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Pękowska A, Klaus B, Xiang W, Severino J, Daigle N, Klein FA, Oleś M, Casellas R, Ellenberg J, Steinmetz LM, Bertone P, Huber W. Gain of CTCF-Anchored Chromatin Loops Marks the Exit from Naive Pluripotency. Cell Syst 2018; 7:482-495.e10. [PMID: 30414923 PMCID: PMC6327227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genome of pluripotent stem cells adopts a unique three-dimensional architecture featuring weakly condensed heterochromatin and large nucleosome-free regions. Yet, it is unknown whether structural loops and contact domains display characteristics that distinguish embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from differentiated cell types. We used genome-wide chromosome conformation capture and super-resolution imaging to determine nuclear organization in mouse ESC and neural stem cell (NSC) derivatives. We found that loss of pluripotency is accompanied by widespread gain of structural loops. This general architectural change correlates with enhanced binding of CTCF and cohesins and more pronounced insulation of contacts across chromatin boundaries in lineage-committed cells. Reprogramming NSCs to pluripotency restores the unique features of ESC domain topology. Domains defined by the anchors of loops established upon differentiation are enriched for developmental genes. Chromatin loop formation is a pervasive structural alteration to the genome that accompanies exit from pluripotency and delineates the spatial segregation of developmentally regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pękowska
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
| | - Bernd Klaus
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Wanqing Xiang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Severino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Nathalie Daigle
- Genomics & Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felix A Klein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Oleś
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Rafael Casellas
- Genomics & Immunity, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Stanford Genome Technology Center, 855 California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul Bertone
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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Ghavi-Helm Y, Klein FA, Pakozdi T, Ciglar L, Noordermeer D, Huber W, Furlong EEM. Erratum: Corrigendum: Enhancer loops appear stable during development and are associated with paused polymerase. Nature 2016; 537:254. [DOI: 10.1038/nature18962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Braun M, Qorraj M, Büttner M, Klein FA, Saul D, Aigner M, Huber W, Mackensen A, Jitschin R, Mougiakakos D. CXCL12 promotes glycolytic reprogramming in acute myeloid leukemia cells via the CXCR4/mTOR axis. Leukemia 2016; 30:1788-92. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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4
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Foti R, Gnan S, Cornacchia D, Dileep V, Bulut-Karslioglu A, Diehl S, Buness A, Klein FA, Huber W, Johnstone E, Loos R, Bertone P, Gilbert DM, Manke T, Jenuwein T, Buonomo SCB. Nuclear Architecture Organized by Rif1 Underpins the Replication-Timing Program. Mol Cell 2016; 61:260-73. [PMID: 26725008 PMCID: PMC4724237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication is temporally and spatially organized in all eukaryotes, yet the molecular control and biological function of the replication-timing program are unclear. Rif1 is required for normal genome-wide regulation of replication timing, but its molecular function is poorly understood. Here we show that in mouse embryonic stem cells, Rif1 coats late-replicating domains and, with Lamin B1, identifies most of the late-replicating genome. Rif1 is an essential determinant of replication timing of non-Lamin B1-bound late domains. We further demonstrate that Rif1 defines and restricts the interactions between replication-timing domains during the G1 phase, thereby revealing a function of Rif1 as organizer of nuclear architecture. Rif1 loss affects both number and replication-timing specificity of the interactions between replication-timing domains. In addition, during the S phase, Rif1 ensures that replication of interacting domains is temporally coordinated. In summary, our study identifies Rif1 as the molecular link between nuclear architecture and replication-timing establishment in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Foti
- Mouse Biology Unit, EMBL Monterotondo, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Stefano Gnan
- Mouse Biology Unit, EMBL Monterotondo, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Daniela Cornacchia
- Mouse Biology Unit, EMBL Monterotondo, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Vishnu Dileep
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu
- Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology and Epigenetics, Stubeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Diehl
- Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology and Epigenetics, Stubeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Buness
- Mouse Biology Unit, EMBL Monterotondo, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Felix A Klein
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewan Johnstone
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Remco Loos
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Paul Bertone
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Genome Biology and Developmental Biology Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - David M Gilbert
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Thomas Manke
- Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology and Epigenetics, Stubeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jenuwein
- Max Planck Institute of Immunbiology and Epigenetics, Stubeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara C B Buonomo
- Mouse Biology Unit, EMBL Monterotondo, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy.
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Abstract
Small molecules often affect multiple targets, elicit off-target effects, and induce genotype-specific responses. Chemical genetics, the mapping of the genotype dependence of a small molecule's effects across a broad spectrum of phenotypes can identify novel mechanisms of action. It can also reveal unanticipated effects and could thereby reduce high attrition rates of small molecule development pipelines. Here, we used high-content screening and image analysis to measure effects of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds on complex phenotypes in isogenic cancer cell lines which harbor activating or inactivating mutations in key oncogenic signaling pathways. Using multiparametric chemical-genetic interaction analysis, we observed phenotypic gene-drug interactions for more than 193 compounds, with many affecting phenotypes other than cell growth. We created a resource termed the Pharmacogenetic Phenome Compendium (PGPC), which enables exploration of drug mode of action, detection of potential off-target effects, and the generation of hypotheses on drug combinations and synergism. For example, we demonstrate that MEK inhibitors amplify the viability effect of the clinically used anti-alcoholism drug disulfiram and show that the EGFR inhibitor tyrphostin AG555 has off-target activity on the proteasome. Taken together, this study demonstrates how combining multiparametric phenotyping in different genetic backgrounds can be used to predict additional mechanisms of action and to reposition clinically used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Breinig
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix A Klein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Klein FA, Pakozdi T, Anders S, Ghavi-Helm Y, Furlong EEM, Huber W. FourCSeq: analysis of 4C sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:3085-91. [PMID: 26034064 PMCID: PMC4576695 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Circularized Chromosome Conformation Capture (4C) is a powerful technique for studying the spatial interactions of a specific genomic region called the ‘viewpoint’ with the rest of the genome, both in a single condition or comparing different experimental conditions or cell types. Observed ligation frequencies typically show a strong, regular dependence on genomic distance from the viewpoint, on top of which specific interaction peaks are superimposed. Here, we address the computational task to find these specific peaks and to detect changes between different biological conditions. Results: We model the overall trend of decreasing interaction frequency with genomic distance by fitting a smooth monotonically decreasing function to suitably transformed count data. Based on the fit, z-scores are calculated from the residuals, and high z-scores are interpreted as peaks providing evidence for specific interactions. To compare different conditions, we normalize fragment counts between samples, and call for differential contact frequencies using the statistical method DESeq2 adapted from RNA-Seq analysis. Availability and implementation: A full end-to-end analysis pipeline is implemented in the R package FourCSeq available at www.bioconductor.org. Contact:felix.klein@embl.de or whuber@embl.de Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Klein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tibor Pakozdi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Anders
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yad Ghavi-Helm
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eileen E M Furlong
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Tsujimura T, Klein FA, Langenfeld K, Glaser J, Huber W, Spitz F. A discrete transition zone organizes the topological and regulatory autonomy of the adjacent tfap2c and bmp7 genes. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004897. [PMID: 25569170 PMCID: PMC4288730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-documented role of remote enhancers in controlling developmental gene expression, the mechanisms that allocate enhancers to genes are poorly characterized. Here, we investigate the cis-regulatory organization of the locus containing the Tfap2c and Bmp7 genes in vivo, using a series of engineered chromosomal rearrangements. While these genes lie adjacent to one another, we demonstrate that they are independently regulated by distinct sets of enhancers, which in turn define non-overlapping regulatory domains. Chromosome conformation capture experiments reveal a corresponding partition of the locus in two distinct structural entities, demarcated by a discrete transition zone. The impact of engineered chromosomal rearrangements on the topology of the locus and the resultant gene expression changes indicate that this transition zone functionally organizes the structural partition of the locus, thereby defining enhancer-target gene allocation. This partition is, however, not absolute: we show that it allows competing interactions across it that may be non-productive for the competing gene, but modulate expression of the competed one. Altogether, these data highlight the prime role of the topological organization of the genome in long-distance regulation of gene expression. The specificity of enhancer-gene interactions is fundamental to the execution of gene regulatory programs underpinning embryonic development and cell differentiation. However, our understanding of the mechanisms conferring specificity to enhancers and target gene interactions is limited. In this study, we characterize the cis-regulatory organization of a large genomic locus consisting of two developmental genes, Tfap2c and Bmp7. We show that this locus is structurally partitioned into two distinct domains by the constitutive action of a discrete transition zone located between the two genes. This separation restricts selectively the functional action of enhancers to the genes present within the same domain. Interestingly, the effects of this region as a boundary are relative, as it allows some competing interactions to take place across domains. We show that these interactions modulate the functional output of a brain enhancer on its primary target gene resulting in the spatial restriction of its expression domain. These results support a functional link between topological chromatin domains and allocation of enhancers to genes. They further show that a precise adjustment of chromatin interaction levels fine-tunes gene regulation by long-range enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Tsujimura
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix A. Klein
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Langenfeld
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Glaser
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Spitz
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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White WH, Doggweiler R, Klein FA. Surgical management of non-obstructive urinary retention. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2008; 60:85-92. [PMID: 18500223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-obstructive urinary retention is a complex disorder that can pose diagnostic and therapeutic problems to the treating urologist. A through history and physical examination coupled with well performed and interpreted urodynamic testing can offer insight into the etiology and prognosis of the disease. Myriad pharmacologic and conservative therapies exist to treat non-obstructive retention but success is limited. The majority of patients with non-obstructive retention are consigned to long-term bladder decompression with the preponderance of evidence-based studies supporting clean intermittent catheterization. Surgical treatment is essentially limited to sacral nerve stimulation. Published data cites success rates with sacral nerve stimulation approaching 80% with a catheterization-free rate of close to 50%. And while future study is needed to refine and identify which patients will benefit the most, the profound improvement afforded by sacral nerve stimulation makes it the treatment of choice for patients with otherwise refractory non-obstructive retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H White
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Section of Neuro-Urology and Voiding Dysfunction, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA.
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Moreno I, Davis JA, Klein FA, Mitry MJ. Polarization-splitting common-path interferometer based on a zero-twist liquid crystal display. Appl Opt 2008; 47:1797-1801. [PMID: 18404178 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact optical polarization-splitting common-path interferometer based on a zero-twist liquid crystal display (LCD). The LCD is encoded with a diffraction grating pattern and illuminated with a polarization state with both horizontal and vertical components. The polarization component perpendicular to the director axis of the liquid crystal molecules is not affected by the LCD and forms the reference beam. However, the polarization component parallel to the director axis is diffracted at an angle determined by the period of the grating. By imposing an analyzer polarizer, these two beams create an interferogram that can either display retardance patterns encoded onto the LCD or analyze external birefringent optical elements. The programmability of the system allows new ways of increasing the utility of the interferograms. Experimental results are provided, including the visualization of optical vortices with different and opposite topological charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Optica y Tecnología Electrónica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
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Belz M, Klein FA, Eckhardt HS, Klein KF, Dinges D, Grattan KTV. Optical detection techniques and light delivery with UV LEDs and optical fibres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/85/1/012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A Food and Drug Administration pre-market approval study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the Storz Modulith SL 20 lithotriptor. METHODS Protocol was a maximum of 2,000 shock waves per treatment and no more than three treatments per patient. Safety and effectiveness parameters were defined and followed. RESULTS The overall success rate was 74.6% with a stone-free rate of 63.6%. No clinically or statistically significant adverse trends were noted acutely or in follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The Storz Modulith SL 20 lithotriptor is a safe and effective device to treat renal and ureteral calculi in an outpatient setting using intravenous sedation/analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Finkbeiner
- Department of Urology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
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12
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Margulies AG, Klein FA, Taylor JW. Suction-assisted lipectomy for the correction of stomal dysfunction. Am Surg 1998; 64:178-81. [PMID: 9486894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poorly fitting appliances for urinary or fecal stream stomas can lead to frequent leaking and subsequent social embarrassment, stomal stenosis, hyperkeratosis, skin breakdown, and increased cost secondary to frequent changing. Obese patients with abnormal skin folds frequently are more prone to these problems. Herein is described the use of suction-assisted lipectomy for abdominal wall contouring in an effort to improve and simplify appliance application as well as lengthen appliance life. Between 1989 and 1996, five patients (three females, two males) ages 13 to 47 years, were treated with abdominal wall suction-assisted lipectomy in an attempt to improve stomal function. Preoperatively, an average of 1.25 appliance changes a day were required for leaking. Three patients had one procedure removing 400 to 600 cc of fat. Two patients had staged suction, removing a total of 900 to 1600 cc of fat. At 6-month follow-up, the average appliance life was 4 days, and the incidence of skin problems and leaking was markedly reduced. The technique of suction-assisted lipectomy is a simple outpatient procedure with low morbidity that can successfully be used to improve stomal function in obese patients with poorly fitting appliances secondary to skin folds, poor body habitus, or abdominal scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Margulies
- Division of Plastic Surgery, The University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville 37920, USA
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13
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Hosking MP, Morris SA, Klein FA, Dobmeyer-Dittrich C. Anesthetic management of patients receiving calculus therapy with a third-generation extracorporeal lithotripsy machine. J Endourol 1997; 11:309-11. [PMID: 9355943 DOI: 10.1089/end.1997.11.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the anesthetic requirements for satisfactory use of a third-generation electromagnetic-source design for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). Medical records were reviewed for a period of 9 months on all patients receiving anesthesia care for SWL with and without other urologic procedures. The Modulith SL20 was used on 56 ASA Class I-III patients having 87 SWL treatments. Demographic and anesthetic variables were recorded. Complications documented included dysrhythmias, nausea necessitating treatment, and conversion from sedation to regional or general anesthesia. The majority of procedures (83%) were performed on an outpatient basis. Patients were classified as ASA physical status I (27%), II (63%), or III (10%). Monitored anesthesia care with intravenous sedation was utilized in 93% of cases. Of these cases, 78 involved a combination of intravenous propofol, fentanyl, and midazolam; the remaining 3 involved propofol, alfentanil, and/or midazolam. The mean treatment duration was 36 minutes. Patients were discharged within 1 hour after procedure completion in 77 cases (89%). Nausea necessitating treatment was rare (3%). The mean dose of propofol administered with SWL as the only procedure was 272 +/- 112 mg. When SWL was combined with other urologic procedures, the mean dose of propofol was 334 +/- 121 mg. Continuous intravenous propofol infusion provides excellent procedural conditions for SWL on the Modulith SL120, a third-generation lithotripter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Hosking
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, 37920, USA
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Herr HW, Fradet Y, Klein FA. Summary of effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) on carcinoma in situ of the bladder (by Harry W. Herr, MD, Carl M. Pinsky, MD, Willet F. Whitmore, Jr, MD, Herbert F. Oettgen, MD, and Myron R. Melamed, MD). 1983. Urol Oncol 1997; 15:80-5. [PMID: 9134599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H W Herr
- Laval University Cancer Research Center, CHUQ-L'Hotel-Dieu de Quebec
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Klein FA, Goldman MH. Vesical calculus: an unusual complication of renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 1997; 11:110-2. [PMID: 9113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vesical calculus formation in renal transplant patients is rare. We describe seven patients who developed calcium oxylate or combination calcium oxylate-magnesium ammonium phosphate stones on a polypropylene suture nidus at the site of a ureteroneocystostomy. The use of a nonabsorbable suture in the urinary tract should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Klein
- Divison of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medical Education, Knoxville, USA
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Abstract
Blind-ending ureteral duplication is a rare anomaly. The authors report on a 5-year-old girl who presented with an asymptomatic abdominal mass in which computerized axial tomography was used to make the diagnosis. The embryology of this anomaly is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Klein
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Center for Graduate Medical Education, Knoxville, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center at Knoxville 37920, USA
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18
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Klein FA. Storz Modulith SL-20: the new optimal acoustic source for extracorporeal lithotripsy. Semin Urol 1991; 9:269-74. [PMID: 1754767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Klein
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville 37920
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Vick
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Bard JL, Klein FA. Ureteropelvic junction avulsion following blunt abdominal trauma. J Tenn Med Assoc 1990; 83:242-3. [PMID: 2342359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Bard
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville
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Abstract
Between July 1951 and January 1984, 14 female patients (11 black and three white; average age, 58 years) were treated for primary urethral carcinoma. Five patients had radical surgery, six received preoperative radiotherapy (2000 cGy in five fractions) followed by anterior exenteration, and three had definitive radiotherapy (external beam 4000 to 5000 cGy plus 2800 to 3000 cGy interstitial implant). The mean follow-up times were 5.6, 3.9, and 2 years, respectively. In the first two groups, two of 11 patients (18%) are alive and well with no evidence of disease. The rest died of local as well as distant disease. In the third group, two of three patients (67%) are alive and well with no evidence of disease. The third patient died of papillary adenocarcinoma of the uterus 30 months later with no evidence of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moinuddin Ali
- Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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Abstract
From 1950 through 1985, 18 patients 26 to 65 years old (mean age 44.5 years) presented with pelvic lipomatosis. Followup ranged from 6 months to 17 years, with a mean of 7.5 years. Of these 18 patients 16 (89 per cent) are alive, 1 (6 per cent) died of uremia and 1 (6 per cent) was lost to followup after 6 months. During this period 7 patients (39 per cent) required operative procedures for urinary obstruction. Although pelvic lipomatosis is a benign proliferation of fat in the true pelvis that is known to lead to urinary tract, fecal and even vena caval obstruction, it also may remain dormant and cause no significant symptoms for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Klein
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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23
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Abstract
One hundred fifty-seven patients with vesical outlet obstruction underwent transurethral prostatic resection with prostatic chips sent for routine histology and for flow cytometry (FCM) using a modification of the Vindelov technique. One hundred nine patients had benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and 48 had adenocarcinoma. Using the criteria of 90 per cent G0-G1 cells and/or less than 10 per cent S + G2 + M cells as normal or benign, the false positive rate was 1 per cent (1/109), and the false negative rate was 12.5 per cent (6/48). The range of cells in G0-G1, for the BPH group was 89-98 per cent, mean 95 per cent, and for the carcinoma group 22-94 per cent, mean 74 per cent. The range of cells in the S + G2 + M compartment for the BPH group was 2-11 per cent, mean 7 per cent, and for the carcinoma group 6-78 per cent, mean 26 per cent. Only 4 cases had aneuploid stem cell lines. FCM measurements of single cell prostatic tissue suspensions are an accurate, objective means of quantifying nuclear DNA content and rate of cell proliferation. How useful this technique is or will be in predicting prognosis and determining therapy in a given individual remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Klein
- Department of Surgery, College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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24
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Abstract
Flow cytometry deoxyribonucleic acid measurements of bladder washings, routine bladder irrigation cytology and cystoscopic results were compared in a prospective fashion during 33 months of clinical urology practice. Of the 204 patients (286 specimens) studied 74 had bladder tumors or a history of bladder tumors and 130 had other genitourinary pathological conditions, including hematuria, cystitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostatic carcinoma. Flow cytometry and cytology agreed with the cystoscopic findings in 93 per cent of the cases, whereas flow cytometry agreed with cytology in 84.6 per cent. When combined, flow cytometry and cytology were negative in only 1 case when several papillomas or grade I papillary carcinomas were present on cystoscopy, yielding a diagnostic accuracy of 99 per cent. The false negative rates for flow cytometry and cytology were 4.3 and 5.2 per cent, respectively, with false positive rates of 4.2 and 3.1 per cent, respectively. As expected the specimens that were missed by cytology were low grade tumors and those missed by flow cytometry were usually ulcerated invasive tumors. We believe that flow cytometry is a valuable adjunct to cytology and cystoscopy in the diagnosis, management and followup of patients with known or suspected bladder cancer. In addition, criteria for the diagnosis of cancer are changed such that specimens with a deoxyribonucleic acid tail and a large amount of hyperdiploid cells without a distinct stem line are considered suspicious and indicative of bladder pathology but they are not synonymous with the presence of carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Klein
- Department of Surgery, Massey Cancer Center, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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25
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Klein FA, Ali MM, Marks SE, Hackler RH. Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, iridium 192 template, and external beam therapy for localized prostatic carcinoma: complications and results. South Med J 1988; 81:27-31. [PMID: 3336796 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-198801000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma were treated by bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and temporary implantation of iridium 192 strands with adjuvant external beam radiotherapy. With the implant the prostate received between 3,200 and 3,500 gray (Gy) followed in two weeks by small-field external beam irradiation for an additional dose of approximately 3,400 Gy. Morbidity included an ileofemoral thrombosis in one patient, and transient radiation proctitis in four patients; one patient required transurethral prostatic resection for obstruction at one year. Local response of the primary tumor was dramatic in every case at three-month follow-up. In 11 of 15 patients (73%), biopsy at one year showed no evidence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Klein
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond
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26
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Abstract
Extrarenal Wilms' tumor is a very rare disease, occurring mostly in children. Sixteen cases have been reported in the world medical literature. A case of retroperitoneal extrarenal Wilms' tumor is reported in a 36-year old white male and the literature reviewed. Pathologic examination revealed both undifferentiated renal blastoma plus differentiated areas containing immature tubules and glomeruli. No evidence of extrarenal teratomatous tissue was seen. Theories for the histogenesis of this rare tumor are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Koretz
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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27
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Klein FA, Ali MM, Kersh R. Carcinoma of the female urethra: combined iridium Ir 192 interstitial and external beam radiotherapy. South Med J 1987; 80:1129-32. [PMID: 3114892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Three female patients (mean age 55) with carcinoma of the urethra were treated with combined external beam irradiation (4,000 to 5,000 rads) and interstitial irradiation with iridium Ir 192 (2,700 to 3,000 rads) applied with a modified Syed-Neblett template. Two patients are alive with no evidence of disease at 27 and 37 months. One patient died of a second primary tumor at 30 months, without histologic evidence of the original urethral neoplasm. No patient had significant complications of therapy. This treatment regimen is effective for selected women with urethral carcinoma.
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28
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Klein FA, Elkins LE. Renal hypertension following conservative management of blunt renal trauma. J Tenn Med Assoc 1987; 80:550-3. [PMID: 3669654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Klein FA, Ali MM. Re: Preliminary observations on the results of combined temporary 192iridium implantation and external beam irradiation for carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1987; 137:1010-1. [PMID: 3106651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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Abstract
A case of penile incarceration secondary to a tempered steel ball bearing compromising the penile vascular supply is presented. The management of this case is described and guidelines for the management of similar cases reviewed.
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31
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Abstract
We report a 2.5 cm. vaginal cystic mass in a neonate. The differential diagnosis, evaluation and management of this lesion are discussed.
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Vick CW, Bird K, Rosenfield AT, Klein FA, Schneider V, Walsh JW, Brewer WH. Extratesticular hemorrhage associated with torsion of the spermatic cord: sonographic demonstration. Radiology 1986; 158:401-4. [PMID: 3510446 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.158.2.3510446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using ultrasound (US), we studied seven patients with torsion of the spermatic cord associated with a large amount of extratesticular hemorrhage. In each case, US showed a large echogenic or complex extratesticular mass caused by the hemorrhage, in addition to a hypoechoic testis and scrotal skin thickening. This appearance should be recognized as part of the spectrum of sonographic appearances that can be seen in torsion.
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33
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Abstract
Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a rare life-threatening bacterial infection usually occurring in patients with diabetes mellitus and producing gas within the renal parenchyma and/or perirenal tissue. We add four cases to the 62 previously reported in the literature. The overall mortality is 38%, with only 29% survival for those treated medically compared to 71% for those given both medical and surgical treatment. Early diagnosis with the aid of renal ultrasonography and/or computerized axial tomography and aggressive early combined medical-surgical management are emphasized.
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34
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Abstract
A case is presented of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with an isolated metastasis to an ileal loop six years after diversion and seven years after definitive treatment of the primary lesion with irradiation.
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35
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Klein FA, Melamed MR. Flow cytometry of urinary bladder washings. Va Med 1985; 112:782-5, 789. [PMID: 4082754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Klein FA, Kay S, Ratliff JE, White FK, Newsome HH. Flow cytometric determinations of ploidy and proliferation patterns of adrenal neoplasms: an adjunct to histological classification. J Urol 1985; 134:862-6. [PMID: 4057367 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)47495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid measurements were performed with propidium iodide on 7 adrenal neoplasms and 4 normal adrenal glands to determine how useful this technique would be in defining malignancy. The 4 cases classified histologically as carcinoma all had aneuploid stemlines of 2.7, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.6c respectively, whereas the 4 normal glands and an aldosteronoma had only a small percentage (less than 10 per cent) of hyperdiploid cells (greater than 2c) at the tetraploid level (4c). A pheochromocytoma and benign adenoma had significant tetraploid populations of 30 and 18 per cent, respectively, with no evidence of aneuploid cells. Flow cytometry determination of deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy values is an accurate, objective, quantitative mean to identify adrenal malignancy and should have a role in the pathological evaluation of adrenal neoplasms.
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37
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Abstract
A case of feminizing adrenal cortical neoplasm is presented in which automated flow cytometry determination of deoxyribonucleic acid content was used to confirm malignancy.
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38
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Abstract
A case is reported of idiopathic systemic granulomatosis that was manifested by bilateral testicular enlargement and was misdiagnosed clinically as lymphoma. Despite high dose steroid and cyclophosphamide therapy, the patient died of disease within 9 months of diagnosis.
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39
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Abstract
The complication of spontaneous vesicoileal fistula formation in an eleven-year-old male two years after ureteroileoneocystostomy undiversion is presented.
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Wolinska WH, Melamed MR, Klein FA. Cytology of bladder papilloma. Acta Cytol 1985; 29:817-22. [PMID: 3863430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eighty-four urinary cytology specimens from 51 patients known to have bladder papilloma were reviewed and compared with 30 specimens from patients without neoplastic urologic disease, 12 specimens from patients later found to have papillomas that were unsuspected at the time of examination and 6 specimens from patients with a history of papilloma but no present evidence of the disease. No specific findings were identified that could be used to make a cytologic diagnosis of papilloma. However, the specimens from patients with papilloma were likely to contain an increased number of exfoliated epithelial cells, including atypically shaped cells that were small and round or, less frequently, elongated; they were also likely to contain a small number of red blood cells. This combination of cytologic findings yielded a pattern that can be described as consistent with or suggestive of papilloma in the appropriate clinical setting. It is not diagnostic since the absence of this cytologic pattern does not rule out papilloma, and the same cytologic features can be found (less frequently) in patients with other urologic diseases.
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41
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Klein FA. Treatment options for localized prostate carcinoma. Va Med 1985; 112:444-9. [PMID: 3898626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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42
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Abstract
Saline bladder barbotage specimens were obtained from 99 patients for comparison of flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid analyses using fresh versus ethanol-fixed cell preparation techniques. The analyses were consistent for the 2 methods in 87 (88 per cent) of the 99 cases (p less than 0.0001, Kappa statistic for agreement). Since accurate, reproducible results are obtainable on fixed bladder washings, samples may be sent to flow cytometry centers for analysis.
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Veldhuis JD, Sowers JR, Rogol AD, Klein FA, Miller N, Dufau ML. Pathophysiology of male hypogonadism associated with endogenous hyperestrogenism. Evidence for dual defects in the gonadal axis. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1371-5. [PMID: 3990735 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198505233122107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Abstract
In 15 patients with subacute (longer than 8 hours) unilateral scrotal swelling in whom the etiology was in doubt scrotal ultrasound was used to determine whether the pathological condition was intratesticular and/or extratesticular. Surgical exploration confirmed intratesticular or intratesticular and extratesticular findings in 9 patients: 8 had torsion of the spermatic cord (including a testis rupture in 1 and epididymal ruptures in 2) and 1 had a mixed germ cell carcinoma. Of the 6 patients with extratesticular findings 3 had clinical epididymitis that resolved on antibiotic therapy and 2 had what appeared to be paratesticular hematomas with normal testes presumed to be secondary to minor trauma. The condition resolved with conservative therapy in the latter 2 patients. The remaining patient required surgical drainage because of the size and an epididymal rupture suspected by the ultrasound examination. Scrotal ultrasound is a quick, noninvasive, easily applied, accurate method to diagnose scrotal pathological conditions and should be used whenever the etiology of scrotal swelling is in doubt.
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Klein FA, Herr HW. Case profile: Crossed fused ectopia misdiagnosed as retroperitoneal tumor. Urology 1985; 25:411-2. [PMID: 3984132 DOI: 10.1016/0090-4295(85)90504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Klein FA, Melamed MR, Whitmore WF. Intratubular malignant germ cells (carcinoma in situ) accompanying invasive testicular germ cell tumors. J Urol 1985; 133:413-5. [PMID: 2983125 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)49001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined 111 radical orchiectomy specimens from patients with germ cell tumors of the testis treated between 1971 and 1981 for the presence of intratubular malignant germ cells (so-called carcinoma in situ) in adjacent testicular tissue. Of the specimens 12 were unevaluable because the entire specimen was tumor, while 36 of 44 cases of pure seminoma (82 per cent) and 41 of 55 mixed or nonseminomatous tumors (75 per cent) had intratubular malignant germ cells. Of the 22 cases without intratubular malignant germ cells 10 had severe atypia that suggested an earlier or borderline stage of development. These data support the contention that germ cell tumors originate as intratubular neoplasms or so-called carcinoma in situ in the seminiferous tubules.
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Pinsky CM, Camacho FJ, Kerr D, Geller NL, Klein FA, Herr HA, Whitmore WF, Oettgen HF. Intravesical administration of bacillus Calmette-Guérin in patients with recurrent superficial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: report of a prospective, randomized trial. Cancer Treat Rep 1985; 69:47-53. [PMID: 3881177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to prevent, delay, or reduce further tumor occurrence, 88 patients with recurrent, superficial carcinoma of the urinary bladder were randomly assigned to receive either standard therapy (cystoscopy with fulguration) or standard therapy and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). BCG was administered intravesically and percutaneously once weekly for 6 weeks. No serious toxicity was seen. There were 43 evaluable patients in each of the two groups. Results in the BCG group versus the control group were as follows: reduction in the number of recurrent tumors (43 vs 27 patients [P less than 0.001] ); conversion to negative cytology (11 of 33 vs three of 34 patients [P less than 0.05] ); and tumor progression requiring cystectomy (three vs 15 patients [P less than 0.001] ). Disease-free interval (P less than 0.001), time with negative cytology (P less than 0.001), and time to progression of disease (P less than 0.003) were longer in patients treated with BCG. These results indicate that the combination of standard therapy and BCG is more effective than standard therapy alone in patients with recurrent superficial bladder tumors.
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48
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Abstract
Semen samples from 14 patients with testicular cancer were analyzed by new flow cytometry techniques and by conventional semen analysis. Samples were obtained post-unilateral orchiectomy and prior to further treatment. With only 1 exception, light microscopic analysis of sperm count and morphology indicated a decrease of normal sperm production and incomplete or abnormal differentiation. Flow cytometry of semen aliquots showed, with the same exception as above, increased acridine orange staining of the sperm nuclear chromatin, attributed to abnormal chromatin composition and condensation. In addition, the chromatin structure of isolated sperm nuclei was abnormally sensitive to thermal stress. These changes were present up to 15 months post orchiectomy and suggest abnormal spermiogenesis in the contralateral testis of patients with testicular tumors. Of the 14 patients studied only 1 fell well within the normal range for all parameters measured; 2 other patients were in the low normal range for all parameters and 1 patient fell below normal for light microscope derived measurements but was normal by flow cytometry. The other 10 patients had abnormal measurements for all parameters. The assessment of spermiogenesis by flow cytometry studies of sperm chromatin appears to be a sensitive and valuable new parameter of fertility that cannot be determined by conventional semen analysis.
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49
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Abstract
We report a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis, a clinicopathologic entity characterized by angiocentric, angiodestructive and lymphoreticular proliferation, which was mistaken for a classical solid renal neoplasm with lung metastases.
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50
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Abstract
Extension of tumor into the vena cava occurs in 5 to 10 per cent of the cases of renal cell carcinomas. Of these cases 14 to 39 per cent may extend to or into the right atrium. Acceptable techniques for dealing with this situation include cross-clamping the atrium, using positive pressure ventilation and extracting the thrombus with a Fogarty or Foley catheter, and extracorporeal circulation or a cardiopulmonary bypass with open excision of the tumor extension. Since 1974 we have seen 2 men and 2 women, mean age 56 years, with clear cell renal carcinomas and supradiaphragmatic vena caval tumor extension (1 with additional pulmonary embolism). None had other evidence of metastatic disease determined on staging evaluation by celiac and renal angiography, liver scan, bone scan and chest tomography. Each patient was explored with the planned use of extracorporeal circulation or cardiopulmonary bypass, Greenfield vena caval filter insertion and standard radical nephrectomy. Resection was not done in 1 patient with biopsy proved tumor eroding through the right atrial wall. He died of disease in 8 months. Of the remaining 3 patients who had the tumors completely resected 1 is alive with recurrent disease in the retroperitoneum at 44 months, 1 died of metastatic disease to the bones and liver at 39 months, and 1 died 1 day postoperatively of technical complications with no evidence of residual disease at autopsy. In the absence of metastatic disease it seems reasonable to pursue a radical surgical approach in patients with renal cell carcinoma and supradiaphragmatic tumor thrombus. The use of extracorporeal circulation and post-extraction insertion of the Greenfield vena caval filter offers the surgeon the advantage of direct visualization and better vascular control in removing the thrombus, as well as protection from the possibility of post-extraction pulmonary embolism. With the combined use of these techniques, the previously hopeless situation for these patients has been improved.
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