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Cherkaoui S, Yang L, McBride M, Turn CS, Lu W, Eigenmann C, Allen GE, Panasenko OO, Zhang L, Vu A, Liu K, Li Y, Gandhi OH, Surrey L, Wierer M, White E, Rabinowitz JD, Hogarty MD, Morscher RJ. Reprogramming neuroblastoma by diet-enhanced polyamine depletion. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.07.573662. [PMID: 38260457 PMCID: PMC10802427 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.07.573662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a highly lethal childhood tumor derived from differentiation-arrested neural crest cells1,2. Like all cancers, its growth is fueled by metabolites obtained from either circulation or local biosynthesis3,4. Neuroblastomas depend on local polyamine biosynthesis, with the inhibitor difluoromethylornithine showing clinical activity5. Here we show that such inhibition can be augmented by dietary restriction of upstream amino acid substrates, leading to disruption of oncogenic protein translation, tumor differentiation, and profound survival gains in the TH-MYCN mouse model. Specifically, an arginine/proline-free diet decreases the polyamine precursor ornithine and augments tumor polyamine depletion by difluoromethylornithine. This polyamine depletion causes ribosome stalling, unexpectedly specifically at adenosine-ending codons. Such codons are selectively enriched in cell cycle genes and low in neuronal differentiation genes. Thus, impaired translation of these codons, induced by the diet-drug combination, favors a pro-differentiation proteome. These results suggest that the genes of specific cellular programs have evolved hallmark codon usage preferences that enable coherent translational rewiring in response to metabolic stresses, and that this process can be targeted to activate differentiation of pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cherkaoui
- Pediatric Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich and Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Matthew McBride
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Christina S. Turn
- Division of Oncology and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Caroline Eigenmann
- Pediatric Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich and Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George E. Allen
- Bioinformatics Support Platform, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olesya O. Panasenko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- BioCode: RNA to proteins (R2P) Platform, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lu Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Annette Vu
- Division of Oncology and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kangning Liu
- Division of Oncology and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yimei Li
- Division of Oncology and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Om H. Gandhi
- Division of Oncology and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lea Surrey
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Wierer
- Proteomics Research Infrastructure, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eileen White
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joshua D. Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michael D. Hogarty
- Division of Oncology and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raphael J. Morscher
- Pediatric Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich and Children’s Research Center, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Allen GE, Dhanda AS, Julian LM. Emerging Methods in Modeling Brain Development and Disease with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2515:319-342. [PMID: 35776361 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2409-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Nobel Prize-winning discovery that human somatic cells can be readily reprogrammed into pluripotent cells has revolutionized our potential to understand the human brain. The rapid technological progression of this field has made it possible to easily obtain human neural cells and even intact tissues, offering invaluable resources to model human brain development. In this chapter, we present a brief history of hPSC-based approaches to study brain development and then, provide new insights into neurological diseases, focusing on those driven by aberrant cell death. Furthermore, we will shed light on the latest technologies and highlight the methods that researchers can use to employ established hPSC approaches in their research. Our intention is to demonstrate that hPSC-based modeling is a technical approach accessible to all researchers who seek a deeper understanding of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences; Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences; Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa M Julian
- Department of Biological Sciences; Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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3
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Allen GE, Panasenko OO, Villanyi Z, Zagatti M, Weiss B, Pagliazzo L, Huch S, Polte C, Zahoran S, Hughes CS, Pelechano V, Ignatova Z, Collart MA. Not4 and Not5 modulate translation elongation by Rps7A ubiquitination, Rli1 moonlighting, and condensates that exclude eIF5A. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109633. [PMID: 34469733 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we show that Not4 and Not5 from the Ccr4-Not complex modulate translation elongation dynamics and change ribosome A-site dwelling occupancy in a codon-dependent fashion. These codon-specific changes in not5Δ cells are very robust and independent of codon position within the mRNA, the overall mRNA codon composition, or changes of mRNA expression levels. They inversely correlate with codon-specific changes in cells depleted for eIF5A and positively correlate with those in cells depleted for ribosome-recycling factor Rli1. Not5 resides in punctate loci, co-purifies with ribosomes and Rli1, but not with eIF5A, and limits mRNA solubility. Overexpression of wild-type or non-complementing Rli1 and loss of Rps7A ubiquitination enable Not4 E3 ligase-dependent translation of polyarginine stretches. We propose that Not4 and Not5 modulate translation elongation dynamics to produce a soluble proteome by Rps7A ubiquitination, dynamic condensates that limit mRNA solubility and exclude eIF5A, and a moonlighting function of Rli1.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Olesya O Panasenko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Villanyi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marina Zagatti
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Lucile Pagliazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Huch
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Christine Polte
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Szabolcs Zahoran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Vicent Pelechano
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Zoya Ignatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martine A Collart
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Broutier L, Mastrogiovanni G, Verstegen MM, Francies HE, Gavarró LM, Bradshaw CR, Allen GE, Arnes-Benito R, Sidorova O, Gaspersz MP, Georgakopoulos N, Koo BK, Dietmann S, Davies SE, Praseedom RK, Lieshout R, IJzermans JNM, Wigmore SJ, Saeb-Parsy K, Garnett MJ, van der Laan LJ, Huch M. Human primary liver cancer-derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening. Nat Med 2017; 23:1424-1435. [PMID: 29131160 PMCID: PMC5722201 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human liver cancer research currently lacks in vitro models that can faithfully recapitulate the pathophysiology of the original tumor. We recently described a novel, near-physiological organoid culture system, wherein primary human healthy liver cells form long-term expanding organoids that retain liver tissue function and genetic stability. Here we extend this culture system to the propagation of primary liver cancer (PLC) organoids from three of the most common PLC subtypes: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and combined HCC/CC (CHC) tumors. PLC-derived organoid cultures preserve the histological architecture, gene expression and genomic landscape of the original tumor, allowing for discrimination between different tumor tissues and subtypes, even after long-term expansion in culture in the same medium conditions. Xenograft studies demonstrate that the tumorogenic potential, histological features and metastatic properties of PLC-derived organoids are preserved in vivo. PLC-derived organoids are amenable for biomarker identification and drug-screening testing and led to the identification of the ERK inhibitor SCH772984 as a potential therapeutic agent for primary liver cancer. We thus demonstrate the wide-ranging biomedical utilities of PLC-derived organoid models in furthering the understanding of liver cancer biology and in developing personalized-medicine approaches for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Broutier
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Gianmarco Mastrogiovanni
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hayley E. Francies
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Lena Morrill Gavarró
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - George E Allen
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Olga Sidorova
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcia P. Gaspersz
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nikitas Georgakopoulos
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E. Davies
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raaj K. Praseedom
- Department of Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruby Lieshout
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan N. M. IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Wigmore
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathew J. Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Meritxell Huch
- The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Miyamoto K, Tajima Y, Yoshida K, Oikawa M, Azuma R, Allen GE, Tsujikawa T, Tsukaguchi T, Bradshaw CR, Jullien J, Yamagata K, Matsumoto K, Anzai M, Imai H, Gurdon JB, Yamada M. Reprogramming towards totipotency is greatly facilitated by synergistic effects of small molecules. Biol Open 2017; 6:415-424. [PMID: 28412714 PMCID: PMC5399555 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cloning has been achieved in many species by transplanting differentiated cell nuclei to unfertilized oocytes. However, the low efficiencies of cloning have remained an unresolved issue. Here we find that the combination of two small molecules, trichostatin A (TSA) and vitamin C (VC), under culture condition with bovine serum albumin deionized by ion-exchange resins, dramatically improves the cloning efficiency in mice and 15% of cloned embryos develop to term by means of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The improvement was not observed by adding the non-treated, rather than deionized, bovine serum. RNA-seq analyses of SCNT embryos at the two-cell stage revealed that the treatment with TSA and VC resulted in the upregulated expression of previously identified reprogramming-resistant genes. Moreover, the expression of early-embryo-specific retroelements was upregulated by the TSA and VC treatment. The enhanced gene expression was relevant to the VC-mediated reduction of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in SCNT embryos. Our study thus shows a simply applicable method to greatly improve mouse cloning efficiency, and furthers our understanding of how somatic nuclei acquire totipotency. Summary: The optimized culture condition with small molecules is sufficient to allow highly efficient mouse cloning by removing epigenetic barriers to reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK .,Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tajima
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Koki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mami Oikawa
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Rika Azuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
| | - George E Allen
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Tomomi Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Tsukaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Charles R Bradshaw
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jerome Jullien
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Masayuki Anzai
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - John B Gurdon
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Masayasu Yamada
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Teperek M, Simeone A, Gaggioli V, Miyamoto K, Allen GE, Erkek S, Kwon T, Marcotte EM, Zegerman P, Bradshaw CR, Peters AHFM, Gurdon JB, Jullien J. Sperm is epigenetically programmed to regulate gene transcription in embryos. Genome Res 2016; 26:1034-46. [PMID: 27034506 PMCID: PMC4971762 DOI: 10.1101/gr.201541.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, it has been assumed that the only role of sperm at fertilization is to introduce the male genome into the egg. Recently, ideas have emerged that the epigenetic state of the sperm nucleus could influence transcription in the embryo. However, conflicting reports have challenged the existence of epigenetic marks on sperm genes, and there are no functional tests supporting the role of sperm epigenetic marking on embryonic gene expression. Here, we show that sperm is epigenetically programmed to regulate embryonic gene expression. By comparing the development of sperm- and spermatid-derived frog embryos, we show that the programming of sperm for successful development relates to its ability to regulate transcription of a set of developmentally important genes. During spermatid maturation into sperm, these genes lose H3K4me2/3 and retain H3K27me3 marks. Experimental removal of these epigenetic marks at fertilization de-regulates gene expression in the resulting embryos in a paternal chromatin-dependent manner. This demonstrates that epigenetic instructions delivered by the sperm at fertilization are required for correct regulation of gene expression in the future embryos. The epigenetic mechanisms of developmental programming revealed here are likely to relate to the mechanisms involved in transgenerational transmission of acquired traits. Understanding how parental experience can influence development of the progeny has broad potential for improving human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Teperek
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Simeone
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Gaggioli
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - George E Allen
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Serap Erkek
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Philip Zegerman
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Bradshaw
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine H F M Peters
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John B Gurdon
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Jullien
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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7
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Koziol MJ, Bradshaw CR, Allen GE, Costa ASH, Frezza C. Identification of Methylated Deoxyadenosines in Genomic DNA by dA 6m DNA Immunoprecipitation. Bio Protoc 2016; 6:e1990. [PMID: 28180135 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
dA6m DNA immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (DIP-Seq) is a key tool in identifying and studying the genome-wide distribution of N6-methyldeoxyadenosine (dA6m). The precise function of this novel DNA modification remains to be fully elucidated, but it is known to be absent from transcriptional start sites and excluded from exons, suggesting a role in transcriptional regulation (Koziol et al., 2015). Importantly, its existence suggests that DNA might be more diverse than previously believed, as further DNA modifications might exist in eukaryotic DNA (Koziol et al., 2015). This protocol describes the method to perform dA6m DNA immunoprecipitation (DIP), as was applied to characterize the first dA6m methylome analysis in higher eukaryotes (Koziol et al., 2015). In this protocol, we describe how genomic DNA is isolated, fragmented and then DNA containing dA6m is pulled down with an antibody that recognizes dA6m in genomic DNA. After subsequent washes, DNA fragments that do not contain dA6m are eliminated, and the dA6m containing fragments are eluted from the antibody in order to be processed further for subsequent analyses. BACKGROUND This protocol was developed in order to identify regions in the genome that contain dA6m. It can be used to detect dA6m in different genomes. As a guideline, this protocol was established from existing approaches used to detect adenosine methylation in RNA (Dominissini et al., 2013). We developed this protocol and adapted it for the detection of dA6m in DNA, rather than detecting adenosine methylation RNA. This was required, as no protocol was available at that time to allow the genome-wide identification of dA6m in eukaryotic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J Koziol
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles R Bradshaw
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George E Allen
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana S H Costa
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Koziol MJ, Bradshaw CR, Allen GE, Costa ASH, Frezza C, Gurdon JB. Identification of methylated deoxyadenosines in vertebrates reveals diversity in DNA modifications. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 23:24-30. [PMID: 26689968 PMCID: PMC4941928 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of cytosine deoxynucleotides (dC5m) is a well-established epigenetic mark, but in higher eukaryotes much less is known about modifications affecting other deoxynucleotides. Here, we report the detection of N-6-methyl-deoxyadenosine (dA6m) in vertebrate DNA, specifically in Xenopus laevis, but also in other species including mouse and human. Our methylome analysis reveals that dA6m is widely distributed across the eukaryotic genome, is present in different cell types, but commonly depleted from gene exons. Thus, direct DNA modifications might be more widespread than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J Koziol
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge
| | - Charles R Bradshaw
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge
| | - George E Allen
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge
| | - Ana S H Costa
- Medical Research Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre
| | - John B Gurdon
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge
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9
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Kim S, Günesdogan U, Zylicz JJ, Hackett JA, Cougot D, Bao S, Lee C, Dietmann S, Allen GE, Sengupta R, Surani MA. PRMT5 protects genomic integrity during global DNA demethylation in primordial germ cells and preimplantation embryos. Mol Cell 2014; 56:564-79. [PMID: 25457166 PMCID: PMC4250265 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) and preimplantation embryos undergo epigenetic reprogramming, which includes comprehensive DNA demethylation. We found that PRMT5, an arginine methyltransferase, translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during this process. Here we show that conditional loss of PRMT5 in early PGCs causes complete male and female sterility, preceded by the upregulation of LINE1 and IAP transposons as well as activation of a DNA damage response. Similarly, loss of maternal-zygotic PRMT5 also leads to IAP upregulation. PRMT5 is necessary for the repressive H2A/H4R3me2s chromatin modification on LINE1 and IAP transposons in PGCs, directly implicating this modification in transposon silencing during DNA hypomethylation. PRMT5 translocates back to the cytoplasm subsequently, to participate in the previously described PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway that promotes transposon silencing via de novo DNA remethylation. Thus, PRMT5 is directly involved in genome defense during preimplantation development and in PGCs at the time of global DNA demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinseog Kim
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Ufuk Günesdogan
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jan J Zylicz
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jamie A Hackett
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Delphine Cougot
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Siqin Bao
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 Da Xue Xi Road, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Caroline Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - George E Allen
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Roopsha Sengupta
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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10
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Jullien J, Miyamoto K, Pasque V, Allen GE, Bradshaw CR, Garrett NJ, Halley-Stott RP, Kimura H, Ohsumi K, Gurdon JB. Hierarchical molecular events driven by oocyte-specific factors lead to rapid and extensive reprogramming. Mol Cell 2014; 55:524-36. [PMID: 25066233 PMCID: PMC4156308 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear transfer to oocytes is an efficient way to transcriptionally reprogram somatic nuclei, but its mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we identify a sequence of molecular events that leads to rapid transcriptional reprogramming of somatic nuclei after transplantation to Xenopus oocytes. RNA-seq analyses reveal that reprogramming by oocytes results in a selective switch in transcription toward an oocyte rather than pluripotent type, without requiring new protein synthesis. Time-course analyses at the single-nucleus level show that transcriptional reprogramming is induced in most transplanted nuclei in a highly hierarchical manner. We demonstrate that an extensive exchange of somatic- for oocyte-specific factors mediates reprogramming and leads to robust oocyte RNA polymerase II binding and phosphorylation on transplanted chromatin. Moreover, genome-wide binding of oocyte-specific linker histone B4 supports its role in transcriptional reprogramming. Thus, our study reveals the rapid, abundant, and stepwise loading of oocyte-specific factors onto somatic chromatin as important determinants for successful reprogramming. Xenopus oocytes induce an oocyte transcription pattern in mouse nuclei in 2 days Reprogramming requires a switch from somatic to oocyte transcriptional components Unusually high amounts of oocyte-derived RNA polymerase II drive reprogramming The pattern of oocyte linker histone binding to somatic chromatin is revealed
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Jullien
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Vincent Pasque
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - George E Allen
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Charles R Bradshaw
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Nigel J Garrett
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Richard P Halley-Stott
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keita Ohsumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - John B Gurdon
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
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11
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Allen GE, Wilson SK, Isbister GK. Paroplocephalus envenoming: a previously unrecognised highly venomous snake in Australia. Med J Aust 2013; 199:792-4. [DOI: 10.5694/mja13.10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George E Allen
- Emergency Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD
| | | | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW
- Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW
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12
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Miyamoto K, Teperek M, Yusa K, Allen GE, Bradshaw CR, Gurdon JB. Nuclear Wave1 is required for reprogramming transcription in oocytes and for normal development. Science 2013; 341:1002-5. [PMID: 23990560 DOI: 10.1126/science.1240376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eggs and oocytes have a remarkable ability to induce transcription of sperm after normal fertilization and in somatic nuclei after somatic cell nuclear transfer. This ability of eggs and oocytes is essential for normal development. Nuclear actin and actin-binding proteins have been shown to contribute to transcription, although their mode of action is elusive. Here, we find that Xenopus Wave1, previously characterized as a protein involved in actin cytoskeleton organization, is present in the oocyte nucleus and is required for efficient transcriptional reprogramming. Moreover, Wave1 knockdown in embryos results in abnormal development and defective hox gene activation. Nuclear Wave1 binds by its WHD domain to active transcription components, and this binding contributes to the action of RNA polymerase II. We identify Wave1 as a maternal reprogramming factor that also has a necessary role in gene activation in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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Collart C, Allen GE, Bradshaw CR, Smith JC, Zegerman P. Titration of four replication factors is essential for the Xenopus laevis midblastula transition. Science 2013; 341:893-6. [PMID: 23907533 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The rapid, reductive early divisions of many metazoan embryos are followed by the midblastula transition (MBT), during which the cell cycle elongates and zygotic transcription begins. It has been proposed that the increasing nuclear to cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio is critical for controlling the events of the MBT. We show that four DNA replication factors--Cut5, RecQ4, Treslin, and Drf1--are limiting for replication initiation at increasing N/C ratios in vitro and in vivo in Xenopus laevis. The levels of these factors regulate multiple events of the MBT, including the slowing of the cell cycle, the onset of zygotic transcription, and the developmental activation of the kinase Chk1. This work provides a mechanism for how the N/C ratio controls the MBT and shows that the regulation of replication initiation is fundamental for normal embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Collart
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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Allen GE, Brown SGA, Buckley NA, O’Leary MA, Page CB, Currie BJ, White J, Isbister GK. Clinical effects and antivenom dosing in brown snake (Pseudonaja spp.) envenoming--Australian snakebite project (ASP-14). PLoS One 2012; 7:e53188. [PMID: 23300888 PMCID: PMC3532501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snakebite is a global health issue and treatment with antivenom continues to be problematic. Brown snakes (genus Pseudonaja) are the most medically important group of Australian snakes and there is controversy over the dose of brown snake antivenom. We aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory features of definite brown snake (Pseudonaja spp.) envenoming, and determine the dose of antivenom required. Methods and Finding This was a prospective observational study of definite brown snake envenoming from the Australian Snakebite Project (ASP) based on snake identification or specific enzyme immunoassay for Pseudonaja venom. From January 2004 to January 2012 there were 149 definite brown snake bites [median age 42y (2–81y); 100 males]. Systemic envenoming occurred in 136 (88%) cases. All envenomed patients developed venom induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC), with complete VICC in 109 (80%) and partial VICC in 27 (20%). Systemic symptoms occurred in 61 (45%) and mild neurotoxicity in 2 (1%). Myotoxicity did not occur. Severe envenoming occurred in 51 patients (38%) and was characterised by collapse or hypotension (37), thrombotic microangiopathy (15), major haemorrhage (5), cardiac arrest (7) and death (6). The median peak venom concentration in 118 envenomed patients was 1.6 ng/mL (Range: 0.15–210 ng/mL). The median initial antivenom dose was 2 vials (Range: 1–40) in 128 patients receiving antivenom. There was no difference in INR recovery or clinical outcome between patients receiving one or more than one vial of antivenom. Free venom was not detected in 112/115 patients post-antivenom with only low concentrations (0.4 to 0.9 ng/ml) in three patients. Conclusions Envenoming by brown snakes causes VICC and over a third of patients had serious complications including major haemorrhage, collapse and microangiopathy. The results of this study support accumulating evidence that giving more than one vial of antivenom is unnecessary in brown snake envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E. Allen
- Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon G. A. Brown
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital and the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Buckley
- Medical Professorial Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret A. O’Leary
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Colin B. Page
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Emergency Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research and Northern Territory Clinical School, Darwin, Australia
| | - Julian White
- Department of Toxinology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Geoffrey K. Isbister
- NSW Poisons Information Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Department of Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Koo GC, Tan SY, Tang T, Poon SL, Allen GE, Tan L, Chong SC, Ong WS, Tay K, Tao M, Quek R, Loong S, Yeoh KW, Yap SP, Lee KA, Lim LC, Tan D, Goh C, Cutcutache I, Yu W, Ng CCY, Rajasegaran V, Heng HL, Gan A, Ong CK, Rozen S, Tan P, Teh BT, Lim ST. Janus kinase 3-activating mutations identified in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:591-7. [PMID: 22705984 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The molecular pathogenesis of natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is not well understood. We conducted whole-exome sequencing and identified Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) somatic-activating mutations (A572V and A573V) in 2 of 4 patients with NKTCLs. Further validation of the prevalence of JAK3 mutations was determined by Sanger sequencing and high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis in an additional 61 cases. In total, 23 of 65 (35.4%) cases harbored JAK3 mutations. Functional characterization of the JAK3 mutations support its involvement in cytokine-independent JAK/STAT constitutive activation leading to increased cell growth. Moreover, treatment of both JAK3-mutant and wild-type NKTCL cell lines with a novel pan-JAK inhibitor, CP-690550, resulted in dose-dependent reduction of phosphorylated STAT5, reduced cell viability, and increased apoptosis. Hence, targeting the deregulated JAK/STAT pathway could be a promising therapy for patients with NKTCLs. SIGNIFICANCE Gene mutations causing NKTCL have not been fully identified. Through exome sequencing, we identified activating mutations of JAK3 that may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NKTCLs. Our findings have important implications for the management of patients with NKTCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghee Chong Koo
- NCCS-VARI Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Ong CK, Subimerb C, Pairojkul C, Wongkham S, Cutcutache I, Yu W, McPherson JR, Allen GE, Ng CCY, Wong BH, Myint SS, Rajasegaran V, Heng HL, Gan A, Zang ZJ, Wu Y, Wu J, Lee MH, Huang D, Ong P, Chan-on W, Cao Y, Qian CN, Lim KH, Ooi A, Dykema K, Furge K, Kukongviriyapan V, Sripa B, Wongkham C, Yongvanit P, Futreal PA, Bhudhisawasdi V, Rozen S, Tan P, Teh BT. Exome sequencing of liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Genet 2012; 44:690-3. [PMID: 22561520 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini-related cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a fatal bile duct cancer, is a major public health concern in areas endemic for this parasite. We report here whole-exome sequencing of eight O. viverrini-related tumors and matched normal tissue. We identified and validated 206 somatic mutations in 187 genes using Sanger sequencing and selected 15 genes for mutation prevalence screening in an additional 46 individuals with CCA (cases). In addition to the known cancer-related genes TP53 (mutated in 44.4% of cases), KRAS (16.7%) and SMAD4 (16.7%), we identified somatic mutations in 10 newly implicated genes in 14.8-3.7% of cases. These included inactivating mutations in MLL3 (in 14.8% of cases), ROBO2 (9.3%), RNF43 (9.3%) and PEG3 (5.6%), and activating mutations in the GNAS oncogene (9.3%). These genes have functions that can be broadly grouped into three biological classes: (i) deactivation of histone modifiers, (ii) activation of G protein signaling and (iii) loss of genome stability. This study provides insight into the mutational landscape contributing to O. viverrini-related CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Kiat Ong
- National Cancer Centre Singapore-Van Andel Research Institute Translational Research Laboratory, Division of Medical Sciences, Singapore
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Yu W, Chan-On W, Teo M, Ong CK, Cutcutache I, Allen GE, Wong B, Myint SS, Lim KH, Voorhoeve PM, Rozen S, Soo KC, Tan P, Teh BT. First somatic mutation of E2F1 in a critical DNA binding residue discovered in well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R96. [PMID: 21955916 PMCID: PMC3308059 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-9-r96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Well differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum (WDPMP) is a rare variant of epithelial mesothelioma of low malignancy potential, usually found in women with no history of asbestos exposure. In this study, we perform the first exome sequencing of WDPMP. Results WDPMP exome sequencing reveals the first somatic mutation of E2F1, R166H, to be identified in human cancer. The location is in the evolutionarily conserved DNA binding domain and computationally predicted to be mutated in the critical contact point between E2F1 and its DNA target. We show that the R166H mutation abrogates E2F1's DNA binding ability and is associated with reduced activation of E2F1 downstream target genes. Mutant E2F1 proteins are also observed in higher quantities when compared with wild-type E2F1 protein levels and the mutant protein's resistance to degradation was found to be the cause of its accumulation within mutant over-expressing cells. Cells over-expressing wild-type E2F1 show decreased proliferation compared to mutant over-expressing cells, but cell proliferation rates of mutant over-expressing cells were comparable to cells over-expressing the empty vector. Conclusions The R166H mutation in E2F1 is shown to have a deleterious effect on its DNA binding ability as well as increasing its stability and subsequent accumulation in R166H mutant cells. Based on the results, two compatible theories can be formed: R166H mutation appears to allow for protein over-expression while minimizing the apoptotic consequence and the R166H mutation may behave similarly to SV40 large T antigen, inhibiting tumor suppressive functions of retinoblastoma protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Yu
- NCCS-VARI Translational Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore
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Holt DC, Fischer K, Allen GE, Wilson D, Wilson P, Slade R, Currie BJ, Walton SF, Kemp DJ. Mechanisms for a novel immune evasion strategy in the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei: a multigene family of inactivated serine proteases. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 121:1419-24. [PMID: 14675192 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infestation of the skin by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei is a significant problem worldwide, particularly in socially disadvantaged communities. A multigene family of at least 24 homologs of a serine protease allergen have been identified in S. scabiei. Surprisingly, the products of all but one of these genes are predicted to be catalytically inactive, due to mutations at a critical triad of amino acids at the active site. We discuss the possibility that these genes for inactivated proteases have been conserved because they mediate a novel host defense evasion strategy that the mite has evolved as an adaptation to parasitism of the epidermis. The identification of this family, and elucidation of its value to the parasite, may present an unanticipated approach to protective vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Holt
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and The Australian Center for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Brisbane, Australia
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McMullen EA, McCarron P, Irvine AD, Dolan OM, Allen GE, Irvine D. Association between long-term acitretin therapy and osteoporosis: no evidence of increased risk. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28:307-9. [PMID: 12780720 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis has been observed with chronic hypervitaminosis A, leading some authors to hypothesize that systemic retinoids may have an effect on bone mineral density. Two previous small studies identified osteoporosis in patients who received long-term therapy with etretinate. Etretinate has now been superceeded by acitretin in clinical use. We hypothesized that bone mineral density is lower in patients taking long-term acitretin than control cases who had never taken acitretin. Thirty Caucasian patients receiving acitretin for a median of 3.6 years for a variety of dermatoses were studied. Bone mineral density measurements were determined using DEXA scanning at two standard sites, the lumbar spine and Ward's triangle. We did not find an association between daily dose of acitretin, total dose administered or overall duration of treatment and risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Acitretin appears to be safe for long-term use in patients with chronic dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A McMullen
- Department of Dermatology, The Royal Victoria Hospital, and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Kirk
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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Allen GE. Naturalists and experimentalists: the genotype and the phenotype. Stud Hist Biol 2001; 3:179-209. [PMID: 11610985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Allen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Abstract
Scholars have differed on the question of why Mendel's work was neglected between 1865 and 1900, and the (by contrast) relatively rapid acceptance of Mendelism in many countries after 1900. This paper focuses on two factors that have not been well explored in the debate. The first is that Mendelism fit perfectly into the atomistic philosophy associated with mechanistic materialism in western science, and thus was strongly promoted by a younger group of biologists around 1900 to raise the prestige of biology to the rigorous level of the physical sciences. The second factor was that Mendelian theory, with its experimental and predictive qualities, fit well into the new demands for industrialization of agriculture both to feed a growing urban population and to provide an arena for capital expansion. This paper proposes that the early promotion of Mendelian research, by both private and public funds, owed as much to economic and social as to biological causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Allen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Allen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MD, USA
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Allen GE. The social and economic origins of genetic determinism: a case history of the American Eugenics Movement, 1900-1940 and its lessons for today. Genetica 1998; 99:77-88. [PMID: 9463076 DOI: 10.1007/bf02259511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eugenics, the attempt to improve the genetic quality of the human species by 'better breeding', developed as a worldwide movement between 1900 and 1940. It was particularly prominent in the United States, Britain and Germany, and in those countries was based on the then-new science of Mendelian genetics. Eugenicists developed research programs to determine the degree in which traits such as Huntington's chorea, blindness, deafness, mental retardation (feeblemindedness), intelligence, alcoholism, schizophrenia, manic depression, rebelliousness, nomadism, prostitution and feeble inhibition were genetically determined. Eugenicists were also active in the political arena, lobbying in the United States for immigration restriction and compulsory sterilization laws for those deemed genetically unfit; in Britain they lobbied for incarceration of genetically unfit and in Germany for sterilization and eventually euthanasia. In all these countries one of the major arguments was that of efficiency: that it was inefficient to allow genetic defects to be multiplied and then have to try and deal with the consequences of state care for the offspring. National socialists called genetically defective individuals 'useless eaters' and argued for sterilization or euthanasia on economic grounds. Similar arguments appeared in the United States and Britain as well. At the present time (1997) much research and publicity is being given to claims about a genetic basis for all the same behaviors (alcoholism, manic depression, etc.), again in an economic context--care for people with such diseases is costing too much. There is an important lesson to learn from the past: genetic arguments are put forward to mask the true--social and economic--causes of human behavioral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Allen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
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Giles TD, Ouyang J, Kerut EK, Given MB, Allen GE, McIlwain EF, Greenberg SS. Changes in protein kinase C in early cardiomyopathy and in gracilis muscle in the BB/Wor diabetic rat. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:H295-307. [PMID: 9458880 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.1.h295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia can upregulate protein kinase C (PKC), which may be an important mediator of the progression from normal heart and muscle function to diabetic myopathy in the myocardium and skeletal muscle in type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDM). We evaluated this possibility during the early stage of IDM in BB/Wor diabetic (D) rats and age-matched BB/Wor diabetes-resistant (DR) rats. Interventricular septal thickness, E wave peak velocity of tricuspid inflow (both minimum and maximum), and left ventricular (LV) weight index were increased, and the rate of change in LV pressure (LV dP/dt) decreased in D rats subjected to M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography and hemodynamic recording of heart rate, LV pressure (LVP), + LV dP/dt, -LV dP/dt, and LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in vivo and in vitro 41 days after the onset of hyperglycemia. Whole ventricle basal PKC activity was increased by 44.4 and 18.4% in the particulate and soluble fractions, respectively, from D rats compared with that from DR rats using r-32P phosphorylation of appropriate peptide substrates. When measured by Western blot gel densitometry, particulate PKC-alpha and PKC-delta content increased by 89 and 24%, respectively, but soluble PKC-beta and soluble and particulate PKC-epsilon were unchanged compared with that of DR rats. Similarly, gracilis muscle PKC activity and PKC-alpha and PKC-delta were elevated in the gracilis muscle, whereas that of the circulating neutrophil did not differ between the D and DR rats. Thus, in vivo, the early diabetic cardiomyopathy of the D rat is characterized by a restrictive LV with increased septal thickness and is associated with elevated PKC activity and increased amounts of myocardial particulate PKC-alpha and PKC-delta, which are also seen in the skeletal muscle. We conclude that increased PKC isozymes may play a pivotal role during IDM in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Giles
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112, USA
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Armstrong DK, Walsh MY, Allen GE. Elastosis perforans serpiginosa associated with unilateral atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini in an individual with 47,XYY karyotype. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137:158-60. [PMID: 9274654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
Readings were performed on day (D) 2, D3 and D4 after application of patch tests in 88 patients. 90 patch test reactions in 49 patients were interpreted as allergic and of past or present relevance. A single D2 reading detected 58 of the allergic reactions with 32 false-negatives and 23 false-positives. A single D3 reading detected 77 allergic reactions, with 13 false-negatives and 17 false-positives. A single D4 reading detected 85 allergic reactions, with 5 false-negatives and 9 false-positives. Therefore, if only a single reading is feasible, it is better performed on D4 than on D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Todd
- Department of Dermatology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Abstract
We present two cases of loose anagen syndrome associated with ocular coloboma in two siblings of unaffected parents and with no family history. We believe they represent a new familial association between these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Group of Hospitals, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK
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Alexandreas DE, Allen GE, Berley D, Biller S, Burman RL, Cavalli-Sforza M, Chang CY, Chen ML, Chumney P, Coyne D, Dion C, Dion GM, Dorfan D, Ellsworth RW, Goodman JA, Haines TJ, Harmon M, Hoffman CM, Kelley L, Klein S, Nagle DE, Schmidt DM, Schnee R, Sinnis C, Shoup A, Stark MJ, Weeks DD, Williams DA, Wu JP, Yang T, Yodh GB, Zhang WP. New limit on the rate-density of evaporating black holes. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 71:2524-2527. [PMID: 10054704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Allen GE. Inducers and 'organizers': Hans Spemann and experimental embryology. Hist Philos Life Sci 1993; 15:229-236. [PMID: 8153264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G E Allen
- Dept. of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4890
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Todd DJ, Heylings DJ, Allen GE, McMillin WP. Treatment of chronic varicose ulcers with pulsed electromagnetic fields: a controlled pilot study. Ir Med J 1991; 84:54-5. [PMID: 1894496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) in healing of chronic varicose ulcers, 19 patients with this condition were included in a double-blind controlled clinical trial. All patients received standard ulcer therapy throughout the duration of the study and were randomly divided into two groups to receive either active or inactive PEMF therapy. Active therapy was provided by the use of a pait of helmholtz coils on a twice weekly basis over a five week period and inactive therapy was provided on an identical regimen with identical coils wound so that no magnetic field was produced when an electric current was passed through them. The clinician and patients were unable to distinguish the active or inactive coils. No statistically relevant difference was noted between the two groups in the healing rates of the ulcer, change in the lower leg girth, pain or infection rates. However there was a trend in favour of a decrease in ulcer size and lower leg girth in the group treated with active PEMF. As PEMF is a novel treatment for chronic varicose ulcers, more work needs to be done to establish treatment parameters and its usefulness in the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Todd
- Department of Dermatology, Belfast City Hospital
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Abstract
Eugenics, the attempt to improve the human species socially through better breeding was a widespread and popular movement in the United States and Europe between 1910 and 1940. Eugenics was an attempt to use science (the newly discovered Mendelian laws of heredity) to solve social problems (crime, alcoholism, prostitution, rebelliousness), using trained experts. Eugenics gained much support from progressive reform thinkers, who sought to plan social development using expert knowledge in both the social and natural sciences. In eugenics, progressive reformers saw the opportunity to attack social problems efficiently by treating the cause (bad heredity) rather than the effect. Much of the impetus for social and economic reform came from class conflict in the period 1880-1930, resulting from industrialization, unemployment, working conditions, periodic depressions, and unionization. In response, the industrialist class adopted firmer measures of economic control (abandonment of laissez-faire principles), the principles of government regulation (interstate commerce, labor), and the cult of industrial efficiency. Eugenics was only one aspect of progressive reform, but as a scientific claim to explain the cause of social problems, it was a particularly powerful weapon in the arsenal of class conflict at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Allen
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Abstract
A 48 year old man had a severe symmetrical arthritis of knee and ankle joints accompanied by an extensive purpuric rash of both legs and several areas of skin necrosis. No other system was clinically involved. Human serum parvovirus-specific IgM was present in a blood sample taken 2 weeks after the onset of the clinical illness indicating recent infection with this virus. The patient was treated with complete bed rest, and the application of saline soaks to both legs. He had a recurrence of the rash 5 weeks after onset, but otherwise made a complete recovery. Purpura with skin necrosis has not previously been reported in association with this virus.
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Samuel M, Henry RW, Allen GE, Kelly AM. PUVA therapy for psoriasis: choosing a suitable régime. Ulster Med J 1985; 54:196-9. [PMID: 4095810 PMCID: PMC2448121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Three age- and sex-matched groups of 30 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis were treated by photochemotherapy (PUVA). Groups I and II received routine maintenance PUVA therapy at different intervals and Group III had no maintenance treatment. The remission time after the clearance treatment with PUVA is compared with the total cumulative dose of long wave ultraviolet light (UVA). A lower mean dose of UVA (51.0 +/- 1.7 joules/cm(2)) in Group III (no maintenance PUVA) achieved a comparable remission period to that after larger cumulative doses following routine maintenance therapy (87.8 +/- 4.9 and 77.0 +/- 4.1 joules/cm(2) in Groups I and II).
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Abstract
The frequency of HLA-A and -B antigens in fifty-nine patients with localized granuloma annulare was compared with the frequency in 200 blood donors. The frequencies of HLA-A29, -B14 and -B15 were increased significantly in the patient group, the increase of HLA-A29 remaining significant after correction for the number of antigens compared.
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Allen GE. Thomas Hunt Morgan: materialism and experimentalism in the development of modern genetics. Soc Res (New York) 1984; 51:709-738. [PMID: 11616406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Allen GE. More Marxism: "Genes, radiation, and society: the life and work of H. J. Muller." By E. A. Carlson. Essay review. Isis 1983; 74:413-416. [PMID: 6226621 DOI: 10.1086/353310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Allen GE. The misuse of biological hierarchies: the American eugenics movement, 1900-1940. Hist Philos Life Sci 1983; 5:105-128. [PMID: 6398872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Macguidwin AE, Smart GC, Wilkinson RC, Allen GE. Effect of the Nematode Contortylenchus brevicomi on Gallery Construction and Fecundity of the Southern Pine Beetle. J Nematol 1980; 12:278-282. [PMID: 19300703 PMCID: PMC2618031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Field-collected Dendroctonus frontalis were reared in a controlled environment. Male-female beetle pairs retrieved from galleries 1, 2, or 5 wk after introduction into pine bolts were examined for nematode parasites. Data were obtained for each pair on gallery length, egg niche construction, egg viability, and progeny survival. In a separate study, beetle pairs were reared under laboratory conditions for 10 wk. The number of emerged adult progeny of each pair was recorded. Contortylenchus brevicomi, a nematode parasite, was found in 25% of all beetles that established galleries. After 2 and 3 wk, female beetles infected with the nematode had produced fewer eggs and shorter galleries than did uninfected females. Uninfected females mated with nematode-infected males showed similar trends, although the differences in the 2- and 3-wk tests were not significant. Progeny survival or egg viability was not affected by nematode parasitism of either parent beetle. Unikaryon minutum, a microsporidian parasite found in 65% of all colonizing beetles, had no effect on measured variables. The lower fecundity of beetles parasitized by C. brevicomi continued throughout the insect's reproductive cycle. After 10 wk, nematode-infected beetle pairs produced fewer emerged adult progeny than did uninfected pairs.
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Macguidwin AE, Smart GC, Allen GE. Redescription and Life History of Contortylenchus brevicomi, a Parasite of the Southern Pine Beetle Dendroctonus frontalis. J Nematol 1980; 12:207-212. [PMID: 19300698 PMCID: PMC2618017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Larval and adult life stages are described for Contortylenchus brevicomi (Massey) Rühm parasitizing a Mississippi population of Dendroctonus frontalis, the southern pine beetle. Fourth-stage larvae and free-living adult females of this species are identified and described for the first time. The life cycle of C. brevicomi can be reconstructed from this study. The adult female nematode lays eggs in a mature beetle. Larval development progresses within the hemocoel until fourth-stage larvae exit the host. Mating occurs in beetle galleries and only females enter an immature beetle host.
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Allen GE. The historical development of "Time Law of Intersexuality" and its philosophical implications. Experientia Suppl 1980; 35:41-47. [PMID: 7004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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