shown to affect postnatal growth and energy homeostasis. Given that abnormal birthweight correlates with adverse adult metabolic health, including obesity and cardiovascular disease, it is crucial to understand how the modulation of this dosage-sensitive, epigenetically regulated class of genes can contribute to fetal and postnatal growth, with implications for lifelong health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Féaron C. Cassidy
- Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, LondonEC1M 6BQ, UK
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Macdougall CE, Wood EG, Loschko J, Scagliotti V, Cassidy FC, Robinson ME, Feldhahn N, Castellano L, Voisin MB, Marelli-Berg F, Gaston-Massuet C, Charalambous M, Longhi MP. Visceral Adipose Tissue Immune Homeostasis Is Regulated by the Crosstalk between Adipocytes and Dendritic Cell Subsets. Cell Metab 2018; 27. [PMID: 29514067 PMCID: PMC5846800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has multiple roles in orchestrating whole-body energy homeostasis. In addition, VAT is now considered an immune site harboring an array of innate and adaptive immune cells with a direct role in immune surveillance and host defense. We report that conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in VAT acquire a tolerogenic phenotype through upregulation of pathways involved in adipocyte differentiation. While activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cDC1 DCs induces IL-10 production, upregulation of the PPARγ pathway in cDC2 DCs directly suppresses their activation. Combined, they promote an anti-inflammatory milieu in vivo delaying the onset of obesity-induced chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Under long-term over-nutrition, changes in adipocyte biology curtail β-catenin and PPARγ activation, contributing to VAT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Macdougall
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Wood
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jakob Loschko
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Féaron C Cassidy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mark E Robinson
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine (ICTEM), Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Niklas Feldhahn
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
| | - Leandro Castellano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine (ICTEM), Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marika Charalambous
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - M Paula Longhi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Hardy RM, Osborne CA, Cassidy FC, Johnson KH. Urolithiasis in immature dogs. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1972; 67:1205-11. [PMID: 4484968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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