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Hoffmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A, Böhm M, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Carpenter KE, Chanson J, Collen B, Cox NA, Darwall WRT, Dulvy NK, Harrison LR, Katariya V, Pollock CM, Quader S, Richman NI, Rodrigues ASL, Tognelli MF, Vié JC, Aguiar JM, Allen DJ, Allen GR, Amori G, Ananjeva NB, Andreone F, Andrew P, Aquino Ortiz AL, Baillie JEM, Baldi R, Bell BD, Biju SD, Bird JP, Black-Decima P, Blanc JJ, Bolaños F, Bolivar-G W, Burfield IJ, Burton JA, Capper DR, Castro F, Catullo G, Cavanagh RD, Channing A, Chao NL, Chenery AM, Chiozza F, Clausnitzer V, Collar NJ, Collett LC, Collette BB, Cortez Fernandez CF, Craig MT, Crosby MJ, Cumberlidge N, Cuttelod A, Derocher AE, Diesmos AC, Donaldson JS, Duckworth JW, Dutson G, Dutta SK, Emslie RH, Farjon A, Fowler S, Freyhof J, Garshelis DL, Gerlach J, Gower DJ, Grant TD, Hammerson GA, Harris RB, Heaney LR, Hedges SB, Hero JM, Hughes B, Hussain SA, Icochea M J, Inger RF, Ishii N, Iskandar DT, Jenkins RKB, Kaneko Y, Kottelat M, Kovacs KM, Kuzmin SL, La Marca E, Lamoreux JF, Lau MWN, Lavilla EO, Leus K, Lewison RL, Lichtenstein G, Livingstone SR, Lukoschek V, Mallon DP, McGowan PJK, McIvor A, Moehlman PD, Molur S, Muñoz Alonso A, Musick JA, Nowell K, Nussbaum RA, Olech W, Orlov NL, Papenfuss TJ, Parra-Olea G, Perrin WF, Polidoro BA, Pourkazemi M, Racey PA, Ragle JS, Ram M, Rathbun G, Reynolds RP, Rhodin AGJ, Richards SJ, Rodríguez LO, Ron SR, Rondinini C, Rylands AB, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Sanciangco JC, Sanders KL, Santos-Barrera G, Schipper J, Self-Sullivan C, Shi Y, Shoemaker A, Short FT, Sillero-Zubiri C, Silvano DL, Smith KG, Smith AT, Snoeks J, Stattersfield AJ, Symes AJ, Taber AB, Talukdar BK, Temple HJ, Timmins R, Tobias JA, Tsytsulina K, Tweddle D, Ubeda C, Valenti SV, van Dijk PP, Veiga LM, Veloso A, Wege DC, Wilkinson M, Williamson EA, Xie F, Young BE, Akçakaya HR, Bennun L, Blackburn TM, Boitani L, Dublin HT, da Fonseca GAB, Gascon C, Lacher TE, Mace GM, Mainka SA, McNeely JA, Mittermeier RA, Reid GM, Rodriguez JP, Rosenberg AA, Samways MJ, Smart J, Stein BA, Stuart SN. The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates. Science 2010; 330:1503-9. [PMID: 20978281 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmann
- IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.
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Schipper J, Chanson JS, Chiozza F, Cox NA, Hoffmann M, Katariya V, Lamoreux J, Rodrigues ASL, Stuart SN, Temple HJ, Baillie J, Boitani L, Lacher TE, Mittermeier RA, Smith AT, Absolon D, Aguiar JM, Amori G, Bakkour N, Baldi R, Berridge RJ, Bielby J, Black PA, Blanc JJ, Brooks TM, Burton JA, Butynski TM, Catullo G, Chapman R, Cokeliss Z, Collen B, Conroy J, Cooke JG, da Fonseca GAB, Derocher AE, Dublin HT, Duckworth JW, Emmons L, Emslie RH, Festa-Bianchet M, Foster M, Foster S, Garshelis DL, Gates C, Gimenez-Dixon M, Gonzalez S, Gonzalez-Maya JF, Good TC, Hammerson G, Hammond PS, Happold D, Happold M, Hare J, Harris RB, Hawkins CE, Haywood M, Heaney LR, Hedges S, Helgen KM, Hilton-Taylor C, Hussain SA, Ishii N, Jefferson TA, Jenkins RKB, Johnston CH, Keith M, Kingdon J, Knox DH, Kovacs KM, Langhammer P, Leus K, Lewison R, Lichtenstein G, Lowry LF, Macavoy Z, Mace GM, Mallon DP, Masi M, McKnight MW, Medellín RA, Medici P, Mills G, Moehlman PD, Molur S, Mora A, Nowell K, Oates JF, Olech W, Oliver WRL, Oprea M, Patterson BD, Perrin WF, Polidoro BA, Pollock C, Powel A, Protas Y, Racey P, Ragle J, Ramani P, Rathbun G, Reeves RR, Reilly SB, Reynolds JE, Rondinini C, Rosell-Ambal RG, Rulli M, Rylands AB, Savini S, Schank CJ, Sechrest W, Self-Sullivan C, Shoemaker A, Sillero-Zubiri C, De Silva N, Smith DE, Srinivasulu C, Stephenson PJ, van Strien N, Talukdar BK, Taylor BL, Timmins R, Tirira DG, Tognelli MF, Tsytsulina K, Veiga LM, Vié JC, Williamson EA, Wyatt SA, Xie Y, Young BE. The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge. Science 2008; 322:225-30. [PMID: 18845749 DOI: 10.1126/science.1165115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schipper
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Programme, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland.
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Wu X, Rathbun G, Lane WS, Weaver DT, Livingston DM. Interactions of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein with ATM and BRCA1. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2003; 65:535-45. [PMID: 12760071 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2000.65.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Wu X, Ranganathan V, Weisman DS, Heine WF, Ciccone DN, O'Neill TB, Crick KE, Pierce KA, Lane WS, Rathbun G, Livingston DM, Weaver DT. ATM phosphorylation of Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein is required in a DNA damage response. Nature 2000; 405:477-82. [PMID: 10839545 DOI: 10.1038/35013089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is characterized by extreme radiation sensitivity, chromosomal instability and cancer. The phenotypes are similar to those of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) disease, where there is a deficiency in a protein kinase that is activated by DNA damage, indicating that the Nbs and Atm proteins may participate in common pathways. Here we report that Nbs is specifically phosphorylated in response to gamma-radiation, ultraviolet light and exposure to hydroxyurea. Phosphorylation of Nbs mediated by gamma-radiation, but not that induced by hydroxyurea or ultraviolet light, was markedly reduced in ATM cells. In vivo, Nbs was phosphorylated on many serine residues, of which S343, S397 and S615 were phosphorylated by Atm in vitro. At least two of these sites were underphosphorylated in ATM cells. Inactivation of these serines by mutation partially abrogated Atm-dependent phosphorylation. Reconstituting NBS cells with a mutant form of Nbs that cannot be phosphorylated at selected, ATM-dependent serine residues led to a specific reduction in clonogenic survival after gamma-radiation. Thus, phosphorylation of Nbs by Atm is critical for certain responses of human cells to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Pivniouk V, Tsitsikov E, Swinton P, Rathbun G, Alt FW, Geha RS. Impaired viability and profound block in thymocyte development in mice lacking the adaptor protein SLP-76. Cell 1998; 94:229-38. [PMID: 9695951 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The adaptor protein SLP-76 is expressed in T lymphocytes and myeloid cells and is a substrate for ZAP-70 and Syk. We generated a SLP-76 null mutation in mice by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to evaluate the role of SLP-76 in T cell development and activation. SLP-76-deficient mice exhibited subcutaneous and intraperitoneal hemorrhaging and impaired viability. Analysis of lymphoid cells revealed a profound block in thymic development with absence of double-positive CD4+8+ thymocytes and of peripheral T cells. This block could not be overcome by in vivo treatment with anti-CD3. V-D-J rearrangement of the TCRbeta locus was not obviously affected. B cell development was normal. These results indicate that SLP-76 collects all pre-TCR signals that drive the development and expansion of double-positive thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pivniouk
- Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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6
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Rameh LE, Arvidsson AK, Carraway KL, Couvillon AD, Rathbun G, Crompton A, VanRenterghem B, Czech MP, Ravichandran KS, Burakoff SJ, Wang DS, Chen CS, Cantley LC. A comparative analysis of the phosphoinositide binding specificity of pleckstrin homology domains. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:22059-66. [PMID: 9268346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.35.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology (PH) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains are structurally related regulatory modules that are present in a variety of proteins involved in signal transduction, such as kinases, phospholipases, GTP exchange proteins, and adapter proteins. Initially these domains were shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, but more recently they were also found to bind phosphoinositides. Most studies to date have focused on binding of PH domains to phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)-4-P and PtdIns-4,5-P2 and have not considered the lipid products of phosphoinositide 3-kinase: PtdIns-3-P, PtdIns-3,4-P2, and PtdIns-3,4,5-P3. Here we have compared the phosphoinositide specificity of six different PH domains and the Shc PTB domain using all five phosphoinositides. We show that the Bruton's tyrosine kinase PH domain binds to PtdIns-3,4, 5-P3 with higher affinity than to PtdIns-4,5-P2, PtdIns-3,4-P2 or inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins-1,3,4,5-P4). This selectivity is decreased by the xid mutation (R28C). Selective binding of PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 over PtdIns-4,5-P2 or PtdIns-3,4-P2 was also observed for the amino-terminal PH domain of T lymphoma invasion and metastasis protein (Tiam-1), the PH domains of Son-of-sevenless (Sos) and, to a lesser extent, the PH domain of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase. The oxysterol binding protein and beta-spectrin PH domains bound PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 and PtdIns-4,5-P2 with similar affinities. PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 and PtdIns-4,5-P2 also bound to the PTB domain of Shc with similar affinities and lipid binding was competed with phosphotyrosine (Tyr(P)-containing peptides. These results indicate that distinct PH domains select for different phosphoinositides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rameh
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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7
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Khan WN, Alt FW, Gerstein RM, Malynn BA, Larsson I, Rathbun G, Davidson L, Müller S, Kantor AB, Herzenberg LA. Defective B cell development and function in Btk-deficient mice. Immunity 1995; 3:283-99. [PMID: 7552994 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene have been linked to severe early B cell developmental blocks in human X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), and to milder B cell activation deficiencies in murine X-linked immune deficiency (Xid). To elucidate unequivocally potential Btk functions in mice, we generated mutations in embryonic stem cells, which eliminated the ability to encode Btk pleckstrin homology or kinase domains, and assayed their effects by RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation or introduction into the germline. Both mutations block expression of Btk protein and lead to reduced numbers of mature conventional B cells, severe B1 cell deficiency, serum IgM and IgG3 deficiency, and defective responses in vitro to various B cell activators and in vivo to immunization with thymus-independent type II antigens. These results prove that lack of Btk function results in an Xid phenotype and further suggest a differential requirement for Btk during the early stages of murine versus human B lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Khan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Childrens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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8
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Oltz EM, Alt FW, Lin WC, Chen J, Taccioli G, Desiderio S, Rathbun G. A V(D)J recombinase-inducible B-cell line: role of transcriptional enhancer elements in directing V(D)J recombination. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:6223-30. [PMID: 8413222 PMCID: PMC364681 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.10.6223-6230.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid analysis of mechanisms that regulate V(D)J recombination has been hampered by the lack of appropriate cell systems that reproduce aspects of normal prelymphocyte physiology in which the recombinase is activated, accessible antigen receptor loci are rearranged, and rearrangement status is fixed by termination of recombinase expression. To generate such a system, we introduced heat shock-inducible V(D)J recombination-activating genes (RAG) 1 and 2 into a recombinationally inert B-cell line. Heat shock treatment of these cells rapidly induced high levels of RAG transcripts and RAG proteins that were accompanied by a parallel induction of V(D)J recombinase activity, strongly suggesting that RAG proteins have a primary role in V(D)J recombination. Within hours after induction, these cells began to rearrange chromosomally integrated V(D)J recombination substrates but only if the substrates contained an active transcriptional enhancer; substrates lacking an enhancer were not efficiently rearranged. Activities necessary to target integrated substrates for rearrangement were provided by two separate lymphoid-specific transcriptional enhancers, as well as an active nonlymphoid enhancer, unequivocally demonstrating that such elements enhance both transcription and V(D)J recombinational accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Oltz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Abstract
Analyses of mechanisms that regulate V(D)J recombination have relied heavily on the use of transformed precursor lymphocyte cell lines. We now show that such lines have highly variable and frequently low levels of recombination activating genes (RAG)-1 and -2 gene expression. We also show that expression levels of the RAG genes can vary > 100-fold between different subcloned cells of an individual pre-B line. We discuss these findings in the context of normal regulation of RAG gene expression and the implication for the use of transformed pre-B cell lines as models for studying control of V(D)J recombination activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rathbun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
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10
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Abstract
Cells maintain the integrity of their genome through an intricate network of repair systems that recognize and remove lesions from DNA. The only known site-directed recombination process in vertebrates is the V(D)J recombination of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes. A large panel of cell lines deficient in DNA repair were tested for the ability to perform V(D)J recombination after introduction of the RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes. Two mutants failed to generate normal V(D)J recombination, and further analysis provided evidence for two distinct nonlymphoid-specific genes that encode factors involved in both DNA repair and V(D)J recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Taccioli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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11
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Xu Y, Baldassare M, Fisher P, Rathbun G, Oltz EM, Yancopoulos GD, Jessell TM, Alt FW. LH-2: a LIM/homeodomain gene expressed in developing lymphocytes and neural cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:227-31. [PMID: 7678338 PMCID: PMC45633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.1.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A screen for early markers of B-lymphocyte differentiation has identified a homeobox gene, denoted LH-2, that has a pattern of expression distinct from that of other related genes. The LH-2 cDNA sequence encodes a polypeptide of 426 amino acids that contains a homeodomain and two repeats of a cysteine-rich domain referred to as a LIM domain. The homeodomain of the LH-2 protein is related to that of other LIM/homeodomain proteins, most strikingly with that of the Drosophila apterous protein. Expression of LH-2 was found in B- and T-lymphoid cell lines. Expression in B-cell lines was highest in lines that represent early stages of differentiation, whereas in T-cell lines there was no clear correlation with the stage of differentiation. In embryonic and adult tissues, the highest level of LH-2 expression was found in discrete regions of the developing central nervous system, primarily in diencephalic and telencephalic structures, and in a subset of lymphoid tissues. The expression pattern and structural characteristics of the LH-2 gene suggest that it encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein involved in the control of cell differentiation in developing lymphoid and neural cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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12
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Abstract
Transgenic mice carrying either the c-myc or N-myc oncogene deregulated by the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer element (E mu) develop both pre-B and B cell lymphomas (E mu-c-myc and E mu-N-myc lymphomas). We report here that B cell lines derived from these tumors, as well as a line derived from v-myc retroviral transformation, simultaneously express surface immunoglobulin (a hallmark of mature B cells) as well as a common subset of genes normally restricted to the pre-B stage of development-including the recombinase activating genes RAG-1 and RAG-2. Continued RAG-1 and RAG-2 expression in these lines is associated with VDJ recombinase activity detected with a VDJ recombination substrate. Cross-linking of the surface immunoglobulin on these lines with an anti-mu antibody leads to rapid, specific and reversible down-regulation of RAG-1 and RAG-2 gene expression. We also find that a small but significant percentage of normal surface immunoglobulin bearing bone marrow B cells express the RAG-1 gene. These findings are discussed in the context of their possible implications for the control of specific gene expression during the pre-B to B cell transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
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13
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Abstract
The RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes synergistically confer VDJ recombinase activity to nonlymphoid cell lines. To unequivocally test RAG gene function, we created lines of mice that lack functional copies of these genes. Consistent with the possibility that RAG gene encode the tissue-specific components of VDJ recombinase, RAG-2-deficient mice are viable but have a severe combined immune deficiency due to inability to initiate VDJ recombination and thereby generate mature lymphocytes. RAG-2-deficient mice have no obvious defect in any tissue or lineage other than lymphocytes, indicating that VDJ recombinase activity and RAG-2-gene function is required only for lymphocyte development. Levels of RAG-1 and RAG-2 expression in primary murine lymphoid tissues and lymphoid bone marrow cultures generally are much higher than those of transformed precursor B-cell lines. Low-level RAG gene expression in permanent cell lines results from a decline during propagation due to outgrowth of cells with lower RAG expression levels. The low and variable level of RAG gene expression in transformed pre-B cell lines correlates with low and variable rates of endogenous VDJ recombination; therefore, such lines are not reliable models for experiments aimed at studying mechanisms that target this activity to particular variable region gene segments. To generate such a system, we introduced RAG genes into B-lineage lines under the control of a heat shock-inducible promoter; heat-shock treatment induces extremely high-level but transient RAG expression accompanied by parallel induction of VDJ recombinase activity. Such cells efficiently rearrange transfected VDJ recombination substrates in a regulated manner that is dependent on the activity of transcriptional control elements associated with the target V gene segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Shinkai Y, Rathbun G, Lam KP, Oltz EM, Stewart V, Mendelsohn M, Charron J, Datta M, Young F, Stall AM. RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement. Cell 1992; 68:855-67. [PMID: 1547487 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90029-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2006] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have generated mice that carry a germline mutation in which a large portion of the RAG-2 coding region is deleted. Homozygous mutants are viable but fail to produce mature B or T lymphocytes. Very immature lymphoid cells were present in primary lymphoid organs of mutant animals as defined by surface marker analyses and Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) transformation assays. However, these cells did not rearrange their immunoglobulin or T cell receptor loci. Lack of V(D)J recombination activity in mutant pre-B cell lines could be restored by introduction of a functional RAG-2 expression vector. Therefore, loss of RAG-2 function in vivo results in total inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement, leading to a novel severe combined immune deficient (SCID) phenotype. Because the SCID phenotype was the only obvious abnormality detected in RAG-2 mutant mice, RAG-2 function and V(D)J recombinase activity, per se, are not required for development of cells other than lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shinkai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Taccioli GE, Rathbun G, Shinkai Y, Oltz EM, Cheng H, Whitmore G, Stamato T, Jeggo P, Alt FW. Activities involved in V(D)J recombination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 182:107-14. [PMID: 1490344 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77633-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G E Taccioli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Alt
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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17
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Meek K, Rathbun G, Reininger L, Jaton JC, Kofler R, Tucker PW, Capra JD. Organization of the murine immunoglobulin VH complex: placement of two new VH families (VH10 and VH11) and analysis of VH family clustering and interdigitation. Mol Immunol 1990; 27:1073-81. [PMID: 2147228 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(90)90095-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During B cell development, there is an ordered expression of heavy chain variable region (VH) genes during ontogeny such that JH proximal VH genes are rearranged and expressed before the more JH distal VH genes. Thus, the relative chromosomal position of VH genes is biologically significant. We have previously employed deletion mapping to order the nine described murine VH gene families as follows: 3609-J558-(J606/VGAM3-8/S107)-3660-(X24/Q52/7183 ). (Families within parentheses were not mapped relative to each other.) In this report we continue this analysis by mapping two recently described heavy chain variable region gene families (VH10 and VH11). VH10 is located at the JH proximal end of the major cluster of J558 VH gene segments. VH11 (a very small family) is intermingled with the 3660 family. Although in general VH genes are thought to be clustered, we and others have reported some interspersion between families. To further address this issue, we have analyzed 80 recombinant phage clones containing J558 VH gene segments for the presence of other VH family genes. Our data indicate that the J558 and 3609 VH families are extensively intermingled as has recently been described for the most JH proximal Q52 and 7183 families.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Meek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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Yancopoulos GD, Oltz EM, Rathbun G, Berman JE, Smith RK, Lansford RD, Rothman P, Okada A, Lee G, Morrow M. Isolation of coordinately regulated genes that are expressed in discrete stages of B-cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:5759-63. [PMID: 1696011 PMCID: PMC54407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.15.5759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have utilized subtractive hybridization to isolate 16 distinct cDNA sequences representing genes expressed in pre-B-cell lines but not myeloma cell or fibroblast lines. These sequences represent RNA transcripts that vary in abundance in pre-B-cell lines from 0.001% to 0.05%. Five of these sequences were not related to any known genes. One was related to but distinct from known myosin regulatory light chain genes and another encoded a protein with lectin domains. Three represented previously identified genes encoding carbonic anhydrase type II, thymosin, and CD2; these genes were not previously known to be specifically expressed in early stages of B-cell development. Other isolated genes corresponded to pre-B-cell-specific or pre-B-cell/B cell-specific genes recently described by others. The isolated cDNA sequences may be divided into two general categories--those representing genes expressed only in the pre-B-cell stage of B-cell development and those expressed in both the pre-B-cell and B-cell stages. The in vivo expression patterns of the identified genes suggest that some function specifically in lymphocytes while others may have roles in additional lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Yancopoulos
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rathbun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas 75235
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Meek K, Sanz I, Rathbun G, Nisonoff A, Capra JD. Identity of the V kappa 10-Ars-A gene segments of the A/J and BALB/c strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:6244-8. [PMID: 3114744 PMCID: PMC299047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize the light chain gene segments involved in the murine immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin p-azophenylarsonate (Ars), we have determined the amino acid and/or nucleotide sequences of several anti-arsonate antibodies of the Ars-A family in the A/J, C.AL-20, and BALB/c strains. These structures have been compared to certain BALB/c anti-phenyloxazolone and anti-levan antibodies previously sequenced and to the A/J V kappa 10-Ars-A genomic sequence (where V kappa = kappa chain variable). These primary structural studies were complemented by Southern filter hybridization analyses utilizing V kappa and kappa chain joining (J kappa) molecular probes. We found a surprising uniformity of structure among these antibody light chains derived from different murine strains. Thus, in contrast to the heavy chain variable (Vh) regions of the Ars-A antibody family where the BALB/c strain lacks the VH gene segment utilized in the A/J Ars-A response, the light chain variable region gene segments at the V kappa 10-Ars-A locus appear to be identical between the two strains.
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Born W, Rathbun G, Tucker P, Marrack P, Kappler J. Synchronized rearrangement of T-cell gamma and beta chain genes in fetal thymocyte development. Science 1986; 234:479-82. [PMID: 3020688 DOI: 10.1126/science.3020688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics of mouse T-cell gamma gene rearrangements in ontogeny were determined as an approach to understanding the possible role of these genes in the development of fetal thymocytes. Two of these genes (C gamma 1 and C gamma 2) rearranged rapidly during days 14 to 17 of the gestational period in BALB/c mice. Moreover, these rearrangements seemed to be tightly synchronized with rearrangements of T-cell receptor beta chain genes in the same cells. It is suggested that the early transcriptional activity of gamma genes, which precedes that of beta chain genes, may not reflect the functional activation of these genes. Nevertheless, productive and therefore potentially functional gamma gene rearrangements precede surface expression of T-cell receptors in the thymus by 2 to 3 days, which is compatible with a role for gamma gene products in thymocyte development prior to antigen-specific stages.
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Rathbun G, Rael ED, Paquet A, Marquez L. Amplification of the classical complement pathway by the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus). Toxicon 1980; 18:625-31. [PMID: 7222067 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(80)90090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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