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Sreenivasan N, Li A, Shiferaw M, Tran CH, Wallace R, Blanton J, Knopf L, Abela-Ridder B, Hyde T. Overview of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis access, procurement and distribution in selected countries in Asia and Africa, 2017-2018. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A6-A13. [PMID: 31471150 PMCID: PMC10351478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease with a global burden of approximately 59,000 human deaths a year. Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is almost invariably fatal; however, with timely and appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consisting of wound washing, vaccine, and in some cases rabies immunoglobulin (RIG), the disease is almost entirely preventable. Access to PEP is limited in many countries, and when available, is often very expensive. METHODS We distributed a standardized assessment tool electronically to a convenience sample of 25 low- and middle-income countries in Asia and Africa to collect information on rabies PEP procurement, forecasting, distribution, monitoring and reporting. Information was collected from national rabies focal points, focal points at the World Health Organization (WHO) country offices, and others involved in procurement, logistics and distribution of PEP. Because RIG was limited in availability or unavailable in many countries, the assessment focused on vaccine. Data were collected between January 2017 and May 2018. RESULTS We received responses from key informants in 23 countries: 11 countries in Asia and 12 countries in Africa. In 9 of 23 (39%) countries, rabies vaccine was provided for free in the public sector and was consistently available. In 10 (43%) countries, all or some patients were required to pay for the vaccine in the public sector, with the cost of a single dose ranging from US$ 6.60 to US$ 20/dose. The primary reason for the high cost of the vaccine for patients was a lack of funding at the central level to subsidize vaccine costs. In the remaining 4 (17%) countries, vaccine was provided for free but was often unavailable so patients were required to purchase it instead. The majority of countries used the intramuscular route for vaccine administration and only 5 countries exclusively used the dose-sparing intradermal (ID) route. Half (11/22; 50%) of all countries assessed had a standardized distribution system for PEP, separate from the systems used for routine childhood vaccines, and almost half used separate storage facilities at both central and health facility levels. Approximately half (9/22; 41%) of all countries assessed reported having regular weekly, monthly or quarterly reporting on rabies vaccination. CONCLUSIONS While all countries in our assessment had rabies vaccines available in the public sector to some extent, barriers to access include the high cost of the vaccine to the government as well as to patients. Countries should be encouraged to use ID administration as this would provide access to rabies vaccine for many more people with the same number of vaccine vials. In addition, standardized monitoring and reporting of vaccine utilization should be encouraged, in order to improve data on PEP needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sreenivasan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
| | - A Li
- PHI/CDC Global Health Fellowship and ASPPH/CDC Allen Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship, Atlanta, USA
| | - M Shiferaw
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - C H Tran
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - R Wallace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - J Blanton
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - L Knopf
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - T Hyde
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Hidle A, Gwati G, Abimbola T, Pallas SW, Hyde T, Petu A, McFarland D, Manangazira P. Cost of a human papillomavirus vaccination project, Zimbabwe. Bull World Health Organ 2018; 96:834-842. [PMID: 30505031 PMCID: PMC6249702 DOI: 10.2471/blt.18.211904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the cost of Zimbabwe’s human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination demonstration project. Methods The government of Zimbabwe conducted the project from 2014–2015, delivering two doses of HPV vaccine to 10-year-old girls in two districts. School delivery was the primary vaccination strategy, with health facilities and outreach as secondary strategies. A retrospective cost analysis was conducted from the provider perspective. Financial costs (government expenditure) and economic costs (financial plus the value of existing or donated resources including vaccines) were calculated by activity, per dose and per fully immunized girl. Results The project delivered 11 599 vaccine doses, resulting in 5724 fully immunized girls (5540 at schools, 168 at health facilities and 16 at outreach points). The financial cost for service delivery per fully immunized girl was United States dollars (US$) 5.34 in schools, US$ 34.90 at health facilities and US$ 288.63 at outreach; the economic costs were US$ 17.39, US$ 41.25 and US$ 635.84, respectively. The mean financial cost per dose was US$ 19.76 and per fully immunized girl was US$ 40.03 (economic costs were US$ 45.00 and US$ 91.19, respectively). The largest number of doses delivered (5788) occurred during the second vaccination round (the second group’s first dose concurrently delivered with the first group’s second dose), resulting in the lowest financial and economic service delivery costs per dose: US$ 1.97 and US$ 6.79, respectively. Conclusion The mean service delivery cost was lower in schools (primary strategy) and when more girls were vaccinated in each round, demonstrating scale efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hidle
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop H24-2, Atlanta Georgia, 30329, United States of America (USA)
| | - Gwati Gwati
- Ministry of Health and Child Care, Government of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Taiwo Abimbola
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop H24-2, Atlanta Georgia, 30329, United States of America (USA)
| | - Sarah W Pallas
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop H24-2, Atlanta Georgia, 30329, United States of America (USA)
| | - Terri Hyde
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop H24-2, Atlanta Georgia, 30329, United States of America (USA)
| | - Amos Petu
- Immunization Financing Sustainability, InterCountry Support Team, East & Southern Africa, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Portia Manangazira
- Ministry of Health and Child Care, Government of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Mwenda JM, Burke RM, Shaba K, Mihigo R, Tevi-Benissan MC, Mumba M, Biey JNM, Cheikh D, Poy, MSc A, Zawaira FR, Aliabadi N, Tate JE, Hyde T, Cohen AL, Parashar UD. Implementation of Rotavirus Surveillance and Vaccine Introduction - World Health Organization African Region, 2007-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:1192-1196. [PMID: 29095805 PMCID: PMC5689217 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6643a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Loharikar A, Dumolard L, Chu S, Hyde T, Goodman T, Mantel C. Status of New Vaccine Introduction — Worldwide, September 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:1136-1140. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6541a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hampton LM, Farrell M, Ramirez-Gonzalez A, Menning L, Shendale S, Lewis I, Rubin J, Garon J, Harris J, Hyde T, Wassilak S, Patel M, Nandy R, Chang-Blanc D. Cessation of Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine - Worldwide, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:934-8. [PMID: 27606675 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6535a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1988 World Health Assembly resolution to eradicate poliomyelitis, transmission of the three types of wild poliovirus (WPV) has been sharply reduced (1). WPV type 2 (WPV2) has not been detected since 1999 and was declared eradicated in September 2015. Because WPV type 3 has not been detected since November 2012, WPV type 1 (WPV1) is likely the only WPV that remains in circulation (1). This marked progress has been achieved through widespread use of oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs), most commonly trivalent OPV (tOPV), which contains types 1, 2, and 3 live, attenuated polioviruses and has been a mainstay of efforts to prevent polio since the early 1960s. However, attenuated polioviruses in OPV can undergo genetic changes during replication, and in communities with low vaccination coverage, can result in vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) that can cause paralytic polio indistinguishable from the disease caused by WPVs (2). Among the 721 polio cases caused by circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs*) detected during January 2006-May 2016, type 2 cVDPVs (cVDPV2s) accounted for >94% (2). Eliminating the risk for polio caused by VDPVs will require stopping all OPV use. The first stage of OPV withdrawal involved a global, synchronized replacement of tOPV with bivalent OPV (bOPV) containing only types 1 and 3 attenuated polioviruses, planned for April 18-May 1, 2016, thereby withdrawing OPV type 2 from all immunization activities (3). Complementing the switch from tOPV to bOPV, introduction of at least 1 dose of injectable, trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into childhood immunization schedules reduces risks from and facilitates responses to cVDPV2 outbreaks. All 155 countries and territories that were still using OPV in immunization schedules in 2015 have reported that they had ceased use of tOPV by mid-May 2016.(†) As of August 31, 2016, 173 (89%) of 194 World Health Organization (WHO) countries included IPV in their immunization schedules.(§) The cessation of tOPV use is a major milestone toward the global goal of eradicating polio; however, careful surveillance for polioviruses and prompt, aggressive responses to polio outbreaks are still needed to realize a polio-free world.
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Burnett E, Dalipanda T, Ogaoga D, Gaiofa J, Jilini G, Halpin A, Dietz V, Date K, Mintz E, Hyde T, Wannemuehler K, Yen C. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices regarding Diarrhea and Cholera following an Oral Cholera Vaccination Campaign in the Solomon Islands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004937. [PMID: 27548678 PMCID: PMC4993445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In response to a 2011 cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea, the Government of the Solomon Islands initiated a cholera prevention program which included cholera disease prevention and treatment messaging, community meetings, and a pre-emptive cholera vaccination campaign targeting 11,000 children aged 1–15 years in selected communities in Choiseul and Western Provinces. Methodology and Principal Findings We conducted a post-vaccination campaign, household-level survey about knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diarrhea and cholera in areas targeted and not targeted for cholera vaccination. Respondents in vaccinated areas were more likely to have received cholera education in the previous 6 months (33% v. 9%; p = 0.04), to know signs and symptoms (64% vs. 22%; p = 0.02) and treatment (96% vs. 50%; p = 0.02) of cholera, and to be aware of cholera vaccine (48% vs. 14%; p = 0.02). There were no differences in water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. Conclusions This pre-emptive OCV campaign in a cholera-naïve community provided a unique opportunity to assess household-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diarrhea, cholera, and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Our findings suggest that education provided during the vaccination campaign may have reinforced earlier mass messaging about cholera and diarrheal disease in vaccinated communities. We assessed knowledge, attitudes and practices of diarrhea and cholera disease and prevention in two areas of the Solomon Islands near Papua New Guinea. Both areas were ‘at risk’ for cholera disease and received messages about cholera prevention. Later, one of the areas also received vaccination against cholera. This was the first time cholera vaccine was administered to a population that had never reported cholera. Our survey found that people living in the area were cholera vaccine was administered were more likely to know the signs and symptoms and treatment of cholera, as well as be aware of cholera vaccine. We think this could be related to the extra education provided with vaccination. This was the first knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey about diarrhea and cholera disease and prevention and prevention in a population that had not been exposed to cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Burnett
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Divi Ogaoga
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Jenny Gaiofa
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | | | - Alison Halpin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vance Dietz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kashmira Date
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Mintz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Terri Hyde
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Wannemuehler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Catherine Yen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Murray J, Agócs M, Serhan F, Singh S, Deloria-Knoll M, O’Brien K, Mwenda JM, Mihigo R, Oliveira L, Teleb N, Ahmed H, Wasley A, Videbaek D, Wijesinghe P, Thapa AB, Fox K, Paladin FJ, Hajjeh R, Schwartz S, Van Beneden C, Hyde T, Broome C, Cherian T. Global invasive bacterial vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance--2008-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:1159-62. [PMID: 25503919 PMCID: PMC4584539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Meningitis and pneumonia are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children globally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae causing a large proportion of disease. Vaccines are available to prevent many of the common types of these infections. S. pneumoniae was estimated to have caused 11% of deaths in children aged <5 years globally in the pre-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era. Since 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended inclusion of PCV in childhood immunization programs worldwide, especially in countries with high child mortality. As of November 26, 2014, a total of 112 (58%) of all 194 WHO member states and 44 (58%) of the 76 member states ever eligible for support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (Gavi), have introduced PCV. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) surveillance that includes data on serotypes, along with meningitis and pneumonia syndromic surveillance, provides important data to guide decisions to introduce PCV and monitor its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Murray
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland,IVAC, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Mary Agócs
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland,Corresponding author: Mary Agócs, , +41 22 791 1478
| | - Fatima Serhan
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simarjit Singh
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jason M. Mwenda
- WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Mihigo
- WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Lucia Oliveira
- WHO Regional Office for the Americas, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Nadia Teleb
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hinda Ahmed
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Kimberly Fox
- WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Rana Hajjeh
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Chris Van Beneden
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Terri Hyde
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, CDC
| | | | - Thomas Cherian
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
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Blum LS, Dentz H, Chingoli F, Chilima B, Warne T, Lee C, Hyde T, Gindler J, Sejvar J, Mintz ED. Formative investigation of acceptability of typhoid vaccine during a typhoid fever outbreak in Neno District, Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:729-37. [PMID: 25002303 PMCID: PMC4183395 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever affects an estimated 22 million people annually and causes 216,000 deaths worldwide. We conducted an investigation in August and September 2010 to examine the acceptability of typhoid vaccine in Neno District, Malawi where a typhoid outbreak was ongoing. We used qualitative methods, including freelisting exercises, key informant and in-depth interviews, and group discussions. Respondents associated illness with exposure to "bad wind," and transmission was believed to be airborne. Typhoid was considered extremely dangerous because of its rapid spread, the debilitating conditions it produced, the number of related fatalities, and the perception that it was highly contagious. Respondents were skeptical about the effectiveness of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) interventions. The perceived severity of typhoid and fear of exposure, uncertainty about the effectiveness of WaSH measures, and widespread belief in the efficacy of vaccines in preventing disease resulted in an overwhelming interest in receiving typhoid vaccine during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Blum
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Holly Dentz
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Felix Chingoli
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benson Chilima
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas Warne
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carla Lee
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terri Hyde
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline Gindler
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Sejvar
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric D Mintz
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; Neno District Health Office, Neno, Malawi; Community Health Services Unit, MOH, Lilongwe, Malawi; Global AIDS Program Malawi, Division of Global HIV AIDS, CGH, CDC, Lilongwe, Malawi; Office of the Director, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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Hyde T. North of England Section: Meeting held at the Midland Hotel, Manchester, on Friday, February 14th, 1908. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1908.tb02224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kharrazi M, Hyde T, Young S, Amin MM, Cannon MJ, Dollard SC. Use of screening dried blood spots for estimation of prevalence, risk factors, and birth outcomes of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Pediatr 2010; 157:191-7. [PMID: 20400091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the birth prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a population-based sample of newborns by use of dried blood spots compared with previous studies that used established detection methods, and to evaluate risk factors and birth outcomes for congenital CMV infection. STUDY DESIGN A total of 3972 newborn dried blood spots collected for the California Newborn Screening Program were tested for presence of CMV DNA. Demographic and pregnancy data were obtained from linked newborn screening and live-birth records. RESULTS CMV prevalence among newborns by maternal race and ethnicity was 0.9% for blacks, 0.8% for Hispanics, 0.6% for whites, and 0.6% for Asians. Among Hispanics (n = 2053), infants who were infected had younger mothers (23 vs 26 years, P = .03), and prevalence was higher for children with no father information provided (2.6% vs 0.6%, P = .03). Overall CMV infection was associated with low birth weight (prevalence ratios [95% CI]: 3.4 [1.4-8.5]) and preterm birth (2.7 [1.4-5.1]). CMV viral loads were inversely related to birth weight and gestational age (both P = .03). CONCLUSIONS CMV prevalence measured with dried blood spots was similar to reports using standard viral culture methods. Dried blood spots may be suitable for detection of CMV infection in newborns and warrant further evaluation. Congenital CMV infection may contribute to low birth weight and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kharrazi
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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Speight R, Wong A, Ellis P, Hyde T, Bishop PT, Smith ME. A (59)Co NMR study to observe the effects of ball milling on small ferromagnetic cobalt particles. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 2009; 35:67-73. [PMID: 19150229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the potential of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for investigating detailed structural properties in ferromagnetic materials, three different particle sized cobalt (Co) powders have been ball milled for 24h are accurately characterised by internal-field (59)Co NMR. The (59)Co NMR spectra show distinct resonance bands corresponding to the different Co sites, face-centred-cubic (fcc), hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) and stacking faults (sfs), in Co metal powders. The hcp+fcc-->hcp phase transition encouraged by ball-milling was observed and quantitative values for each Co environment were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Speight
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Gontard LC, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Ozkaya D, Hyde T, Midgley PA, Ash P. Crystal size and shape analysis of Pt nanoparticles in two and three dimensions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/26/1/089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fry AM, Jha HC, Lietman TM, Chaudhary JSP, Bhatta RC, Elliott J, Hyde T, Schuchat A, Gaynor B, Dowell SF. Adverse and beneficial secondary effects of mass treatment with azithromycin to eliminate blindness due to trachoma in Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:395-402. [PMID: 12145722 DOI: 10.1086/341414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2002] [Revised: 03/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass administration of azithromycin to eliminate blindness due to trachoma has raised concerns regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. During 2000, we compared the antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal isolates recovered from and the prevalence of impetigo, respiratory symptoms, and diarrhea among 458 children in Nepal before and after mass administration of azithromycin. No azithromycin-resistant pneumococci were isolated except from 4.3% of children who had received azithromycin during 2 previous mass treatments (P<.001). There were decreases in the prevalence of impetigo (from 14% to 6% of subjects; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-0.80) and diarrhea (from 32% to 11%; adjusted OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.14-0.43) 10 days after azithromycin treatment. The absence of macrolide-resistant isolates after 1 mass treatment with azithromycin is encouraging, although the recovery of azithromycin-resistant isolates after 2 mass treatments suggests the need for resistance monitoring when multiple rounds of antimicrobial treatment are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fry
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Tessitore A, Mattay V, Hariri A, Fera F, Callicott J, Hyde T, Chase T, Weinberger D. Dopaminergic modulation of the neocortical network that subserves facial affect recognition: A study in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(01)92189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Winterer G, Egan MF, Rädler T, Hyde T, Coppola R, Weinberger DR. An association between reduced interhemispheric EEG coherence in the temporal lobe and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001; 49:129-43. [PMID: 11343872 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that schizophrenic patients show resting changes such as frequency-slowing and decreased coherence in the frontal and temporal area. We sought to determine whether these findings are also found in clinically unaffected siblings of schizophrenics and estimate heritability by calculating relative risk. We investigated two independent data sets: (1) from the NIMH St. Elisabeth's campus (59 schizophrenics, 76 unaffected siblings and 32 unrelated normal controls) and (2) from the NIH-campus (Bethesda) (59 schizophrenics, 90 unaffected siblings and 26 unrelated normal controls). We computed power spectra and coherence on the first data set and then tried to replicate the results on the second data set. Power spectrum analysis suggested that schizophrenics are cortically hypoactivated, whereas in unaffected siblings, a tendency for hyperactivation was found. In contrast, spectral coherences (0.5-5Hz) were reduced in both data sets in the temporal lobe areas in schizophrenics and in their unaffected siblings. Changes were most pronounced for the interhemispheric coherence linking both posterior temporal lobe areas. Relative risk calculations (lambda(S)) ranged between 3.7 and 9.8, depending on phenotype definition. Thus, while power spectrum EEG abnormalities may be state-dependent, reduced coherence as a possible measure of neuronal synchronization is familial and potentially a heritable trait related to genetic risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Winterer
- Clinical Brain Disorder Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1379, USA.
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus adversely affects the pathology, presentation and outcome of patients with coronary artery disease. Knowledge of the risks and benefits of medical and mechanical therapies particular to diabetic patients is useful in the optimal management of diabetic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hyde
- Department of Cardiology, London Chest Hospital, Royal Hospitals Trust, London
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Zambanini A, Ellis C, French J, Straznicky I, Hyde T, Denton M, Wilson T, White H. Lipid modifying therapy for long-term survivors of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)82032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Borson S, Loebel JP, Kitchell M, Domoto S, Hyde T. Psychiatric assessments of nursing home residents under OBRA-87: should PASARR be reformed? Pre-Admission Screening and Annual Review. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:1173-81. [PMID: 9329477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb03766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As part of nursing home practice reforms, OBRA-87 mandates formal psychiatric assessments (PASARR) of nursing home residents suspected of having mental disorders, a responsibility it delegates individually to states. We describe the initial year of implementation of the PASARR process in King County, Washington, and characterize the mental disorders and mental health services needs of nursing home residents referred for psychiatric screening. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The 54 Medicare-certified King County nursing homes (total beds = 7013). PARTICIPANTS All patients referred for psychiatric evaluation under PASARR (n = 510). MEASUREMENTS A systematic, multidimensional evaluation including a semistructured psychiatric diagnostic examination, validated measures of cognitive dysfunction, depression, and global psychopathology, functional variables relevant to need for nursing home care, and selected mental health services indicators. RESULTS Fewer than 10% of all nursing home residents were referred for psychiatric evaluation. A primary mental illness, evenly divided between psychoses and mood disorders, was found in 60% of the sample, and a psychiatric disorder associated with dementia or mental retardation was found in 25%. Six percent had complex neuropsychiatric features defying classification, and 4% had no mental disorder. Other disorders, such as substance abuse, were rare. Cognitive impairment and global psychopathology were prevalent in all diagnostic groups, and depressive symptoms were common even in patients without affective diagnoses. Eighty-eight percent of the sample were appropriately placed, based on their needs for daily care. Fifty-five percent had unmet mental health services needs. CONCLUSIONS The PASARR referral process detected a group of seriously mentally ill, functionally disabled patients, most of whom required the level of care that nursing homes provide. Depressed and psychiatrically impaired dementia patients were underrepresented in the referral pool as measured against widely accepted prevalence figures for mental disorders in nursing home populations. The PASARR process as currently configured appears to be most efficient in identifying schizophrenic patients, who represent a small minority of nursing home residents, and the skewed sample it generates fails to provide an adequate basis for estimating overall mental health services needed in nursing homes. The PASARR process should be altered to improve referral rates for depressed and behaviorally disturbed dementia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Borson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Loebel JP, Borson S, Hyde T, Donaldson D, Van Tuinen C, Rabbitt TM, Boyko EJ. Relationships between requests for psychiatric consultations and psychiatric diagnoses in long-term-care facilities. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:898-903. [PMID: 2053630 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.148.7.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' objective was to investigate reasons for referral of elderly nursing home residents for psychiatric consultation and the relationship of these reasons for referral to psychiatric diagnoses. METHOD They examined 197 nursing home residents consecutively referred to a consulting team in a university-affiliated mental health center. These patients represented all patients evaluated by the consulting team at six nursing homes over a 2-year period (Sept. 1, 1984, through Aug. 30, 1986). RESULTS Reasons for referral were diverse but fell into seven broad clusters: behavioral problems; mood-related problems; consultations requested by involuntary treatment services, patients, physicians, or other referring agencies; psychotic features; physical signs; impaired activities of daily living; and other. Behavioral problems were most commonly cited and tended to be associated with dementia diagnoses. Mood-related reasons for referral were most strongly associated with diagnoses of affective disorders, and diagnoses of schizophrenia and adjustment disorder were each associated with two or more reasons for referral. However, reasons for referral were distributed widely across diagnostic groups and were relatively weak predictors of diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS The results illustrate the variety of problems for which nursing home staff are willing to seek psychiatric consultation but emphasize the need for professional psychiatric evaluation to establish a diagnostic base on which treatment interventions can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Loebel
- Residential Care Unit, Harborview Community Mental Health Center, Seattle, WA 98104
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Abstract
The Medication Clinic of a large, urban Mental Health Center was screened for schizophrenic patients eligible for an intermittent medication approach. A total of 112 patients were evaluated, and 39, or 34.8 percent of the sample, met our basic inclusion criteria. No sex or age differences were found for eligibility. Sufficient eligible patients were found to make the intermittent medication approach a useful part of a comprehensive psychopharmacological program for schizophrenia, if the efficacy of the approach is demonstrated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Chiles
- Harborview Community Mental Health Center, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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22
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Hyde T. Psychiatric health services in NSW--a recent history. Lamp 1984; 41:19-21. [PMID: 6399088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Chape E, Hyde T. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 6 with increased creatine kinase BB isoenzyme. Clin Chem 1984; 30:153-4. [PMID: 6690127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Chape E, Hyde T. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 6 with increased creatine kinase BB isoenzyme. Clin Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/30.1.153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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