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Bardales R, Boron V, Passos Viana DF, Sousa LL, Dröge E, Porfirio G, Jaramillo M, Payán E, Sillero-Zubiri C, Hyde M. Neotropical mammal responses to megafires in the Brazilian Pantanal. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17278. [PMID: 38655695 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The increasing frequency and severity of human-caused fires likely have deleterious effects on species distribution and persistence. In 2020, megafires in the Brazilian Pantanal burned 43% of the biome's unburned area and resulted in mass mortality of wildlife. We investigated changes in habitat use or occupancy for an assemblage of eight mammal species in Serra do Amolar, Brazil, following the 2020 fires using a pre- and post-fire camera trap dataset. Additionally, we estimated the density for two naturally marked species, jaguars Panthera onca and ocelots Leopardus pardalis. Of the eight species, six (ocelots, collared peccaries Dicotyles tajacu, giant armadillos Priodontes maximus, Azara's agouti Dasyprocta azarae, red brocket deer Mazama americana, and tapirs Tapirus terrestris) had declining occupancy following fires, and one had stable habitat use (pumas Puma concolor). Giant armadillo experienced the most precipitous decline in occupancy from 0.431 ± 0.171 to 0.077 ± 0.044 after the fires. Jaguars were the only species with increasing habitat use, from 0.393 ± 0.127 to 0.753 ± 0.085. Jaguar density remained stable across years (2.8 ± 1.3, 3.7 ± 1.3, 2.6 ± 0.85/100 km2), while ocelot density increased from 13.9 ± 3.2 to 16.1 ± 5.2/100 km2. However, the low number of both jaguars and ocelots recaptured after the fire period suggests that immigration may have sustained the population. Our results indicate that the megafires will have significant consequences for species occupancy and fitness in fire-affected areas. The scale of megafires may inhibit successful recolonization, thus wider studies are needed to investigate population trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Bardales
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Abingdon, UK
- Panthera Cooperation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valeria Boron
- Panthera Cooperation, New York, New York, USA
- The Living Planet Centre, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) UK, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Lara L Sousa
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Abingdon, UK
| | - Egil Dröge
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Abingdon, UK
- Zambian Carnivore Programme, Mfuwe, Zambia
| | | | | | - Esteban Payán
- Panthera Cooperation, New York, New York, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Abingdon, UK
| | - Matthew Hyde
- Panthera Cooperation, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Center for Human-Carnivore Coexistence, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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2
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Macdonald D, Johnson P, Burnham D, Dickman A, Hinks A, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald E. Understanding Nuanced Preferences For Carnivore Conservation: To Know Them Is Not Always To Love Them. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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3
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Werhahn G, Senn H, Macdonald DW, Sillero-Zubiri C. The Diversity in the Genus Canis Challenges Conservation Biology: A Review of Available Data on Asian Wolves. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.782528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxa belonging to the Genus Canis can challenge taxonomists because species boundaries and distribution ranges are often gradual. Species delineation within Canis is currently not based on consistent criteria, and is hampered by geographical bias and lack of taxonomic research. But a consistent taxonomy is critical, given its importance for assigning legal protection, conservation priorities, and financial resources. We carried out a qualitative review of the major wolf lineages so far identified from Asia from historical to contemporary time and considered relevant morphological, ecological, and genetic evidence. We present full mitochondrial phylogenies and genetic distances between these lineages. This review aims to summarize the available data on contemporary Asian wolf lineages within the context of the larger phylogenetic Canis group and to work toward a taxonomy that is consistent within the Canidae. We found support for the presence and taxon eligibility of Holarctic gray, Himalayan/Tibetan, Indian, and Arabian wolves in Asia and recommend their recognition at the taxonomic levels consistent within the group.
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Rudd LF, Allred S, Bright Ross JG, Hare D, Nkomo MN, Shanker K, Allen T, Biggs D, Dickman A, Dunaway M, Ghosh R, González NT, Kepe T, Mbizah MM, Middleton SL, Oommen MA, Paudel K, Sillero-Zubiri C, Dávalos A. Overcoming racism in the twin spheres of conservation science and practice. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211871. [PMID: 34727721 PMCID: PMC8564623 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is time to acknowledge and overcome conservation's deep-seated systemic racism, which has historically marginalized Black, Indigenous and people of colour (BIPOC) communities and continues to do so. We describe how the mutually reinforcing ‘twin spheres’ of conservation science and conservation practice perpetuate this systemic racism. We trace how institutional structures in conservation science (e.g. degree programmes, support and advancement opportunities, course syllabuses) can systematically produce conservation graduates with partial and problematic conceptions of conservation's history and contemporary purposes. Many of these graduates go on to work in conservation practice, reproducing conservation's colonial history by contributing to programmes based on outmoded conservation models that disproportionately harm rural BIPOC communities and further restrict access and inclusion for BIPOC conservationists. We provide practical, actionable proposals for breaking vicious cycles of racism in the system of conservation we have with virtuous cycles of inclusion, equality, equity and participation in the system of conservation we want.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Rudd
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK.,Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Oxford University, UK
| | - Shorna Allred
- Center for Conservation Social Sciences, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, USA.,Department of Global Development, Cornell University, USA
| | - Julius G Bright Ross
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK.,Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Oxford University, UK
| | - Darragh Hare
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK.,Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Oxford University, UK.,Center for Conservation Social Sciences, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, USA
| | - Merlyn Nomusa Nkomo
- Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kartik Shanker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, India.,Dakshin Foundation, India
| | | | - Duan Biggs
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Amy Dickman
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK.,Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Oxford University, UK.,Lion Landscapes, Tanzania
| | | | - Ritwick Ghosh
- Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, USA
| | | | - Thembela Kepe
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Canada.,Geography Department, Rhodes University, South Africa
| | - Moreangels M Mbizah
- Wildlife Conservation Action, Zimbabwe.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Sara L Middleton
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK.,Department of Plant Sciences, Oxford University, UK
| | | | - Kumar Paudel
- Greenhood Nepal, Nepal.,Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK.,Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Oxford University, UK.,Born Free Foundation, Ethiopia and UK
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5
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Bauer H, Chardonnet B, Scholte P, Kamgang SA, Tiomoko DA, Tehou AC, Sinsin B, Gebresenbet F, Asefa A, Bobo KS, Garba H, Abagana AL, Diouck D, Mohammed AA, Sillero-Zubiri C. Consider divergent regional perspectives to enhance wildlife conservation across Africa. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:149-152. [PMID: 33139922 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | - Paul Scholte
- Biodiversity Conservation, German International Cooperation (GIZ), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Djafarou Ali Tiomoko
- Biodiversity Conservation, German International Cooperation (GIZ), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aristide Comlan Tehou
- Laboratory for Applied Ecology, Natural Resource Conservation, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Brice Sinsin
- Laboratory for Applied Ecology, Natural Resource Conservation, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Addisu Asefa
- Protected Areas Estate Project, Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hamissou Garba
- Protected Areas Division, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Niamey, Niger
| | - Ali Laouel Abagana
- Project Sustainable Management of Biodiversity, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Niamey, Niger
| | - Djibril Diouck
- National Parks Directorate, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Born Free Foundation, Horsham, UK
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford. Tubney OX13 5QL, UK.
| | | | - Mark Jones
- Born Free Foundation, Horsham, RH12 4QP, UK
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford. Tubney OX13 5QL, UK.,Born Free Foundation, Horsham, RH12 4QP, UK
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7
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Nowak K, Lee PC, Marino J, Mkono M, Mumby H, Dobson A, Harvey R, Lindsay K, Lusseau D, Sillero-Zubiri C. Trophy hunting: Bans create opening for change. Science 2019; 366:434-435. [PMID: 31649191 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nowak
- The Safina Center, Setauket, NY 11733, USA. .,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, South Africa
| | - Phyllis C Lee
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.,Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Langata, Nairobi 00509, Kenya
| | - Jorgelina Marino
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Mucha Mkono
- Tourism Cluster, University of Queensland Business School, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hannah Mumby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA
| | - Ross Harvey
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keith Lindsay
- Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Langata, Nairobi 00509, Kenya
| | - David Lusseau
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK.,Born Free Foundation, Horsham, RH12 4QP, UK
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8
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Werhahn G, Kusi N, Li X, Chen C, Zhi L, Lázaro Martín R, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald DW. Himalayan wolf foraging ecology and the importance of wild prey. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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9
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Hickisch R, Hodgetts T, Johnson PJ, Sillero-Zubiri C, Tockner K, Macdonald DW. Effects of publication bias on conservation planning. Conserv Biol 2019; 33:1151-1163. [PMID: 30957293 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conservation planners need reliable information on spatial patterns of biodiversity. However, existing data sets are skewed because some ecosystems, taxa, and locations are underrepresented. We determined how many articles have been published in recent decades on the biodiversity of different countries and their constituent provinces. We searched the Web of Science catalogues Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) for biodiversity-related articles published from 1993 to 2016 that included country and province names. We combined data on research publication frequency with other provincial-scale factors hypothesized to affect the likelihood of research activity (i.e., economic development, human presence, infrastructure, and remoteness). Areas that appeared understudied relative to the biodiversity expected based on site climate likely have been inaccessible to researchers for reasons, notably armed conflict. Geographic publication bias is of most concern in the most remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South America. Our provincial-scale model may help compensate for publication biases in conservation planning by revealing the spatial extent of research needs and the low cost of redoing this analysis annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hickisch
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - T Hodgetts
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - P J Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - C Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, OX13 5QL, U.K
- Born Free Foundation, Horsham, RH12 4QP, U.K
| | - K Tockner
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Sensengasse 1, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - D W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, OX13 5QL, U.K
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10
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Macdonald DW, Campbell LAD, Kamler JF, Marino J, Werhahn G, Sillero-Zubiri C. Monogamy: Cause, Consequence, or Corollary of Success in Wild Canids? Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Gutema TM, Atickem A, Tsegaye D, Bekele A, Sillero-Zubiri C, Marino J, Kasso M, Venkataraman VV, Fashing PJ, Stenseth NC. Foraging ecology of African wolves ( Canis lupaster) and its implications for the conservation of Ethiopian wolves ( Canis simensis). R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:190772. [PMID: 31598305 PMCID: PMC6774988 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
African wolves (AWs) are sympatric with endangered Ethiopian wolves (EWs) in parts of their range. Scat analyses have suggested a dietary overlap between AWs and EWs, raising the potential for exploitative competition, and a possible conservation threat to EWs. However, in contrast to that of the well-studied EW, the foraging ecology of AWs remains poorly characterized. Accordingly, we studied the foraging ecology of radio-collared AWs (n = 11 individuals) at two localities with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the Ethiopian Highlands, the Guassa-Menz Community Conservation Area (GMCCA) and Borena-Saynt National Park (BSNP), accumulating 845 h of focal observation across 2952 feeding events. We also monitored rodent abundance and rodent trapping activity by local farmers who experience conflict with AWs. The AW diet consisted largely of rodents (22.0%), insects (24.8%), and goats and sheep (24.3%). Of the total rodents captured by farmers using local traps during peak barley production (July to November) in GMCCA, averaging 24.7 ± 8.5 rodents/hectare/day, 81% (N = 3009) were scavenged by AWs. Further, of all the rodents consumed by AWs, most (74%) were carcasses. These results reveal complex interactions between AWs and local farmers, and highlight the scavenging niche occupied by AWs in anthropogenically altered landscapes in contrast to the active hunting exhibited by EWs in more intact habitats. While AWs cause economic damage to local farmers through livestock predation, they appear to play an important role in scavenging pest rodents among farmlands, a pattern of behaviour which likely mitigates direct and indirect competition with EWs. We suggest two routes to promote the coexistence of AWs and EWs in the Ethiopian highlands: local education efforts highlighting the complex role AWs play in highland ecosystems to reduce their persecution, and enforced protection of intact habitats to preserve habitat preferred by EWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Mekonnen Gutema
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Jimma University, PO Box 307, Ethiopia
| | - Anagaw Atickem
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Diress Tsegaye
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Afework Bekele
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK
| | - Jorgelina Marino
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammed Kasso
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Peter J. Fashing
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | - Nils C. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Bauer H, Gebresenbet F, Kiki M, Simpson L, Sillero-Zubiri C. Race and Gender Bias in the Research Community on African Lions. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Armstrong EE, Taylor RW, Prost S, Blinston P, van der Meer E, Madzikanda H, Mufute O, Mandisodza-Chikerema R, Stuelpnagel J, Sillero-Zubiri C, Petrov D. Cost-effective assembly of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) genome using linked reads. Gigascience 2019; 8:5140148. [PMID: 30346553 PMCID: PMC6350039 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A high-quality reference genome assembly is a valuable tool for the study of non-model organisms. Genomic techniques can provide important insights about past population sizes and local adaptation and can aid in the development of breeding management plans. This information is important for fields such as conservation genetics, where endangered species require critical and immediate attention. However, funding for genomic-based methods can be sparse for conservation projects, as costs for general species management can consume budgets. Findings Here, we report the generation of high-quality reference genomes for the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) at a low cost (<$3000), thereby facilitating future studies of this endangered canid. We generated assemblies for three individuals using the linked-read 10x Genomics Chromium system. The most continuous assembly had a scaffold and contig N50 of 21 Mb and 83 Kb, respectively, and completely reconstructed 95% of a set of conserved mammalian genes. Additionally, we estimate the heterozygosity and demographic history of African wild dogs, revealing that although they have historically low effective population sizes, heterozygosity remains high. Conclusions We show that 10x Genomics Chromium data can be used to effectively generate high-quality genomes from Illumina short-read data of intermediate coverage (∼25x–50x). Interestingly, the wild dog shows higher heterozygosity than other species of conservation concern, possibly due to its behavioral ecology. The availability of reference genomes for non-model organisms will facilitate better genetic monitoring of threatened species such as the African wild dog and help conservationists to better understand the ecology and adaptability of those species in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie E Armstrong
- Program for Conservation Genomics, Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ryan W Taylor
- Program for Conservation Genomics, Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Program for Conservation Genomics, Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Science Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
| | - Peter Blinston
- Painted Dog Conservation, PO Box 72, Dete, 00263, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Olivia Mufute
- The Zimbabwe Parks & Wildlife Management Authority, Corner Sandringham & Borrowdale Roads, Botanical Gardens. Causeway, Harare, 00263, Zimbabwe
| | - Roseline Mandisodza-Chikerema
- The Zimbabwe Parks & Wildlife Management Authority, Corner Sandringham & Borrowdale Roads, Botanical Gardens. Causeway, Harare, 00263, Zimbabwe
| | - John Stuelpnagel
- 10x Genomics, Inc., 7068 Koll Center Pkwy #401, Pleasanton, CA, 94566, USA
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, UK014
| | - Dmitri Petrov
- Program for Conservation Genomics, Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Werhahn G, Senn H, Ghazali M, Karmacharya D, Sherchan AM, Joshi J, Kusi N, López-Bao JV, Rosen T, Kachel S, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald DW. The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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15
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Marino J, Sillero-Zubiri C, Deressa A, Bedin E, Bitewa A, Lema F, Rskay G, Banyard A, Fooks AR. Rabies and Distemper Outbreaks in Smallest Ethiopian Wolf Population. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:2102-2104. [PMID: 29148390 PMCID: PMC5708252 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread deaths recently devastated the smallest known population of Ethiopian wolves. Of 7 carcasses found, all 3 tested were positive for rabies. Two wolves were subsequently vaccinated for rabies; 1 of these later died from canine distemper. Only 2 of a known population of 13 wolves survived.
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Gutema TM, Atickem A, Bekele A, Sillero-Zubiri C, Kasso M, Tsegaye D, Venkataraman VV, Fashing PJ, Zinner D, Stenseth NC. Competition between sympatric wolf taxa: an example involving African and Ethiopian wolves. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:172207. [PMID: 29892409 PMCID: PMC5990763 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carnivore populations are declining globally due to range contraction, persecution and prey depletion. One consequence of these patterns is increased range and niche overlap with other carnivores, and thus an elevated potential for competitive exclusion. Here, we document competition between an endangered canid, the Ethiopian wolf (EW), and the newly discovered African wolf (AW) in central Ethiopia. The diet of the ecological specialist EW was dominated by rodents, whereas the AW consumed a more diverse diet also including insects and non-rodent mammals. EWs used predominantly intact habitat, whereas AWs used mostly areas disturbed by humans and their livestock. We observed 82 encounters between the two species, of which 94% were agonistic. The outcomes of agonistic encounters followed a territory-specific dominance pattern, with EWs dominating in intact habitat and AWs in human-disturbed areas. For AWs, the likelihood of winning encounters also increased with group size. Rodent species consumed by EWs were also available in the human-disturbed areas, suggesting that these areas could be suitable habitat for EWs if AWs were not present. Increasing human encroachment not only affects the prey base of EWs, but also may impact their survival by intensifying competition with sympatric AWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Mekonnen Gutema
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Jimma University, PO Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Anagaw Atickem
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Afework Bekele
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney, UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammed Kasso
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Diress Tsegaye
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vivek V. Venkataraman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter J. Fashing
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils C. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Kuiper T, Dickman AJ, Hinks AE, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald EA, Macdonald DW. Combining biological and socio-political criteria to set spatial conservation priorities for the endangered African wild dog. Anim Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kuiper
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
- School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - A. J. Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | - A. E. Hinks
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | - C. Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | - E. A. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | - D. W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology; University of Oxford; Recanati-Kaplan Centre OX13 5QL Tubney United Kingdom
| | | | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology; University of Oxford; Recanati-Kaplan Centre OX13 5QL Tubney United Kingdom
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology; University of Oxford; Recanati-Kaplan Centre OX13 5QL Tubney United Kingdom
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Eshete
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Conservation Biology Department; University of Leiden; Leiden the Netherlands
- North Wollo Zone Environmental Protection Department; Woldia Ethiopia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | - Jorgelina Marino
- Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme; Robe Bale Ethiopia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme; Robe Bale Ethiopia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
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20
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Pooley S, Barua M, Beinart W, Dickman A, Holmes G, Lorimer J, Loveridge AJ, Macdonald DW, Marvin G, Redpath S, Sillero-Zubiri C, Zimmermann A, Milner-Gulland EJ. An interdisciplinary review of current and future approaches to improving human-predator relations. Conserv Biol 2017; 31:513-523. [PMID: 27783450 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In a world of shrinking habitats and increasing competition for natural resources, potentially dangerous predators bring the challenges of coexisting with wildlife sharply into focus. Through interdisciplinary collaboration among authors trained in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, we reviewed current approaches to mitigating adverse human-predator encounters and devised a vision for future approaches to understanding and mitigating such encounters. Limitations to current approaches to mitigation include too much focus on negative impacts; oversimplified equating of levels of damage with levels of conflict; and unsuccessful technical fixes resulting from failure to engage locals, address hidden costs, or understand cultural (nonscientific) explanations of the causality of attacks. An emerging interdisciplinary literature suggests that to better frame and successfully mitigate negative human-predator relations conservation professionals need to consider dispensing with conflict as the dominant framework for thinking about human-predator encounters; work out what conflicts are really about (they may be human-human conflicts); unravel the historical contexts of particular conflicts; and explore different cultural ways of thinking about animals. The idea of cosmopolitan natures may help conservation professionals think more clearly about human-predator relations in both local and global context. These new perspectives for future research practice include a recommendation for focused interdisciplinary research and the use of new approaches, including human-animal geography, multispecies ethnography, and approaches from the environmental humanities notably environmental history. Managers should think carefully about how they engage with local cultural beliefs about wildlife, work with all parties to agree on what constitutes good evidence, develop processes and methods to mitigate conflicts, and decide how to monitor and evaluate these. Demand for immediate solutions that benefit both conservation and development favors dispute resolution and technical fixes, which obscures important underlying drivers of conflicts. If these drivers are not considered, well-intentioned efforts focused on human-wildlife conflicts will fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pooley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, U.K., & Department of Geography, Environment and Development Studies, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, U.K
| | - M Barua
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, U.K., & Oxford India Centre for Sustainable Development, Somerville College, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6HD, U.K
| | - W Beinart
- African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Road, Oxford, OX2 6LH, U.K
| | - A Dickman
- WildCRU, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - G Holmes
- Critical Environmental Social Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - J Lorimer
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, U.K
| | - A J Loveridge
- African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Road, Oxford, OX2 6LH, U.K
| | - D W Macdonald
- African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Road, Oxford, OX2 6LH, U.K
| | - G Marvin
- Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Erasmus House, Roehampton Lane, London, SW15 5PU, U.K
| | - S Redpath
- Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - C Sillero-Zubiri
- African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Road, Oxford, OX2 6LH, U.K
| | - A Zimmermann
- Conservation Science Department, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester, CH2 1LH, U.K., & WildCRU, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
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Werhahn G, Senn H, Kaden J, Joshi J, Bhattarai S, Kusi N, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald DW. Phylogenetic evidence for the ancient Himalayan wolf: towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western Nepal. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170186. [PMID: 28680672 PMCID: PMC5493914 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wolves in the Himalayan region form a monophyletic lineage distinct from the present-day Holarctic grey wolf Canis lupus spp. (Linnaeus 1758) found across Eurasia and North America. Here, we analyse phylogenetic relationships and the geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of the contemporary Himalayan wolf (proposed in previous studies as Canis himalayensis) found in Central Asia. We combine genetic data from a living Himalayan wolf population collected in northwestern Nepal in this study with already published genetic data, and confirm the Himalayan wolf lineage based on mitochondrial genomic data (508 bp cytochrome b and 242 bp D-loop), and X- and Y-linked zinc-finger protein gene (ZFX and ZFY) sequences. We then compare the genetic profile of the Himalayan wolf lineage found in northwestern Nepal with canid reference sequences from around the globe with maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny building methods to demonstrate that the Himalayan wolf forms a distinct monophyletic clade supported by posterior probabilities/bootstrap for D-loop of greater than 0.92/85 and cytochrome b greater than 0.99/93. The Himalayan wolf shows a unique Y-chromosome (ZFY) haplotype, and shares an X-chromosome haplotype (ZFX) with the newly postulated African wolf. Our results imply that the Himalayan wolf distribution range extends from the Himalayan range north across the Tibetan Plateau up to the Qinghai Lakes region in Qinghai Province in the People's Republic of China. Based on its phylogenetic distinction and its older age of divergence relative to the Holarctic grey wolf, the Himalayan wolf merits formal classification as a distinct taxon of special conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Werhahn
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Helen Senn
- WildGenes Laboratory, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, UK
| | - Jennifer Kaden
- WildGenes Laboratory, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, UK
| | - Jyoti Joshi
- Centre for Molecular Dynamics Nepal CMDN, GPO Box 21049, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Susmita Bhattarai
- Centre for Molecular Dynamics Nepal CMDN, GPO Box 21049, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Naresh Kusi
- Resources Himalaya Foundation, Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Burruss
- Department of Fish; Wildlife and Conservation Ecology; New Mexico State University; 2980 South Espina Las Cruces NM 88003 U.S.A
| | | | - Jennifer K. Frey
- Department of Fish; Wildlife and Conservation Ecology; New Mexico State University; 2980 South Espina Las Cruces NM 88003 U.S.A
| | - Mark Andersen
- Department of Fish; Wildlife and Conservation Ecology; New Mexico State University; 2980 South Espina Las Cruces NM 88003 U.S.A
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL U.K
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23
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Atickem A, Simeneh G, Bekele A, Mekonnen T, Sillero-Zubiri C, Hill RA, Stenseth NC. African wolf diet, predation on livestock and conflict in the Guassa mountains of Ethiopia. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anagaw Atickem
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES); Department of Biosciences; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo Norway
- Department of Zoological Sciences; Addis Ababa University; P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory; German Primate Center; Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Getachew Simeneh
- Department of Zoological Sciences; Addis Ababa University; P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Afework Bekele
- Department of Zoological Sciences; Addis Ababa University; P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Mekonnen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES); Department of Biosciences; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; University of Oxford; The Recanati-Kaplan centre, Tubney house Tubney OX13 5QL U.K
- IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group; The Recanati-Kaplan centre; Tubney house; Tubney OX13 5QL Oxford U.K
| | - Russell A. Hill
- Department of Anthropology; Durham University; Dawson Building; South Road Durham DH1 3LE U.K
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES); Department of Biosciences; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo Norway
- Department of Zoological Sciences; Addis Ababa University; P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
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24
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Bauer H, Henschel P, Packer C, Sillero-Zubiri C, Chardonnet B, Sogbohossou EA, De Iongh HH, Macdonald DW. Lion trophy hunting in West Africa: A response to Bouché et al. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173691. [PMID: 28323837 PMCID: PMC5360238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - P. Henschel
- Panthera, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - C. Packer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - C. Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
| | - B. Chardonnet
- African Protected Areas & Wildlife, Saint Cloud, France
| | - E. A. Sogbohossou
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - H. H. De Iongh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D. W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom
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25
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Vlasatá T, Šklíba J, Lövy M, Meheretu Y, Sillero-Zubiri C, Šumbera R. Daily activity patterns in the giant root rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus
), a fossorial rodent from the Afro-alpine zone of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Vlasatá
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - J. Šklíba
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Centre CAS; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - M. Lövy
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Y. Meheretu
- Department of Biology; College of natural and computational sciences; University of Mekelle; Mekelle Ethiopia
| | - C. Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - R. Šumbera
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
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26
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Šklíba J, Vlasatá T, Lövy M, Hrouzková E, Meheretu Y, Sillero-Zubiri C, Šumbera R. Ecological role of the giant root-rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus) in the Afroalpine ecosystem. Integr Zool 2016; 12:333-344. [PMID: 27734606 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rodents with prevailing subterranean activity usually play an important role in the ecosystems of which they are a part due to the combined effect of herbivory and soil perturbation. This is the case for the giant root-rat Tachyoryctes macrocephalus endemic to the Afroalpine ecosystem of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. We studied the impact of root-rats on various ecosystem features within a 3.5-ha study locality dominated by Alchemilla pasture, which represents an optimal habitat for this species, in 2 periods of a year. The root-rats altered plant species composition, reducing the dominant forb, Alchemilla abyssinica, while enhancing Salvia merjame and a few other species, and reduced vegetation cover, but not the fresh plant biomass. Where burrows were abandoned by root-rats, other rodents took them over and A. abyssinica increased again. Root-rat burrowing created small-scale heterogeneity in soil compactness due to the backfilling of some unused burrow segments. Less compacted soil tended to be rich in nutrients, including carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, which likely affected the plant growth on sites where the vegetation has been reduced as a result of root-rat foraging and burrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šklíba
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vlasatá
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Lövy
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
| | - Ema Hrouzková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
| | - Yonas Meheretu
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Cmputational Sciences, Mekelle University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Radim Šumbera
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
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Sillero-Zubiri C, Marino J, Gordon CH, Bedin E, Hussein A, Regassa F, Banyard A, Fooks AR. Feasibility and efficacy of oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in endangered Ethiopian wolves. Vaccine 2016; 34:4792-8. [PMID: 27543453 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diseases are a major cause of population declines in endangered populations of several canid species. Parenteral vaccination efforts to protect Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) from rabies have targeted the domestic dog reservoir, or the wolves themselves in response to confirmed outbreaks. Oral vaccination offers a more cost-efficient, safe and proactive approach to protect Ethiopian wolves and other threatened canids from rabies. Field trials of the oral vaccine Rabigen® SAG2Dog were undertaken in the Bale Mountains of southeastern Ethiopia. Four different bait types and three delivery methods were tested in twelve Ethiopian wolf packs, and the oral vaccine (using the preferred bait) was trialled in three packs. Vaccine uptake and immunization rates were measured through direct observations and in live-trapped animals through the assessment of biomarker levels and serological status. Commercial baits were never taken by wolves; goat meat baits had the highest uptake, compared to rodent and intestine baits. Targeted delivery from horseback and nocturnal delivery within a pack's territory performed favourably compared to random bait distribution. Bait uptake by non-target species was lowest during the nocturnal blind distribution. Of 21 wolves trapped after vaccination, 14 were positive for the biomarker iophenoxic acid (i.e. ingested the bait and most likely pierced the sachet with the vaccine). Of these, 86% (n=12/14) had levels considered sufficient to provide protective immunity to wildlife (⩾0.20IU/ml), and 50% (n=7/14) demonstrated antibody titres above the universally recognised threshold (⩾0.5IU/ml) -the baseline average was 0.09IU/ml (n=12 wolves). All but one of the wolves vaccinated in 2014 were alive 14months later. Our trials confirm the potential for SAG2, delivered in a goat meat bait, to effectively protect Ethiopian wolves against rabies, supporting the initiative for a more efficient and proactive approach to manage and eventually eliminate rabies in Ethiopian wolf populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK; Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme, P.O. Box 215, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia; IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, UK.
| | - Jorgelina Marino
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK; Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme, P.O. Box 215, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia.
| | - Christopher H Gordon
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK; Zoological Society of London, Kenya Country Programme, Kenya(1).
| | - Eric Bedin
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK; Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme, P.O. Box 215, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia.
| | - Alo Hussein
- Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme, P.O. Box 215, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia.
| | - Fekede Regassa
- Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Ashley Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Abstract
Abstract
Pale foxes ( Vulpes pallida ) have a widespread distribution across the Saharan-Sahel in northern Africa, but little is known about their ecology and natural history. Here, we provide the 1st ecological information on the species. We captured and radio-collared 10 pale foxes in the Termit & Tin Toumma National Nature and Cultural Reserve of east Niger. The adult body mass (1.20 ± SD 0.18kg, n = 6) was about half of what was previously reported, confirming this species as one of the smallest canids in the world. Body measurements were relatively similar between sexes, suggesting little if any sexual dimorphism. Mean ± SD home range size ( n = 6) was 6.79±3.58 km 2 using 100% minimum convex polygon and 5.62±3.11 km 2 using 95% fixed kernel density estimator. Overlap between adjacent pale fox ranges was generally low (mean overlap index = 0.11±0.22), with nearly exclusive core areas (mean overlap index = 0.02±0.06), suggesting pale foxes are territorial. Overall, the spatial ecology of pale foxes showed similar characteristics to other Vulpes species, especially those inhabiting arid and semiarid environments.
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29
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Gordon CH, Banyard AC, Hussein A, Laurenson MK, Malcolm JR, Marino J, Regassa F, Stewart AME, Fooks AR, Sillero-Zubiri C. Canine distemper in endangered Ethiopian wolves. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:824-32. [PMID: 25898177 PMCID: PMC4412237 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation into mortalities within endangered species can direct conservation efforts. The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) is the world’s rarest canid; ≈500 wolves remain. The largest population is found within the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) in southeastern Ethiopia, where conservation efforts have demonstrated the negative effect of rabies virus on wolf populations. We describe previously unreported infections with canine distemper virus (CDV) among these wolves during 2005–2006 and 2010. Death rates ranged from 43% to 68% in affected subpopulations and were higher for subadult than adult wolves (83%–87% vs. 34%–39%). The 2010 CDV outbreak started 20 months after a rabies outbreak, before the population had fully recovered, and led to the eradication of several focal packs in BMNP’s Web Valley. The combined effect of rabies and CDV increases the chance of pack extinction, exacerbating the typically slow recovery of wolf populations, and represents a key extinction threat to populations of this highly endangered carnivore.
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Bauer H, Kamgang SA, Kirsten I, Tumenta P, Saleh A, Henschel P, Sillero-Zubiri C. Large carnivore abundance in the Benoue ecosystem, North Cameroon. Afr J Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bauer
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; University of Oxford; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL U.K
| | | | - Iris Kirsten
- Leo Foundation; Roghorst 343 6708 KX Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; University of Oxford; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL U.K
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Prevosti FJ, Ramírez MA, Schiaffini M, Martin F, Udrizar Sauthier DE, Carrera M, Sillero-Zubiri C, Pardiñas UFJ. Extinctions in near time: new radiocarbon dates point to a very recent disappearance of the South American foxDusicyon avus(Carnivora: Canidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Prevosti
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Nacional de Luján; Luján Buenos Aires Argentina
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica (CRILAR); Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n (5301) Anillaco; La Rioja Argentina
| | - Mariano A. Ramírez
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mauro Schiaffini
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas; CONICET-UNPSJB, LIEB; Esquel Argentina
| | - Fabiana Martin
- Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral; Instituto de la Patagonia; Universidad de Magallanes; Av. Bulnes 01890 Casilla 113D Punta Arenas Chile
| | - Daniel E. Udrizar Sauthier
- Unidad de Investigación Ecosistemas Continentales Patagónicos; Centro Nacional Patagónico and Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Sede Puerto Madryn; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia “San Juan Bosco”; Puerto Madryn Chubut Argentina
| | - Marcelo Carrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Sede Puerto Madryn; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia “San Juan Bosco”; Boulevard Brown 3051 U9120ACF Puerto Madryn Chubut Argentina
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology; Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
| | - Ulyses F. J. Pardiñas
- Unidad de Investigación, Diversidad, Sistemática y Evolución; Centro Nacional Patagónico; Puerto Madryn Chubut Argentina
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Durant SM, Becker MS, Creel S, Bashir S, Dickman AJ, Beudels-Jamar RC, Lichtenfeld L, Hilborn R, Wall J, Wittemyer G, Badamjav L, Blake S, Boitani L, Breitenmoser C, Broekhuis F, Christianson D, Cozzi G, Davenport TRB, Deutsch J, Devillers P, Dollar L, Dolrenry S, Douglas-Hamilton I, Dröge E, FitzHerbert E, Foley C, Hazzah L, Hopcraft JGC, Ikanda D, Jacobson A, Joubert D, Kelly MJ, Milanzi J, Mitchell N, M'Soka J, Msuha M, Mweetwa T, Nyahongo J, Rosenblatt E, Schuette P, Sillero-Zubiri C, Sinclair ARE, Stanley Price MR, Zimmermann A, Pettorelli N. Developing fencing policies for dryland ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Durant SM, Wacher T, Bashir S, Woodroffe R, De Ornellas P, Ransom C, Newby J, Abáigar T, Abdelgadir M, El Alqamy H, Baillie J, Beddiaf M, Belbachir F, Belbachir-Bazi A, Berbash AA, Bemadjim NE, Beudels-Jamar R, Boitani L, Breitenmoser C, Cano M, Chardonnet P, Collen B, Cornforth WA, Cuzin F, Gerngross P, Haddane B, Hadjeloum M, Jacobson A, Jebali A, Lamarque F, Mallon D, Minkowski K, Monfort S, Ndoassal B, Niagate B, Purchase G, Samaïla S, Samna AK, Sillero-Zubiri C, Soultan AE, Stanley Price MR, Pettorelli N. Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara's megafauna. DIVERS DISTRIB 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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van Kesteren F, Paris M, Macdonald DW, Millar R, Argaw K, Johnson PJ, Farstad W, Sillero-Zubiri C. The physiology of cooperative breeding in a rare social canid; sex, suppression and pseudopregnancy in female Ethiopian wolves. Physiol Behav 2013; 122:39-45. [PMID: 23994497 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethiopian wolves, Canis simensis, differ from other cooperatively breeding canids in that they combine intense sociality with solitary foraging, making them a suitable species in which to study the physiology of cooperative breeding. The reproductive physiology of twenty wild female Ethiopian wolves (eleven dominant and nine subordinate) in Ethiopia's Bale Mountains National Park was studied non-invasively through the extraction and assaying of estradiol, progesterone and glucocorticoids in collected fecal samples using enzyme and radioimmunoassays. All dominant females showed increased estradiol concentrations and/or mating behavior during the annual mating season. In contrast, none of the subordinate females showed increased estradiol concentrations or mating behavior during the mating season. However, two subordinate females came into estrus outside of the mating season. Both dominant and subordinate females had higher average progesterone concentrations during the dominant female's pregnancy than at other times of the year, and two subordinate females allosuckled the dominant female's pups. No statistically significant differences in glucocorticoid concentrations were found between dominant and subordinate females. These results suggest that subordinate females are reproductively suppressed during the annual mating season, but may ovulate outside of the mating season and become pseudopregnant. No evidence was found to suggest that reproductive suppression in subordinate females was regulated through aggressive behaviors, and no relationship was found between fecal glucocorticoids and dominance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya van Kesteren
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK; Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme, PO Box 215, Robe, Bale, Ethiopia; Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals (IBREAM), Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
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Creel S, Becker MS, Durant SM, M'Soka J, Matandiko W, Dickman AJ, Christianson D, Dröge E, Mweetwa T, Pettorelli N, Rosenblatt E, Schuette P, Woodroffe R, Bashir S, Beudels-Jamar RC, Blake S, Borner M, Breitenmoser C, Broekhuis F, Cozzi G, Davenport TRB, Deutsch J, Dollar L, Dolrenry S, Douglas-Hamilton I, Fitzherbert E, Foley C, Hazzah L, Henschel P, Hilborn R, Hopcraft JGC, Ikanda D, Jacobson A, Joubert B, Joubert D, Kelly MS, Lichtenfeld L, Mace GM, Milanzi J, Mitchell N, Msuha M, Muir R, Nyahongo J, Pimm S, Purchase G, Schenck C, Sillero-Zubiri C, Sinclair ARE, Songorwa AN, Stanley-Price M, Tehou CA, Trout C, Wall J, Wittemyer G, Zimmermann A. Conserving large populations of lions - the argument for fences has holes. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:1413, e1-3. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Creel
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - M. S. Becker
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - S. M. Durant
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - J. M'Soka
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambia Wildlife Authority; Private Bag 1 Chilanga Zambia
| | - W. Matandiko
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - A. J. Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
| | - D. Christianson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - E. Dröge
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - T. Mweetwa
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - N. Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - E. Rosenblatt
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - P. Schuette
- Department of Ecology; Conservation Biology and Ecology Program; Montana State University; 310 Lewis Hall Bozeman MT 59717 USA
- Zambian Carnivore Programme; Box 80 Mfuwe Eastern Province Zambia
| | - R. Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - S. Bashir
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - R. C. Beudels-Jamar
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences; 29 Vautier str. Bruxelles 1000 Belgium
- CMS Scientific Council, UNEP/CMS; Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 Bonn 53113 Germany
| | - S. Blake
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology; Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis 63130 USA
| | - M. Borner
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - C. Breitenmoser
- IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group; c/o KORA, Thunstrasse 31 Muri 3074 Switzerland
| | - F. Broekhuis
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
| | - G. Cozzi
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; Zurich University; Winterthurerstrasse 190 Zürich CH 8057 Switzerland
| | - T. R. B. Davenport
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program; PO Box 922 Zanzibar Tanzania
| | - J. Deutsch
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - L. Dollar
- Big Cats Initiative, National Geographic Society; 1145 17th Street NW Washington DC 20036-4688 USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
- Department of Biology; Pfeiffer University; Misenheimer North Carolina 28109 USA
| | - S. Dolrenry
- Lion Guardians; PO Box 15550 Langata 00509 Kenya
| | - I. Douglas-Hamilton
- Save the Elephants; PO Box 54667 Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - E. Fitzherbert
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
- Chester Zoo; Chester CH2 1LH UK
| | - C. Foley
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program; PO Box 922 Zanzibar Tanzania
| | - L. Hazzah
- Lion Guardians; PO Box 15550 Langata 00509 Kenya
| | - P. Henschel
- Panthera; 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor New York NY 10018 USA
| | - R. Hilborn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - J. G. C. Hopcraft
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - D. Ikanda
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute; Box 661 Arusha Tanzania
| | - A. Jacobson
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - B. Joubert
- Big Cats Initiative, National Geographic Society; 1145 17th Street NW Washington DC 20036-4688 USA
| | - D. Joubert
- Big Cats Initiative, National Geographic Society; 1145 17th Street NW Washington DC 20036-4688 USA
| | - M. S. Kelly
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation; Virginia Tech; 146 Cheatham Hall Blacksburg VA 24061-0321 USA
| | - L. Lichtenfeld
- African People & Wildlife Fund; PO Box 624 Bernardsville NJ 07924 USA
| | - G. M. Mace
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - J. Milanzi
- Zambia Wildlife Authority; Private Bag 1 Chilanga Zambia
| | - N. Mitchell
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - M. Msuha
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute; Box 661 Arusha Tanzania
| | - R. Muir
- Africa Programme, Frankfurt Zoological Society Africa Regional Office; Serengeti National Park; Serengeti Tanzania
| | | | - S. Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment; Duke University; Durham North Carolina USA
- Department of Biology; Pfeiffer University; Misenheimer North Carolina 28109 USA
| | - G. Purchase
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo; 2300 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10460 USA
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London; Regents Park London NW1 4RY UK
| | - C. Schenck
- Frankfurt Zoological Society; Bernhard-Grzimek-Allee 1 Frankfurt 60316 Germany
| | - C. Sillero-Zubiri
- Department of Zoology; IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
| | - A. R. E. Sinclair
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | | | - M. Stanley-Price
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
- IUCN/SSC Species Conservation Planning Sub-committee; Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland
| | - C. A. Tehou
- Coordonnateur WAP/UNOPS Bénin; B.P. 527 Cotonou, République Bénin
| | - C. Trout
- African People & Wildlife Fund; PO Box 624 Bernardsville NJ 07924 USA
| | - J. Wall
- Laboratory for Advanced Spatial Analysis; Department of Geography; University of British Columbia; 1984 West Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2 Canada
| | - G. Wittemyer
- Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - A. Zimmermann
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney House Tubney OX13 5QL UK
- Chester Zoo; Chester CH2 1LH UK
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Marino J, Sillero-Zubiri C, Gottelli D, Johnson PJ, Macdonald DW. The fall and rise of Ethiopian wolves: lessons for conservation of long-lived, social predators. Anim Conserv 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Marino
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology; University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney UK
| | - C. Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology; University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney UK
| | - D. Gottelli
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - P. J. Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology; University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney UK
| | - D. W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology; University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; Tubney UK
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Gottelli D, Sillero-Zubiri C, Marino J, Funk SM, Wang J. Genetic structure and patterns of gene flow among populations of the endangered Ethiopian wolf. Anim Conserv 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Gottelli
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London; UK
| | - C. Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department; University of Oxford; Tubney; UK
| | - J. Marino
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department; University of Oxford; Tubney; UK
| | | | - J. Wang
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London; UK
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van Kesteren F, Sillero-Zubiri C, Millar R, Argaw K, Macdonald DW, Paris M. Sex, stress and social status: patterns in fecal testosterone and glucocorticoid metabolites in male Ethiopian wolves. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 179:30-7. [PMID: 22841807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ethiopian wolves, Canis simensis, live in large multi-male family packs, where males are philopatric and do not disperse. Within a pack, mating and breeding is largely monopolized by the dominant male and female, although extra-pack copulations are common, and subordinate males may sire pups in neighboring packs. Regardless of paternity, all males in a pack help rear the pups. We non-invasively studied patterns in fecal testosterone and glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations using radioimmunoassays of fecal samples collected from nine wild male Ethiopian wolves between August 2007 and February 2008. We tested the predictions of the Challenge Hypothesis, namely that fecal testosterone metabolite concentrations would be higher during the annual mating season, which is the portion of the reproductive cycle when mating and increased aggression typically occur, and lower when there were pups in the pack for which to care. Contrary to the predictions of the Challenge Hypothesis, we did not detect patterns in fecal testosterone metabolite concentrations associated with reproductive stage during our study period. Similarly, we found no patterns associated with reproductive stage in male fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations. Dominant males had higher average fecal testosterone and glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations than did subordinates, which may be related to higher rates of aggression and mate guarding in dominant males of group-living canids, a pattern also reported in African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya van Kesteren
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, United Kingdom.
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Durant SM, Pettorelli N, Bashir S, Woodroffe R, Wacher T, De Ornellas P, Ransom C, Abaigar T, Abdelgadir M, El Alqamy H, Beddiaf M, Belbachir F, Belbachir-Bazi A, Berbash AA, Beudels-Jamar R, Boitani L, Breitenmoser C, Cano M, Chardonnet P, Collen B, Cornforth WA, Cuzin F, Gerngross P, Haddane B, Hadjeloum M, Jacobson A, Jebali A, Lamarque F, Mallon D, Minkowski K, Monfort S, Ndoassal B, Newby J, Ngakoutou BE, Niagate B, Purchase G, Samaila S, Samna AK, Sillero-Zubiri C, Soultan AE, Stanley Price MR, Baillie JEM. Forgotten Biodiversity in Desert Ecosystems. Science 2012; 336:1379-80. [DOI: 10.1126/science.336.6087.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Borghi CE, Campos CM, Giannoni SM, Campos VE, Sillero-Zubiri C. Updated Distribution of the Pink Fairy ArmadilloChlamyphorus truncatus(Xenarthra, Dasypodidae), the World's Smallest Armadillo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5537/020.012.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kennedy LJ, Randall DA, Knobel D, Brown JJ, Fooks AR, Argaw K, Shiferaw F, Ollier WER, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald DW, Laurenson MK. Major histocompatibility complex diversity in the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 77:118-25. [PMID: 21214524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influences immune response to infection and vaccination. In most species, MHC genes are highly polymorphic, but few wild canid populations have been investigated. In Ethiopian wolves, we identified four DLA (dog leucocyte antigen)-DRB1, two DLA-DQA1 and five DQB1 alleles. Ethiopian wolves, the world's rarest canids with fewer than 500 animals worldwide, are further endangered and threatened by rabies. Major rabies outbreaks in the Bale Mountains of southern Ethiopia (where over half of the Ethiopian wolf population is located) have killed over 75% of wolves in the affected sub-populations. In 2004, following a rabies outbreak, 77 wolves were vaccinated, and 19 were subsequently recaptured to monitor the effectiveness of the intervention. Pre- and post-vaccination rabies antibody titres were available for 18 animals, and all of the animals sero-converted after vaccination. We compared the haplotype frequencies of this group of 18 with the post-vaccination antibody titre, and showed that one haplotype was associated with a lower response (uncorrected P < 0.03). In general, Ethiopian wolves probably have an adequate amount of MHC variation to ensure the survival of the species. However, we sampled only the largest Ethiopian wolf population in Bale, and did not take the smaller populations further north into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Marino J, Bennett M, Cossios D, Iriarte A, Lucherini M, Pliscoff P, Sillero-Zubiri C, Villalba L, Walker S. Bioclimatic constraints to Andean cat distribution: a modelling application for rare species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Rueness EK, Asmyhr MG, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald DW, Bekele A, Atickem A, Stenseth NC. The cryptic African wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is not a golden jackal and is not endemic to Egypt. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16385. [PMID: 21298107 PMCID: PMC3027653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Egyptian jackal (Canis aureus lupaster) has hitherto been considered a large, rare subspecies of the golden jackal (C. aureus). It has maintained its taxonomical status to date, despite studies demonstrating morphological similarities to the grey wolf (C. lupus). We have analyzed 2055 bp of mitochondrial DNA from C. a. lupaster and investigated the similarity to C. aureus and C. lupus. Through phylogenetic comparison with all wild wolf-like canids (based on 726 bp of the Cytochrome b gene) we conclusively (100% bootstrap support) place the Egyptian jackal within the grey wolf species complex, together with the Holarctic wolf, the Indian wolf and the Himalayan wolf. Like the two latter taxa, C. a. lupaster seems to represent an ancient wolf lineage which most likely colonized Africa prior to the northern hemisphere radiation. We thus refer to C. a. lupaster as the African wolf. Furthermore, we have detected C. a. lupaster individuals at two localities in the Ethiopian highlands, extending the distribution by at least 2,500 km southeast. The only grey wolf species to inhabit the African continent is a cryptic species for which the conservation status urgently needs assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Knispel Rueness
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Gulbrandsen Asmyhr
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Afework Bekele
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anagaw Atickem
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hoffmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A, Böhm M, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Carpenter KE, Chanson J, Collen B, Cox NA, Darwall WRT, Dulvy NK, Harrison LR, Katariya V, Pollock CM, Quader S, Richman NI, Rodrigues ASL, Tognelli MF, Vié JC, Aguiar JM, Allen DJ, Allen GR, Amori G, Ananjeva NB, Andreone F, Andrew P, Aquino Ortiz AL, Baillie JEM, Baldi R, Bell BD, Biju SD, Bird JP, Black-Decima P, Blanc JJ, Bolaños F, Bolivar-G W, Burfield IJ, Burton JA, Capper DR, Castro F, Catullo G, Cavanagh RD, Channing A, Chao NL, Chenery AM, Chiozza F, Clausnitzer V, Collar NJ, Collett LC, Collette BB, Cortez Fernandez CF, Craig MT, Crosby MJ, Cumberlidge N, Cuttelod A, Derocher AE, Diesmos AC, Donaldson JS, Duckworth JW, Dutson G, Dutta SK, Emslie RH, Farjon A, Fowler S, Freyhof J, Garshelis DL, Gerlach J, Gower DJ, Grant TD, Hammerson GA, Harris RB, Heaney LR, Hedges SB, Hero JM, Hughes B, Hussain SA, Icochea M J, Inger RF, Ishii N, Iskandar DT, Jenkins RKB, Kaneko Y, Kottelat M, Kovacs KM, Kuzmin SL, La Marca E, Lamoreux JF, Lau MWN, Lavilla EO, Leus K, Lewison RL, Lichtenstein G, Livingstone SR, Lukoschek V, Mallon DP, McGowan PJK, McIvor A, Moehlman PD, Molur S, Muñoz Alonso A, Musick JA, Nowell K, Nussbaum RA, Olech W, Orlov NL, Papenfuss TJ, Parra-Olea G, Perrin WF, Polidoro BA, Pourkazemi M, Racey PA, Ragle JS, Ram M, Rathbun G, Reynolds RP, Rhodin AGJ, Richards SJ, Rodríguez LO, Ron SR, Rondinini C, Rylands AB, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Sanciangco JC, Sanders KL, Santos-Barrera G, Schipper J, Self-Sullivan C, Shi Y, Shoemaker A, Short FT, Sillero-Zubiri C, Silvano DL, Smith KG, Smith AT, Snoeks J, Stattersfield AJ, Symes AJ, Taber AB, Talukdar BK, Temple HJ, Timmins R, Tobias JA, Tsytsulina K, Tweddle D, Ubeda C, Valenti SV, van Dijk PP, Veiga LM, Veloso A, Wege DC, Wilkinson M, Williamson EA, Xie F, Young BE, Akçakaya HR, Bennun L, Blackburn TM, Boitani L, Dublin HT, da Fonseca GAB, Gascon C, Lacher TE, Mace GM, Mainka SA, McNeely JA, Mittermeier RA, Reid GM, Rodriguez JP, Rosenberg AA, Samways MJ, Smart J, Stein BA, Stuart SN. The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates. Science 2010; 330:1503-9. [PMID: 20978281 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmann
- IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.
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Vial F, Sillero-Zubiri C, Marino J, Haydon DT, Macdonald DW. An analysis of long-term trends in the abundance of domestic livestock and free-roaming dogs in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Afr J Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2010.01233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Murdoch JD, Munkhzul T, Buyandelger S, Reading RP, Sillero-Zubiri C. Seasonal food habits of corsac and red foxes in Mongolia and the potential for competition. Mamm Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schipper J, Chanson JS, Chiozza F, Cox NA, Hoffmann M, Katariya V, Lamoreux J, Rodrigues ASL, Stuart SN, Temple HJ, Baillie J, Boitani L, Lacher TE, Mittermeier RA, Smith AT, Absolon D, Aguiar JM, Amori G, Bakkour N, Baldi R, Berridge RJ, Bielby J, Black PA, Blanc JJ, Brooks TM, Burton JA, Butynski TM, Catullo G, Chapman R, Cokeliss Z, Collen B, Conroy J, Cooke JG, da Fonseca GAB, Derocher AE, Dublin HT, Duckworth JW, Emmons L, Emslie RH, Festa-Bianchet M, Foster M, Foster S, Garshelis DL, Gates C, Gimenez-Dixon M, Gonzalez S, Gonzalez-Maya JF, Good TC, Hammerson G, Hammond PS, Happold D, Happold M, Hare J, Harris RB, Hawkins CE, Haywood M, Heaney LR, Hedges S, Helgen KM, Hilton-Taylor C, Hussain SA, Ishii N, Jefferson TA, Jenkins RKB, Johnston CH, Keith M, Kingdon J, Knox DH, Kovacs KM, Langhammer P, Leus K, Lewison R, Lichtenstein G, Lowry LF, Macavoy Z, Mace GM, Mallon DP, Masi M, McKnight MW, Medellín RA, Medici P, Mills G, Moehlman PD, Molur S, Mora A, Nowell K, Oates JF, Olech W, Oliver WRL, Oprea M, Patterson BD, Perrin WF, Polidoro BA, Pollock C, Powel A, Protas Y, Racey P, Ragle J, Ramani P, Rathbun G, Reeves RR, Reilly SB, Reynolds JE, Rondinini C, Rosell-Ambal RG, Rulli M, Rylands AB, Savini S, Schank CJ, Sechrest W, Self-Sullivan C, Shoemaker A, Sillero-Zubiri C, De Silva N, Smith DE, Srinivasulu C, Stephenson PJ, van Strien N, Talukdar BK, Taylor BL, Timmins R, Tirira DG, Tognelli MF, Tsytsulina K, Veiga LM, Vié JC, Williamson EA, Wyatt SA, Xie Y, Young BE. The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge. Science 2008; 322:225-30. [PMID: 18845749 DOI: 10.1126/science.1165115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schipper
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Programme, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland.
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Haydon DT, Randall DA, Matthews L, Knobel DL, Tallents LA, Gravenor MB, Williams SD, Pollinger JP, Cleaveland S, Woolhouse MEJ, Sillero-Zubiri C, Marino J, Macdonald DW, Laurenson MK. Low-coverage vaccination strategies for the conservation of endangered species. Nature 2006; 443:692-5. [PMID: 17036003 DOI: 10.1038/nature05177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The conventional objective of vaccination programmes is to eliminate infection by reducing the reproduction number of an infectious agent to less than one, which generally requires vaccination of the majority of individuals. In populations of endangered wildlife, the intervention required to deliver such coverage can be undesirable and impractical; however, endangered populations are increasingly threatened by outbreaks of infectious disease for which effective vaccines exist. As an alternative, wildlife epidemiologists could adopt a vaccination strategy that protects a population from the consequences of only the largest outbreaks of disease. Here we provide a successful example of this strategy in the Ethiopian wolf, the world's rarest canid, which persists in small subpopulations threatened by repeated outbreaks of rabies introduced by domestic dogs. On the basis of data from past outbreaks, we propose an approach that controls the spread of disease through habitat corridors between subpopulations and that requires only low vaccination coverage. This approach reduces the extent of rabies outbreaks and should significantly enhance the long-term persistence of the population. Our study shows that vaccination used to enhance metapopulation persistence through elimination of the largest outbreaks of disease requires lower coverage than the conventional objective of reducing the reproduction number of an infectious agent to less than one.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Haydon
- Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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