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Rajendran G, Bhanu D, Aruchamy B, Ramani P, Pandurangan N, Bobba KN, Oh EJ, Chung HY, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. Chalcone: A Promising Bioactive Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101250. [PMID: 36297362 PMCID: PMC9607481 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcones are a class of privileged scaffolds with high medicinal significance due to the presence of an α,β-unsaturated ketone functionality. Numerous functional modifications of chalcones have been reported, along with their pharmacological behavior. The present review aims to summarize the structures from natural sources, synthesis methods, biological characteristics against infectious and non-infectious diseases, and uses of chalcones over the past decade, and their structure–activity relationship studies are detailed in depth. This critical review provides guidelines for the future design and synthesis of various chalcones. In addition, this could be highly supportive for medicinal chemists to develop more promising candidates for various infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Rajendran
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies (CoE–AMGT), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
| | - Deepu Bhanu
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies (CoE–AMGT), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
| | - Baladhandapani Aruchamy
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies (CoE–AMGT), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
| | - Prasanna Ramani
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies (CoE–AMGT), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (B.-C.A.)
| | - Nanjan Pandurangan
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Mysuru Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru 570026, India
| | - Kondapa Naidu Bobba
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eun Jung Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Ho Yun Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (B.-C.A.)
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Rajendran G, Mahalingam S, Kagne R, Nathan B. The South African flag sign-an electrocardiographic sign to predict the culprit artery. QJM 2021; 114:665-666. [PMID: 33989421 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Rajendran
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Trauma, Jawarharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Gorimedu, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - S Mahalingam
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Trauma, Jawarharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Gorimedu, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - R Kagne
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Trauma, Jawarharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Gorimedu, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - B Nathan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Trauma, Jawarharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Gorimedu, Puducherry 605006, India
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Puttaswamy N, Saidam S, Rajendran G, Arumugam K, Gupton S, Williams EW, Johnson CL, Panuwet P, Rajkumar S, Clark ML, Peel JL, Checkley W, Clasen T, Balakrishnan K, Barr DB. Cross-validation of biomonitoring methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in human urine: Results from the formative phase of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial in India. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1154:122284. [PMID: 32755815 PMCID: PMC7501734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial is evaluating health benefits of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove intervention in biomass cook-fuel using homes (n = 3200) in four low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) that include Peru, Guatemala, Rwanda and India. Longitudinal urine samples (n = 6000) collected from enrolled pregnant women, infants and older women will be analyzed for biomarkers associated with exposure and health outcomes. We report results from cross-validation of a lower cost high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method with a higher resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the measurement of 1-hydroxypyrene (1PYR) and 2-naphthol (2NAP). Twenty-five split urine samples were analyzed by HPLC-FLD method at the India trial site in Chennai, India and by LC-MSMS method at the trial wide Biomarker Coordinating Center, Emory University, USA. The limits of detection (LOD) for the HPLC-FLD method were 0.02 ng/mL and 0.07 ng/mL for 2NAP and 1PYR, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis estimated a bias of 2.98 ng/ml for 2NAP (95% CI: -5.22, -0.75) and 0.09 ng/mL for 1PYR (95% CI: -0.02, 0.21) with HPLC-FLD levels being lower than LC-MSMS levels at higher concentrations. Analyses of additional urine samples (n = 119) collected during the formative phase of the HAPIN trial in India, showed 2NAP and 1PYR levels to be consistently above the limit of quantification (LOQ) and demonstrated the applicability of the method. The HPLC-FLD method can serve as a cost-effective and reliable analytical method to measure 2NAP and 1PYR in human urine in LMICs, within and beyond the HAPIN trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Puttaswamy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, TN, India.
| | - Sudhakar Saidam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Gayathri Rajendran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Kokila Arumugam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Savannah Gupton
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin W Williams
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cierra L Johnson
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maggie L Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Balakrishnan K, Ghosh S, Thangavel G, Sambandam S, Mukhopadhyay K, Puttaswamy N, Sadasivam A, Ramaswamy P, Johnson P, Kuppuswamy R, Natesan D, Maheshwari U, Natarajan A, Rajendran G, Ramasami R, Madhav S, Manivannan S, Nargunanadan S, Natarajan S, Saidam S, Chakraborty M, Balakrishnan L, Thanasekaraan V. Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and birthweight in a rural-urban, mother-child cohort in Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Res 2018; 161:524-531. [PMID: 29227900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to PM2.5 (fine particulate matter <less than 2.5µm in aerodynamic diameter) related to ambient and household air pollution has been associated with low birthweight. Few of these studies, however, have been conducted in high exposure settings that are commonly encountered in low and middle income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVES We examined whether PM2.5 exposures during pregnancy were associated with birthweight in an integrated rural-urban, mother-child cohort in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS We recruited 1285 pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy from primary health care centers and urban health posts and followed them until birth to collect antenatal care data and birthweight. We estimated pregnancy period PM 2.5 exposures through direct serial measurements of 24-h household PM2.5 concentrations, performed across each trimester. Mothers also completed detailed questionnaires to provide data on covariates related to household, socio-economic, demographic and maternal health characteristics. The association between PM2.5 exposures and birth weight was assessed using linear and logistic regression models that controlled for potential confounders. RESULTS A 10-μg/m3 increase in pregnancy period PM2.5 exposures was associated with a 4g (95% CI: 1.08g, 6.76g) decrease in birthweight and 2% increase in prevalence of low birthweight [odds ratio(OR) = 1.02; 95%CI:1.005,1.041] after adjusting for gestational age, infant sex, maternal BMI, maternal age, history of a previous low birth weight child, birth order and season of conception. CONCLUSIONS The study provides some of the first quantitative effects estimates for linking rural-urban PM2.5 exposures and birthweight in India, adding important evidence for this association from high exposure settings in LMICs, that also experience dual health burdens from ambient and household air pollution. Study results also point to the need for considering maternal PM2.5 exposures alongside other risk factors for low birthweight in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Balakrishnan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
| | - Santu Ghosh
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Gurusamy Thangavel
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Arulselvan Sadasivam
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Padmavathi Ramaswamy
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Priscilla Johnson
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Rajarajeswari Kuppuswamy
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Durairaj Natesan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Uma Maheshwari
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Amudha Natarajan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Gayathri Rajendran
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Rengaraj Ramasami
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sathish Madhav
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Saraswathy Manivannan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Srinivasan Nargunanadan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Srinivasan Natarajan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sudhakar Saidam
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Moumita Chakraborty
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Lingeswari Balakrishnan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Thanasekaraan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
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SR BP, Mahato TK, Rajendran G, John JR. Health Information Technology (HIT): A Hit or Miss in Private Dental Practice in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India – A Cross Sectional Survey. Pesqui bras odontopediatria clín integr 2017. [DOI: 10.4034/pboci.2017.171.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kapitsinou PP, Rajendran G, Astleford L, Schonfeld MP, Michael M, Shay S, French JL, West J, Haase VH, Fields T. ID: 113: THE ENDOTHELIAL PHD2/HIF-2 AXIS REGULATES PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE IN MICE. J Investig Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000120.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundPulmonary hypertension (PH), a common clinical problem characterized by increased pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, is frequently triggered by hypoxia. Key mediators of cellular hypoxia responses are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)-1 and -2, the activity of which is regulated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins, with PHD2 being the main oxygen sensor that controls HIF activity under normoxia. Although both transcription factors are expressed in the lung, little is known about their cell type-specific roles in the pathogenesis of PH.Methods and ResultsHere we used a genetic approach to investigate the role of endothelial PHD2/HIF axis in the regulation of PA pressure. Endothelial cell specific HIF activation was achieved by crossing Vecadherin (Cdh5)-Cre transgenics to Phd2 floxed mice (ePhd2), while the contribution of each HIF isoform was assessed by generating double mutants lacking Phd2 and Hif-2 (ePhd2Hif2) or Phd2 and Hif-1 (Phd2Hif1). Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured via insertion of a 1.4F Mikro-tip catheter transducer into a surgically exposed right internal jugular vein. ePhd2 mice showed activation of HIF-signaling as shown by immunoblot analysis of lung tissue for HIF-1 and HIF-2. These mice developed spontaneous PH (RVSP, ePhd2: 54.3±6.9 vs Cre-: 24.8±2.2 mm Hg, P=0.005), which was associated with right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) (Fulton Index, ePhd2: 0.52 vs Cre-: 0.28, P=0.0004) and early mortality. While morphologic analysis of ePhd2 lungs did not demonstrate plexiform or lumen-obliterating lesions, enhanced muscularization of peripheral PAs was detected in mutants compared to controls, as indicated by an increase in the number of arteries with diameters <100 µm that stained positive for αSMA (22.1±1.6 vs. 7.6±1.5 muscularized vessels/10 hpf, P<0.0001). The PH phenotype was maintained in ePhd2Hif1 mutants but was reversed in ePhd2Hif2 mutants. To assess the contribution of endothelial HIF-2 in hypoxia induced PH, endothelial Hif2 single mutants or Cre-littermates were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (10% O2) for 4 weeks. In contrast to controls, eHif2 mutants were protected from development of PH and RVH. Bone marrow transplantation studies showed no contribution from hematopoietic HIF-2 in hypoxia induced PH. Because hypoxia regulates endothelin 1 (EDN1), a potent vasoconstrictor but also apelin (APLN), a vasodilatory peptide acting through binding to the apelin G-protein-coupled receptor (APLNR), we assessed the role of endothelial HIF-2 axis in the regulation of these molecules. Endothelial deletion of Phd2 resulted in 6.4-fold induction of pulmonary Edn1 mRNA (P=0.029), but not Apln mRNA. In contrast, Aplnr was downregulated by 2.5-fold in ePhd2 mutants (P=0.037). A similar pattern of expression was detected in ePhd2Hif1 mice, whereas simultaneous deletion of Hif2a and Phd2 reversed these changes. To investigate the differences between acute and chronic hypoxia, we examined the effects of acute HIF activation on Edn1 and Apln/Aplnr gene expression in vivo. To model acute hypoxia, we subjected WT mice to 8% O2 for 48 hrs and maintained controls in room air. Acute hypoxia resulted in a 4.3-fold and 1.6-fold up-regulation of Edn1 and Apln transcripts respectively (P=0.0011 for Edn1, P=0.08 for Apln) while Aplnr was reduced by 4.3-fold (P=0.0005). We observed similar gene expression changes in mice treated with a prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor (PHI) that results in global HIF activation.ConclusionsOur studies identify endothelial HIF-2 as a key transcription factor in the pathogenesis of PH and suggest that HIF-2 regulates PA pressure by modulating the expression of vasoactive molecules. Our findings identify the PHD2/HIF2 axis as a potential target for PH therapies.
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Dharanivasan G, Mohammed Riyaz SU, Michael Immanuel Jesse D, Raja Muthuramalingam T, Rajendran G, Kathiravan K. DNA templated self-assembly of gold nanoparticle clusters in the colorimetric detection of plant viral DNA using a gold nanoparticle conjugated bifunctional oligonucleotide probe. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25559g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA templated self-assembly of gold nanoparticles clustered in different configurations (nn = 2–∞) was investigated in the colorimetric detection of ToLCNDV DNA using a gold nanoparticle conjugated bifunctional oligonucleotide probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Dharanivasan
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of Madras
- Chennai 600 025
- India
| | | | | | | | - G. Rajendran
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of Madras
- Chennai 600 025
- India
| | - K. Kathiravan
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of Madras
- Chennai 600 025
- India
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Paul A, Gunewardena S, Stecklein SR, Saha B, Parelkar N, Danley M, Rajendran G, Home P, Ray S, Jokar I, Vielhauer GA, Jensen RA, Tawfik O, Paul S. PKCλ/ι signaling promotes triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1469-81. [PMID: 24786829 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a distinct breast cancer subtype defined by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), and the patients with TNBC are often diagnosed with higher rates of recurrence and metastasis. Because of the absence of ER, PR and HER2/neu expressions, TNBC patients are insensitive to HER2-directed and endocrine therapies available for breast cancer treatment. Here, we report that expression of atypical protein kinase C isoform, PKCλ/ι, significantly increased and activated in all invasive breast cancer (invasive ductal carcinoma or IDC) subtypes including the TNBC subtype. Because of the lack of targeted therapies for TNBC, we choose to study PKCλ/ι signaling as a potential therapeutic target for TNBC. Our observations indicated that PKCλ/ι signaling is highly active during breast cancer invasive progression, and metastatic breast cancers, the advanced stages of breast cancer disease that developed more frequently in TNBC patients, are also characterized with high levels of PKCλ/ι expression and activation. Functional analysis in experimental mouse models revealed that depletion of PKCλ/ι significantly reduces TNBC growth as well as lung metastatic colonization. Furthermore, we have identified a PKCλ/ι-regulated gene signature consisting of 110 genes, which are significantly associated with indolent to invasive progression of human breast cancer and poor prognosis. Mechanistically, cytokines such as TGFβ and IL1β could activate PKCλ/ι signaling in TNBC cells and depletion of PKCλ/ι impairs NF-κB p65 (RelA) nuclear localization. We observed that cytokine-PKCλ/ι-RelA signaling axis, at least in part, involved in modulating gene expression to regulate invasion of TNBC cells. Overall, our results indicate that induction and activation of PKCλ/ι promote TNBC growth, invasion and metastasis. Thus, targeting PKCλ/ι signaling could be a therapeutic option for breast cancer, including the TNBC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paul
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Gunewardena
- Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S R Stecklein
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - B Saha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - N Parelkar
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - M Danley
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G Rajendran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - P Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - I Jokar
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G A Vielhauer
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - R A Jensen
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - O Tawfik
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Paul
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Rajendran G, Tjen C, Hutchinson S, Fletcher S. Are general wards sufficiently staffed to care for level 1 patients? Crit Care 2013. [PMCID: PMC3642915 DOI: 10.1186/cc12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Rajendran G, Dasari K, Dhrampal A. Steroid therapy in septic shock: survey of practice amongst UK critical care physicians. Crit Care 2013. [PMCID: PMC3643156 DOI: 10.1186/cc12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Tjen C, Rajendran G, Hutchinson S. Can we keep neck breathers safe? A survey on training adequacy of medical staff caring for tracheostomy/laryngectomy patients. Crit Care 2013. [PMCID: PMC3642473 DOI: 10.1186/cc12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chandran A, Varghese HT, Mary YS, Panicker CY, Manojkumar TK, Van Alsenoy C, Rajendran G. FT-IR, FT-Raman and computational study of (E)-N-carbamimidoyl-4-((4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)benzenesulfonamide. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012; 92:84-90. [PMID: 22446754 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of (E)-N-carbamimidoyl-4-((4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)benzenesulfonamide were recorded and analyzed. Geometry and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers were calculated theoretically using Gaussian 03 set of quantum chemistry codes. Calculations were performed at the Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) levels of theory. The calculated wavenumbers (B3LYP) agree well with the observed wavenumbers. Potential energy distribution is done using GAR2PED program. The red shift of the N-H stretching bands in the infrared spectrum from the computed wavenumber indicates the weakening of the N-H bond. The calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable with the reported value of similar derivative and may be an attractive object for further studies of nonlinear optics. The variations in the CN bond lengths of the title molecule suggest an extended π-electron delocalization over the sulfaguanidine moiety which is responsible for the nonlinearity of the molecule. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with that of reported similar derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Chandran A, Varghese HT, Mary YS, Panicker CY, Manojkumar TK, Van Alsenoy C, Rajendran G. Vibrational spectroscopic and quantum chemical calculations of (E)-N-Carbamimidoyl-4-((naphthalen-1-yl-methylene)amino)benzene sulfonamide. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012; 87:29-39. [PMID: 22153592 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of (E)-N-Carbamimidoyl-4-((naphthalen-1-yl-methylene)amino)benzene sulfonamide were recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computing at various levels of theory. The data obtained from theoretical calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained experimentally. The results indicate that B3LYP method is able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational frequencies and structural parameters. The calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable with reported values of similar derivatives and is an attractive object for future studies of non-linear optics. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with that of similar derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Chandran A, Varghese HT, Panicker CY, Manojkumar TK, Van Alsenoy C, Rajendran G. FT-IR, FT-Raman and quantum chemical calculations of (E)-N-carbamimidoyl-4-((3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene) amino) benzenesulfonamide. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 84:156-63. [PMID: 21983186 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of (E)-N-carbamimidoyl-4-((3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene) amino) benzenesulfonamide were recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed using HF/6-31G*, B3PW91/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* basis. The data obtained from vibrational wavenumber calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained experimentally. The results indicate that the B3LYP method is able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational frequencies and structural parameters. The calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable with the reported values of similar derivatives and is an attractive object for future studies of non-linear optics. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with that of similar derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Chandran A, Mary YS, Varghese HT, Panicker CY, Pazdera P, Rajendran G. FT-IR, FT-Raman spectroscopy and computational study of (E)-4-((anthracen-9-ylmethylene)amino)-N-carbamimidoylbenzene sulfonamide. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 79:1584-1592. [PMID: 21697001 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The infrared and Raman spectra of (E)-4-((anthracen-9-ylmethylene)amino)-N-carbamimidoylbenzene sulfonamide have been recorded and analysed. Geometry and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers were calculated theoretically using Gaussian03 set of quantum chemistry codes. The data obtained from vibrational wavenumber calculations are used to assign vibrational bands found in infrared and Raman spectra of the studied molecule. The red-shift of the NH stretching band in the infrared spectrum from the computed wavenumber indicates the weakening of the NH bond. The NH stretching band has split into a doublet in the IR spectrum owing to the Davydov coupling between neighbouring units. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the reported similar derivatives. The calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable with the reported value of similar structures and may be an attractive object for further studies on non-linear optics. The important thermodynamical parameters are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India; Department of Chemistry, SN College, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Chandran A, Mary YS, Varghese HT, Panicker CY, Pazdera P, Rajendran G, Babu N. FT-IR, FT-Raman spectroscopy and computational study of N-carbamimidoyl-4-{[(E)-((2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}benzenesulfonamide. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Intravascular haemolysis is a rare but serious complication of Clostridium perfringens sepsis. The outcome is usually fatal unless treatment is started early. We describe a case of survival after haemolysis and multiple organ failure in the setting of a ruptured liver abscess and sepsis caused by C. perfringens in an immunocompetent 58-year-old male.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rajendran
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, James Paget University Hospital, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom.
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Brodbeck A, Elumogo N, Rajendran G. Evaluation of procalcitonin at James Paget Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care 2010. [PMCID: PMC2934078 DOI: 10.1186/cc8274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Rajendran G, Reddy CMR, Kalyanasundaram M, Jambulingam P. Efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC), as a larvicide for the control of Culex quinquefasciatus. Indian J Med Res 2009; 130:556-560. [PMID: 20090104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Pirimiphos-methyl, an organophosphorus insecticide is known to overcome resistance mechanisms of mosquitoes to other organophosphates. Information on the duration of efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl (50% emulsifiable concentrate) for the control of immatures of Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filariasis, is scanty and hence site specific field trials are necessary to determine the field dosage. Pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC) was tested for its efficacy in cesspits and drains against the immatures of Cx. quinquefasciatus at Puducherry, an endemic area for filariasis, south India. METHODS In cesspits, Pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC) was tested at the dosage of 25, 50, 100 and 200 g(ai)/ ha and in drains at 50, 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha. Immature density during pre-treatment and post-treatment periods was recorded and the efficacy was determined by calculating percentage reduction in larval and pupal densities for a period of about one month. RESULTS In cesspits, application of the insecticide at 25 and 50 g(ai)/ha reduced the density of larvae by >80 per cent for 2-4 days only, whereas at 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha, the efficacy lasted for 7-8 days. More than 80 per cent reduction was observed in pupal density for 4 days at 50 g(ai)/ha and for 10-12 days at 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha respectively. In drains treated with 50 g (ai)/ha, >or=80 per cent reduction in larval density was recorded up to 3(rd) day post-treatment. The efficacy showing >or=80 per cent reduction in larval density lasted for 12-13 days and the same in pupal density lasted for 10-12 days at 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION At the dosages of 100 and 200 g(ai)/ha, pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC) showed no difference in the control of larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus in cesspits and drains. Pirimiphosmethyl may be applied at the field dosage of 100 g (ai)/ha at 10 day-intervals in the larval habitats of Cx. quinquefasciatus to achieve >80 per cent reduction in immature density.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rajendran
- Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Medical Complex, Puducherry, India.
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Jothi G, Babu RS, Ramakrishnan S, Rajendran G. Management of root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus delattrei in crossandra using oil cakes. Bioresour Technol 2004; 93:257-259. [PMID: 15062820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Revised: 10/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Selected oil cakes, neem, castor and mahua, were tried independently and in combination with a chemical nematicide (carbofuran 3G) for the management of Pratylenchus delattrei in crossandra under glass house conditions. The neem oil cake was effective compared to other oil cakes used and there was a synergistic effect when the neemcake was coupled with carbofuran 3G in the management of Pratylenchus delattrei. The treatment resulted in better establishment of seedlings, and with increased plant bio-mass and flower yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jothi
- Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jothi G, Pugalendhi S, Poornima K, Rajendran G. Management of root-knot nematode in tomato Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill, with biogas slurry. Bioresour Technol 2003; 89:169-170. [PMID: 12699936 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of biogas slurry application on the severity of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, attack on tomato cv. Co-1, was tested in the green house with two levels of biogas slurry: 5% and 10% (w/w) added to soil. Both the number (3 fruits/plant) and fruit yield (35.2 g/plant) of tomato increased significantly with 10% (w/w) biogas slurry. The plants amended with biogas slurry put up more vegetative growth and tended to flower and fruit much earlier than did those of the control. The nematode population in the soil decreased thus decreasing the severity of nematode attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jothi
- Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India
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Rajendran G, Panicker KN, Krishnamoorthy K, Sabesan S, Radhakrishnan R. Current status of filariasis in Chavakad taluk, Trichur district, Kerala. J Commun Dis 1997; 29:333-43. [PMID: 10085639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A sample survey using parasitological, clinical and entomological indicators was carried out in all the 18 administrative units of Chavakad taluk, Trichur district, Kerala, India to assess the current filariasis situation. Cluster sampling procedure was followed to screen individuals. Both Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi species were found to be prevalent in this taluk. Microfilaria (mf) carriers with W. bancrofti were detected in eight areas while B. malayi was recorded only from one area. The two species were found to co-exist in another area. The highest infection rate registered for W. bancrofti was 1.51 while it was 0.3 for B. malayi. Infection due to W. bancrofti constituted 87.88% of the total 33 microfilaria cases. Prevalence of B. malayi was very low. Cases with clinical manifestation of filariasis were recorded in all the four areas surveyed. The present trend in the prevalence of infection (mf) and disease showed a decline in both the species when compared to earlier surveys of 1960s. At least 11 areas are still endemic for filariasis in this taluk. Although prevalence of mf was recorded for the first time in one of the areas viz., Elavalli, the rate was only 0.16%. Entomological surveys revealed the presence of 14 mosquito species, of which Culex quinquefasciatus contributed 84.85% and Mansonia 0.77%. While C. quinquefasciatus was recorded in all the 18 areas, Mansonia spp were found only in 8 areas. Only C. quinquefasciatus was found to harbour different developmental stages of W. bancrofti, with overall infection and infectivity rates of 1.94 and 0.97 respectively. The possible reason for the decline in vector density and infection in man are postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rajendran
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry
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Prasad MP, Rajendran G, Sabesan S, Kalyanasundaram M. Field evaluation of biodegradable controlled release formulation of fenthion against Mansonia mosquitos. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28:208-11. [PMID: 9322307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlled release monolithic formulation of fenthion, an organophosphorus mosquito larvicide, prepared by the physical entrapment of the active agent into biodegradable polymer matrices was evaluated against Mansonia mosquito larvae breeding in hydrophytes infested coconut husk retting ponds. Field evaluation was carried out at two application rates viz, 2.5 and 1.0 ppm. Absolute control of larval breeding was observed for 25 and 17 weeks and over 50% reduction in breeding density was observed for another 3 and 2 weeks for the respective application rates of 2.5 and 1.0 ppm. The bioassay carried out with the water samples collected from the ponds treated at 2.5 ppm against the fourth instar larvae of Mansonia annulifera showed larval mortality of more than 95% for 14 weeks and 80-95% from 15 to 25th week. The concentration of fenthion in the treated ponds was found to vary between 0.006 and 0.095 ppm during the evaluation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Prasad
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pondicherry, India
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Krishnamoorthy K, Rajendran G, Panicker KN. Aquatic vegetation and their natural hospitability to the immatures of Mansonia mosquitos, the vectors of Brugia malayi in Shertallai, Kerala, India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1994; 25:760-5. [PMID: 7667728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of various aquatic vegetation and their role in supporting vector breeding were studied by drawing plant samples from natural fresh water habitats in Shertallai region which is endemic for Brugia malayi. As many as 30 aquatic plant species were identified in addition to the most abundant and preferred host plants such as Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta and Eichhornia crassipes which are of major concern due to their contribution for vector proliferation. Fallow lands and paddy fields recorded relatively a higher number of plant species. Natural breeding of Mansonia, the vector mosquitos was observed in 16 of them. Using the data on the prevalence, proportion of samples positive for Mansonia breeding and immature density, two indices viz, natural hospitability Index (NH) and Mansonia host plant Index (MHI) were developed for each plant species. Ranking of these plants in relation to Mansonia breeding was done based on these indices. Monochoria vaginalis has been identified to be one of the most important auxiliary host plant. Three grasses viz, Hygrorhiza aristata, Sacciolepis interrupta and Leersia hexandra were found to support all the three species of Mansonia viz, Ma. annulifera, Ma. uniformis and Ma. indiana with considerable immature density. The inclusion of these plants for weed/vector control is emphasized.
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Cubells JF, Rayport S, Rajendran G, Sulzer D. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity involves vacuolation of endocytic organelles and dopamine-dependent intracellular oxidative stress. J Neurosci 1994; 14:2260-71. [PMID: 8158268 PMCID: PMC6577123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) produces selective degeneration of dopamine (DA) neuron terminals without cell body loss. While excitatory amino acids (EAAs) contribute to MA toxicity, terminal loss is not characteristic of excitotoxic lesions nor is excitotoxicity selective for DA fibers; rather, EAAs may modulate MA-induced DA turnover, suggesting that DA-dependent events play a key role in MA neurotoxicity. To examine this possibility, we used postnatal ventral midbrain DA neuron cultures maintained under continuous EAA blockade. As in vivo, MA caused neurite degeneration but minimal cell death. We found that MA is a vacuologenic weak base that induces swelling of endocytic compartments; MA also induces blebbing of the plasma membrane. However, these morphological changes occurred in MA-treated cultures lacking DA neurons. Therefore, while collapse of endosomal and lysosomal pH gradients and vacuolation may contribute to MA neurotoxicity, this does not explain selective DA terminal degeneration. Alternatively, MA could exert its neurotoxic effects by collapsing synaptic vesicle proton gradients and redistributing DA from synaptic vesicles to the cytoplasm. This could cause the formation of DA-derived free radicals and reactive metabolites. To test whether MA induces oxidative stress within living DA neurons, we used 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF), an indicator of intracellular hydroperoxide production. MA dramatically increased the number of DCF-labeled cells in ventral midbrain cultures, which contain about 30% DA neurons, but not in nucleus accumbens cultures, which do not contain DA neurons. In the DA neuron cultures, intracellular DDF labeling was localized to axonal varicosities, blebs, and endocytic organelles. These results suggest that MA redistributes DA from the reducing environment within synaptic vesicles to extravesicular oxidizing environments, thus generating oxygen radicals and reactive metabolites within DA neurons that may trigger selective DA terminal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cubells
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Rayport S, Sulzer D, Shi WX, Sawasdikosol S, Monaco J, Batson D, Rajendran G. Identified postnatal mesolimbic dopamine neurons in culture: morphology and electrophysiology. J Neurosci 1992; 12:4264-80. [PMID: 1359033 PMCID: PMC6575995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the intrinsic properties of postnatal mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons, we dissociated the ventral tegmental area (VTA) from postnatal rats, enriched for DA neurons by microdissection or gradient purification, and grew the cells in culture. In these cultures, up to 50% of neurons were dopaminergic. DA neurons resembled their in vivo counterparts in soma shapes, and in showing two levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, axodendritic differentiation, two sizes of synaptic vesicles, nest-like synaptic arrangements with non-DA cells, and synaptic specializations. Electrophysiologically, however, they could not be distinguished from non-DA cells, which could be consistent with heterogeneity in cell properties. To examine a functional subset of VTA DA neurons, we retrogradely labeled VTA neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens. These mesoaccumbens neurons were 86% TH positive, 56% cholecystokinin positive, and 0% neurotensin positive; they also displayed the soma shapes characteristic of DA neurons more generally and two levels of TH expression. Like their in vivo counterparts, mesoaccumbens cells generally fired single broad spikes that were triggered by slow depolarizations and had robust spike afterhyperpolarizations, low- and high-threshold Ca2+ spikes, rapid accommodation of firing, time-dependent anomalous rectification, and hyperpolarizing autoreceptor responses. Strikingly, the expression of these active properties did not change with time in culture. Mesoaccumbens DA cells could be identified by a distinctive subset of properties that made up an electrophysiological signature; however, unlike their in vivo counterparts, they were less often spontaneously active and never fired in bursts. These results suggest that most DA cell properties are intrinsic to the cells, including a significant heterogeneity that is maintained in postnatal culture; their level and mode of activity, however, appear to require afferent input. Culturing identified postnatal VTA DA neurons now makes possible examination of the impact of their individual properties on synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rayport
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Indrasenan P, Rajendran G. Synthesis and Characterization of Some Mixed Ligand Complexes of Thorium(IV) and Dioxouranium(VI) with 4-Benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole-5-one and Different Anions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/15533179208020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Krishnamoorthy K, Rajendran G, Panicker KN. Effectiveness of slow release formulations of fenthion (Baytex) in the control of Mansonia breeding in polluted pond habitats. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1992; 23:116-20. [PMID: 1355929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Effectiveness of two types of granular formulations of fenthion (Baytex) was evaluated in controlling the breeding of Mansonia mosquitos in polluted pond habitats. Calcium carbonate and sand granular formulations, when applied at 2.50 g/m2 surface area with an average depth of 0.5 m were found to be effective in keeping the habitats completely free from Mansonia breeding for 14 days and 18 days respectively. Release of insecticide was slow and the effective duration of control after a single application was relatively longer in the sand formulation when compared to the calcium carbonate formulation. Single application of calcium carbonate and sand granular formulations of fenthion could effectively prevent Mansonia adult emergence for 23 and 30 days, respectively in polluted pond habitats, without causing any adverse effect on non-target insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krishnamoorthy
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry
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Manonmani AM, Rajendran G, Balaraman K. Isolation of mosquito-pathogenic Bacillus sphaericus & B. thuringiensis from the root surface of hydrophytes. Indian J Med Res 1991; 93:111-4. [PMID: 1855819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts were made to isolate B. sphaericus and B. thuringiensis active against mosquito larvae from the root surface of hydrophytes. Out of 139 samples processed, 86 B. sphaericus and 23 B. thuringiensis isolates were obtained. Sixty two of the B. sphaericus isolates belonged to the serotype H5a5b, 2 to H6 and 22 isolates did not agglutinate with any of the 6 antisera tested. Twenty of the B. thuringiensis isolates belonged to the H14 serotype, 1 each to the H10 and H17 serotype(s) and 1 to an unknown serotype. Fifty nine of the B. sphaericus and 20 of the B. thuringiensis isolates fall under highly toxic category with the LC50 dose of 1-50 ng/ml for Culex quinquefasciatus third instar larvae.
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Rajendran G, Krishnamoorthy K, Sabesan S, Panicker KN. Attachment behaviour of immatures of Mansonia annulifera (Theobald), 1901. Indian J Med Res 1989; 89:192-7. [PMID: 2570750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The detachment and reattachment of the immatures of M. annulifera with their host plants (hydrophytes) is a regular phenomenon. This occurs frequently with the same plant, or with a different one, throughout the larval span. The duration between detachment and reattachment varied from 30 sec to one hour and majority of them get reattached within a minute. This behaviour is instinctive and not found to be influenced by food availability. In the absence of hydrophyte, early immature stages survive relatively longer (192 h), when compared to the late ones.
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Sabesan S, Krishnamoorthy K, Jambulingam P, Rajendran G, Kumar NP, Rajagopalan PK. Breeding habitats of Anopheles culicifacies in Rameswaram Island. Indian J Med Res 1986; 84:44-52. [PMID: 3770835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Krishnamoorthy K, Jambulingam P, Sabesan S, Rajendran G, Gunasekaran K. Mass blood survey in three villages of Rameswaram Island endemic for malaria. Indian J Med Res 1985; 81:140-2. [PMID: 3891609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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