1
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Hill MD, Blanco MJ, Salituro FG, Bai Z, Beckley JT, Ackley MA, Dai J, Doherty JJ, Harrison BL, Hoffmann EC, Kazdoba TM, Lanzetta D, Lewis M, Quirk MC, Robichaud AJ. SAGE-718: A First-in-Class N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator for the Potential Treatment of Cognitive Impairment. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9063-9075. [PMID: 35785990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have received increased interest as a powerful mechanism of action to provide relief as therapies for CNS disorders. Sage Therapeutics has previously published the discovery of endogenous neuroactive steroid 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol as an NMDAR PAM. In this article, we detail the discovery of development candidate SAGE-718 (5), a potent and high intrinsic activity NMDAR PAM with an optimized pharmacokinetic profile for oral dosing. Compound 5 has completed phase 1 single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose clinical trials and is currently undergoing phase 2 clinical trials for treatment of cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hill
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maria-Jesus Blanco
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Francesco G Salituro
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zhu Bai
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jacob T Beckley
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael A Ackley
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jing Dai
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James J Doherty
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Boyd L Harrison
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ethan C Hoffmann
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tatiana M Kazdoba
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - David Lanzetta
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Lewis
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael C Quirk
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Albert J Robichaud
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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2
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Han B, Salituro FG, Blanco MJ. Impact of Allosteric Modulation in Drug Discovery: Innovation in Emerging Chemical Modalities. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1810-1819. [PMID: 33062158 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an unprecedented level of innovation in allosteric drug discovery and development, with multiple drug candidates advancing into clinical studies. From early examples of allosteric drugs like GABAA receptor modulators (benzodiazepines) in the 1960s to more recent GPCR negative allosteric modulators of CCR5 (maraviroc) approved in 2007, the opportunities for interrogating allosteric sites in drug discovery have expanded to other target classes such as protein-protein interactions, kinases, and nuclear hormone receptors. In this Innovation Letter, the authors highlight the latest advances of allosteric drug discovery from different target classes and novel emerging chemical modalities beyond small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsong Han
- Medicinal Chemistry. Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Francesco G. Salituro
- Medicinal Chemistry. Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maria-Jesus Blanco
- Medicinal Chemistry. Sage Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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3
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Althaus AL, Ackley MA, Belfort GM, Gee SM, Dai J, Nguyen DP, Kazdoba TM, Modgil A, Davies PA, Moss SJ, Salituro FG, Hoffmann E, Hammond RS, Robichaud AJ, Quirk MC, Doherty JJ. Preclinical characterization of zuranolone (SAGE-217), a selective neuroactive steroid GABA A receptor positive allosteric modulator. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108333. [PMID: 32976892 PMCID: PMC8265595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Zuranolone (SAGE-217) is a novel, synthetic, clinical stage neuroactive steroid GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator designed with the pharmacokinetic properties to support oral daily dosing. In vitro, zuranolone enhanced GABAA receptor current at nine unique human recombinant receptor subtypes, including representative receptors for both synaptic (γ subunit-containing) and extrasynaptic (δ subunit-containing) configurations. At a representative synaptic subunit configuration, α1β2γ2, zuranolone potentiated GABA currents synergistically with the benzodiazepine diazepam, consistent with the non-competitive activity and distinct binding sites of the two classes of compounds at synaptic receptors. In a brain slice preparation, zuranolone produced a sustained increase in GABA currents consistent with metabotropic trafficking of GABAA receptors to the cell surface. In vivo, zuranolone exhibited potent activity, indicating its ability to modulate GABAA receptors in the central nervous system after oral dosing by protecting against chemo-convulsant seizures in a mouse model and enhancing electroencephalogram β-frequency power in rats. Together, these data establish zuranolone as a potent and efficacious neuroactive steroid GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator with drug-like properties and CNS exposure in preclinical models. Recent clinical data support the therapeutic promise of neuroactive steroid GABAA receptor positive modulators for treating mood disorders; brexanolone is the first therapeutic approved specifically for the treatment of postpartum depression. Zuranolone is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of major depressive episodes in major depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and bipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Althaus
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Michael A Ackley
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel M Belfort
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Gee
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing Dai
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David P Nguyen
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tatiana M Kazdoba
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amit Modgil
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul A Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Moss
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco G Salituro
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ethan Hoffmann
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca S Hammond
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Albert J Robichaud
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Quirk
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James J Doherty
- Research and Nonclinical Development, Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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La DS, Salituro FG, Martinez Botella G, Griffin AM, Bai Z, Ackley MA, Dai J, Doherty JJ, Harrison BL, Hoffmann EC, Kazdoba TM, Lewis MC, Quirk MC, Robichaud AJ. Neuroactive Steroid N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators: Synthesis, SAR, and Pharmacological Activity. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7526-7542. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. La
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | | | - Andrew M. Griffin
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zhu Bai
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Michael A. Ackley
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jing Dai
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James J. Doherty
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Boyd L. Harrison
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ethan C. Hoffmann
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tatiana M. Kazdoba
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael C. Lewis
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael C. Quirk
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Albert J. Robichaud
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Youngblood BL, Ueyama Y, Muir WW, Belfort GM, Hammond RH, Dai J, Salituro FG, Robichaud AJ, Doherty JJ. A new method for determining levels of sedation in dogs: A pilot study with propofol and a novel neuroactive steroid anesthetic. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 305:82-88. [PMID: 29772269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different levels of consciousness are required in order to perform different medical procedures. Sedation scales established to objectively define various levels of sedation in humans have not been thoroughly characterized in non-human species. Postural changes in rats or dogs are useful as gross measures of sedation but are inadequate for quantitative assessment since graded levels of sedation are difficult to delineate and obscured by movement abnormalities. NEW METHOD A new canine sedation scoring (CSS) method was developed based on the modified observer's assessment of alertness and sedation score (MOAA/S) used in humans. The method employed a combination of physical, auditory and somatosensory stimuli of increasing intensity. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and a neurophysiological measure of sedation (bispectral index: BIS) data were recorded. Validation studies were performed following intravenous loading and constant rate infusion of propofol or a novel synthetic neuroactive steroid (SGE-746). RESULTS Four levels of consciousness were identified: 1) Awake, 2) Moderate Sedation (MS), 3) Deep Sedation (DS) and 4) General Anesthesia (GA). Cardiorespiratory measurements obtained after bolus administration of propofol and SGE-746 and at the end of each CRI remained within normal limits. Canine sedation scores correlated with BIS for SGE-746. SGE-746 exhibited a more gradual exposure-response relationship than propofol. Larger increases in the plasma concentration from awake values were required to achieve different levels of sedation with SGE-746 compared to propofol. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS No other canine sedation scoring methods are widely accepted. CONCLUSION A CSS method, based on the human MOAA/S scale defined four levels of consciousness in dogs and provided better resolution of sedation depth than BIS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Youngblood
- QTest Laboratories, 6456 Fiesta Drive, Columbus, OH 43235, USA.
| | - Y Ueyama
- QTest Laboratories, 6456 Fiesta Drive, Columbus, OH 43235, USA
| | - W W Muir
- QTest Laboratories, 6456 Fiesta Drive, Columbus, OH 43235, USA
| | - G M Belfort
- Sage Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - R H Hammond
- Sage Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - J Dai
- Sage Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - F G Salituro
- Sage Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - A J Robichaud
- Sage Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - J J Doherty
- Sage Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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6
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Popovici-Muller J, Lemieux RM, Artin E, Saunders JO, Salituro FG, Travins J, Cianchetta G, Cai Z, Zhou D, Cui D, Chen P, Straley K, Tobin E, Wang F, David MD, Penard-Lacronique V, Quivoron C, Saada V, de Botton S, Gross S, Dang L, Yang H, Utley L, Chen Y, Kim H, Jin S, Gu Z, Yao G, Luo Z, Lv X, Fang C, Yan L, Olaharski A, Silverman L, Biller S, Su SSM, Yen K. Discovery of AG-120 (Ivosidenib): A First-in-Class Mutant IDH1 Inhibitor for the Treatment of IDH1 Mutant Cancers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:300-305. [PMID: 29670690 PMCID: PMC5900343 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Somatic point mutations
at a key arginine residue (R132) within
the active site of the metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
(IDH1) confer a novel gain of function in cancer cells, resulting
in the production of d-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite.
Elevated 2-HG levels are implicated in epigenetic alterations and
impaired cellular differentiation. IDH1 mutations have been described
in an array of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Here, we
report the discovery of AG-120 (ivosidenib), an inhibitor of the IDH1
mutant enzyme that exhibits profound 2-HG lowering in tumor models
and the ability to effect differentiation of primary patient AML samples
ex vivo. Preliminary data from phase 1 clinical trials enrolling patients
with cancers harboring an IDH1 mutation indicate that AG-120 has an
acceptable safety profile and clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René M. Lemieux
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erin Artin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Jeremy Travins
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Ding Zhou
- PharmaResources, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- PharmaResources, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Ping Chen
- PharmaResources, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Kimberly Straley
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erica Tobin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Cyril Quivoron
- INSERM U1170 and Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94800, France
| | | | | | - Stefan Gross
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lenny Dang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hua Yang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luke Utley
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yue Chen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hyeryun Kim
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shengfang Jin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Gui Yao
- ChemPartner, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Olaharski
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lee Silverman
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott Biller
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shin-San M. Su
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katharine Yen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Blanco MJ, La D, Coughlin Q, Newman CA, Griffin AM, Harrison BL, Salituro FG. Breakthroughs in neuroactive steroid drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Martinez Botella G, Salituro FG, Harrison BL, Beresis RT, Bai Z, Blanco MJ, Belfort GM, Dai J, Loya CM, Ackley MA, Althaus AL, Grossman SJ, Hoffmann E, Doherty JJ, Robichaud AJ. Neuroactive Steroids. 2. 3α-Hydroxy-3β-methyl-21-(4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1'-yl)-19-nor-5β-pregnan-20-one (SAGE-217): A Clinical Next Generation Neuroactive Steroid Positive Allosteric Modulator of the (γ-Aminobutyric Acid) A Receptor. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7810-7819. [PMID: 28753313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain classes of neuroactive steroids (NASs) are positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. Herein, we report new SAR insights in a series of 5β-nor-19-pregnan-20-one analogues bearing substituted pyrazoles and triazoles at C-21, culminating in the discovery of 3α-hydroxy-3β-methyl-21-(4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1'-yl)-19-nor-5β-pregnan-20-one (SAGE-217, 3), a potent GABAA receptor modulator at both synaptic and extrasynaptic receptor subtypes, with excellent oral DMPK properties. Compound 3 has completed a phase 1 single ascending dose (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) clinical trial and is currently being studied in parallel phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and essential tremor (ET).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco G Salituro
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Boyd L Harrison
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Zhu Bai
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Maria-Jesus Blanco
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Gabriel M Belfort
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jing Dai
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Carlos M Loya
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael A Ackley
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alison L Althaus
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott J Grossman
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ethan Hoffmann
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James J Doherty
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Albert J Robichaud
- Sage Therapeutics, Inc. 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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9
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Hammond RS, Althaus AL, Ackley MA, Maciag C, Martinez Botella G, Salituro FG, Robichaud AJ, Doherty JJ. Anticonvulsant profile of the neuroactive steroid, SGE-516, in animal models. Epilepsy Res 2017; 134:16-25. [PMID: 28521115 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of multiple antiepileptic drugs (AED), failure to adequately control seizures is a challenge for approximately one third of epilepsy patients, and new therapies with a differentiated mechanism of action are needed. The neuroactive steroid, SGE-516, is a positive allosteric modulator of both gamma- and delta-containing GABAA receptors. This broad GABAA receptor activity differentiates neuroactive steroids like SGE-516 from benzodiazepines, a class of anticonvulsants which have been shown in vitro to selectively target gamma-subunit containing GABAA receptors. As a neuroactive steroid, SGE-516 has pharmacokinetic properties that are intended to allow for chronic oral dosing. We investigated the anticonvulsant activity of SGE-516 across numerous in vitro and in vivo models of seizure activity. SGE-516 dose-dependently reduced neuronal firing rates and epileptiform activity in vitro. In mice, SGE-516 protected against acute seizures in the PTZ-induced chemo-convulsant seizure model and the 6Hz psychomotor seizure model. In addition, SGE-516 demonstrated anticonvulsant activity in the mouse corneal kindling model. These data suggest that SGE-516 may have potential for development as a novel oral AED for the treatment of refractory seizures.
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10
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Yen K, Travins J, Wang F, David MD, Artin E, Straley K, Padyana A, Gross S, DeLaBarre B, Tobin E, Chen Y, Nagaraja R, Choe S, Jin L, Konteatis Z, Cianchetta G, Saunders JO, Salituro FG, Quivoron C, Opolon P, Bawa O, Saada V, Paci A, Broutin S, Bernard OA, de Botton S, Marteyn BS, Pilichowska M, Xu Y, Fang C, Jiang F, Wei W, Jin S, Silverman L, Liu W, Yang H, Dang L, Dorsch M, Penard-Lacronique V, Biller SA, Su SSM. AG-221, a First-in-Class Therapy Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia Harboring Oncogenic IDH2 Mutations. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:478-493. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Farmer LJ, Ledeboer MW, Hoock T, Arnost MJ, Bethiel RS, Bennani YL, Black JJ, Brummel CL, Chakilam A, Dorsch WA, Fan B, Cochran JE, Halas S, Harrington EM, Hogan JK, Howe D, Huang H, Jacobs DH, Laitinen LM, Liao S, Mahajan S, Marone V, Martinez-Botella G, McCarthy P, Messersmith D, Namchuk M, Oh L, Penney MS, Pierce AC, Raybuck SA, Rugg A, Salituro FG, Saxena K, Shannon D, Shlyakter D, Swenson L, Tian SK, Town C, Wang J, Wang T, Wannamaker MW, Winquist RJ, Zuccola HJ. Discovery of VX-509 (Decernotinib): A Potent and Selective Janus Kinase 3 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7195-216. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luc J. Farmer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Thomas Hoock
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael J. Arnost
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randy S. Bethiel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - James J. Black
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher L. Brummel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Warren A. Dorsch
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Bin Fan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John E. Cochran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Summer Halas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Edmund M. Harrington
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - James K. Hogan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - David Howe
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hui Huang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dylan H. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Leena M. Laitinen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Shengkai Liao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sudipta Mahajan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Valerie Marone
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Pamela McCarthy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - David Messersmith
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark Namchuk
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Luke Oh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marina S. Penney
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Albert C. Pierce
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Scott A. Raybuck
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Arthur Rugg
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Francesco G. Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kumkum Saxena
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dean Shannon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dina Shlyakter
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Lora Swenson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Shi-Kai Tian
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher Town
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - M. Woods Wannamaker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Raymond J. Winquist
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Harmon J. Zuccola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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12
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Martin BS, Martinez-Botella G, Loya CM, Salituro FG, Robichaud AJ, Huntsman MM, Ackley MA, Doherty JJ, Corbin JG. Rescue of deficient amygdala tonic γ-aminobutyric acidergic currents in the Fmr-/y mouse model of fragile X syndrome by a novel γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-positive allosteric modulator. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:568-78. [PMID: 26308557 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory transmission are emerging as a common component of many nervous system disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Tonic γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) transmission provided by peri- and extrasynaptic GABA type A (GABAA ) receptors powerfully controls neuronal excitability and plasticity and, therefore, provides a rational therapeutic target for normalizing hyperexcitable networks across a variety of disorders, including ASDs. Our previous studies revealed tonic GABAergic deficits in principal excitatory neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the Fmr1(-/y) knockout (KO) mouse model fragile X syndrome. To correct amygdala deficits in tonic GABAergic neurotransmission in Fmr1(-/y) KO mice, we developed a novel positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, SGE-872, based on endogenously active neurosteroids. This study shows that SGE-872 is nearly as potent and twice as efficacious for positively modulating GABAA receptors as its parent molecule, allopregnanolone. Furthermore, at submicromolar concentrations (≤1 μM), SGE-872 is selective for tonic, extrasynaptic α4β3δ-containing GABAA receptors over typical synaptic α1β2γ2 receptors. We further find that SGE-872 strikingly rescues the tonic GABAergic transmission deficit in principal excitatory neurons in the Fmr1(-/y) KO BLA, a structure heavily implicated in the neuropathology of ASDs. Therefore, the potent and selective action of SGE-872 on tonic GABAA receptors containing α4 subunits may represent a novel and highly useful therapeutic avenue for ASDs and related disorders involving hyperexcitability of neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Martin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - Carlos M Loya
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 0214243
| | | | | | - Molly M Huntsman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mike A Ackley
- SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 0214243
| | | | - Joshua G Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
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13
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Irwin RW, Solinsky CM, Loya CM, Salituro FG, Rodgers KE, Bauer G, Rogawski MA, Brinton RD. Allopregnanolone preclinical acute pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies to predict tolerability and efficacy for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128313. [PMID: 26039057 PMCID: PMC4454520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop allopregnanolone as a therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease, we investigated multiple formulations and routes of administration in translationally relevant animal models of both sexes. Subcutaneous, topical (transdermal and intranasal), intramuscular, and intravenous allopregnanolone were bolus-administered. Pharmacokinetic analyses of intravenous allopregnanolone in rabbit and mouse indicated that peak plasma and brain levels (3-fold brain/plasma ratios) at 5min were sufficient to activate neuroregenerative responses at sub-sedative doses. Slow-release subcutaneous suspension of allopregnanolone displayed 5-fold brain/plasma ratio at Cmax at 30min. At therapeutic doses by either subcutaneous or intravenous routes, allopregnanolone mouse plasma levels ranged between 34-51ng/ml by 30min, comparable to published endogenous human level in the third trimester of pregnancy. Exposure to subcutaneous, topical, intramuscular, and intravenous allopregnanolone, at safe and tolerable doses, increased hippocampal markers of neurogenesis including BrdU and PCNA in young 3xTgAD and aged wildtype mice. Intravenous allopregnanolone transiently and robustly phosphorylated CREB within 5min and increased levels of neuronal differentiation transcription factor NeuroD within 4h. Neurogenic efficacy was achieved with allopregnanolone brain exposure of 300-500hr*ng/g. Formulations were tested to determine the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) and maximally tolerated doses (MTD) in male and female rats by sedation behavior time course. Sex differences were apparent, males exhibited ≥40% more sedation time compared to females. Allopregnanolone formulated in sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrin at optimized complexation ratio maximized allopregnanolone delivery and neurogenic efficacy. To establish the NOAEL and MTD for Allo-induced sedation using a once-per-week intravenous regenerative treatment regimen: In female rats the NOAEL was 0.5mg/kg and MTD 2mg/kg. The predicted MTD in human female is 0.37mg/kg. In male rats the NOAEL and MTD were less than those determined for female. Outcomes of these PK/PD studies predict a safe and efficacious dose range for initial clinical trials of allopregnanolone for Alzheimer’s disease. These findings have translational relevance to multiple neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W. Irwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Solinsky
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos M. Loya
- Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Kathleen E. Rodgers
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Economics & Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Rogawski
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United states of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Martinez Botella G, Salituro FG, Harrison BL, Beresis RT, Bai Z, Shen K, Belfort GM, Loya CM, Ackley MA, Grossman SJ, Hoffmann E, Jia S, Wang J, Doherty JJ, Robichaud AJ. Neuroactive Steroids. 1. Positive Allosteric Modulators of the (γ-Aminobutyric Acid)A Receptor: Structure-Activity Relationships of Heterocyclic Substitution at C-21. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3500-11. [PMID: 25799373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids (NASs) have been shown to impact central nervous system (CNS) function through positive allosteric modulation of the GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)-R). Herein we report the effects on the activity and pharmacokinetic properties of a series of nor-19 pregnanolone analogues bearing a heterocyclic substituent at C-21. These efforts resulted in the identification of SGE-516, a balanced synaptic/extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor modulator, and SGE-872, a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor modulator. Both molecules possess excellent druglike properties, making them advanced leads for oral delivery of GABA(A) receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco G Salituro
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Boyd L Harrison
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Zhu Bai
- §WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai, China 200131
| | - Kaisheng Shen
- ‡Shanghai Chempartner, 998 Halei Road, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Gabriel M Belfort
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Carlos M Loya
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael A Ackley
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott J Grossman
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ethan Hoffmann
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shiling Jia
- ‡Shanghai Chempartner, 998 Halei Road, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - Jiamiao Wang
- ‡Shanghai Chempartner, 998 Halei Road, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - James J Doherty
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Albert J Robichaud
- †SAGE Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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15
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Mahajan S, Hogan JK, Shlyakhter D, Oh L, Salituro FG, Farmer L, Hoock TC. VX-509 (decernotinib) is a potent and selective janus kinase 3 inhibitor that attenuates inflammation in animal models of autoimmune disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:405-14. [PMID: 25762693 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, growth factors, and other chemical messengers rely on a class of intracellular nonreceptor tyrosine kinases known as Janus kinases (JAKs) to rapidly transduce intracellular signals. A number of these cytokines are critical for lymphocyte development and mediating immune responses. JAK3 is of particular interest due to its importance in immune function and its expression, which is largely confined to lymphocytes, thus limiting the potential impact of JAK3 inhibition on nonimmune physiology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency and selectivity of the investigational JAK3 inhibitor VX-509 (decernotinib) [(R)-2-((2-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)butanamide] against JAK3 kinase activity and inhibition of JAK3-mediated signaling in vitro and JAK3-dependent physiologic processes in vivo. These results demonstrate that VX-509 potently inhibits JAK3 in enzyme assays (Ki = 2.5 nM + 0.7 nM) and cellular assays dependent on JAK3 activity (IC50 range, 50-170 nM), with limited or no measurable potency against other JAK isotypes or non-JAK kinases. VX-509 also showed activity in two animal models of aberrant immune function. VX-509 treatment resulted in dose-dependent reduction in ankle swelling and paw weight and improved paw histopathology scores in the rat collagen-induced arthritis model. In a mouse model of oxazolone-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity, VX-509 reduced the T cell-mediated inflammatory response in skin. These findings demonstrate that VX-509 is a selective and potent inhibitor of JAK3 in vitro and modulates proinflammatory response in models of immune-mediated diseases, such as collagen-induced arthritis and delayed-type hypersensitivity. The data support evaluation of VX-509 for treatment of patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Mahajan
- Departments of Integrated Biology and Chemistry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., J.K.H., D.S., L.F., T.C.H.); Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (F.G.S.); and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Ellicott City, Maryland (L.O.)
| | - James K Hogan
- Departments of Integrated Biology and Chemistry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., J.K.H., D.S., L.F., T.C.H.); Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (F.G.S.); and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Ellicott City, Maryland (L.O.)
| | - Dina Shlyakhter
- Departments of Integrated Biology and Chemistry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., J.K.H., D.S., L.F., T.C.H.); Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (F.G.S.); and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Ellicott City, Maryland (L.O.)
| | - Luke Oh
- Departments of Integrated Biology and Chemistry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., J.K.H., D.S., L.F., T.C.H.); Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (F.G.S.); and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Ellicott City, Maryland (L.O.)
| | - Francesco G Salituro
- Departments of Integrated Biology and Chemistry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., J.K.H., D.S., L.F., T.C.H.); Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (F.G.S.); and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Ellicott City, Maryland (L.O.)
| | - Luc Farmer
- Departments of Integrated Biology and Chemistry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., J.K.H., D.S., L.F., T.C.H.); Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (F.G.S.); and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Ellicott City, Maryland (L.O.)
| | - Thomas C Hoock
- Departments of Integrated Biology and Chemistry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., J.K.H., D.S., L.F., T.C.H.); Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (F.G.S.); and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Ellicott City, Maryland (L.O.)
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16
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Clark MP, Ledeboer MW, Davies I, Byrn RA, Jones SM, Perola E, Tsai A, Jacobs M, Nti-Addae K, Bandarage UK, Boyd MJ, Bethiel RS, Court JJ, Deng H, Duffy JP, Dorsch WA, Farmer LJ, Gao H, Gu W, Jackson K, Jacobs DH, Kennedy JM, Ledford B, Liang J, Maltais F, Murcko M, Wang T, Wannamaker MW, Bennett HB, Leeman JR, McNeil C, Taylor WP, Memmott C, Jiang M, Rijnbrand R, Bral C, Germann U, Nezami A, Zhang Y, Salituro FG, Bennani YL, Charifson PS. Discovery of a Novel, First-in-Class, Orally Bioavailable Azaindole Inhibitor (VX-787) of Influenza PB2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6668-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5007275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ioana Davies
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randal A. Byrn
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Emanuele Perola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alice Tsai
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marc Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kwame Nti-Addae
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Upul K. Bandarage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael J. Boyd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randy S. Bethiel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John J. Court
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hongbo Deng
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John P. Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Warren A. Dorsch
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Luc J. Farmer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Huai Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Katrina Jackson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dylan H. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kennedy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Brian Ledford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jianglin Liang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - François Maltais
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark Murcko
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - M. Woods Wannamaker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hamilton B. Bennett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joshua R. Leeman
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Colleen McNeil
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - William P. Taylor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christine Memmott
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Min Jiang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rene Rijnbrand
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher Bral
- Arrowhead Research Corporation, 465 Science Drive, Suite C, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Ursula Germann
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Azin Nezami
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Yuegang Zhang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Paul S. Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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17
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Verhein KC, Salituro FG, Ledeboer MW, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. Dual p38/JNK mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors prevent ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75351. [PMID: 24058677 PMCID: PMC3776780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone exposure causes airway hyperreactivity and increases hospitalizations resulting from pulmonary complications. Ozone reacts with the epithelial lining fluid and airway epithelium to produce reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products, which then activate cell signaling pathways, including the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Both p38 and c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) are MAPK family members that are activated by cellular stress and inflammation. To test the contribution of both p38 and JNK MAPK to ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity, guinea pigs were pretreated with dual p38 and JNK MAPK inhibitors (30 mg/kg, ip) 60 minutes before exposure to 2 ppm ozone or filtered air for 4 hours. One day later airway reactivity was measured in anesthetized animals. Ozone caused airway hyperreactivity one day post-exposure, and blocking p38 and JNK MAPK completely prevented ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity. Blocking p38 and JNK MAPK also suppressed parasympathetic nerve activity in air exposed animals, suggesting p38 and JNK MAPK contribute to acetylcholine release by airway parasympathetic nerves. Ozone inhibited neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors and blocking both p38 and JNK prevented M2 receptor dysfunction. Neutrophil influx into bronchoalveolar lavage was not affected by MAPK inhibitors. Thus p38 and JNK MAPK mediate ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity through multiple mechanisms including prevention of neuronal M2 receptor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C. Verhein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allison D. Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David B. Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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18
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Wang F, Travins J, DeLaBarre B, Penard-Lacronique V, Schalm S, Hansen E, Straley K, Kernytsky A, Liu W, Gliser C, Yang H, Gross S, Artin E, Saada V, Mylonas E, Quivoron C, Popovici-Muller J, Saunders JO, Salituro FG, Yan S, Murray S, Wei W, Gao Y, Dang L, Dorsch M, Agresta S, Schenkein DP, Biller SA, Su SM, de Botton S, Yen KE. Targeted inhibition of mutant IDH2 in leukemia cells induces cellular differentiation. Science 2013; 340:622-6. [PMID: 23558173 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A number of human cancers harbor somatic point mutations in the genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2). These mutations alter residues in the enzyme active sites and confer a gain-of-function in cancer cells, resulting in the accumulation and secretion of the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). We developed a small molecule, AGI-6780, that potently and selectively inhibits the tumor-associated mutant IDH2/R140Q. A crystal structure of AGI-6780 complexed with IDH2/R140Q revealed that the inhibitor binds in an allosteric manner at the dimer interface. The results of steady-state enzymology analysis were consistent with allostery and slow-tight binding by AGI-6780. Treatment with AGI-6780 induced differentiation of TF-1 erythroleukemia and primary human acute myelogenous leukemia cells in vitro. These data provide proof-of-concept that inhibitors targeting mutant IDH2/R140Q could have potential applications as a differentiation therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139-4169, USA
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19
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Anastasiou D, Yu Y, Israelsen WJ, Jiang JK, Boxer MB, Hong BS, Tempel W, Dimov S, Shen M, Jha A, Yang H, Mattaini KR, Metallo CM, Fiske BP, Courtney KD, Malstrom S, Khan TM, Kung C, Skoumbourdis AP, Veith H, Southall N, Walsh MJ, Brimacombe KR, Leister W, Lunt SY, Johnson ZR, Yen KE, Kunii K, Davidson SM, Christofk HR, Austin CP, Inglese J, Harris MH, Asara JM, Stephanopoulos G, Salituro FG, Jin S, Dang L, Auld DS, Park HW, Cantley LC, Thomas CJ, Vander Heiden MG. Erratum: Pyruvate kinase M2 activators promote tetramer formation and suppress tumorigenesis. Nat Chem Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio1212-1008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Popovici-Muller J, Saunders JO, Salituro FG, Travins JM, Yan S, Zhao F, Gross S, Dang L, Yen KE, Yang H, Straley KS, Jin S, Kunii K, Fantin VR, Zhang S, Pan Q, Shi D, Biller SA, Su SM. Discovery of the First Potent Inhibitors of Mutant IDH1 That Lower Tumor 2-HG in Vivo. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:850-5. [PMID: 24900389 DOI: 10.1021/ml300225h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of a series of R132H IDH1 inhibitors from a high throughput screen led to the first potent molecules that show robust tumor 2-HG inhibition in a xenograft model. Compound 35 shows good potency in the U87 R132H cell based assay and ∼90% tumor 2-HG inhibition in the corresponding mouse xenograft model following BID dosing. The magnitude and duration of tumor 2-HG inhibition correlates with free plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey O. Saunders
- Ember Therapeutics, 855 Boylston Street, 11th Floor, Suite B, Boston, Massachusetts
02116, United States
| | | | - Jeremy M. Travins
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shunqi Yan
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036,
United States
| | - Fang Zhao
- Sundia MediTech Company, Ltd., Building 8, 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang
High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Stefan Gross
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lenny Dang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katharine E. Yen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hua Yang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly S. Straley
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shengfang Jin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kaiko Kunii
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Valeria R. Fantin
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla
Laboratories, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shunan Zhang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong
New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiongqun Pan
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong
New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Derek Shi
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co., LTD, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Pudong
New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Scott A. Biller
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shinsan M. Su
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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21
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Kung C, Hixon J, Choe S, Marks K, Gross S, Murphy E, DeLaBarre B, Cianchetta G, Sethumadhavan S, Wang X, Yan S, Gao Y, Fang C, Wei W, Jiang F, Wang S, Qian K, Saunders J, Driggers E, Woo HK, Kunii K, Murray S, Yang H, Yen K, Liu W, Cantley LC, Vander Heiden MG, Su SM, Jin S, Salituro FG, Dang L. Small molecule activation of PKM2 in cancer cells induces serine auxotrophy. Chem Biol 2012; 19:1187-98. [PMID: 22999886 PMCID: PMC3775715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating tumor cells use aerobic glycolysis to support their high metabolic demands. Paradoxically, increased glycolysis is often accompanied by expression of the lower activity PKM2 isoform, effectively constraining lower glycolysis. Here, we report the discovery of PKM2 activators with a unique allosteric binding mode. Characterization of how these compounds impact cancer cells revealed an unanticipated link between glucose and amino acid metabolism. PKM2 activation resulted in a metabolic rewiring of cancer cells manifested by a profound dependency on the nonessential amino acid serine for continued cell proliferation. Induction of serine auxotrophy by PKM2 activation was accompanied by reduced carbon flow into the serine biosynthetic pathway and increased expression of high affinity serine transporters. These data support the hypothesis that PKM2 expression confers metabolic flexibility to cancer cells that allows adaptation to nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kung
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeff Hixon
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Sung Choe
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kevin Marks
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Stefan Gross
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Erin Murphy
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Byron DeLaBarre
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | | | | | - Xiling Wang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Company, No. 5 Building 998 Halei Road, Pudong Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shunqi Yan
- Schrodinger, 103 SW Main Street, Portland, OR 97204, USA
| | - Yi Gao
- Shanghai ChemPartner Company, No. 5 Building 998 Halei Road, Pudong Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Company, No. 5 Building 998 Halei Road, Pudong Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wentao Wei
- Viva Biotech, 334 Aidisheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Viva Biotech, 334 Aidisheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Company, No. 5 Building 998 Halei Road, Pudong Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kevin Qian
- Viva Biotech, 334 Aidisheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jeff Saunders
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Ed Driggers
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Hin Koon Woo
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kaiko Kunii
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Stuart Murray
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Katharine Yen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Department of Medicine-Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew G. Vander Heiden
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shinsan M. Su
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Shengfang Jin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | | | - Lenny Dang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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22
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Duffy JP, Harrington EM, Salituro FG, Cochran JE, Green J, Gao H, Bemis GW, Evindar G, Galullo VP, Ford PJ, Germann UA, Wilson KP, Bellon SF, Chen G, Taslimi P, Jones P, Huang C, Pazhanisamy S, Wang YM, Murcko MA, Su MS. The Discovery of VX-745: A Novel and Selective p38α Kinase Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:758-63. [PMID: 24900264 DOI: 10.1021/ml2001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel, selective, orally active 2,5-disubstituted 6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one p38α inhibitors is described. Application of structural information from enzyme-ligand complexes guided the selection of screening compounds, leading to the identification of a novel class of p38α inhibitors containing a previously unreported bicyclic heterocycle core. Advancing the SAR of this series led to the eventual discovery of 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenylthio)-6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one (VX-745). VX-745 displays excellent enzyme activity and selectivity, has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and demonstrates good in vivo activity in models of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | | | | | - John E. Cochran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | - Jeremy Green
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | - Huai Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | - Guy W. Bemis
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | | | | | - Pamella J. Ford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | - Ursula A. Germann
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | - Cassey Huang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | - S. Pazhanisamy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
| | | | - Mark A. Murcko
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242, United States
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23
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Wang T, Ledeboer MW, Duffy JP, Salituro FG, Pierce AC, Zuccola HJ, Block E, Shlyakter D, Hogan JK, Bennani YL. Corrigendum to “A novel chemotype of kinase inhibitors: Discovery of 3,4-ring fused 7-azaindoles and deazapurines as potent JAK2 inhibitors” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20 (2010) 153]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Ledeboer MW, Pierce AC, Duffy JP, Gao H, Messersmith D, Salituro FG, Nanthakumar S, Come J, Zuccola HJ, Swenson L, Shlyakter D, Mahajan S, Hoock T, Fan B, Tsai WJ, Kolaczkowski E, Carrier S, Hogan JK, Zessis R, Pazhanisamy S, Bennani YL. 2-Aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as potent and selective inhibitors of JAK2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6529-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Wang T, Duffy JP, Wang J, Halas S, Salituro FG, Pierce AC, Zuccola HJ, Black JR, Hogan JK, Jepson S, Shlyakter D, Mahajan S, Gu Y, Hoock T, Wood M, Furey BF, Frantz JD, Dauffenbach LM, Germann UA, Fan B, Namchuk M, Bennani YL, Ledeboer MW. Janus Kinase 2 Inhibitors. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Polycyclic Azaindole. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7938-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901383u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - John P. Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Jian Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Summer Halas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Francesco G. Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Albert C. Pierce
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Harmon J. Zuccola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - James R. Black
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - James K. Hogan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Scott Jepson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Dina Shlyakter
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Sudipta Mahajan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Yong Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Thomas Hoock
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Mark Wood
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Brinley F. Furey
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - J. Daniel Frantz
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Lisa M. Dauffenbach
- Mosaic Laboratories, LLC, 12 Spectrum Pointe Drive, Lake Forest, California 92630
| | - Ursula A. Germann
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Bin Fan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Mark Namchuk
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
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26
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ter Haar E, Walters WP, Pazhanisamy S, Taslimi P, Pierce AC, Bemis GW, Salituro FG, Harbeson SL. Kinase Chemogenomics: Targeting the Human Kinome for Target Validation and Drug Discovery. Mini Rev Med Chem 2004; 4:235-53. [PMID: 15032672 DOI: 10.2174/1389557043487367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemogenomics is a gene family-based approach to drug discovery and target validation. This review will summarize the application of this interdisciplinary approach to the protein kinases of the human genome with emphasis upon the synergies and efficiencies to be gained. Specific examples from the SAPK-family will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E ter Haar
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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27
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28
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Spaltenstein A, Almond MR, Bock WJ, Cleary DG, Furfine ES, Hazen RJ, Kazmierski WM, Salituro FG, Tung RD, Wright LL. Novel inhibitors of HIV protease: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of picomolar inhibitors containing cyclic P1/P2 scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1159-62. [PMID: 10866371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of HIV protease inhibitors containing cyclic P1/P2 scaffolds has been synthesized and evaluated for biological activity. The trans 3,5-dibenzyl-2-oxo pyrrolidinone ring system resulted in a 50 pM enzyme inhibitor against HIV protease in vitro when combined with an indanolamine derived P'-backbone. This compound also shows comparable activity to currently marketed drugs in the MT-4 cell-based antiviral assay.
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29
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Spaltenstein A, Almond MR, Bock WJ, Cleary DG, Furfine ES, Hazen RJ, Kazmierski WM, Salituro FG, Tung RD, Wright LL. Novel inhibitors of HIV protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Salituro FG, Germann UA, Wilson KP, Bemis GW, Fox T, Su MS. Inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase: therapeutic intervention in cytokine-mediated diseases. Curr Med Chem 1999; 6:807-23. [PMID: 10495353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
p38 MAP kinase is a member of the family of kinases which mediate intracellular transduction pathways. The activation of this particular MAP kinase pathway is in response to a broad variety of extracellular stimuli. Subsequent downstream events triggered by p38 activation result in the production of IL-1 and TNF-a, suggesting that inhibition of this enzyme may provide a useful therapeutic target for intervention in various diseases mediated by these cytokines. Understanding the biological consequences of p38 activation and inhibition has been the subject of intensive research over the past several years and there is now ample evidence to suggest that inhibition of this enzyme represents a valid approach for target intervention in various cytokine-mediated diseases. Crystal structures of both apo enzyme and enzyme bound to various ligands in conjunction with site specific mutagenesis studies have provided a wealth of information regarding the interactions necessary to result in potent inhibition and selectivity from other kinases. This information has proven useful towards the analysis of previously reported compounds and will provide additional insight towards the design of new compounds and building upon existing SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139-4242, USA.
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31
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Abstract
p38 MAP kinase is a member of the family of kinases which mediate intracellular transduction pathways. The activation of this particular MAP kinase pathway is in response to a broad variety of extracellular stimuli.
Subsequent downstream events triggered by p38 activation result in the production of IL-1 and TNF-a, suggesting that inhibition of this enzyme may provide a useful therapeutic target for intervention in various diseases mediated by these cytokines. Understanding te ,biological consequences of p38 activation and inhibition has been the subject of intensive research over the past several years and there is now ample evidence to suggest that inhibition of this enzyme represents a valid approach for target intervention in various cytokine-mediated diseases.
Crystal structures of both apo enzyme and enzyme bound to various ligands in conjunction with site specific mutagenesis studies have provided a wealth of information regarding the interactions necessary to result in potent inhibition and selectivity from other kinases. This information has proven useful towards the analysis of previously reported compounds and will provide additional insight towards the design of new compounds and building upon existing SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco G. Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139-
4242, USA
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32
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Salituro FG, Baker CT, Court JJ, Deininger DD, Kim EE, Li B, Novak PM, Rao BG, Pazhanisamy S, Porter MD, Schairer WC, Tung RD. Design and synthesis of novel conformationally restricted HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3637-42. [PMID: 9934485 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A set of HIV protease inhibitors represented by compound 2 has previously been described. Structural and conformational analysis of this compound suggested that conformational restriction of the P1/P2 portion of the molecule could lead to a novel set of potent protease inhibitors. Thus, probe compounds 3-7 were designed, synthesized, and found to be potent inhibitors of HIV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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33
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Baker CT, Salituro FG, Court JJ, Deininger DD, Kim EE, Li B, Novak PM, Rao BG, Pazhanisamy S, Schairer WC, Tung RD. Design, synthesis, and conformational analysis of a novel series of HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3631-6. [PMID: 9934484 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A combination of structure-based design and both solution, and solid-phase synthesis were utilized to derive a potent (nM) series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors bearing a structurally novel backbone. Detailed structural analysis of several inhibitors prepared in this series has suggested that rigidification of the P1/P2 region of this class of molecules may result in compounds with improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Baker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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34
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Baron BM, Harrison BL, Kehne JH, Schmidt CJ, van Giersbergen PL, White HS, Siegel BW, Senyah Y, McCloskey TC, Fadayel GM, Taylor VL, Murawsky MK, Nyce P, Salituro FG. Pharmacological characterization of MDL 105,519, an NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 323:181-92. [PMID: 9128837 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
MDL 105,519, (E)-3-(2-phenyl-2-carboxyethenyl)-4,6-dichloro-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid, is a potent and selective inhibitor of [3H]glycine binding to the NMDA receptor. MDL 105,519 inhibits NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-dependent responses including elevations of [3H]N-[1,(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]-piperidine ([3H]TCP) binding in brain membranes, cyclic GMP accumulation in brain slices, and alterations in cytosolic CA2+ and NA(+)-CA2+ currents in cultured neurons. Inhibition was non-competitive with respect to NMDA and could be nullified with D-serine. Intravenously administered MDL 105,519 prevented harmaline-stimulated increases in cerebellar cyclic GMP content, providing biochemical evidence of NMDA receptor antagonism in vivo. This antagonism was associated with anticonvulsant activity in genetically based, chemically induced, and electrically mediated seizure models. Anxiolytic activity was observed in the rat separation-induced vocalization model, but muscle-relaxant activity was apparent at lower doses. Higher doses impair rotorod performance, but were without effect on mesolimbic dopamine turnover or prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex. This pattern of activities differentiates this compound from (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801) and indicates a lower psychotomimetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Baron
- Hoechst Marion Roussel, Cincinnati, OH 45215, USA.
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35
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Wu HQ, Salituro FG, Schwarcz R. Enzyme-catalyzed production of the neuroprotective NMDA receptor antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid in the rat brain in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 319:13-20. [PMID: 9030892 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(96)00829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors play a critical role in neurotransmission and are also involved in the occurrence of excitotoxic nerve cell death. Synthetic halogenated analogs of the endogenous broad spectrum excitatory amino acid receptor blocker kynurenic acid are among the most potent and selective antagonists of the glycine co-agonist site of the NMDA receptor complex. Pharmacological blockade of this site provides neuroprotection in animal models of cerebral ischemia, epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders, and does not appear to be associated with some of the undesirable side effects linked to classic competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists. Here we demonstrate the neuroprotective quantities of 7-chloro-kynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYNA), one of the most selective and well-studied glycine site antagonists, can be synthesized in the brain from its bioprecursor L-4-chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN). Intracerebral infusion of 4-Cl-KYN dose-dependently reduced quinolinate neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus after enzymatic conversion to 7-Cl-KYNA by kynurenine aminotransferase. In accordance with previous studies demonstrating that kynurenine aminotransferase is preferentially localized in astrocytes, both the enzymatic formation of 7-Cl-KYNA and the neuroprotective potency of 4-Cl-KYN were substantially reduced following an intrahippocampal injection of the gliotoxin fluorocitrate. In situ produced 7-Cl-KYNA offers a novel neuroprotective strategy for targeting the glycine/NMDA site while avoiding excessive receptor blockade and reducing the clinical risks associated with conventional NMDA receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Q Wu
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21228, USA
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36
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Bitonti AJ, Dumont JA, Salituro FG, McDonald IA, Jarvi ET, Frey LM, Wright PS, Baumann RJ. Depletion of estrogen receptor in human breast tumor cells by a novel substituted indole that does not bind to the hormone binding domain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 58:21-30. [PMID: 8809183 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(96)00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal antiestrogens appear to have at least two major modes of action in breast cancer cells, direct antagonism of estrogen binding to its receptor and depletion of estrogen receptors (ER) due to inhibition of dimerization of the receptor and a resultant destabilization of the receptor protein. In a search for other classes of compounds which would act as dimerization inhibitors, a novel substituted indole (8-{2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]-acetylamino} octanoic acid butyl-methyl amide, MDL 101,906) was synthesized. Binding of the ER to its consensus response element (ERE) was apparently decreased in nuclear extracts from MCF-7 human breast cancer cell treated with MDL 101,906. This decreased binding was found to be due to depletion of ER based on direct measurement of ER using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Other transcription factors were apparently unaffected by MDL 101,906 treatment. Whereas depletion of ER with a steroidal antiestrogen was almost complete after 3 h of treatment of MCF-7 cells, the effect of MDL 101,906 took significantly longer to occur, suggesting a fundamental difference in the mechanisms of action of the two drugs. This was also evident in the lack of binding of MDL 101,906 to the hormone binding domain of ER. MDL 101,906 treatment also caused depletion of ER mRNA in MCF-7 cells. Depletion of ER mRNA was noted by 3 h of drug treatment and was apparently almost complete after 24 h of treatment. Depletion of ER from MCF-7 cells led to a dose-dependent decrease in the expression of luciferase by an ERE-driven luciferase reporter gene assay system. The mechanism of MDL 101,906 appears to be unique and additional studies with this chemical class seem to be warranted to assess the potential for therapeutic utility.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Extracts
- Cell Nucleus
- DNA/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/metabolism
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogen Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Humans
- Indoles/chemical synthesis
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Receptors, Estradiol/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bitonti
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute Cincinnati, OH 45215, USA
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37
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Kehne JH, Baron BM, Harrison BL, McCloskey TC, Palfreyman MG, Poirot M, Salituro FG, Siegel BW, Slone AL, Van Giersbergen PL. MDL 100,458 and MDL 102,288: two potent and selective glycine receptor antagonists with different functional profiles. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 284:109-18. [PMID: 8549613 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00375-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycine receptor antagonists have been proposed to have multiple therapeutic applications, including the treatment of stroke, epilepsy, and anxiety. The present study compared the biochemical and behavioral profiles of two strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor antagonists, MDL 100,458 (3-(benzoylmethylamino)-6-chloro-1H-indole-2- carboxylic acid) and MDL 102,288 (5,7-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-4-[[[4- [(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl]sulfonyl]imino]-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid monohydrate). Both compounds potently inhibited [3H]glycine binding to rat cortical/hippocampal membranes (Ki = 136, 167 nM, respectively) without showing significant activity in 18 other receptor binding assays. In an in vitro functional assay, both compounds completely antagonized N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated cGMP accumulation in rat cerebellar slices. However, in contrast to their equipotency in the glycine receptor assay, MDL 100,458 was approximately 6-fold more potent than MDL 102,288 in the cGMP assay (IC50 values = 1.25, 7.8 microM, respectively). Behavioral tests demonstrated that MDL 102,288 and MDL 100,458 exhibited strikingly different in vivo profiles. MDL 100,458 antagonized audiogenic seizures in DBA/2J mice (ED50 = 20.8 mg/kg i.p.), whereas MDL 102,288 was without effect in the dose range tested (ED50 > 300 mg/kg i.p.). Central nervous system penetration did not appear to account for this difference. For example, MDL 102,288 was not active following direct intracerebroventricular administration (ED50 > 16 micrograms; vs. 0.78 microgram for MDL 100,458). In a test of anxiolytic activity, MDL 102,288 reduced separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in rat pups (ED50 = 6.3 mg/kg i.p.) whereas MDL 100,458 was only weakly active (ED50 = 80.8 mg/kg i.p.). Furthermore, the anxiolytic effect of MDL 102,288 was selective in that it occurred at doses that did not produce motoric disruption as measured by an inclined-plane test (ED50 > 160 mg/kg; therapeutic index > 25.4). In contrast, the anxiolytic activity of MDL 100,458 was non-selective in that it occurred at doses that also produced motoric disruption (ED50 = 57.7 mg/kg; therapeutic index = 0.7). Thus, two glycine receptor antagonists which have similar in vitro binding profiles as selective ligands for the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor, demonstrate different in vitro and in vivo functional profiles. The reason for these differences is not clear, though one possibility could be that the compounds may act on different NMDA receptor subtypes. These data support the possibility that different glycine receptor antagonists may have different therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Acoustic Stimulation
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Anxiety, Separation/psychology
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Glycine/metabolism
- Glycine Agents/pharmacology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Quinolones/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Drug/drug effects
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects
- Receptors, Glycine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Seizures/chemically induced
- Seizures/psychology
- Vocalization, Animal/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kehne
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45215, USA
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38
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Salituro FG, Demeter DA, Weintraub HJ, Lippert BJ, Resvick RJ, McDonald IA. Multisubstrate inhibition of 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase. J Med Chem 1994; 37:4076-8. [PMID: 7990107 DOI: 10.1021/jm00050a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F G Salituro
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
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39
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Salituro FG, Tomlinson RC, Baron BM, Palfreyman MG, McDonald IA, Schmidt W, Wu HQ, Guidetti P, Schwarcz R. Enzyme-activated antagonists of the strychnine-insensitive glycine/NMDA receptor. J Med Chem 1994; 37:334-6. [PMID: 8308859 DOI: 10.1021/jm00029a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F G Salituro
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
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40
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Baron BM, Harrison BL, McDonald IA, Meldrum BS, Palfreyman MG, Salituro FG, Siegel BW, Slone AL, Turner JP, White HS. Potent indole- and quinoline-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists acting at the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 262:947-56. [PMID: 1388205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring glutamate receptor subtype possesses, in addition to the recognition site for glutamate, a binding site for glycine. We report here on the pharmacological properties of 3-(4,6-dichloro-2-carboxyindol-3-yl)-propionic acid (MDL 29,951) and 4-carboxymethylamino-5,7-dichloroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (MDL 100,748), two novel glycine antagonists of NMDA receptor activation in vitro and in vivo. We have measured in parallel the effects of two previously described glycine antagonists, 7-chlorokynurenic acid and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid. All were potent inhibitors of [3H]glycine binding. Ki values (microM) were 0.36 (7-chlorokynurenic acid), 0.08 (5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid), 0.07 (MDL 100,748) and 0.14 (MDL 29,951). MDL 100,748 and MDL 29,951 were approximately 2000-fold selective for the glycine binding site relative to the glutamate recognition sites. All four compounds completely inhibited the use-dependent binding of [3H]N-[1-(2-thienyl) cyclohexyl]-piperidine and were noncompetitive, glycine-reversible inhibitors of both NMDA-induced biochemical and electrophysiological responses in brain slice preparations. A competitive interaction with the glycine binding site was also evident in that MDL 29,951 and MDL 100,748 produced parallel rightward shifts in the glycine requirement for demonstration of NMDA-stimulated elevations in cytosolic calcium in cultured neuronal preparations. The glycine antagonists were potent anticonvulsants after their i.c.v. administration to audiogenic seizure-susceptible DBA/2J mice. Because the compounds chosen encompass a variety of chemical structures, the results indicate that glycine is required for NMDA receptor activation and that bioavailable glycine antagonists may form the basis of a novel therapy for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Baron
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
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41
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Salituro FG, Harrison BL, Baron BM, Nyce PL, Stewart KT, Kehne JH, White HS, McDonald IA. 3-(2-Carboxyindol-3-yl)propionic acid-based antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor associated glycine binding site. J Med Chem 1992; 35:1791-9. [PMID: 1534125 DOI: 10.1021/jm00088a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 3-(2-carboxyindol-3-yl)propionic acids was synthesized and tested as antagonists for the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor. Chlorine, and other small electron-withdrawing substituents in the 4- and 6-positions of the indole ring, greatly enhanced binding and selectivity for the glycine site over the glutamate site of the NMDA receptor; one of the most potent compounds is 3-(4,6-dichloro-2-carboxyindol-3-yl)propionic acid (IC50 = 170 nM; greater than 2100-fold selective for glycine). The importance of a heteroatom NH and the enhancing effect of the propionic acid side chain were demonstrated and are consistent with previous results which suggest the presence of a pocket on the receptor which can accept an acidic side chain. Substitution of a sulfur at C3 led to the most potent compound 3-[(carboxymethyl)thio]-2-carboxy-4,6-dichloroindole (IC50 = 100 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Salituro
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
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42
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Salituro FG, Tomlinson RC, Baron BM, Demeter DA, Weintraub HJ, McDonald IA. Design, synthesis and molecular modeling of 3-acylamino-2- Carboxyindole NMDA receptor glycine-site antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Salituro FG, Harrison BL, Baron BM, Nyce PL, Stewart KT, McDonald IA. 3-(2-carboxyindol-3-yl)propionic acid derivatives: antagonists of the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. J Med Chem 1990; 33:2944-6. [PMID: 2146391 DOI: 10.1021/jm00173a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F G Salituro
- Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati Center, Ohio 45215
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44
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Baron BM, Harrison BL, Miller FP, McDonald IA, Salituro FG, Schmidt CJ, Sorensen SM, White HS, Palfreyman MG. Activity of 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid, a potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site. Mol Pharmacol 1990; 38:554-61. [PMID: 2172769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid (5,7-DCKA), one of the most potent excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists yet described, binds to a strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site located on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex (Ki = 79 nM versus [3H]glycine). 5,7-DCKA (10 microM) antagonized the ability of NMDA to stimulate the binding of the radiolabeled ion channel blocker N-[3H][1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]-piperidine ([3]TCP). Glycine was able to overcome this effect and in the presence of 5,7-DCKA enhanced [3H]TCP binding to antagonist-free levels. 5,7-DCKA completely and noncompetitively antagonized several NMDA receptor-mediated biochemical and electrophysiological responses. Thus, micromolar concentrations of 5,7-DCKA inhibited NMDA-stimulated elevation of cytosolic calcium in cultured hippocampal neurons, cGMP accumulation in cerebellar slices, and norepinephrine release from hippocampal slices. The glycine antagonist could also block the action of synaptically released agonist, as shown by its ability to inhibit the increase in the magnitude of the population spike that follows tetanic stimulation of the hippocampus in vitro (long term potentiation). Inclusion of glycine or D-serine prevented all these effects of the antagonist. 5,7-DCKA was a potent anticonvulsant when administered intracerebroventricularly to mice. As in the in vitro experiments, the dose-response curve for the antagonist was shifted rightward in a parallel fashion when D-serine was coinjected. This spectrum of activity displayed by a compound acting at the glycine binding site suggests that the therapeutic utility of glycine antagonists will be similar to those proposed for other types of glutamate receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Baron
- Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinati, Ohio 45215
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45
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Holladay MW, Salituro FG, Rich DH. Synthetic and enzyme inhibition studies of pepstatin analogues containing hydroxyethylene and ketomethylene dipeptide isosteres. J Med Chem 1987; 30:374-83. [PMID: 3100803 DOI: 10.1021/jm00385a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic details for the preparation of a series of hydroxyethylene and ketomethylene dipeptide isosteres with control of stereochemistry at C(2) are described. Incorporation of the isosteres into peptide sequences derived from pepstatin afforded potent inhibitors of the aspartic protease porcine pepsin. When Leu-OH-Ala or Leu-OH-Phe was substituted for statine [3S,4S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid), inhibitors equipotent to the parent compound were obtained, whereas Leu-OH-Gly was a much less effective replacement for statine. A similar trend was evident in the corresponding ketones. The finding that structural features for good substrates do not closely parallel those for good inhibitors is discussed.
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46
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Salituro FG, Agarwal N, Hofmann T, Rich DH. Inhibition of aspartic proteinases by peptides containing lysine and ornithine side-chain analogues of statine. J Med Chem 1987; 30:286-95. [PMID: 3100801 DOI: 10.1021/jm00385a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new analogues of statine are reported corresponding to analogues with the lysine side chain and the ornithine side chain. These analogues were designed on the basis of substrate specificity and molecular modeling of three-dimensional structures of the penicillopepsin: Iva-Val-Sta-OEt crystal structure. 4,8-Diamino-3-hydroxyoctanoic acid [LySta] and 4,7-diamino-3-hydroxyheptanoic acid [OrnSta] were synthesized respectively from Boc-Lys(Z)-al and Boc-Orn(Bzl,Z)-al by addition of lithio ethyl acetate to the aldehyde group. The [LySta] derivative was converted to the trichloroethoxycarbonyl derivative and separated into the corresponding 3S,4S and 3R,4R diastereomers. The [OrnSta] derivative was used as a mixture of 3-position diastereomers. These new amino acids were used to prepare the following inhibitors: Iva-Val-Val-[LySta]-OEt and Iva-Val-Val-[OrnSta]-OEt as well as the corresponding synthetic intermediates. Inhibition constants (Ki values) were measured for inhibition of porcine pepsin and penicillopepsin. Both compounds were potent inhibitors of penicillopepsin with Ki values 10-100 times smaller (2.1 and 1.1 nM, respectively) than the Ki of Iva-Val-Val-Sta-OEt (47 nM). In contrast both inhibitors are exceptionally weak inhibitors of porcine pepsin with Ki values greater than 1 microM. These results are correlated with the ability of the basic group in the new inhibitors to bind to aspartic acid-77 in penicillopepsin.
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47
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Salituro FG, Carlson KE, Elliston JF, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. [125I]iododesethyl tamoxifen aziridine: synthesis and covalent labeling of the estrogen receptor with an iodine-labeled affinity label. Steroids 1986; 48:287-313. [PMID: 3445283 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(86)90017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Iododesethyl tamoxifen aziridine (I-Tam-Az), an analog of the estrogen receptor-affinity label tamoxifen aziridine (Tam-Az) in which the ethyl group has been replaced by an iodine, has been prepared by two routes: (a) metallation of a bromotriarylethylene system, followed by reaction with iodine, and aziridinylation, and (b) direct iodination of a trimethylstannyl triarylethylene system that is the immediate precursor of I-Tam-Az. The latter method can be used to prepare [125I]I-Tam-Az rapidly and in good yield, both at carrier-added and no-carrier-added levels; specific activities greater than 200 Ci/mmol have been obtained. In competitive radiometric binding assays with the estrogen receptor, I-Tam-Az has an apparent affinity of ca. 20%, equivalent to that of Tam-Az. It also undergoes rapid and selective time-dependent, irreversible binding to the estrogen receptor. [125I]I-Tam-Az reacts covalently with estrogen receptor in uterine cytosol preparations; its attachment is rapid and efficient, but somewhat less selective than that of Tam-Az. Estrogen receptor in intact MCF-7 human breast cancer cells can also be labeled with [125I]I-Tam-Az, and autoradiographic analysis of salt extracts of labeled nuclear estrogen receptor on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels shows highly selective labeling of a 65K protein. [125I]I-Tam-Az is an efficient, selective affinity label for the estrogen receptor, available at high specific activity, and should be useful in studies on estrogen receptor structure, dynamics, and chromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Salituro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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48
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Holladay MW, Salituro FG, Schmidt PG, Rich DH. Pepsin-catalysed addition of water to a ketomethylene peptide isostere: observation of the tetrahedral species by 13C-nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. Biochem Soc Trans 1985; 13:1046-8. [PMID: 3937753 DOI: 10.1042/bst0131046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Rich DH, Bernatowicz MS, Agarwal NS, Kawai M, Salituro FG, Schmidt PG. Inhibition of aspartic proteases by pepstatin and 3-methylstatine derivatives of pepstatin. Evidence for collected-substrate enzyme inhibition. Biochemistry 1985; 24:3165-73. [PMID: 3927973 DOI: 10.1021/bi00334a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 10 analogues of pepstatin modified so that statine is replaced by 4-amino-3-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylheptanoic acid (Me3Sta) or 4-amino-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-phenylpentanoic acid (Me3AHPPA) residues is reported. Both the 3S,4S and 3R,4S diastereomers of each analogue were tested as inhibitors of the aspartic proteases, porcine pepsin, cathepsin D, and penicillopepsin. In all cases the 3R,4S diastereomer (rather than the 3S,4S diastereomer) of the Me3Sta and Me3AHPPA derivatives was found to be the more potent inhibitor of the aspartic protease (Ki = 1.5-10 nM for the best inhibitors), in contrast to the results obtained with statine (Sta) or AHPPA derivatives, where the 3S,4S diastereomer is the more potent inhibitor for each diastereomeric pair of analogues. The Me3Sta- and Me3AHPPA-containing analogues are only about 10-fold less potent than the corresponding statine and AHPPA analogues and 100-1000-fold more potent than the corresponding inhibitors lacking the C-3 hydroxyl group. Difference NMR spectroscopy indicates that the (3R,4S)-Me3Sta derivative induces conformational changes in porcine pepsin comparable to those induced by the binding of pepstatin and that the (3S,4S)-Me3Sta derivatives do not induce the difference NMR spectrum. These results require that the C-3 methylated analogues of statine-containing peptides must inhibit enzymes by a different mechanism than the corresponding statine peptides. It is proposed that pepstatin and (3S)-statine-containing peptides inhibit aspartic proteases by a collected-substrate inhibition mechanism. The enzyme-inhibitor complex is stabilized, relative to pepstatin analogues lacking the C-3 hydroxyl groups, by the favorable entropy derived when enzyme-bound water is returned to bulk solvent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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50
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Schmidt PG, Holladay MW, Salituro FG, Rich DH. Identification of oxygen nucleophiles in tetrahedral intermediates: 2H and 18O induced isotope shifts in 13C NMR spectra of pepsin-bound peptide ketone pseudosubstrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 129:597-602. [PMID: 3925948 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)90193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic ketone peptide analogue of pepstatin, isovaleryl-L-valyl-[3-13C]-(3-oxo-4S)-amino-6-methylheptanoyl-L-al anyl-isoamylamide is a strong inhibitor of aspartyl proteases. When the peptide is added to porcine pepsin in H2O at pH 5.1, the 13C NMR chemical shift of the ketone carbon moves from 208 ppm for the inhibitor in solution to 99.07 ppm when bound to the enzyme active site. In 2H2O the bound shift is 98.71 ppm, 0.36 ppm upfield. For the analogous experiment contrasting H216O and H218O, the 13C chemical shift was 0.05 ppm to higher field for the heavier isotope. These data show that water, and not an enzyme nucleophile, adds to the peptide carbonyl to yield a tetrahedral diol adduct in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, and provide a method for differentiating between covalent and non-covalent mechanisms.
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