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Ren Y, Weeks J, Xue T, Rainbolt J, de Mesy Bentley KL, Shu Y, Liu Y, Masters E, Cherian P, McKenna CE, Neighbors J, Ebetino FH, Schwarz EM, Sun S, Xie C. Evidence of bisphosphonate-conjugated sitafloxacin eradication of established methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection with osseointegration in murine models of implant-associated osteomyelitis. Bone Res 2023; 11:51. [PMID: 37848449 PMCID: PMC10582111 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of MRSA osteomyelitis requires elimination of distinct biofilms. To overcome this, we developed bisphosphonate-conjugated sitafloxacin (BCS, BV600072) and hydroxybisphosphonate-conjugate sitafloxacin (HBCS, BV63072), which achieve "target-and-release" drug delivery proximal to the bone infection and have prophylactic efficacy against MRSA static biofilm in vitro and in vivo. Here we evaluated their therapeutic efficacy in a murine 1-stage exchange femoral plate model with bioluminescent MRSA (USA300LAC::lux). Osteomyelitis was confirmed by CFU on the explants and longitudinal bioluminescent imaging (BLI) after debridement and implant exchange surgery on day 7, and mice were randomized into seven groups: 1) Baseline (harvested at day 7, no treatment); 2) HPBP (bisphosphonate control for BCS) + vancomycin; 3) HPHBP (hydroxybisphosphonate control for HBCS) + vancomycin; 4) vancomycin; 5) sitafloxacin; 6) BCS + vancomycin; and 7) HBCS + vancomycin. BLI confirmed infection persisted in all groups except for mice treated with BCS or HBCS + vancomycin. Radiology revealed catastrophic femur fractures in all groups except mice treated with BCS or HBCS + vancomycin, which also displayed decreases in peri-implant bone loss, osteoclast numbers, and biofilm. To confirm this, we assessed the efficacy of vancomycin, sitafloxacin, and HBCS monotherapy in a transtibial implant model. The results showed complete lack of vancomycin efficacy while all mice treated with HBCS had evidence of infection control, and some had evidence of osseous integrated septic implants, suggestive of biofilm eradication. Taken together these studies demonstrate that HBCS adjuvant with standard of care debridement and vancomycin therapy has the potential to eradicate MRSA osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Ren
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jason Weeks
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Thomas Xue
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Joshua Rainbolt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Karen L de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology and Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ye Shu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Elysia Masters
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | | | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jeffrey Neighbors
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- BioVinc, LLC, Pasadena, CA, 91107, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | | | - Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Sedghizadeh PP, Cherian P, Roshandel S, Tjokro N, Chen C, Junka AF, Hu E, Neighbors J, Pawlak J, Russell RGG, McKenna CE, Ebetino FH, Sun S, Sodagar E. Real-Time Impedance-Based Monitoring of the Growth and Inhibition of Osteomyelitis Biofilm Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus Treated with Novel Bisphosphonate-Fluoroquinolone Antimicrobial Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031985. [PMID: 36768310 PMCID: PMC9915994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a limb- and life-threatening orthopedic infection predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Bone infections are extremely challenging to treat clinically. Therefore, we have been designing, synthesizing, and testing novel antibiotic conjugates to target bone infections. This class of conjugates comprises bone-binding bisphosphonates as biochemical vectors for the delivery of antibiotic agents to bone minerals (hydroxyapatite). In the present study, we utilized a real-time impedance-based assay to study the growth of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms over time and to test the antimicrobial efficacy of our novel conjugates on the inhibition of biofilm growth in the presence and absence of hydroxyapatite. We tested early and newer generation quinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sitafloxacin, and nemonoxacin) and several bisphosphonate-conjugated versions of these antibiotics (bisphosphonate-carbamate-sitafloxacin (BCS), bisphosphonate-carbamate-nemonoxacin (BCN), etidronate-carbamate-ciprofloxacin (ECC), and etidronate-carbamate-moxifloxacin (ECX)) and found that they were able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in a dose-dependent manner. Among the conjugates, the greatest antimicrobial efficacy was observed for BCN with an MIC of 1.48 µg/mL. The conjugates demonstrated varying antimicrobial activity depending on the specific antibiotic used for conjugation, the type of bisphosphonate moiety, the chemical conjugation scheme, and the presence or absence of hydroxyapatite. The conjugates designed and tested in this study retained the bone-binding properties of the parent bisphosphonate moiety as confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography. They also retained the antimicrobial activity of the parent antibiotic in the presence or absence of hydroxyapatite, albeit at lower levels due to the nature of their chemical modification. These findings will aid in the optimization and testing of this novel class of drugs for future applications to pharmacotherapy in osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parish P. Sedghizadeh
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | | | | | - Natalia Tjokro
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Adam F. Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eric Hu
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - Jeffrey Neighbors
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jacek Pawlak
- Medical Department, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. Graham G. Russell
- The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Charles E. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | | | - Shuting Sun
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (E.S.); Tel.: +1-(213)-249-3116 (S.S.); +1-(213)-740-5184 (E.S.)
| | - Esmat Sodagar
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (E.S.); Tel.: +1-(213)-249-3116 (S.S.); +1-(213)-740-5184 (E.S.)
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Suri A, Venkatesan S, Sasaki T, Ishi Y, Watanabe J, Abe K, Ebetino FH, Frontier AJ, Hashizume R. EXTH-08. DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL HISTONE DEMETHYLASE INHIBITOR AGAINST DIPG. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9661029 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac209.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is one of most the devastating pediatric brain tumors, and virtually all patients die within two years after diagnosis. It has been shown that targeted inhibition of JMJD3 demethylase activity by GSK-J4 results in restored K27 methylation and a significant delay of tumor progression and prolonged animal survival in intracranial DIPG patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Because of its promising anti-tumor activities, GSK-J4 has been used to treat many kinds of tumors in preclinical models including leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, prostate, and gastric cancer, and DIPG; however, GSK-J4 is not yet in clinical development. The major challenge for GSK-J4 in clinical development is that GSK-J4 is a prodrug and is rapidly converted in vivo to the active drug GSK-J1, which has restricted cellular and brain permeability. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that development of a stable GSK- J1 analog that offers good cellular and brain transport is essential to improving in vivo efficacy and is required for clinical application of this class of compounds.
METHODS
We developed a novel alcohol derivative of GSK-J1, UR-8, as a lead anti-cancer agent through our screening and drug development activities.
RESULTS
UR-8 has demonstrated selective cytotoxic activity against human K27M DIPG cells in vitro and apparently transported the brain to a useful extent based on its in vivo bio-distribution and effectiveness.
CONCLUSION
UR-8 showed greater anti-tumor activity and survival benefit than that obtained by GSK-J4 treatment in intracranial DIPG PDX models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreena Suri
- Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cells Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , USA
| | | | - Takahiro Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama , Japan
| | - Yukitomo Ishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineOncology and Stem Cells Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , USA
| | - Jun Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , USA
| | - Kouki Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester , New York , USA
| | | | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , USA
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4
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Okawa H, Kondo T, Hokugo A, Cherian P, Campagna JJ, Lentini NA, Sung EC, Chiang S, Lin YL, Ebetino FH, John V, Sun S, McKenna CE, Nishimura I. Mechanism of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) revealed by targeted removal of legacy bisphosphonate from jawbone using competing inert hydroxymethylene diphosphonate. eLife 2022; 11:e76207. [PMID: 36017995 PMCID: PMC9489207 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) presents as a morbid jawbone lesion in patients exposed to a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (N-BP). Although it is rare, BRONJ has caused apprehension among patients and healthcare providers and decreased acceptance of this antiresorptive drug class to treat osteoporosis and metastatic osteolysis. We report here a novel method to elucidate the pathological mechanism of BRONJ by the selective removal of legacy N-BP from the jawbone using an intra-oral application of hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) formulated in liposome-based deformable nanoscale vesicles (DNV). After maxillary tooth extraction, zoledronate-treated mice developed delayed gingival wound closure, delayed tooth extraction socket healing and increased jawbone osteonecrosis consistent with human BRONJ lesions. Single cell RNA sequencing of mouse gingival cells revealed oral barrier immune dysregulation and unresolved proinflammatory reaction. HMDP-DNV topical applications to nascent mouse BRONJ lesions resulted in accelerated gingival wound closure and bone socket healing as well as attenuation of osteonecrosis development. The gingival single cell RNA sequencing demonstrated resolution of chronic inflammation by increased anti-inflammatory signature gene expression of lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. This study suggests that BRONJ pathology is related to N-BP levels in jawbones and demonstrates the potential of HMDP-DNV as an effective BRONJ therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Okawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
- Division of Molecular & Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of DentistrySendaiJapan
| | - Takeru Kondo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
- Division of Molecular & Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of DentistrySendaiJapan
| | - Akishige Hokugo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - Jesus J Campagna
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nicholas A Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Eric C Sung
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Samantha Chiang
- Division of Oral & Systemic Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Section of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - Varghese John
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shuting Sun
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
- BioVinc, LLCPasadenaUnited States
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
- Division of Oral & Systemic Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of DentistryLos AngelesUnited States
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Ren Y, Xue T, Rainbolt J, Bentley KLDM, Galloway CA, Liu Y, Cherian P, Neighbors J, Hofstee MI, Ebetino FH, Moriarty TF, Sun S, Schwarz EM, Xie C. Efficacy of Bisphosphonate-Conjugated Sitafloxacin in a Murine Model of S. aureus Osteomyelitis: Evidence of "Target & Release" Kinetics and Killing of Bacteria Within Canaliculi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:910970. [PMID: 35811672 PMCID: PMC9263620 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.910970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S. aureus infection of bone is difficult to eradicate due to its ability to colonize the osteocyte-lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN), rendering it resistant to standard-of-care (SOC) antibiotics. To overcome this, we proposed two bone-targeted bisphosphonate-conjugated antibiotics (BCA): bisphosphonate-conjugated sitafloxacin (BCS) and hydroxybisphosphonate-conjugate sitafloxacin (HBCS). Initial studies demonstrated that the BCA kills S. aureus in vitro. Here we demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of BCS and HBCS versus bisphosphonate, sitafloxacin, and vancomycin in mice with implant-associated osteomyelitis. Longitudinal bioluminescent imaging (BLI) confirmed the hypothesized "target and release"-type kinetics of BCS and HBCS. Micro-CT of the infected tibiae demonstrated that HBCS significantly inhibited peri-implant osteolysis versus placebo and free sitafloxacin (p < 0.05), which was not seen with the corresponding non-antibiotic-conjugated bisphosphonate control. TRAP-stained histology confirmed that HBCS significantly reduced peri-implant osteoclast numbers versus placebo and free sitafloxacin controls (p < 0.05). To confirm S. aureus killing, we compared the morphology of S. aureus autolysis within in vitro biofilm and infected tibiae via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Live bacteria in vitro and in vivo presented as dense cocci ~1 μm in diameter. In vitro evidence of autolysis presented remnant cell walls of dead bacteria or "ghosts" and degenerating (non-dense) bacteria. These features of autolyzed bacteria were also present among the colonizing S. aureus within OLCN of infected tibiae from placebo-, vancomycin-, and sitafloxacin-treated mice, similar to placebo. However, most of the bacteria within OLCN of infected tibiae from BCA-treated mice were less dense and contained small vacuoles and holes >100 nm. Histomorphometry of the bacteria within the OLCN demonstrated that BCA significantly increased their diameter versus placebo and free antibiotic controls (p < 0.05). As these abnormal features are consistent with antibiotic-induced vacuolization, bacterial swelling, and necrotic phenotype, we interpret these findings to be the initial evidence of BCA-induced killing of S. aureus within the OLCN of infected bone. Collectively, these results support the bone targeting strategy of BCA to overcome the biodistribution limits of SOC antibiotics and warrant future studies to confirm the novel TEM phenotypes of bacteria within OLCN of S. aureus-infected bone of animals treated with BCS and HBCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Ren
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Xue
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Joshua Rainbolt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Karen L. de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Chad A. Galloway
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Advanced Research Technologies, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuting Liu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey Neighbors
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Frank H. Ebetino
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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6
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Tao J, Srinivasan V, Yi X, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Lin X, Zhou X, Boyce BF, Villalta PW, Ebetino FH, Ho KK, Boeckman RK, Xing L. Bone-Targeted Bortezomib Inhibits Bortezomib-Resistant Multiple Myeloma in Mice by Providing Higher Levels of Bortezomib in Bone. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:629-642. [PMID: 34970782 PMCID: PMC9018514 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Limited treatment options exist for cancer within the bone, as demonstrated by the inevitable, pernicious course of metastatic and blood cancers. The difficulty of eliminating bone-residing cancer, especially drug-resistant cancer, necessitates novel, alternative treatments to manipulate tumor cells and their microenvironment, with minimal off-target effects. To this end, bone-targeted conjugate (BP-Btz) was generated by linking bortezomib (Btz, an anticancer, bone-stimulatory drug) to a bisphosphonate (BP, a targeting ligand) through a cleavable linker that enables spatiotemporally controlled delivery of Btz to bone under acidic conditions for treating multiple myeloma (MM). Three conjugates with different linkers were developed and screened for best efficacy in mouse model of MM. Results demonstrated that the lead candidate BP-Btz with optimal linker could overcome Btz resistance, reduced tumor burden, bone destruction, or tumor metastasis more effectively than BP or free Btz without thrombocytopenia and neurotoxicity in mice bearing myeloma. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies showed that BP-Btz bound to bone matrix, released Btz in acidic conditions, and had a higher local concentration and longer half-life than Btz in bone. Our findings suggest the potential of bone-targeted Btz conjugate as an efficacious Btz-resistant MM treatment mechanism. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Tao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xiangjiao Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hengwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xichao Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,BioVinc, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Koc Kan Ho
- Ionova Life Science Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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7
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Delgado-Calle J, McAndrews K, Wu G, Orr AL, Ferrari A, Tu X, Srinivasan V, Roodman GD, Ebetino FH, Boeckman RK, Bellido T. The Notch pathway regulates the bone gain induced by PTH anabolic signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22196. [PMID: 35137455 PMCID: PMC8855690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101807r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling downstream of the PTH 1 receptor (Pth1r) results in both bone anabolic and catabolic actions by mechanisms not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that Pth1r signaling upregulates the expression of several components of the Notch pathway and that Notch signals contribute to the catabolic actions of PTH in bone. We found that constitutive genetic activation of PTH receptor signaling in osteocytes (caPth1rOt ) or treatment with PTH daily increased the expression of several Notch ligands/receptors in bone. In contrast, sustained elevation of endogenous PTH did not change Notch components expression. Deletion of the PTH receptor or sclerostin overexpression in osteocytes abolished Notch increases by PTH. Further, deleting the canonical Notch transcription factor Rbpjk in osteocytes decreased bone mass and increased resorption and Rankl expression in caPth1rOt mice. Moreover, pharmacological bone-targeted Notch inhibition potentiated the bone mass gain induced by intermittent PTH by reducing bone resorption and preserving bone formation. Thus, Notch activation lies downstream of anabolic signaling driven by PTH actions in osteocytes, and Notch pharmacological inhibition maximizes the bone anabolic effects of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,Corresponding authors’ information: Jesus Delgado-Calle, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1-501-686-7668, ; Teresita Bellido, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1 (501) 686-5442,
| | - Kevin McAndrews
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gerald Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ashley L. Orr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Adam Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xiaolin Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | | | - G. David Roodman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Frank H. Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA,Biovinc, LLC, Pasadena, CA, 91107, USA
| | - Robert K. Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, USA,Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA,Corresponding authors’ information: Jesus Delgado-Calle, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1-501-686-7668, ; Teresita Bellido, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, Office: +1 (501) 686-5442,
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8
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Ebetino FH, Sun S, Cherian P, Roshandel S, Neighbors JD, Hu E, Dunford JE, Sedghizadeh PP, McKenna CE, Srinivasan V, Boeckman RK, Russell RGG. Bisphosphonates: The role of chemistry in understanding their biological actions and structure-activity relationships, and new directions for their therapeutic use. Bone 2022; 156:116289. [PMID: 34896359 PMCID: PMC11023620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bisphosphonates ((HO)2P(O)CR1R2P(O)(OH)2, BPs) were first shown to inhibit bone resorption in the 1960s, but it was not until 30 years later that a detailed molecular understanding of the relationship between their varied chemical structures and biological activity was elucidated. In the 1990s and 2000s, several potent bisphosphonates containing nitrogen in their R2 side chains (N-BPs) were approved for clinical use including alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate. These are now mostly generic drugs and remain the leading therapies for several major bone-related diseases, including osteoporosis and skeletal-related events associated with bone metastases. The early development of chemistry in this area was largely empirical and only a few common structural features related to strong binding to calcium phosphate were clear. Attempts to further develop structure-activity relationships to explain more dramatic pharmacological differences in vivo at first appeared inconclusive, and evidence for mechanisms underlying cellular effects on osteoclasts and macrophages only emerged after many years of research. The breakthrough came when the intracellular actions on the osteoclast were first shown for the simpler bisphosphonates, via the in vivo formation of P-C-P derivatives of ATP. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a large number of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates in the 1980s and 1990s led to the key discovery that the antiresorptive effects of these more complex analogs on osteoclasts result mostly from their potency as inhibitors of the enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS/FPPS). This key branch-point enzyme in the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis is important for the generation of isoprenoid lipids that are utilized for the post-translational modification of small GTP-binding proteins essential for osteoclast function. Since then, it has become even more clear that the overall pharmacological effects of individual bisphosphonates on bone depend upon two key properties: the affinity for bone mineral and inhibitory effects on biochemical targets within bone cells, in particular FDPS. Detailed enzyme-ligand crystal structure analysis began in the early 2000s and advances in our understanding of the structure-activity relationships, based on interactions with this target within the mevalonate pathway and related enzymes in osteoclasts and other cells have continued to be the focus of research efforts to this day. In addition, while many members of the bisphosphonate drug class share common properties, now it is more clear that chemical modifications to create variations in these properties may allow customization of BPs for different uses. Thus, as the appreciation for new potential opportunities with this drug class grows, new chemistry to allow ready access to an ever-widening variety of bisphosphonates continues to be developed. Potential new uses of the calcium phosphate binding mechanism of bisphosphonates for the targeting of other drugs to the skeleton, and effects discovered on other cellular targets, even at non-skeletal sites, continue to intrigue scientists in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Ebetino
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA; Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Shuting Sun
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Philip Cherian
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Hu
- BioVinc LLC, 2265 E. Foothill Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - James E Dunford
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Parish P Sedghizadeh
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14617, USA
| | - R Graham G Russell
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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9
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Munoz MA, Fletcher EK, Skinner OP, Jurczyluk J, Kristianto E, Hodson MP, Sun S, Ebetino FH, Croucher DR, Hansbro PM, Center JR, Rogers MJ. Bisphosphonate drugs have actions in the lung and inhibit the mevalonate pathway in alveolar macrophages. eLife 2021; 10:e72430. [PMID: 34967731 PMCID: PMC8718110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates drugs target the skeleton and are used globally for the treatment of common bone disorders. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates act by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway in bone-resorbing osteoclasts but, surprisingly, also appear to reduce the risk of death from pneumonia. We overturn the long-held belief that these drugs act only in the skeleton and show that a fluorescently labelled bisphosphonate is internalised by alveolar macrophages and large peritoneal macrophages in vivo. Furthermore, a single dose of a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid) in mice was sufficient to inhibit the mevalonate pathway in tissue-resident macrophages, causing the build-up of a mevalonate metabolite and preventing protein prenylation. Importantly, one dose of bisphosphonate enhanced the immune response to bacterial endotoxin in the lung and increased the level of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar fluid. These studies suggest that bisphosphonates, as well as preventing bone loss, may boost immune responses to infection in the lung and provide a mechanistic basis to fully examine the potential of bisphosphonates to help combat respiratory infections that cause pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia A Munoz
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Emma K Fletcher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Oliver P Skinner
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Julie Jurczyluk
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Esther Kristianto
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Innovation CentreSydneyAustralia
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Innovation CentreSydneyAustralia
- School of Pharmacy, University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaAustralia
| | - Shuting Sun
- BioVincPasadenaUnited States
- University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - David R Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW SydneySydneyAustralia
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10
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Sabol HM, Ferrari AJ, Adhikari M, Amorim T, McAndrews K, Anderson J, Vigolo M, Lehal R, Cregor M, Khan S, Cuevas PL, Helms JA, Kurihara N, Srinivasan V, Ebetino FH, Boeckman RK, Roodman GD, Bellido T, Delgado-Calle J. Targeting Notch inhibitors to the myeloma bone marrow niche decreases tumor growth and bone destruction without gut toxicity. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5102-5114. [PMID: 34348968 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of Notch with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI) decreases multiple myeloma (MM) tumor growth, but the clinical use of GSI is limited due to its severe gastrointestinal toxicity. In this study, we generated a GSI Notch inhibitor specifically directed to the bone (BT-GSI). BT-GSI administration decreased Notch target gene expression in the bone marrow, but it did not alter Notch signaling in intestinal tissue or induce gut toxicity. In mice with established human or murine MM, treatment with BT-GSI decreased tumor burden and prevented the progression of MM-induced osteolytic disease by inhibiting bone resorption more effectively than unconjugated GSI at equimolar doses. These findings show that BT-GSI has dual anti-myeloma and anti-restorative properties, supporting the therapeutic approach of bone-targeted Notch inhibition for the treatment of MM and associated bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley M Sabol
- Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Adam J Ferrari
- Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Manish Adhikari
- Phyiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Tânia Amorim
- Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | | | - Judith Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University Bloomington
| | | | | | - Meloney Cregor
- Phyiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Sharmin Khan
- Phyiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Pedro L Cuevas
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Jill A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teresita Bellido
- Phyiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
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11
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Coffman AA, Basta-Pljakic J, Guerra RM, Ebetino FH, Lundy MW, Majeska RJ, Schaffler MB. Reply to: A Bisphosphonate With a Low Hydroxyapatite Binding Affinity Prevents Bone Loss in Mice After Ovariectomy and Reverses Rapidly With Treatment Cessation. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10492. [PMID: 34258501 PMCID: PMC8260813 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa M Guerra
- Biomedical Engineering City College of New York New York NY USA
| | | | - Mark W Lundy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
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12
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Sedghizadeh PP, Sun S, Jones AC, Sodagar E, Cherian P, Chen C, Junka AF, Neighbors JD, McKenna CE, Russell RGG, Ebetino FH. Bisphosphonates in dentistry: Historical perspectives, adverse effects, and novel applications. Bone 2021; 147:115933. [PMID: 33757899 PMCID: PMC8076070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the potential role of bisphosphonates in dentistry date back to physical chemical research in the 1960s, and the genesis of the discovery of bisphosphonate pharmacology in part can be linked to some of this work. Since that time, parallel research on the effects of bisphosphonates on bone metabolism continued, while efforts in the dental field included studies of bisphosphonate effects on dental calculus, caries, and alveolar bone loss. While some utility of this drug class in the dental field was identified, leading to their experimental use in various dentrifice formulations and in some dental applications clinically, adverse effects of bisphosphonates in the jaws have also received attention. Most recently, certain bisphosphonates, particularly those with strong bone targeting properties, but limited biochemical effects (low potency bisphosphonates), are being studied as a local remedy for the concerns of adverse effects associated with other more potent members of this drug class. Additionally, low potency bisphosphonate analogs are under study as vectors to target active drugs to the mineral surfaces of the jawbones. These latter efforts have been devised for the prevention and treatment of oral problems, such as infections associated with oral surgery and implants. Advances in the utility and mechanistic understanding of the bisphosphonate class may enable additional oral therapeutic options for the management of multiple aspects of dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parish P Sedghizadeh
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | - Shuting Sun
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Allan C Jones
- General Dental Practice; Torrance, California, United States
| | - Esmat Sodagar
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Philip Cherian
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Adam F Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Research Centre EIT, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, California, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - R Graham G Russell
- The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- BioVinc LLC, Pasadena, California, United States of America.
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13
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Sun S, Tao J, Sedghizadeh PP, Cherian P, Junka AF, Sodagar E, Xing L, Boeckman RK, Srinivasan V, Yao Z, Boyce BF, Lipe B, Neighbors JD, Russell RGG, McKenna CE, Ebetino FH. Bisphosphonates for delivering drugs to bone. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2008-2025. [PMID: 32876338 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the design of potential bone-selective drugs for the treatment of various bone-related diseases are creating exciting new directions for multiple unmet medical needs. For bone-related cancers, off-target/non-bone toxicities with current drugs represent a significant barrier to the quality of life of affected patients. For bone infections and osteomyelitis, bacterial biofilms on infected bones limit the efficacy of antibiotics because it is hard to access the bacteria with current approaches. Promising new experimental approaches to therapy, based on bone-targeting of drugs, have been used in animal models of these conditions and demonstrate improved efficacy and safety. The success of these drug-design strategies bodes well for the development of therapies with improved efficacy for the treatment of diseases affecting the skeleton. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The molecular pharmacology of bone and cancer-related bone diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.9/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Parish P Sedghizadeh
- Center for Biofilms, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam F Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Research Centre EIT, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Esmat Sodagar
- Center for Biofilms, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhenqiang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brea Lipe
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- BioVinc, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - R Graham G Russell
- The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- BioVinc, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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14
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McDonald MM, Khoo WH, Ng PY, Xiao Y, Zamerli J, Thatcher P, Kyaw W, Pathmanandavel K, Grootveld AK, Moran I, Butt D, Nguyen A, Corr A, Warren S, Biro M, Butterfield NC, Guilfoyle SE, Komla-Ebri D, Dack MR, Dewhurst HF, Logan JG, Li Y, Mohanty ST, Byrne N, Terry RL, Simic MK, Chai R, Quinn JM, Youlten SE, Pettitt JA, Abi-Hanna D, Jain R, Weninger W, Lundberg M, Sun S, Ebetino FH, Timpson P, Lee WM, Baldock PA, Rogers MJ, Brink R, Williams GR, Bassett JD, Kemp JP, Pavlos NJ, Croucher PI, Phan TG. Osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs during RANKL-stimulated bone resorption. Cell 2021; 184:1940. [PMID: 33798441 PMCID: PMC8024244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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McDonald MM, Khoo WH, Ng PY, Xiao Y, Zamerli J, Thatcher P, Kyaw W, Pathmanandavel K, Grootveld AK, Moran I, Butt D, Nguyen A, Corr A, Warren S, Biro M, Butterfield NC, Guilfoyle SE, Komla-Ebri D, Dack MRG, Dewhurst HF, Logan JG, Li Y, Mohanty ST, Byrne N, Terry RL, Simic MK, Chai R, Quinn JMW, Youlten SE, Pettitt JA, Abi-Hanna D, Jain R, Weninger W, Lundberg M, Sun S, Ebetino FH, Timpson P, Lee WM, Baldock PA, Rogers MJ, Brink R, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Kemp JP, Pavlos NJ, Croucher PI, Phan TG. Osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs during RANKL-stimulated bone resorption. Cell 2021; 184:1330-1347.e13. [PMID: 33636130 PMCID: PMC7938889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are large multinucleated bone-resorbing cells formed by the fusion of monocyte/macrophage-derived precursors that are thought to undergo apoptosis once resorption is complete. Here, by intravital imaging, we reveal that RANKL-stimulated osteoclasts have an alternative cell fate in which they fission into daughter cells called osteomorphs. Inhibiting RANKL blocked this cellular recycling and resulted in osteomorph accumulation. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that osteomorphs are transcriptionally distinct from osteoclasts and macrophages and express a number of non-canonical osteoclast genes that are associated with structural and functional bone phenotypes when deleted in mice. Furthermore, genetic variation in human orthologs of osteomorph genes causes monogenic skeletal disorders and associates with bone mineral density, a polygenetic skeletal trait. Thus, osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs, a cell type involved in the regulation of bone resorption that may be targeted for the treatment of skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M McDonald
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Ng
- Bone Biology & Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ya Xiao
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jad Zamerli
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Thatcher
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wunna Kyaw
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Abigail K Grootveld
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Imogen Moran
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danyal Butt
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Corr
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Warren
- Cancer, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siobhan E Guilfoyle
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R G Dack
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah F Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yongxiao Li
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Niall Byrne
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael L Terry
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marija K Simic
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Chai
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica A Pettitt
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Abi-Hanna
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mischa Lundberg
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Transformational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woei Ming Lee
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nathan J Pavlos
- Bone Biology & Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Coffman AA, Basta-Pljakic J, Guerra RM, Ebetino FH, Lundy MW, Majeska RJ, Schaffler MB. A Bisphosphonate With a Low Hydroxyapatite Binding Affinity Prevents Bone Loss in Mice After Ovariectomy and Reverses Rapidly With Treatment Cessation. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10476. [PMID: 33869992 PMCID: PMC8046044 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a mainstay of osteoporosis treatment; however, concerns about bone health based on oversuppression of remodeling remain. Long‐term bone remodeling suppression adversely affects bone material properties with microdamage accumulation and reduced fracture toughness in animals and increases in matrix mineralization and atypical femur fractures in patients. Although a “drug holiday” from BPs to restore remodeling and improve bone quality seems reasonable, clinical BPs have long functional half‐lives because of their high hydroxyapatite (HAP) binding affinities. This places a practical limit on the reversibility and effectiveness of a drug holiday. BPs with low HAP affinity and strong osteoclast inhibition potentially offer an alternative approach; their antiresorptive effect should reverse rapidly when dosing is discontinued. This study tested this concept using NE‐58025, a BP with low HAP affinity and moderate osteoclast inhibition potential. Young adult female C57Bl/6 mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with NE‐58025, risedronate, or PBS vehicle for 3 months to test effectiveness in preventing long‐term bone loss. Bone microarchitecture, histomorphometry, and whole‐bone mechanical properties were assessed. To test reversibility, OVX mice were similarly treated for 3 months, treatment was stopped, and bone was assessed up to 3 months post‐treatment. NE‐58025 and RIS inhibited long‐term OVX‐induced bone loss, but NE‐58025 antiresorptive effects were more pronounced. Withdrawing NE‐58025 treatment led to the rapid onset of trabecular resorption with a 200% increase in osteoclast surface and bone loss within 1 month. Cessation of risedronate treatment did not lead to increases in resorption indices or bone loss. These results show that NE‐58025 prevents OVX‐induced bone loss, and its effects reverse quickly following cessation treatment in vivo. Low‐HAP affinity BPs may have use as reversible, antiresorptive agents with a rapid on/off profile, which may be useful for maintaining bone health with long‐term BP treatment. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Coffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Jelena Basta-Pljakic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Rosa M Guerra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester NY USA.,BioVinc, LLC Pasadena CA USA
| | - Mark W Lundy
- BioVinc, LLC Pasadena CA USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Robert J Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Mitchell B Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
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17
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Suva LJ, Cooper A, Watts AE, Ebetino FH, Price J, Gaddy D. Bisphosphonates in veterinary medicine: The new horizon for use. Bone 2021; 142:115711. [PMID: 33141069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are characterized by their ability to bind strongly to bone mineral and inhibit bone resorption. However, BPs exert a wide range of pharmacological activities beyond the inhibition of bone resorption, including the inhibition of cancer cell metastases and angiogenesis and the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity, altered cytokine and growth factor expression, as well as reductions in parameters of pain have also been reported. In humans, clinical BP use has transformed the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, rare bone diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta, as well as multiple myeloma and metastatic breast and prostate cancer, albeit not without infrequent but significant adverse events. Despite the well-characterized health benefits of BP use in humans, the evidence-base for the therapeutic efficacy of BPs in veterinary medicine is, by comparison, limited. Notwithstanding, BPs are used widely in small animal veterinary practice for the medical management of hyperparathyroidism, idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats, as well as for the palliative care of bone tumors which are common in dogs, and in particular, primary bone tumors such as osteosarcoma. Palliative BP treatment has also recently increased in veterinary oncology to alleviate tumor-associated bone pain. In equine veterinary practice, non-nitrogen-containing BPs are FDA-approved to control clinical signs associated with navicular syndrome in adult horses. However, there are growing concerns regarding the off-label use of BPs in juvenile horses. Here we discuss the current understanding of the strengths, weaknesses and current controversies surrounding BP use in veterinary medicine to highlight the future utility of these potentially beneficial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Alexis Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; BioVinc, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Price
- Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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18
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Xing L, Ebetino FH, Boeckman RK, Srinivasan V, Tao J, Sawyer TK, Li J, Yao Z, Boyce BF. Targeting anti-cancer agents to bone using bisphosphonates. Bone 2020; 138:115492. [PMID: 32585321 PMCID: PMC8485333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton is affected by numerous primary and metastatic solid and hematopoietic malignant tumors, which can cause localized sites of osteolysis or osteosclerosis that can weaken bones and increase the risk of fractures in affected patients. Chemotherapeutic drugs can eliminate some tumors in bones or reduce their volume and skeletal-related events, but adverse effects on non-target organs can significantly limit the amount of drug that can be administered to patients. In these circumstances, it may be impossible to deliver therapeutic drug concentrations to tumor sites in bones. One attractive mechanism to approach this challenge is to conjugate drugs to bisphosphonates, which can target them to bone where they can be released at diseased sites. Multiple attempts have been made to do this since the 1990s with limited degrees of success. Here, we review the results of pre-clinical and clinical studies made to target FDA-approved drugs and other antineoplastic small molecules to bone to treat diseases affecting the skeleton, including osteoporosis, metastatic bone disease, multiple myeloma and osteosarcoma. Results to date are encouraging and indicate that drug efficacy can be increased and side effects reduced using these approaches. Despite these successes, challenges remain: no drugs have gone beyond small phase 2 clinical trials, and major pharmaceutical companies have shown little interest in the approach to repurpose any of their drugs or to embrace the technology. Nevertheless, interest shown by smaller biotechnology companies in the technology suggests that bone-targeting of drugs with bisphosphonates has a viable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; BioVinc, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - Jinbo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Zhenqiang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Herein we review the discovery, development, commercial history and legacy of risedronate or NE-58095, a potent N-containing bisphosphonate developed by scientists at the Cincinnati Miami Valley Laboratories and the Norwich Eaton Laboratories of Procter and Gamble. It is characterized by a hydroxyl substituent (R1) and a pyridyl-methylene substituent (R2) at the carbon bridging two phosphonate moieties. It was shown to have greater potency than alendronate in cell-based systems while binding affinity to bone matrix was lower than alendronate, accounting for the relatively rapid offset of bone turnover inhibition when therapy is discontinued. Risedronate was shown to significantly reduce serum alkaline phosphatase and clinical features in patients with Paget's disease and was approved for this indication, at a dose of 30 mg daily for 2 months, in 1998. Formal dose response testing for treatment of osteoporosis was not performed. In large Phase 3 studies, 5 mg risedronate daily increased bone mineral density more than did the 2.5 mg dose. As a result, the 2.5 mg dose was dropped from most of the Phase 3 studies after 12 months. The 5 mg daily dose was approved for treating and preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in 2000. The drug was subsequently approved for treating men with osteoporosis. Following the leads of other companies, weekly and monthly preparations were developed and approved, based on non-inferiority BMD studies vs the 5 mg daily oral dose as was a unique dosing regimen of 75 mg given on 2 consecutive days each month. Finally, to overcome the effect of food on limiting the already poor gastrointestinal absorption of the drug, a once-weekly oral preparation containing the chelating agent EDTA and with an enteric coating delaying dissolution until the tablet was in the small intestine was approved in 2010 to be administered after breakfast. The Alliance for Better Bone Health, a collaboration between Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals and sanofi-aventis U.S. was formed to market risedronate as Actonel® and, subsequently, Actonel-EC® or Atelvia®. These drugs are still marketed by sanofi-aventis in some countries. The sale of the pharmaceutical division of Procter & Gamble to Warner Chilcott (US) was based, in large part, on the perceived value and marketability of the risedronate drugs. When marketing targets of Warner-Chilcott were not met, the rights of risedronate were sold to Allergan USA, Inc. which never actively promoted the drug. Generic forms of risedronate were introduced into the United States in 2015 but are rarely used, although several generic forms are actively marketed in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R McClung
- Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, OR, United States of America; Mary MacKillop Center for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Chemistry Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America; BioVinc, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
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20
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Wang H, Zhang H, Srinivasan V, Tao J, Sun W, Lin X, Wu T, Boyce BF, Ebetino FH, Boeckman RK, Xing L. Targeting Bortezomib to Bone Increases Its Bone Anabolic Activity and Reduces Systemic Adverse Effects in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:343-356. [PMID: 31610066 PMCID: PMC10587833 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bortezomib (Btz) is a proteasome inhibitor approved by the FDA to treat multiple myeloma. It also increases bone volume by promoting osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis in mice. However, Btz has severe systemic adverse effects, which would limit its use as a bone anabolic agent. Here, we designed and synthesized a bone-targeted form of Btz by conjugating it to a bisphosphonate (BP) with no antiresorptive activity. We report that BP-Btz inhibited osteoclast formation and bone resorption and stimulated osteoblast differentiation in vitro similar to Btz. In vivo, BP-Btz increased bone volume more effectively than Btz in three mouse models: untreated wild-type mice, mice with ovariectomy, and aged mice with tibial factures. Importantly, BP-Btz had significantly less systemic side effects than Btz, including less thymic cell death, sympathetic nerve damage, and thrombocytopenia, and it improved survival rates in aged mice. Thus, BP-Btz represents a novel anabolic agent to treat conditions, such as postmenopausal and age-related bone loss. Bone targeting is an attractive approach to repurpose approved drugs to treat skeletal diseases. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Bone Disease, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- BioVinc, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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21
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Ferrari AJ, McAndrews K, Nelson JH, Bell JT, Srinivasan V, Ebetino FH, Boeckman RK, Roodman GD, Bellido T, Delgado-Calle J. Abstract 103: Disruption of Notch Signaling targeted to the myeloma bone marrow microenvironment simultaneously inhibits tumor growth and prevents bone loss without inducing gut toxicity. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Communication between myeloma (MM) cells and cells of the bone marrow via Notch signaling promotes tumor growth/survival and stimulates bone resorption. Systemic inhibition of Notch, using γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), decreases MM growth and reduces bone destruction, but the clinical use of GSIs is limited due to dose-limiting severe gut toxicity.
To circumvent GSI side effects, we generated a bone specific Notch inhibitor (BT-GSI) by conjugating GSI-XII to a targeting molecule (BT) with high bone affinity using an acid hydrolyzable linker. In vitro, BT-GSI was inactive unless pre-incubated at low pH, and exhibited equal inhibition of Notch target genes in MM cells as unconjugated GSI. Ex vivo, BT-GSI decreased Notch expression and reduced MM growth in bone organ cultures that reproduce acidic conditions in the MM-bone microenvironment. In vivo, treatment with BT-GSI (5mg/kg/3x/wk, i.p.) for 2 wks decreased Notch signaling in bone more efficiently than unconjugated GSI (10mg/kg/5x/wk, i.p.) in naïve mice. In addition, BT-GSI increased cancellous bone mass (30%) and decreased bone resorption by 40%, without affecting bone formation. In contrast, these parameters remained unchanged by GSI. Next, we examined in vivo the impact of BT-GSI on MM growth and bone disease in a preclinical model of established MM. 8-wk-old immunodeficient mice were injected intratibially with 105 JJN3 human MM (hMM) cells or saline. hMM injected mice exhibited detectable serum levels of the tumor biomarker human K-light chain (40 ng/mL) and visible osteolytic disease (osteolytic area 1.7 mm2) 3 wks after hMM inoculation. Then, hMM-injected mice were randomized based on tumor levels to two subgroups to receive either BT-GSI (10mg/kg/3x/wk) or vehicle (DMSO) for 3 wks. Saline-injected mice received vehicle injections. BT-GSI selectively decreased Notch gene expression in bone, but had no effect in the brain or gut. Further, BT-GSI did not increase the expression of Adipsin in the gut, a biomarker of gut toxicity, nor showed evidence of gut toxicity at necropsy. Mice treated with BT-GSI exhibited a 45% decrease in tumor burden (168 vs 254 ng/mL human K-light chain) and 50% less osteolytic area compared to vehicle treated mice bearing hMM (4.4 vs 10.2 mm2). Moreover, BT-GSI decreased serum CTX by 30%, but did not affect serum P1NP. Importantly, equimolar administration of the unconjugated BT molecule did not alter MM growth nor prevented bone loss in mice with established MM.
In conclusion, these results show that bone-targeted Notch inhibition reduces MM growth and preserves bone mass in mice with established MM. Because BT-GSI shows bone specific Notch inhibition and lacks gut toxicity, it should circumvent the deleterious side effects that limit GSI use in patients. Thus, BT-GSI is a promising approach to inhibit MM growth and to prevent bone loss in MM patients.
Citation Format: Adam J. Ferrari, Kevin McAndrews, Jessica H. Nelson, James T. Bell, Venkatesan Srinivasan, Frank H. Ebetino, Robert K. Boeckman Jr, G. David Roodman, Teresita Bellido, Jesus Delgado-Calle. Disruption of Notch Signaling targeted to the myeloma bone marrow microenvironment simultaneously inhibits tumor growth and prevents bone loss without inducing gut toxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 103.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James T. Bell
- 1Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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22
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Abstract
Background Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a family of molecules characterized by two key properties: their ability to bind strongly to bone mineral and their inhibitory effects on mature osteoclasts and thus bone resorption. Chemically two groups of BPs are recognized, non-nitrogen-containing and nitrogen-containing BPs. Non-nitrogen-containing BPs incorporate into the energy pathways of the osteoclast, resulting in disrupted cellular energy metabolism leading to cytotoxic effects and osteoclast apoptosis. Nitrogen-containing BPs primarily inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in the disruption of intracellular signaling, and other cellular processes in the osteoclast. Body BPs also exert a wide range of physiologic activities beyond merely the inhibition of bone resorption. Indeed, the breadth of reported activities include inhibition of cancer cell metastases, proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. In addition, the inhibition of angiogenesis, matrix metalloproteinase activity, altered cytokine and growth factor expression, and reductions in pain have been reported. In humans, clinical BP use has transformed the treatment of both post-menopausal osteoporosis and metastatic breast and prostate cancer. However, BP use has also resulted in significant adverse events including acute-phase reactions, esophagitis, gastritis, and an association with very infrequent atypical femoral fractures (AFF) and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). Conclusion Despite the well-characterized health benefits of BP use in humans, little is known regarding the effects of BPs in the horse. In the equine setting, only non-nitrogen-containing BPs are FDA-approved primarily for the treatment of navicular syndrome. The focus here is to discuss the current understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of BPs in equine veterinary medicine and highlight the future utility of these potentially highly beneficial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA.
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23
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Hokugo A, Kanayama K, Sun S, Morinaga K, Sun Y, Wu Q, Sasaki H, Okawa H, Evans C, Ebetino FH, Lundy MW, Sadrerafi K, McKenna CE, Nishimura I. Rescue bisphosphonate treatment of alveolar bone improves extraction socket healing and reduces osteonecrosis in zoledronate-treated mice. Bone 2019; 123:115-128. [PMID: 30926440 PMCID: PMC7282713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonate (BP)-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, previously known as BRONJ, now referred to more broadly as medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), is a morbid condition that represents a significant risk for oncology patients who have received high dose intravenous (IV) infusion of a potent nitrogen containing BP (N-BP) drug. At present, no clinical procedure is available to prevent or effectively treat MRONJ. Although the pathophysiological basis is not yet fully understood, legacy adsorbed N-BP in jawbone has been proposed to be associated with BRONJ by one or more mechanisms. We hypothesized that removal of the pre-adsorbed N-BP drug common to these pathological mechanisms from alveolar bone could be an effective preventative/therapeutic strategy. This study demonstrates that fluorescently labeled BP pre-adsorbed on the surface of murine maxillo-cranial bone in vivo can be displaced by subsequent application of other BPs. We previously described rodent BRONJ models involving the combination of N-BP treatment such as zoledronate (ZOL) and dental initiating factors such as tooth extraction. We further refined our mouse model by using gel food during the first 7 days of the tooth extraction wound healing period, which decreased confounding food pellet impaction problems in the open boney socket. This refined mouse model does not manifest BRONJ-like severe jawbone exposure, but development of osteonecrosis around the extraction socket and chronic gingival inflammation are clearly exhibited. In this study, we examined the effect of benign BP displacement of legacy N-BP on tooth extraction wound healing in the in vivo model. Systemic IV administration of a low potency BP (lpBP: defined as inactive at 100 μM in a standard protein anti-prenylation assay) did not significantly attenuate jawbone osteonecrosis. We then developed an intra-oral formulation of lpBP, which when injected into the gingiva adjacent to the tooth prior to extraction, dramatically reduced the osteocyte necrosis area. Furthermore, the tooth extraction wound healing pattern was normalized, as evidenced by timely closure of oral soft tissue without epithelial hyperplasia, significantly reduced gingival inflammation and increased new bone filling in the extraction socket. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that local application of a rescue BP prior to dental surgery can decrease the amount of a legacy N-BP drug in proximate jawbone surfaces below the threshold that promotes osteocyte necrosis. This observation should provide a conceptual basis for a novel strategy to improve socket healing in patients treated with BPs while preserving therapeutic benefit from anti-resorptive N-BP drug in vertebral and appendicular bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akishige Hokugo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Keiichi Kanayama
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Periodontology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Shuting Sun
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; BioVinc, LLC, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Kenzo Morinaga
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Section of Implantology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0175, Japan
| | - Yujie Sun
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Dental Implant Centre, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10050, China
| | - QingQing Wu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Oral Implantology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China
| | - Hodaka Sasaki
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Hiroko Okawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Courtney Evans
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Box 951668 CHS B3-087, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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24
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Wang H, Xiao L, Tao J, Srinivasan V, Boyce BF, Ebetino FH, Oyajobi BO, Boeckman RK, Xing L. Synthesis of a Bone-Targeted Bortezomib with In Vivo Anti-Myeloma Effects in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E154. [PMID: 30201882 PMCID: PMC6161102 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common cancer affecting the bone and bone marrow and remains incurable for most patients; novel therapies are therefore needed. Bortezomib (Btz) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of patients with MM. However, its severe side effects require a dose reduction or the potential discontinuation of treatment. To overcome this limitation, we conjugated Btz to a bisphosphonate (BP) residue lacking anti-osteoclastic activity using a novel chemical linker and generated a new bone-targeted Btz-based (BP-Btz) proteasome inhibitor. We demonstrated that BP-Btz, but not Btz, bound to bone slices and inhibited the growth of MM cells in vitro. In a mouse model of MM, BP-Btz more effectively reduced tumor burden and bone loss with less systemic side effects than Btz. Thus, BP-Btz may represent a novel therapeutic approach to treat patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Lifeng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, P.O. Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, P.O. Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, P.O. Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
- BioVinc, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
| | - Babatunde O Oyajobi
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, P.O. Box 270216, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
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25
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Lawson MA, Ebetino FH, Mazur A, Chantry AD, Paton-Hough J, Evans HR, Lath D, Tsoumpra MK, Lundy MW, Dobson RL, Quijano M, Kwaasi AA, Dunford JE, Duan X, Triffitt JT, Jeans G, Russell RGG. The Pharmacological Profile of a Novel Highly Potent Bisphosphonate, OX14 (1-Fluoro-2-(Imidazo-[1,2-α]Pyridin-3-yl)-Ethyl-Bisphosphonate). J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1860-1869. [PMID: 28337806 PMCID: PMC5596338 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of clinical disorders characterized by increased bone resorption, including osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and the skeletal complications of malignancy. The antiresorptive potency of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on bone in vivo is now recognized to depend upon two key properties, namely mineral binding affinity and inhibitory activity on farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), and these properties vary independently of each other in individual bisphosphonates. The better understanding of structure activity relationships among the bisphosphonates has enabled us to design a series of novel bisphosphonates with a range of mineral binding properties and antiresorptive potencies. Among these is a highly potent bisphosphonate, 1-fluoro-2-(imidazo-[1,2 alpha]pyridin-3-yl)-ethyl-bisphosphonate, also known as OX14, which is a strong inhibitor of FPPS, but has lower binding affinity for bone mineral than most of the commonly studied bisphosphonates. The aim of this work was to characterize OX14 pharmacologically in relation to several of the bisphosphonates currently used clinically. When OX14 was compared to zoledronate (ZOL), risedronate (RIS), and minodronate (MIN), it was as potent at inhibiting FPPS in vitro but had significantly lower binding affinity to hydroxyapatite (HAP) columns than ALN, ZOL, RIS, and MIN. When injected i.v. into growing Sprague Dawley rats, OX14 was excreted into the urine to a greater extent than the other bisphosphonates, indicating reduced short-term skeletal uptake and retention. In studies in both Sprague Dawley rats and C57BL/6J mice, OX14 inhibited bone resorption, with an antiresorptive potency equivalent to or greater than the comparator bisphosphonates. In the JJN3-NSG murine model of myeloma-induced bone disease, OX14 significantly prevented the formation of osteolytic lesions (p < 0.05). In summary, OX14 is a new, highly potent bisphosphonate with lower bone binding affinity than other clinically relevant bisphosphonates. This renders OX14 an interesting potential candidate for further development for its potential skeletal and nonskeletal benefits. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lawson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrew D Chantry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Julia Paton-Hough
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Holly R Evans
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren Lath
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria K Tsoumpra
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark W Lundy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron A Kwaasi
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - James E Dunford
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Xuchen Duan
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - James T Triffitt
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - R Graham G Russell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
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26
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Sedghizadeh PP, Sun S, Junka AF, Richard E, Sadrerafi K, Mahabady S, Bakhshalian N, Tjokro N, Bartoszewicz M, Oleksy M, Szymczyk P, Lundy MW, Neighbors JD, Russell RGG, McKenna CE, Ebetino FH. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of a Novel Bone-Targeting Bisphosphonate-Ciprofloxacin Conjugate for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis Biofilms. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2326-2343. [PMID: 28121436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a major problem worldwide and is devastating due to the potential for limb-threatening sequelae and mortality. Osteomyelitis pathogens are bone-attached biofilms, making antibiotic delivery challenging. Here we describe a novel osteoadsorptive bisphosphonate-ciprofloxacin conjugate (BV600022), utilizing a "target and release" chemical strategy, which demonstrated a significantly enhanced therapeutic index versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of osteomyelitis in vivo. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the conjugate against common osteomyelitis pathogens revealed an effective bactericidal profile and sustained release of the parent antibiotic over time. Efficacy and safety were demonstrated in an animal model of periprosthetic osteomyelitis, where a single dose of 10 mg/kg (15.6 μmol/kg) conjugate reduced the bacterial load by 99% and demonstrated nearly an order of magnitude greater activity than the parent antibiotic ciprofloxacin (30 mg/kg, 90.6 μmol/kg) given in multiple doses. Conjugates incorporating a bisphosphonate and an antibiotic for bone-targeted delivery to treat osteomyelitis biofilm pathogens constitute a promising approach to providing high bone-antimicrobial potency while minimizing systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuting Sun
- BioVinc, LLC , Pasadena, California 91107, United States
| | - Adam F Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University , Wroclaw 50-367, Poland
| | - Eric Richard
- BioVinc, LLC , Pasadena, California 91107, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Marzenna Bartoszewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University , Wroclaw 50-367, Poland
| | - Monika Oleksy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University , Wroclaw 50-367, Poland
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Wrocław University of Technology , Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Mark W Lundy
- BioVinc, LLC , Pasadena, California 91107, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- BioVinc, LLC , Pasadena, California 91107, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - R Graham G Russell
- The Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.,The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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27
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Sun S, Błażewska KM, Kadina AP, Kashemirov BA, Duan X, Triffitt JT, Dunford JE, Russell RGG, Ebetino FH, Roelofs AJ, Coxon FP, Lundy MW, McKenna CE. Fluorescent Bisphosphonate and Carboxyphosphonate Probes: A Versatile Imaging Toolkit for Applications in Bone Biology and Biomedicine. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:329-40. [PMID: 26646666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A bone imaging toolkit of 21 fluorescent probes with variable spectroscopic properties, bone mineral binding affinities, and antiprenylation activities has been created, including a novel linking strategy. The linking chemistry allows attachment of a diverse selection of dyes fluorescent in the visible to near-infrared range to any of the three clinically important heterocyclic bisphosphonate bone drugs (risedronate, zoledronate, and minodronate or their analogues). The resultant suite of conjugates offers multiple options to "mix and match" parent drug structure, fluorescence emission wavelength, relative bone affinity, and presence or absence of antiprenylation activity, for bone-related imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,BioVinc LLC , 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anastasia P Kadina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Boris A Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Xuchen Duan
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - James T Triffitt
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - James E Dunford
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - R Graham G Russell
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- BioVinc LLC , 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Anke J Roelofs
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser P Coxon
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Lundy
- BioVinc LLC , 6162 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, California 90230, United States
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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28
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Tsoumpra MK, Muniz JR, Barnett BL, Kwaasi AA, Pilka ES, Kavanagh KL, Evdokimov A, Walter RL, Von Delft F, Ebetino FH, Oppermann U, Russell RGG, Dunford JE. The inhibition of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. Elucidating the role of active site threonine 201 and tyrosine 204 residues using enzyme mutants. Bone 2015; 81:478-486. [PMID: 26318908 PMCID: PMC4652608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) is the major molecular target of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs), used clinically as bone resorption inhibitors. We investigated the role of threonine 201 (Thr201) and tyrosine 204 (Tyr204) residues in substrate binding, catalysis and inhibition by N-BPs, employing kinetic and crystallographic studies of mutated FPPS proteins. Mutants of Thr201 illustrated the importance of the methyl group in aiding the formation of the Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) binding site, while Tyr204 mutations revealed the unknown role of this residue in both catalysis and IPP binding. The interaction between Thr201 and the side chain nitrogen of N-BP was shown to be important for tight binding inhibition by zoledronate (ZOL) and risedronate (RIS), although RIS was also still capable of interacting with the main-chain carbonyl of Lys200. The interaction of RIS with the phenyl ring of Tyr204 proved essential for the maintenance of the isomerized enzyme-inhibitor complex. Studies with conformationally restricted analogues of RIS reaffirmed the importance of Thr201 in the formation of hydrogen bonds with N-BPs. In conclusion we have identified new features of FPPS inhibition by N-BPs and revealed unknown roles of the active site residues in catalysis and substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Tsoumpra
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joao R Muniz
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Bobby L Barnett
- Chemistry Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Aaron A Kwaasi
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Ewa S Pilka
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kathryn L Kavanagh
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Frank Von Delft
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - R Graham G Russell
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - James E Dunford
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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29
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Watkins MP, Norris JY, Grimston SK, Zhang X, Phipps RJ, Ebetino FH, Civitelli R. Bisphosphonates improve trabecular bone mass and normalize cortical thickness in ovariectomized, osteoblast connexin43 deficient mice. Bone 2012; 51:787-94. [PMID: 22750450 PMCID: PMC3432742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The gap junction protein, connexin43 (Cx43) controls both bone formation and osteoclastogenesis via osteoblasts and/or osteocytes. Cx43 has also been proposed to mediate an anti-apoptotic effect of bisphosphonates, potent inhibitors of bone resorption. We studied whether bisphosphonates are effective in protecting mice with a conditional Cx43 gene deletion in osteoblasts and osteocytes (cKO) from the consequences of ovariectomy on bone mass and strength. Ovariectomy resulted in rapid loss of trabecular bone followed by a slight recovery in wild type (WT) mice, and a similar degree of trabecular bone loss, albeit slightly delayed, occurred in cKO mice. Treatment with either risedronate (20 μg/kg) or alendronate (40 μg/kg) prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss in both genotypes. In basal conditions, bones of cKO mice have larger marrow area, higher endocortical osteoclast number, and lower cortical thickness and strength relative to WT. Ovariectomy increased endocortical osteoclast number in WT but not in cKO mice. Both bisphosphonates prevented these increases in WT mice, and normalized endocortical osteoclast number, cortical thickness and bone strength in cKO mice. Thus, lack of osteoblast/osteocyte Cx43 does not alter bisphosphonate action on bone mass and strength in estrogen deficiency. These results support the notion that one of the main functions of Cx43 in cortical bone is to restrain osteoblast and/or osteocytes from inducing osteoclastogenesis at the endocortical surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P Watkins
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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30
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Hofstetter B, Gamsjaeger S, Phipps RJ, Recker RR, Ebetino FH, Klaushofer K, Paschalis EP. Effects of alendronate and risedronate on bone material properties in actively forming trabecular bone surfaces. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:995-1003. [PMID: 22336962 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We used Raman and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) analysis to examine the intrinsic bone material properties at actively bone-forming trabecular surfaces in iliac crest biopsies from women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) who were treated with either alendronate (ALN) or risedronate (RIS). At eight study sites, women were identified who had postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), were at least 5 years postmenopause, and had been on long-term therapy (either 3-5 years or >5 years) with daily or weekly ALN or RIS. Following standard tetracycline labeling, biopsies were collected from 102 women (33 treated with ALN for 3-5 years [ALN-3], 35 with ALN for >5 years [ALN-5], 26 with RIS for 3-5 years [RIS-3], and 8 with RIS for >5 years [RIS-5]) and were analyzed at anatomical areas of similar tissue age in bone-forming areas (within the fluorescent double labels). The following outcomes were monitored and reported: mineral to matrix ratio (corresponding to ash weight), relative proteoglycan content (regulating mineralization commencement), mineral maturity (indicative of the mineral crystallite chemistry and stoichiometry, and having a direct bearing on crystallite shape and size), and the ratio of two of the major enzymatic collagen cross-links (pyridinoline/divalent). In RIS-5 there was a significant decrease in the relative proteoglycan content (-5.83% compared to ALN-5), while in both RIS-3 and RIS-5 there was significantly lower mineral maturity/crystallinity (-6.78% and -13.68% versus ALN-3 and ALN-5, respectively), and pyridinoline/divalent collagen cross-link ratio (-23.09% and -41.85% versus ALN-3 and ALN-5, respectively). The results of the present study indicate that ALN and RIS exert differential effects on the intrinsic bone material properties at actively bone-forming trabecular surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Hofstetter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Roelofs AJ, Stewart CA, Sun S, Błażewska KM, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE, Russell RGG, Rogers MJ, Lundy MW, Ebetino FH, Coxon FP. Influence of bone affinity on the skeletal distribution of fluorescently labeled bisphosphonates in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:835-47. [PMID: 22228189 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are widely used antiresorptive drugs that bind to calcium. It has become evident that these drugs have differing affinities for bone mineral; however, it is unclear whether such differences affect their distribution on mineral surfaces. In this study, fluorescent conjugates of risedronate, and its lower-affinity analogues deoxy-risedronate and 3-PEHPC, were used to compare the localization of compounds with differing mineral affinities in vivo. Binding to dentine in vitro confirmed differences in mineral binding between compounds, which was influenced predominantly by the characteristics of the parent compound but also by the choice of fluorescent tag. In growing rats, all compounds preferentially bound to forming endocortical as opposed to resorbing periosteal surfaces in cortical bone, 1 day after administration. At resorbing surfaces, lower-affinity compounds showed preferential binding to resorption lacunae, whereas the highest-affinity compound showed more uniform labeling. At forming surfaces, penetration into the mineralizing osteoid was found to inversely correlate with mineral affinity. These differences in distribution at resorbing and forming surfaces were not observed at quiescent surfaces. Lower-affinity compounds also showed a relatively higher degree of labeling of osteocyte lacunar walls and labeled lacunae deeper within cortical bone, indicating increased penetration of the osteocyte canalicular network. Similar differences in mineralizing surface and osteocyte network penetration between high- and low-affinity compounds were evident 7 days after administration, with fluorescent conjugates at forming surfaces buried under a new layer of bone. Fluorescent compounds were incorporated into these areas of newly formed bone, indicating that "recycling" had occurred, albeit at very low levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that the bone mineral affinity of bisphosphonates is likely to influence their distribution within the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke J Roelofs
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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32
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Błażewska KM, Ni F, Haiges R, Kashemirov BA, Coxon FP, Stewart CA, Baron R, Rogers MJ, Seabra MC, Ebetino FH, McKenna CE. Synthesis, stereochemistry and SAR of a series of minodronate analogues as RGGT inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4820-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Ebetino FH, Hogan AML, Sun S, Tsoumpra MK, Duan X, Triffitt JT, Kwaasi AA, Dunford JE, Barnett BL, Oppermann U, Lundy MW, Boyde A, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE, Russell RGG. The relationship between the chemistry and biological activity of the bisphosphonates. Bone 2011; 49:20-33. [PMID: 21497677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bisphosphonates ((HO)(2)P(O)CR(1)R(2)P(O)(OH)(2)) to inhibit bone resorption has been known since the 1960s, but it is only recently that a detailed molecular understanding of the relationship between chemical structures and biological activity has begun to emerge. The early development of chemistry in this area was largely empirical and based on modifying R(2) groups in a variety of ways. Apart from the general ability of bisphosphonates to chelate Ca(2+) and thus target the calcium phosphate mineral component of bone, attempts to refine clear structure-activity relationships had led to ambiguous or seemingly contradictory results. However, there was increasing evidence for cellular effects, and eventually the earliest bisphosphonate drugs, such as clodronate (R(1)=R(2)=Cl) and etidronate (R(1)=OH, R(2)=CH(3)), were shown to exert intracellular actions via the formation in vivo of drug derivatives of ATP. The observation that pamidronate, a bisphosphonate with R(1)=OH and R(2)=CH(2)CH(2)NH(2), exhibited higher potency than previously known bisphosphonate drugs represented the first step towards the later recognition of the critical importance of having nitrogen in the R(2) side chain. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a large number of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates took place particularly in the 1980s, but still with an incomplete understanding of their structure-activity relationships. A major advance was the discovery that the anti-resorptive effects of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (including alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate) on osteoclasts appear to result from their potency as inhibitors of the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key branch-point enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. FPPS generates isoprenoid lipids utilized in sterol synthesis and for the post-translational modification of small GTP-binding proteins essential for osteoclast function. Effects on other cellular targets, such as osteocytes, may also be important. Over the years many hundreds of bisphosphonates have been synthesized and studied. Interest in expanding the structural scope of the bisphosphonate class has also motivated new approaches to the chemical synthesis of these compounds. Recent chemical innovations include the synthesis of fluorescently labeled bisphosphonates, which has enabled studies of the biodistribution of these drugs. As a class, bisphosphonates share common properties. However, as with other classes of drugs, there are chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological differences among the individual compounds. Differences in mineral binding affinities among bisphosphonates influence their differential distribution within bone, their biological potency, and their duration of action. The overall pharmacological effects of bisphosphonates on bone, therefore, appear to depend upon these two key properties of affinity for bone mineral and inhibitory effects on osteoclasts. The relative contributions of these properties differ among individual bisphosphonates and help determine their clinical behavior and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Ebetino
- Warner Chilcott Ltd., Discovery, Research & Development, Dundalk, Ireland.
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34
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Sugiyama T, Meakin LB, Galea GL, Jackson BF, Lanyon LE, Ebetino FH, Russell RGG, Price JS. Risedronate does not reduce mechanical loading-related increases in cortical and trabecular bone mass in mice. Bone 2011; 49:133-9. [PMID: 21497678 PMCID: PMC3119791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To establish whether the combination of anti-resorptive therapy with mechanical loading has a negative, additive or synergistic effect on bone structure, we assessed the separate and combined effects of risedronate and non-invasive dynamic loading on trabecular and cortical bone. Seventeen-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were given daily subcutaneous injections of vehicle (n=20) or risedronate at a dose of 0.15, 1.5, 15 or 150 μg/kg/day (n=10 in each) for 17 days. From the fourth day of treatment, the right tibiae were subjected to a single period of axial loading (40 cycles/day) for three alternate days per week for two weeks. The left tibiae were used as internal controls. Trabecular and cortical sites in the tibiae were analyzed by high-resolution micro-computed tomography and imaging of fluorochrome labels. In the non-loaded tibiae, treatment with the higher doses of risedronate at 15 or 150 μg/kg/day resulted in higher trabecular bone volume and trabecular number than in vehicle-treated controls, whereas such treatment was associated with no differences in cortical bone volume at any dose. In the loaded tibiae, loading induced increases in trabecular and cortical bone volume compared with contra-lateral controls primarily through increased trabecular thickness and periosteal expansion, respectively, independently of risedronate treatment. In conclusion, the response to mechanical loading in both trabecular and cortical bone in mice is therefore not impaired by short-term treatment with risedronate, even over a 1000-fold dose range. In considering the optimization of treatments for osteoporosis, it is reassuring that anti-resorptive therapy and mechanical loading can exert independent beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sugiyama
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK.
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35
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Błażewska KM, Haiges R, Kashemirov BA, Ebetino FH, McKenna CE. A serendipitous phosphonocarboxylate complex of boron: when vessel becomes reagent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6395-7. [PMID: 21552630 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10876j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Under certain conditions, the phosphonocarboxylate analogue (3) of the bisphosphonate drug minodronate (4) in contact with borosilicate glassware reversibly forms an isolable dimer complex of boron, as revealed by the X-ray crystallographic structure of the (R,R/S,S) complex and supported by NMR and HRMS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Błażewska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744, USA
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36
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Sun S, Błażewska KM, Kashemirov BA, Roelofs AJ, Coxon FP, Rogers MJ, Ebetino FH, McKenna MJ, McKenna CE. Synthesis and characterization of novel fluorescent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate imaging probes for bone active drugs. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011; 186:970-971. [PMID: 21894242 DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.526674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the synthesis of novel fluorescent conjugates of N-heterocyclic bisphosphonate drugs and related analogues, together with some recent applications of these compounds as imaging probes, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Roelofs AJ, Thompson K, Ebetino FH, Rogers MJ, Coxon FP. Bisphosphonates: molecular mechanisms of action and effects on bone cells, monocytes and macrophages. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:2950-60. [PMID: 20722616 DOI: 10.2174/138161210793563635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of diseases involving excessive bone resorption, such as osteoporosis, cancer-associated bone disease, and Paget's disease of bone. They target to the skeleton due to their calcium-chelating properties, where they primarily act by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The simple bisphosphonates, clodronate, etidronate and tiludronate, are intracellularly metabolised to cytotoxic ATP analogues, while the more potent, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates act by inhibiting the enzyme FPP synthase, thereby preventing the prenylation of small GTPases that are necessary for the normal function and survival of osteoclasts. In recent years, these concepts have been refined, with an increased understanding of the exact mode of inhibition of FPP synthase and the consequences of inhibiting this enzyme. Recent studies further suggest that the R2 side chain, as well as determining the potency for inhibiting the target enzyme FPP synthase, also influences bone mineral binding, which may influence distribution within bone and duration of action. While bisphosphonates primarily affect the function of resorbing osteoclasts, it is becoming increasingly clear that bisphosphonates may also target the osteocyte network and prevent osteocyte apoptosis, which could contribute to their anti-fracture effects. Furthermore, increasing evidence implicates monocytes and macrophages as direct targets of bisphosphonate action, which may explain the acute phase response and the anti-tumour activity in certain animal models. Bone mineral affinity is likely to influence the extent of any such effects of these agents on non-osteoclast cells. While alternative anti-resorptive therapeutics are becoming available for clinical use, bisphosphonates currently remain the principle drugs used to treat excessive bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Roelofs
- Bone & Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Qiu S, Phipps RJ, Ebetino FH, Palnitkar S, Sudhaker Rao D. Effect of risedronate on osteocyte viability and bone turnover in paired iliac bone biopsies from early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 87:392-7. [PMID: 20809096 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether standard clinical doses of risedronate affect osteocyte viability. This study examined osteocyte viability and bone remodeling rate in early postmenopausal women (1-5 years after menopause) who were treated with a standard clinical dose of risedronate (5 mg/day, orally) for 1 year. Paired transiliac bone biopsies were obtained from 19 postmenopausal women at baseline and after 1-year treatment with placebo (n = 8, mean age 52.9 ± 3.4 years) or risedronate 5 mg/day (n = 11, mean age 52.5 ± 3.4 years). In these samples, we measured osteocyte- and bone remodeling-related variables in trabecular bone. In both the placebo and risedronate groups, empty lacunae were significantly decreased after 1-year treatment compared to baseline. There were no significant differences in osteocyte-related variables between placebo and risedronate. Risedronate significantly reduced bone-remodeling indices including mineralizing surface (MS/BS), bone formation rate (BFR/BS), and activation frequency (Ac.f). Risedronate treatment caused significantly lower MS/BS and Ac.f than placebo administration. In conclusion, risedronate 5 mg/day effectively inhibited bone remodeling but did not significantly reduce osteocyte viability in trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Qiu
- Bone and Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building 7071, 2799 W Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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McKenna CE, Kashemirov BA, Błazewska KM, Mallard-Favier I, Stewart CA, Rojas J, Lundy MW, Ebetino FH, Baron RA, Dunford JE, Kirsten ML, Seabra MC, Bala JL, Marma MS, Rogers MJ, Coxon FP. Synthesis, chiral high performance liquid chromatographic resolution and enantiospecific activity of a potent new geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor, 2-hydroxy-3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-2-phosphonopropionic acid. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3454-64. [PMID: 20394422 DOI: 10.1021/jm900232u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-(3-Pyridyl)-2-hydroxy-2-phosphonopropanoic acid (3-PEHPC, 1) is a phosphonocarboxylate (PC) analogue of 2-(3-pyridyl)-1-hydroxyethylidenebis(phosphonic acid) (risedronic acid, 2), an osteoporosis drug that decreases bone resorption by inhibiting farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) in osteoclasts, preventing protein prenylation. 1 has lower bone affinity than 2 and weakly inhibits Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RGGT), selectively preventing prenylation of Rab GTPases. We report here the synthesis and biological studies of 2-hydroxy-3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-2-phosphonopropionic acid (3-IPEHPC, 3), the PC analogue of minodronic acid 4. Like 1, 3 selectively inhibited Rab11 vs. Rap 1A prenylation in J774 cells, and decreased cell viability, but was 33-60x more active in these assays. After resolving 3 by chiral HPLC (>98% ee), we found that (+)-3-E1 was much more potent than (-)-3-E2 in an isolated RGGT inhibition assay, approximately 17x more potent (LED 3 microM) than (-)-3-E2 in inhibiting Rab prenylation in J774 cells and >26x more active in the cell viability assay. The enantiomers of 1 exhibited a 4-fold or smaller potency difference in the RGGT and prenylation inhibition assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744, USA.
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40
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Fu K, Xu Q, Czernuszka J, McKenna CE, Ebetino FH, Russell RGG, Triffitt JT, Xia Z. Prolonged osteogenesis from human mesenchymal stem cells implanted in immunodeficient mice by using coralline hydroxyapatite incorporating rhBMP2 microspheres. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:1256-64. [PMID: 19322875 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The local environment plays an important role in osteogenic tissue regeneration. Our previous studies have shown that xenogenic transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) alone into immunodeficient mice did not result in long-term bone formation. This study investigates whether bone formation can be prolonged by incorporating human mesenchymal stem cells in mineralized scaffolds together with controlled delivery of a growth factor, BMP2. A composite of coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-encapsulated rhBMP2 was incorporated with hMSCs in vitro. After 2 weeks in vitro culture the constructs were implanted subcutaneously in CB17 scid beige mice and harvested 10 weeks after implantation. The mineralized tissues were stained by using a fluorescent marker, 5FAM-risedronate, followed by observation with fluorescence microscopy, histology, histomorphometry, mouse-anti-human vimentin immunohistochemistry, and scanning microscopy. The results showed that compared with control materials in which only fibrous tissue formed following implantation of coralline scaffolds, bone-like tissue formed within the CHA composite containing PLGA encapsulated rhBMP2 and hMSCs for up to 10 weeks after implantation. Human cells, identified by the human vimentin-specific monoclonal antibody were seen within the bone-like tissue. In conclusion, incorporation of hMSCs into CHA with controlled delivery of BMP showed prolonged bone formation in immunodeficient mice. Further research is required to optimize the growth factor delivery system and to understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Fu
- Botnar Research Centre, Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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41
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Lawson MA, Xia Z, Barnett BL, Triffitt JT, Phipps RJ, Dunford JE, Locklin RM, Ebetino FH, Russell RGG. Differences between bisphosphonates in binding affinities for hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 92:149-55. [PMID: 19904734 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) inhibit bone resorption and are widely used for the treatment of bone diseases, including osteoporosis. BPs are also being studied for their effects on hydroxyapatite (HAP)-containing biomaterials. There is a growing appreciation that there are hitherto unexpected differences among BPs in their mineral binding affinities that affect their pharmacological and biological properties. To study these differences, we have developed a method based on fast performance liquid chromatography using columns of HAP to which BPs and other phosphate-containing compounds can adsorb and be eluted by using phosphate buffer gradients at pH 6.8. The individual compounds emerge as discrete and reproducible peaks for a range of compounds with different affinities. For example, the peak retention times (min; mean +/- SEM) were 22.0 +/- 0.3 for zoledronate, 16.16 +/- 0.44 for risedronate, and 9.0 +/- 0.28 for its phosphonocarboxylate analog, NE10790. These results suggest that there are substantial differences among BPs in their binding to HAP. These differences may be exploited in the development of biomaterials and may also partly explain the extent of their relative skeletal retention and persistence of biological effects observed in both animal and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lawson
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, UK
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Hald A, Hansen RR, Thomsen MW, Ding M, Croucher PI, Gallagher O, Ebetino FH, Kassem M, Heegaard AM. Cancer-induced bone loss and associated pain-related behavior is reduced by risedronate but not its phosphonocarboxylate analog NE-10790. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1177-85. [PMID: 19444917 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prostate, breast and lung cancers readily develop bone metastases which lead to fractures, hypercalcemia and pain. Malignant growth in the bones depends on osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and in this regard bisphosphonate compounds, which have high-bone affinity and inhibit osteoclast activity, have been found to alleviate bone cancer symptoms. In this study, the bisphosphonate risedronate and its phosphonocarboxylate derivative NE-10790 was tested in a murine bone cancer pain model. Risedronate decreased bone cancer-related bone destruction and pain-related behavior and decreased the spinal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, whereas NE-10790 had no effect on these parameters. Furthermore, risedronate but not NE-10790 induced dose-dependent toxicity in NCTC-2472 cells in vitro. Furthermore, the direct toxic effect of risedronate on tumor cells observed in vitro opens the possibility that a direct toxic effect on tumor cells may also be present in vivo and be related to the efficacy of bisphosphonate compounds. In conclusion, these results suggest that risedronate treatment may lead to an increased life quality, in patient suffering from bone cancer, in terms of decreased osteolysis and pain, and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hald
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Kashemirov BA, Bala JLF, Chen X, Ebetino FH, Xia Z, Russell RGG, Coxon FP, Roelofs AJ, Rogers MJ, McKenna CE. Fluorescently labeled risedronate and related analogues: "magic linker" synthesis. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2308-10. [PMID: 19032080 DOI: 10.1021/bc800369c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report synthesis of the first fluorescently labeled conjugates of risedronate (1), using an epoxide linker strategy enabling conjugation of 1 via its pyridyl nitrogen with the label (carboxyfluorescein). Unlike prior approaches to create fluorescent bisphosphonate probes, the new linking chemistry did not abolish the ability to inhibit protein prenylation in vitro, while significantly retaining hydroxyapatite affinity. The utility of a fluorescent 1 conjugate in visualizing osteoclast resorption in vitro was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744, USA
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44
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Baron RA, Tavaré R, Figueiredo AC, Błazewska KM, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE, Ebetino FH, Taylor A, Rogers MJ, Coxon FP, Seabra MC. Phosphonocarboxylates inhibit the second geranylgeranyl addition by Rab geranylgeranyl transferase. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:6861-8. [PMID: 19074143 PMCID: PMC2652301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RGGT) catalyzes the post-translational
geranylgeranyl (GG) modification of (usually) two C-terminal cysteines in Rab
GTPases. Here we studied the mechanism of the Rab geranylgeranylation reaction
by bisphosphonate analogs in which one phosphonate group is replaced by a
carboxylate (phosphonocarboxylate, PC). The phosphonocarboxylates used were
3-PEHPC, which was previously reported, and
2-hydroxy-3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-2-phosphonopropionic
acid ((+)-3-IPEHPC), a >25-fold more potent related compound as measured by
both IC50 and Ki.(+)-3-IPEHPC behaves as a
mixed-type inhibitor with respect to GG pyrophosphate (GGPP) and an
uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to Rab substrates. We propose that
phosphonocarboxylates prevent only the second GG transfer onto Rabs based on
the following evidence. First, geranylgeranylation of Rab proteins ending with
a single cysteine motif such as CAAX, is not affected by the
inhibitors, either in vitro or in vivo. Second, the addition
of an -AAX sequence onto Rab-CC proteins protects the substrate from
inhibition by the inhibitors. Third, we demonstrate directly that in the
presence of (+)-3-IPEHPC, Rab-CC and Rab-CXC proteins are modified by
only a single GG addition. The presence of (+)-3-IPEHPC resulted in a
preference for the Rab N-terminal cysteine to be modified first, suggesting an
order of cysteine geranylgeranylation in RGGT catalysis. Our results further
suggest that the inhibitor binds to a site distinct from the GGPP-binding site
on RGGT. We suggest that phosphonocarboxylate inhibitors bind to a GG-cysteine
binding site adjacent to the active site, which is necessary to align the
mono-GG-Rab for the second GG addition. These inhibitors may represent a novel
therapeutic approach in Rab-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi A Baron
- Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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45
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Fournier PG, Daubiné F, Lundy MW, Rogers MJ, Ebetino FH, Clézardin P. Lowering Bone Mineral Affinity of Bisphosphonates as a Therapeutic Strategy to Optimize Skeletal Tumor Growth Inhibition In vivo. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8945-53. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tian X, Switzer AG, Derose SA, Mishra RK, Solinsky MG, Mumin RN, Ebetino FH, Jayasinghe LR, Webster ME, Colson AO, Crossdoersen D, Pinney BB, Farmer JA, Dowty ME, Obringer CM, Cruze CA, Burklow ML, Suchanek PM, Dong L, Dirr MK, Sheldon RJ, Wos JA. Discovery of Orally Bioavailable 1,3,4-Trisubstituted 2-Oxopiperazine-Based Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonists as Potential Antiobesity Agents. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6055-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800525p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Tian
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Adrian G. Switzer
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Steve A. Derose
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Rajesh K. Mishra
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Mark G. Solinsky
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Rashid N. Mumin
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Frank H. Ebetino
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Lalith R. Jayasinghe
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Mark E. Webster
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Anny-Odile Colson
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Doreen Crossdoersen
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Beth B. Pinney
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Julie A. Farmer
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Martin E. Dowty
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Cindy M. Obringer
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Charles A. Cruze
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Melissa L. Burklow
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Paula M. Suchanek
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Lily Dong
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Mary Kay Dirr
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - Russell J. Sheldon
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
| | - John A. Wos
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Global Business & New Technology Development, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040
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47
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Russell RGG, Watts NB, Ebetino FH, Rogers MJ. Mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates: similarities and differences and their potential influence on clinical efficacy. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:733-59. [PMID: 18214569 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 941] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bisphosphonates (BPs) are well established as the leading drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. There is new knowledge about how they work. The differences that exist among individual BPs in terms of mineral binding and biochemical actions may explain differences in their clinical behavior and effectiveness. INTRODUCTION The classical pharmacological effects of bisphosphonates (BPs) appear to be the result of two key properties: their affinity for bone mineral and their inhibitory effects on osteoclasts. DISCUSSION There is new information about both properties. Mineral binding affinities differ among the clinically used BPs and may influence their differential distribution within bone, their biological potency, and their duration of action. The antiresorptive effects of the nitrogen-containing BPs (including alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate) appear to result from their inhibition of the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) in osteoclasts. FPPS is a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, which generates isoprenoid lipids utilized for the post-translational modification of small GTP-binding proteins that are essential for osteoclast function. Effects on other cellular targets, such as osteocytes, may also be important. BPs share several common properties as a drug class. However, as with other families of drugs, there are obvious chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological differences among the individual BPs. Each BP has a unique profile that may help to explain potential clinical differences among them, in terms of their speed and duration of action, and effects on fracture reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G G Russell
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences (The Botnar Research Centre), Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
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48
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Deprèle S, Kashemirov BA, Hogan JM, Ebetino FH, Barnett BL, Evdokimov A, McKenna CE. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase enantiospecificity with a chiral risedronate analog, [6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[c]pyridin-7-yl(hydroxy)methylene]bis(phosphonic acid) (NE-10501): Synthetic, structural, and modeling studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2878-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ebetino FH. The Discovery of the Bone-Active Agent Risedronate, and Bisphosphonate Structure-Activity Considerations Including the Aminophenylethane Phosphonate Series. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509908546169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Ebetino
- a Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , Mason-Montgomery Road, PO Box 8006, Mason, Ohio 45040–8006, USA
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Almstead NG, Dansereau SM, Francis MD, Snider CM, Ebetino FH. The Design and Synthesis of Sulfur Containing Bisphosphonic Acids for the Treatment of Arthritis. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509908546247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil G. Almstead
- a Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- b Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- c Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- d Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- e Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
| | - Susan M. Dansereau
- a Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- b Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- c Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- d Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- e Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
| | - Marion D. Francis
- a Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- b Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- c Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- d Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- e Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
| | - Catherine M. Snider
- a Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- b Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- c Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- d Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- e Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
| | - Frank H. Ebetino
- a Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- b Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- c Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- d Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
- e Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center , 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, U.S.A
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