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Aliabadi N, Antoni S, Mwenda JM, Weldegebriel G, Biey JNM, Cheikh D, Fahmy K, Teleb N, Ashmony HA, Ahmed H, Daniels DS, Videbaek D, Wasley A, Singh S, de Oliveira LH, Rey-Benito G, Sanwogou NJ, Wijesinghe PR, Liyanage JBL, Nyambat B, Grabovac V, Heffelfinger JD, Fox K, Paladin FJ, Nakamura T, Agócs M, Murray J, Cherian T, Yen C, Parashar UD, Serhan F, Tate JE, Cohen AL. Global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus hospitalisations among children under 5 years of age, 2008-16: findings from the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 7:e893-e903. [PMID: 31200889 PMCID: PMC7336990 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Summary Background Rotavirus vaccine use in national immunisation programmes has led to declines in hospital admissions for rotavirus gastroenteritis among children; however, the global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction has not been described using primary data. We describe the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on admissions for acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in primarily low-income and middle-income countries, using 9 years of data from the WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network (GRSN). Methods Between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2016, children younger than 5 years of age who were admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis were prospectively enrolled in GRSN sites. We included sites that enrolled children and collected stool specimens monthly and tested at least 100 specimens annually in the impact analysis, with a separate analysis taking into account site continuity. We compared proportions of acute gastroenteritis cases positive for rotavirus in the pre-vaccine and post-vaccine periods and calculated mean proportion changes for WHO regions, with 95% CIs; these findings were then compared with interrupted time series analyses. We did further sensitivity analyses to account for rotavirus vaccination coverage levels and sites that collected specimens for at least 11 months per year and tested at least 80 specimens per year. We also analysed the age distribution of rotavirus-positive cases before and after vaccine introduction. Findings 403 140 children younger than 5 years of age admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis from 349 sites in 82 countries were enrolled over the study period, of whom 132 736 (32.9%) were positive for rotavirus. We included 305 789 children from 198 sites in 69 countries in the impact analysis. In countries that had not introduced rotavirus vaccine in their national immunisation programmes, rotavirus was detected in 38.0% (95% CI 4.8–73.4) of admissions for acute gastroenteritis annually whereas in those that have introduced the vaccine, rotavirus was detected in 23.0% (0.7–57.7) of admissions for acute gastroenteritis, showing a 39.6% (35.4–43.8) relative decline following introduction. Interrupted time series analyses confirmed these findings. Reductions by WHO regions ranged from 26.4% (15.0–37.8) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region to 55.2% (43.0–67.4) in the European Region and were sustained in nine countries (contributing up to 31 sites) for 6–10 years. The age distribution of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis shifted towards older children after rotavirus vaccine introduction. Interpretation A significant and sustained reduction in the proportion of hospital admissions for acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus was seen among children younger than 5 years in GRSN sites following rotavirus vaccine introduction. These findings highlight the need to incorporate rotavirus vaccines into immunisation programmes in countries that have not yet introduced them and underline the importance of high-quality surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Aliabadi
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sébastien Antoni
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Goitom Weldegebriel
- Inter-Country Support Team, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Joseph N M Biey
- Inter-Country Support Team, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Dah Cheikh
- Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Kamal Fahmy
- Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia Teleb
- Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hinda Ahmed
- Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Danni S Daniels
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dovile Videbaek
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemarie Wasley
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simarjit Singh
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gloria Rey-Benito
- Regional Office for the Americas, World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - N Jennifer Sanwogou
- Regional Office for the Americas, World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Batmunkh Nyambat
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Varja Grabovac
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - James D Heffelfinger
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kimberley Fox
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Fem Julia Paladin
- Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World HealthOrganization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Tomoka Nakamura
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mary Agócs
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jillian Murray
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Cherian
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Yen
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fatima Serhan
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam L Cohen
- Expanded Program on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Murray J, Agócs M, Serhan F, Singh S, Deloria-Knoll M, O’Brien K, Mwenda JM, Mihigo R, Oliveira L, Teleb N, Ahmed H, Wasley A, Videbaek D, Wijesinghe P, Thapa AB, Fox K, Paladin FJ, Hajjeh R, Schwartz S, Van Beneden C, Hyde T, Broome C, Cherian T. Global invasive bacterial vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance--2008-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:1159-62. [PMID: 25503919 PMCID: PMC4584539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Meningitis and pneumonia are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children globally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae causing a large proportion of disease. Vaccines are available to prevent many of the common types of these infections. S. pneumoniae was estimated to have caused 11% of deaths in children aged <5 years globally in the pre-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era. Since 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended inclusion of PCV in childhood immunization programs worldwide, especially in countries with high child mortality. As of November 26, 2014, a total of 112 (58%) of all 194 WHO member states and 44 (58%) of the 76 member states ever eligible for support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (Gavi), have introduced PCV. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) surveillance that includes data on serotypes, along with meningitis and pneumonia syndromic surveillance, provides important data to guide decisions to introduce PCV and monitor its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Murray
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland,IVAC, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Mary Agócs
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland,Corresponding author: Mary Agócs, , +41 22 791 1478
| | - Fatima Serhan
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simarjit Singh
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jason M. Mwenda
- WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Mihigo
- WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Lucia Oliveira
- WHO Regional Office for the Americas, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Nadia Teleb
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hinda Ahmed
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Kimberly Fox
- WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Rana Hajjeh
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Chris Van Beneden
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Terri Hyde
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | | | - Thomas Cherian
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
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Apostol LN, Suzuki A, Bautista A, Galang H, Paladin FJ, Fuji N, Lupisan S, Olveda R, Oshitani H. Detection of non-polio enteroviruses from 17 years of virological surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in the Philippines. J Med Virol 2012; 84:624-31. [PMID: 22337302 PMCID: PMC3500505 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance has been conducted as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) strategy on poliomyelitis eradication. Aside from poliovirus, which is the target pathogen, isolation, and identification of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) is also done by neutralization test using pools of antisera which can only identify limited number of NPEVs. In the Philippines, despite the significant number of isolated NPEVs, no information is available with regard to its occurrence, diversity, and pattern of circulation. In this study, a total of 790 NPEVs isolated from stool samples submitted to the National Reference Laboratory from 1992 to 2008 were analyzed; neutralization test was able to type 55% (442) of the isolates. Of the remaining 356 isolates, which were untyped by using neutralization test, 348 isolates were analyzed further by RT-PCR targeting the VP1 gene. A total of 47 serotypes of NPEV strains were identified using neutralization test and molecular typing, including 28 serotypes of human enterovirus B (HEV-B), 12 serotypes of HEV-A, and 7 of HEV-C. The HEV-B group (625/790; 79%) constituted the largest proportion of isolates, followed by HEV-C (108/790; 13.7%), HEV-A (57/790; 7.2%), and no HEV-D. Coxsackievirus (CV) B, echovirus (E)6, E11, and E13 were the most frequent isolates. E6, E11, E13, E14, E25, E30, E33, CVA20, and CVA24 were considered as endemic strains, some NPEVs recurred and few serotypes existed only for 1–3 years during the study period. Despite some limitations in this study, plural NPEVs with multiple patterns of circulation in the Philippines for 17 years were identified. J. Med. Virol. 84:624–631, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Necitas Apostol
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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4
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Shimizu H, Thorley B, Paladin FJ, Brussen KA, Stambos V, Yuen L, Utama A, Tano Y, Arita M, Yoshida H, Yoneyama T, Benegas A, Roesel S, Pallansch M, Kew O, Miyamura T. Circulation of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001. J Virol 2004; 78:13512-21. [PMID: 15564462 PMCID: PMC533948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.24.13512-13521.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2001, highly evolved type 1 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) was isolated from three acute flaccid paralysis patients and one contact from three separate communities in the Philippines. Complete genomic sequencing of these four cVDPV isolates revealed that the capsid region was derived from the Sabin 1 vaccine strain but most of the noncapsid region was derived from an unidentified enterovirus unrelated to the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) strains. The sequences of the cVDPV isolates were closely related to each other, and the isolates had a common recombination site. Most of the genetic and biological properties of the cVDPV isolates were indistinguishable from those of wild polioviruses. However, the most recently identified cVDPV isolate from a healthy contact retained the temperature sensitivity and partial attenuation phenotypes. The sequence relationships among the isolates and Sabin 1 suggested that cVDPV originated from an OPV dose given in 1998 to 1999 and that cVDPV circulated along a narrow chain of transmission. Type 1 cVDPV was last detected in the Philippines in September 2001, and population immunity to polio was raised by extensive OPV campaigns in late 2001 and early 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Sutinen J, Sombrero L, Paladin FJ, Julkunen I, Leinikki P, Hernandez E, Saniel M, Brato D, Ruutu P. Etiology of central nervous system infections in the Philippines and the role of serum C-reactive protein in excluding acute bacterial meningitis. Int J Infect Dis 1999; 3:88-93. [PMID: 10225986 DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(99)90015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The value of measurements of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in differentiating central nervous system (CNS) infections of varying etiologies in the Philippines was investigated. METHODS A wide array of bacteriologic and virologic methods as well as computed tomography, typical clinical presentation, and autopsy were used for etiologic diagnosis. RESULTS Among 103 patients with CNS infection, etiology was identified in 60 (58%) cases. Bacteria were found in 19 (including 7 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 5 Haemophilus influenzae, 3 Neisseria meningitidis), tuberculosis in 4, viruses in 38 (including 20 coxsackievirus, 8 measles, 4 adenovirus, and 4 poliovirus infections), and brain abscess in 3 patients. C-reactive protein was elevated on admission in all 18 cases of bacterial meningitis tested, exceeding 50 mg/L in 17 (94%), and was not affected by prior antibacterial treatment. The mean CRP was significantly higher in the bacterial group than in the viral group (207 +/- 111 mg/L vs. 39 +/- 34 mg/L; P < 0.001). In the viral group one third had CRP above 50 mg/L. In patients with tuberculous meningitis, brain abscess, or cryptococcal meningitis, CRP was moderately to highly elevated. CONCLUSIONS In the presence of a normal CRP concentration (below 10 mg/mL) acute bacterial meningitis is excluded even in a developing country setting and antimicrobial therapy is not warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Biomarkers/blood
- C-Reactive Protein/analysis
- Central Nervous System Infections/blood
- Central Nervous System Infections/cerebrospinal fluid
- Central Nervous System Infections/diagnosis
- Central Nervous System Infections/microbiology
- Central Nervous System Infections/virology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Meningitis, Bacterial/blood
- Meningitis, Bacterial/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Bacterial/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Bacterial/microbiology
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Philippines
- Virus Diseases/blood
- Virus Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid
- Virus Diseases/diagnosis
- Virus Diseases/virology
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6
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the genetic variability of HIV-1 amongst infected Filipinos and to analyze phylogenetic relationships, temporal introductions and transmission dynamics of identified variants. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing of a 204 base-pair fragment of the env C2-V3 region from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 51 HIV-1-positive Filipinos infected from 1987 to mid-1996. Evolutionary distance and phylogenetic relationships among the DNA sequences were estimated. RESULTS The 51 Philippine strains were classified into five env V3 subtypes, namely subtype B (n = 37), subtype E (n = 8), subtype A (n = 3), subtype C (n = 2) and subtype D (n = 1). The overall env nucleotide divergence ranged from 11.7 to 32.2%. The nucleotide variation appeared to be random and no temporal ordering was observed. The variation of the sequences at the tip of the V3 loop was very broad. Subtypes B and C isolates did not show close genetic relationship to other Asian variants. Only three of the subtype E strains had close affinity to known Asian sequences. The majority (94%) of the subjects acquired the infection by sexual transmission. About two-thirds were presumably infected outside the Philippines, whereas the remaining were infected indigenously. Information was limited to allow segregation of the identified subtypes by mode of transmission or risk groups. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the presence of multiple genetic subtypes of HIV-1 in the Philippines. The apparent geographic range of previously reported genotypes in South and South-east Asia was extended and has obvious implications for env-based antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Paladin
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles continues to be a significant health problem in developing countries. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical features of measles-associated pneumonia (MAP) and to identify other pathogens involved. METHODS Measles diagnosis was ascertained either by the typical symptom complex or by a sensitive enzyme immunoassay for antibody among children < 5 years of age admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. Other pathogens were identified by blood culture, virus isolation or antigen detection from nasopharyngeal aspirate and antibody determination from serum. RESULTS Of 182 MAP cases 162 (89%) had clinically typical measles. Twenty patients had a diagnostic antibody finding with an atypical clinical presentation. Thirteen percent were younger than 9 months of age. The case fatality rate was 17%, with a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) for those with cyanosis [OR 4.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7 to 13], respiratory rate > or = 60/min (OR 3, 95% CI 1.3 to 7) or fulfilling criteria for very severe pneumonia (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.3 to 12). Mixed infection was found in 53% of patients. Blood culture was positive in 10 patients, Streptococcus pneumoniae (N = 5) being the most common finding. Adenovirus (19%) and parainfluenza (25%) viruses were the most frequent other viruses. A dense infiltrate was seen significantly more often among measles patients with bacterial coinfection (87.5%) than those with other viruses (36%, P = 0.007) or no evidence of other infection (33%, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION In MAP, coinfection with other microbes is common. Cyanosis and a respiratory rate of > or = 60/min predict a greater risk of dying.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Quiambao
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines
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8
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Capeding MR, Paladin FJ, Miranda EG, Navarro XR. Dengue surveillance in Metro Manila. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28:530-4. [PMID: 9561603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a one-year surveillance of dengue infection in four hospitals in Metro Manila, Philippines, 143 patients were enrolled. Sixty seven were diagnosed by virus isolation and serology. Majority of patients had secondary antibody response. Only 5 patients developed dengue shock syndrome. Only dengue types 1 and type 2 were isolated. Highest incidence occurred among older children and young adults. Thrombocytopenia and hemoconcentration were observed in 37% and 77% of patients, respectively. There was no fatality. Several problems were identified in the course of the study which need to be corrected in order to have good quality surveillance data in future undertakings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Capeding
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
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9
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Tanabe-Tochikura A, Ang Singh MT, Tsuchie H, Zhang J, Paladin FJ, Kurimura T. A newly developed immunofluorescence assay for simultaneous detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2. J Virol Methods 1995; 52:239-46. [PMID: 7601900 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(94)00107-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) that simultaneously distinguish between antibodies against closely related human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) infections have not been readily available. Serum specimens from 95 HIV-1-infected, 26 HIV-2-infected and 3 HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected individuals and 106 seronegative blood donors were evaluated for the ability to serologically discriminate HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections by means of IFA employing three types of cells whose morphology varied within one field of microscopy. Mixtures of HIV-1-infected, HIV-2-infected and uninfected cells were used in the present study. In consequence, all serum specimens from individuals infected with HIV were confirmed to contain antibodies to HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. None of the sera from the blood donors were positive. Serum specimens from HIV-1-infected or HIV-2-infected individuals were diagnosed as single infection with HIV-1 (85/95) and HIV-2 (22/26), respectively, by this new assay. Although another 14 (10/95 and 4/26) were shown to be seropositive for both HIV-1-infected and HIV-2-infected cells, these results suggest that this assay is potentially simple and useful for screening and confirming both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections simultaneously.
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10
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Tsuchie H, Saraswathy TS, Sinniah M, Vijayamalar B, Maniar JK, Monzon OT, Santana RT, Paladin FJ, Wasi C, Thongcharoen P. HIV-1 variants in South and South-East Asia. Int J STD AIDS 1995; 6:117-20. [PMID: 7779924 DOI: 10.1177/095646249500600211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
HIV spread in South and South-East Asia is most alarming, and genetic variability of HIV-1 is an important consideration in vaccine development. In this study, we examined the third variable (V3) region of env gene of HIV-1 variants prevalent in Thailand, Malaysia, India, and the Philippines. By phylogenetic tree analyses, an HIV-1 variant from an injecting drug user (IDU) in Thailand belonged to subtype B, and HIV-1 variants from 2 IDUs in Malaysia were classified into 2 subtypes, B and E. One HIV-1 variant from a male homosexual in the Philippines belonged to subtype B. Out of 8 HIV-1 variants from sexually transmitted disease patients in India, 7 belonged to subtype C, and one to subtype A. Although the total number of individuals examined in this study was limited, 4 HIV-1 subtypes were found in South and South-East Asia and large international movements of HIV-1-infected individuals in this region could induce global dissemination of these HIV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuchie
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
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11
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Capeding MR, Sombrero LT, Paladin FJ, Suzuki H, Numazaki Y, Saniel MC. Etiology of acute lower respiratory infection in Filipino children under five years. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1994; 25:684-7. [PMID: 7667713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study conducted at the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine from April 1990 to December 1992, identified the etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in 119 (36.9%) of 317 hospitalized children < 5 years of age. A higher proportion of respiratory viruses (27.2%) than bacterial agents (10.7%) were identified. Viral agents (adenovirus, RSV, parainfluenza 3, influenza A and influenza B) and bacterial agents (mainly Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae) are the pathogenic agents involved in ALRI among Filipino children less than 5 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Capeding
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa Metro Manila, Philippines
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of HIV-1 antibody level and test-format characteristics on testing pooled sera. DESIGN This study was designed with a laboratory exercise followed by test observations on serosurveillance samples. METHODS Sera with low, medium and high (n = 22, 12 and 20, respectively) antibody titers were pooled with HIV-1-negative sera and tested with two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a particle agglutination test. The same kits were used to test single and pooled (batches of five, 10 and 20) samples collected from 3000 blood donors and sex workers. These samples were then seeded with 50 varying antibody-containing sera and similarly tested. Initial reactivities, sensitivities, and specificities for all test kits were calculated and compared. RESULTS In the laboratory exercise, all reactive pools of five were detected. False-negative pools in batches of 10 and 20 with low antibody titers were noted with one or both ELISA, but not with the particle agglutination method. Testing 3000 samples revealed three confirmed reactive samples and 100% sensitivity/specificity for all kits, for both single and pooled sera testing. Increased initial reactivity (IR) was noted for the two ELISA. Examinations of pools of the seeded 3000 samples with the two ELISA showed false-negative reactivity with pools of 10 and 20 when pools contained low antibody sera (sensitivities and specificities of 92-97.9% and 98.1-100%, respectively). Again, increased IR was seen with the ELISA. False-negative pool and increased IR was not seen with the agglutination test (sensitivity/specificity 100%). CONCLUSIONS We recommend the use of the particle agglutination assay for testing pooled sera of batches of 20 or less. Components of reactive pools should then be tested and reactive samples should undergo supplementary testing. Pooled samples tested by ELISA should not exceed five per batch. Retesting of reactive pools, testing of its components, and supplemental test(s) of reactive sera should then follow. The optimum pool size for most laboratories is five, with the best technical and economic performance seen with the particle agglutination assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Monzon
- Department of Health Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Metro Manila, Philippines
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13
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Nawa M, Torres CA, Paladin FJ, Tupasi TE, Kaneko Y. Development of a practicable method for isolation and identification of dengue viruses in developing countries. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1987; 40:79-82. [PMID: 3323582 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.40.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We sought a practicable method for isolation and identification of dengue viruses in South-East Asia. We compared two mosquito cell lines, C6/36 and TRA-284-SFG, for virus isolation and two identification methods, immunofluorescent staining of infected cells with serotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies and a sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with conventional mouse hyperimmune ascitic fluids. We found that the combination of TRA-284-SFG cells and ELISA is a useful and feasible method in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nawa
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical School, Japan
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