1
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Bourgeois W, Cutler JA, Aubrey BJ, Wenge DV, Perner F, Martucci C, Henrich JA, Klega K, Nowak RP, Donovan KA, Boileau M, Wen Y, Hatton C, Apazidis AA, Olsen SN, Kirmani N, Pikman Y, Pollard JA, Perry JA, Sperling AS, Ebert BL, McGeehan GM, Crompton BD, Fischer ES, Armstrong SA. Mezigdomide is effective alone and in combination with menin inhibition in preclinical models of KMT2A-r and NPM1c AML. Blood 2024; 143:1513-1527. [PMID: 38096371 PMCID: PMC11033588 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Small molecules that target the menin-KMT2A protein-protein interaction (menin inhibitors) have recently entered clinical trials in lysine methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A or MLL1)-rearranged (KMT2A-r) and nucleophosmin-mutant (NPM1c) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are demonstrating encouraging results. However, rationally chosen combination therapy is needed to improve responses and prevent resistance. We have previously identified IKZF1/IKAROS as a target in KMT2A-r AML and shown in preclinical models that IKAROS protein degradation with lenalidomide or iberdomide has modest single-agent activity yet can synergize with menin inhibitors. Recently, the novel IKAROS degrader mezigdomide was developed with greatly enhanced IKAROS protein degradation. In this study, we show that mezigdomide has increased preclinical activity in vitro as a single-agent in KMT2A-r and NPM1c AML cell lines, including sensitivity in cell lines resistant to lenalidomide and iberdomide. Further, we demonstrate that mezigdomide has the greatest capacity to synergize with and induce apoptosis in combination with menin inhibitors, including in MEN1 mutant models. We show that the superior activity of mezigdomide compared with lenalidomide or iberdomide is due to its increased depth, rate, and duration of IKAROS protein degradation. Single-agent mezigdomide was efficacious in 5 patient-derived xenograft models of KMT2A-r and 1 NPM1c AML. The combination of mezigdomide with the menin inhibitor VTP-50469 increased survival and prevented and overcame MEN1 mutations that mediate resistance in patients receiving menin inhibitor monotherapy. These results support prioritization of mezigdomide for early phase clinical trials in KMT2A-r and NPM1c AML, either as a single agent or in combination with menin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Bourgeois
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jevon A. Cutler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brandon J. Aubrey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Daniela V. Wenge
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Florian Perner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Internal Medicine C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cynthia Martucci
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jill A. Henrich
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kelly Klega
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Radosław P. Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine A. Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Meaghan Boileau
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yanhe Wen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charlie Hatton
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Athina A. Apazidis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah Naomi Olsen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nadia Kirmani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Yana Pikman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica A. Pollard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer A. Perry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adam S. Sperling
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin L. Ebert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Brian D. Crompton
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott A. Armstrong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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2
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Carter BZ, Mak PY, Tao W, Ostermann LB, Mak DH, Ke B, Ordentlich P, McGeehan GM, Andreeff M. Inhibition of menin, BCL-2, and FLT3 combined with a hypomethylating agent cures NPM1/FLT3-ITD/-TKD mutant acute myeloid leukemia in a patient-derived xenograft model. Haematologica 2023; 108:2513-2519. [PMID: 36727398 PMCID: PMC10483344 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Z Carter
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Po Yee Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lauren B Ostermann
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Duncan H Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Baozhen Ke
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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3
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Fiskus W, Mill CP, Birdwell C, Davis JA, Das K, Boettcher S, Kadia TM, DiNardo CD, Takahashi K, Loghavi S, Soth MJ, Heffernan T, McGeehan GM, Ruan X, Su X, Vakoc CR, Daver N, Bhalla KN. Targeting of epigenetic co-dependencies enhances anti-AML efficacy of Menin inhibitor in AML with MLL1-r or mutant NPM1. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:53. [PMID: 37055414 PMCID: PMC10102188 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Monotherapy with Menin inhibitor (MI), e.g., SNDX-5613, induces clinical remissions in patients with relapsed/refractory AML harboring MLL1-r or mtNPM1, but most patients either fail to respond or eventually relapse. Utilizing single-cell RNA-Seq, ChiP-Seq, ATAC-Seq, RNA-Seq, RPPA, and mass cytometry (CyTOF) analyses, present pre-clinical studies elucidate gene-expression correlates of MI efficacy in AML cells harboring MLL1-r or mtNPM1. Notably, MI-mediated genome-wide, concordant, log2 fold-perturbations in ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq peaks were observed at the loci of MLL-FP target genes, with upregulation of mRNAs associated with AML differentiation. MI treatment also reduced the number of AML cells expressing the stem/progenitor cell signature. A protein domain-focused CRISPR-Cas9 screen in MLL1-r AML cells identified targetable co-dependencies with MI treatment, including BRD4, EP300, MOZ and KDM1A. Consistent with this, in vitro co-treatment with MI and BET, MOZ, LSD1 or CBP/p300 inhibitor induced synergistic loss of viability of AML cells with MLL1-r or mtNPM1. Co-treatment with MI and BET or CBP/p300 inhibitor also exerted significantly superior in vivo efficacy in xenograft models of AML with MLL1-r. These findings highlight novel, MI-based combinations that could prevent escape of AML stem/progenitor cells following MI monotherapy, which is responsible for therapy-refractory AML relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Fiskus
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - John A Davis
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kaberi Das
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steffen Boettcher
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tapan M Kadia
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Koichi Takahashi
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanam Loghavi
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Soth
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tim Heffernan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Xinjia Ruan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Naval Daver
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kapil N Bhalla
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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Perner F, Cai SF, Wenge DV, Kim J, Cutler J, Nowak RP, Cassel J, Singh S, Bijpuria S, Miller WH, Stein EM, Levine RL, Fischer ES, McGeehan GM, Armstrong SA. Abstract 3457: Characterization of acquired resistance mutations to menin inhibitors. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The menin-MLL1 interaction is critical for development of acute leukemias driven by MLL1 rearrangements (MLLr) or mutations in the Nucleophosmin 1 gene (NPM1c). Inhibition of the menin-MLL1 interaction by SNDX-5613 (revumenib) has demonstrated robust clinical responses in the current AUGMENT clinical trial (NCT04065399). During the trial, some responders relapsed during treatment due to acquired resistance in MEN1. Somatic MEN1 mutations were found at residues M327, G331 or T349 which diminished SDNX-5613 binding affinity and mediated therapeutic resistance. The presence of acquired resistance validates MEN1 as a therapeutic target in MLLr and NPM1c AML patients.
Here we characterize the effects of these mutations on the activity of 6 menin inhibitor chemotypes currently in clinical trials (NCT04065399/Syndax, NCT04067336/Kura, NCT04811560/JNJ, NCT04988555/Sumitomo, NCT04752163/Daiichi, NCT05153330/Biomea). In vitro activity and binding modes for these compounds were evaluated in wild-type (WT) and mutant menins using (i) competition binding assays, (ii) cell-based proliferation assays and (iii) X-ray co-crystallography.
For binding, His6-tagged MEN1 mutant proteins (G331R, M327I, M327V, T349M) were expressed and purified. Binding affinities were measured in competition binding format. The menin-MLL interaction was monitored by HTRF using Terbium labeled anti-His6 antibody and FITC labeled MLL peptide (4-43). Acquired mutations affected binding affinities (Ki) to varying degrees. Notably, M327I/V mutations reduced binding for all menin-MLL inhibitors ranging from ~30-300, indicating a class effect for this mutation. An irreversible Biomea chemotype did not inhibit menin-MLL binding in our assays.
The decreased binding affinity to M327I was reflected in cell-based proliferation assays. Menin mutations were introduced into MV4;11 cells using CRISPR-Cas9 in conjunction with a homology directed repair template to edit the endogenous MEN1 coding sequence. Clonal lines were established harboring homozygous (homo) and heterozygous (het) M327I mutations. The M327I (het) MV4;11 cells experienced 15-50-fold shifts in IC50 vs WT cells, consistent with the reduced binding affinities.
The molecular basis for sensitivity to M327 acquired resistance was examined by X-ray co-crystallography of inhibitors bound to M327I and WT menin. Both KO-539 and SNDX-5613 show notable changes in binding in M327I vs WT menin. The isoleucine creates a steric clash, displacing their position in the pocket as previously noted. The Janssen chemotype shows a novel binding mode. Although it has 30-fold lower affinity for M327I, it shows little change in its bound position to M327I menin.
Given the clinical validation of menin inhibition in AML, the design of next generation compounds that block MLL1 binding while avoiding acquired MEN1 mutations may be a strategy to overcome acquired resistance to first generation menin inhibitors.
Citation Format: Florian Perner, Sheng F. Cai, Daniela V. Wenge, Jeonghyeon Kim, Jevon Cutler, Radosław P. Nowak, Joel Cassel, Shivendra Singh, Shipra Bijpuria, William H. Miller, Eytan M. Stein, Ross L. Levine, Eric S. Fischer, Gerard M. McGeehan, Scott A. Armstrong. Characterization of acquired resistance mutations to menin inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3457.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheng F. Cai
- 2Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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5
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Mill CP, Fiskus W, Das K, Davis JA, Birdwell CE, Kadia TM, DiNardo CD, Daver N, Takahashi K, Sasaki K, McGeehan GM, Ruan X, Su X, Loghavi S, Kantarjian H, Bhalla KN. Causal linkage of presence of mutant NPM1 to efficacy of novel therapeutic agents against AML cells with mutant NPM1. Leukemia 2023:10.1038/s41375-023-01882-4. [PMID: 36977823 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In AML with NPM1 mutation causing cytoplasmic dislocation of NPM1, treatments with Menin inhibitor (MI) and standard AML chemotherapy yield complete remissions. However, the causal and mechanistic linkage of mtNPM1 to the efficacy of these agents has not been definitively established. Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 editing to knockout (KO) or knock-in a copy of mtNPM1 in AML cells, present studies demonstrate that KO of mtNPM1 from AML cells abrogates sensitivity to MI, selinexor (exportin-1 inhibitor), and cytarabine. Conversely, the knock-in of a copy of mtNPM1 markedly sensitized AML cells to treatment with MI or cytarabine. Following AML therapy, most elderly patients with AML with mtNPM1 and co-mutations in FLT3 suffer AML relapse with poor outcomes, creating a need for novel effective therapies. Utilizing the RNA-Seq signature of CRISPR-edited AML cells with mtNPM1 KO, we interrogated the LINCS1000-CMap data set and found several pan-HDAC inhibitors and a WEE1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor among the top expression mimickers (EMs). Additionally, treatment with adavosertib (WEE1 inhibitor) or panobinostat (pan-HDAC inhibitor) exhibited synergistic in vitro lethal activity with MI against AML cells with mtNPM1. Treatment with adavosertib or panobinostat also reduced AML burden and improved survival in AML xenograft models sensitive or resistant to MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Mill
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Warren Fiskus
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kaberi Das
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John A Davis
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Tapan M Kadia
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Naval Daver
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Koji Sasaki
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Xinjia Ruan
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Su
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sanam Loghavi
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kapil N Bhalla
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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6
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Issa GC, Aldoss I, DiPersio J, Cuglievan B, Stone R, Arellano M, Thirman MJ, Patel MR, Dickens DS, Shenoy S, Shukla N, Kantarjian H, Armstrong SA, Perner F, Perry JA, Rosen G, Bagley RG, Meyers ML, Ordentlich P, Gu Y, Kumar V, Smith S, McGeehan GM, Stein EM. The menin inhibitor revumenib in KMT2A-rearranged or NPM1-mutant leukaemia. Nature 2023; 615:920-924. [PMID: 36922593 PMCID: PMC10060155 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Targeting critical epigenetic regulators reverses aberrant transcription in cancer, thereby restoring normal tissue function1-3. The interaction of menin with lysine methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A), an epigenetic regulator, is a dependence in acute leukaemia caused by either rearrangement of KMT2A or mutation of the nucleophosmin 1 gene (NPM1)4-6. KMT2A rearrangements occur in up to 10% of acute leukaemias and have an adverse prognosis, whereas NPM1 mutations occur in up to 30%, forming the most common genetic alteration in acute myeloid leukaemia7,8. Here, we describe the results of the first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial investigating revumenib (SNDX-5613), a potent and selective oral inhibitor of the menin-KMT2A interaction, in patients with relapsed or refractory acute leukaemia (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04065399). We show that therapy with revumenib was associated with a low frequency of grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events and a 30% rate of complete remission or complete remission with partial haematologic recovery (CR/CRh) in the efficacy analysis population. Asymptomatic prolongation of the QT interval on electrocardiography was identified as the only dose-limiting toxicity. Remissions occurred in leukaemias refractory to multiple previous lines of therapy. We demonstrate clearance of residual disease using sensitive clinical assays and identify hallmarks of differentiation into normal haematopoietic cells, including differentiation syndrome. These data establish menin inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for susceptible acute leukaemia subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayas C Issa
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - John DiPersio
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Branko Cuglievan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Martha Arellano
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Manish R Patel
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | - Shalini Shenoy
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Florian Perner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Gu
- Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eytan M Stein
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Issa GC, Aldoss I, DiPersio J, Cuglievan B, Stone R, Arellano M, Thirman MJ, Patel MR, Dickens DS, Shenoy S, Shukla N, Kantarjian H, Armstrong SA, Perner F, Perry JA, Rosen G, Bagley RG, Meyers ML, Ordentlich P, Gu Y, Kumar V, Smith S, McGeehan GM, Stein EM. The menin inhibitor revumenib in KMT2A-rearranged or NPM1-mutant leukaemia. Nature 2023. [PMID: 36922593 DOI: 10.1038/s411586-023-05755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeting critical epigenetic regulators reverses aberrant transcription in cancer, thereby restoring normal tissue function1-3. The interaction of menin with lysine methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A), an epigenetic regulator, is a dependence in acute leukaemia caused by either rearrangement of KMT2A or mutation of the nucleophosmin 1 gene (NPM1)4-6. KMT2A rearrangements occur in up to 10% of acute leukaemias and have an adverse prognosis, whereas NPM1 mutations occur in up to 30%, forming the most common genetic alteration in acute myeloid leukaemia7,8. Here, we describe the results of the first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial investigating revumenib (SNDX-5613), a potent and selective oral inhibitor of the menin-KMT2A interaction, in patients with relapsed or refractory acute leukaemia (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04065399). We show that therapy with revumenib was associated with a low frequency of grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events and a 30% rate of complete remission or complete remission with partial haematologic recovery (CR/CRh) in the efficacy analysis population. Asymptomatic prolongation of the QT interval on electrocardiography was identified as the only dose-limiting toxicity. Remissions occurred in leukaemias refractory to multiple previous lines of therapy. We demonstrate clearance of residual disease using sensitive clinical assays and identify hallmarks of differentiation into normal haematopoietic cells, including differentiation syndrome. These data establish menin inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for susceptible acute leukaemia subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayas C Issa
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - John DiPersio
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Branko Cuglievan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Martha Arellano
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Manish R Patel
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | - Shalini Shenoy
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Florian Perner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Gu
- Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eytan M Stein
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Perner F, Stein EM, Wenge DV, Singh S, Kim J, Apazidis A, Rahnamoun H, Anand D, Marinaccio C, Hatton C, Wen Y, Stone RM, Schaller D, Mowla S, Xiao W, Gamlen HA, Stonestrom AJ, Persaud S, Ener E, Cutler JA, Doench JG, McGeehan GM, Volkamer A, Chodera JD, Nowak RP, Fischer ES, Levine RL, Armstrong SA, Cai SF. MEN1 mutations mediate clinical resistance to menin inhibition. Nature 2023; 615:913-919. [PMID: 36922589 PMCID: PMC10157896 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin-binding proteins are critical regulators of cell state in haematopoiesis1,2. Acute leukaemias driven by rearrangement of the mixed lineage leukaemia 1 gene (KMT2Ar) or mutation of the nucleophosmin gene (NPM1) require the chromatin adapter protein menin, encoded by the MEN1 gene, to sustain aberrant leukaemogenic gene expression programs3-5. In a phase 1 first-in-human clinical trial, the menin inhibitor revumenib, which is designed to disrupt the menin-MLL1 interaction, induced clinical responses in patients with leukaemia with KMT2Ar or mutated NPM1 (ref. 6). Here we identified somatic mutations in MEN1 at the revumenib-menin interface in patients with acquired resistance to menin inhibition. Consistent with the genetic data in patients, inhibitor-menin interface mutations represent a conserved mechanism of therapeutic resistance in xenograft models and in an unbiased base-editor screen. These mutants attenuate drug-target binding by generating structural perturbations that impact small-molecule binding but not the interaction with the natural ligand MLL1, and prevent inhibitor-induced eviction of menin and MLL1 from chromatin. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that a chromatin-targeting therapeutic drug exerts sufficient selection pressure in patients to drive the evolution of escape mutants that lead to sustained chromatin occupancy, suggesting a common mechanism of therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Perner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Internal Medicine C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eytan M Stein
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela V Wenge
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeonghyeon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athina Apazidis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Homa Rahnamoun
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Disha Anand
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Internal Medicine C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Marinaccio
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlie Hatton
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanhe Wen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard M Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Schaller
- In silico Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shoron Mowla
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenbin Xiao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Hematopathology Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Holly A Gamlen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron J Stonestrom
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonali Persaud
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ener
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jevon A Cutler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrea Volkamer
- In silico Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John D Chodera
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Radosław P Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sheng F Cai
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Sparbier CE, Gillespie A, Gomez J, Kumari N, Motazedian A, Chan KL, Bell CC, Gilan O, Chan YC, Popp S, Gough DJ, Eckersley-Maslin MA, Dawson SJ, Lehner PJ, Sutherland KD, Ernst P, McGeehan GM, Lam EYN, Burr ML, Dawson MA. Targeting Menin disrupts the KMT2A/B and polycomb balance to paradoxically activate bivalent genes. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:258-272. [PMID: 36635503 PMCID: PMC7614190 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of activating H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3 histone modifications at bivalent promoters is essential for normal development and frequently corrupted in cancer. By coupling a cell surface readout of bivalent MHC class I gene expression with whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 screens, we identify specific roles for MTF2-PRC2.1, PCGF1-PRC1.1 and Menin-KMT2A/B complexes in maintaining bivalency. Genetic loss or pharmacological inhibition of Menin unexpectedly phenocopies the effects of polycomb disruption, resulting in derepression of bivalent genes in both cancer cells and pluripotent stem cells. While Menin and KMT2A/B contribute to H3K4me3 at active genes, a separate Menin-independent function of KMT2A/B maintains H3K4me3 and opposes polycomb-mediated repression at bivalent genes. Release of KMT2A from active genes following Menin targeting alters the balance of polycomb and KMT2A at bivalent genes, facilitating gene activation. This functional partitioning of Menin-KMT2A/B complex components reveals therapeutic opportunities that can be leveraged through inhibition of Menin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Sparbier
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Gillespie
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliana Gomez
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nishi Kumari
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Motazedian
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kah Lok Chan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles C Bell
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omer Gilan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yih-Chih Chan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Popp
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel J Gough
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie A Eckersley-Maslin
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Ernst
- Section of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Enid Y N Lam
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marian L Burr
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, Canberra Health Services, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Fiskus WC, Mill CP, Birdwell C, Davis JA, Jin Q, Kadia TM, DiNardo CD, Takahashi K, McGeehan GM, Daver N, Bhalla KN. Abstract 4028: Menin inhibitor-based combinations to improve efficacy and overcome resistance in AML. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-4028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In MLL1 rearranged (MLL1r) AML (~10%), N-terminus of MLL1 gene is fused to the C-terminus of a fusion partner, e.g. AF9, AF4, ENL and ELL, creating MLL1 fusion protein (MLL-FP), which increases expression of leukemogenic HOXA9 and its co-factor MEIS1. In AML with mutant (mt) NPM1 (NPM1c), MLL1 is the main driver of HOXA9, MEIS1 and FLT3, promoting self-renewal and growth of AML stem-progenitor cells (LSCs). Treatment with Menin inhibitor (MI), SNDX-50469 or SNDX-5613, disrupts binding of Menin to its binding pocket in MLL1/2 and MLL1-FP, reducing expressions of their targets and inducing differentiation and apoptosis. In the phase I/II AUGMENT-101 clinical trial, SNDX-5613 monotherapy was well tolerated and achieved objective remissions in patients with previously treated relapsed/refractory AML harboring MLL1r or NPM1c. However, majority of patients either fail to respond or eventually relapse. A minority of MLL1r AML (~9%) also exhibit a co-mutation in TP53, which is known to confer therapy resistance and poor outcome in AML. This creates the need to develop MI-based synergistic combinations with superior efficacy against patient-derived (PD) AML cells harboring MLL-FP or NPM1c. Present studies found that, following MI treatment, CyTOF analysis of PD MLL1-r and NPM1c AML cells showed decline in protein levels of Menin, MEIS1, MEF2C, PBX3, FLT3, CDK6 and BCL2 in phenotypically characterized AML LSCs expressing CLEC12A, CD123, CD244 and CD99. Notably, in vitro co-treatment with SNDX-50469 in combination with venetoclax, OTX015 (pan-BET inhibitor) or abemaciclib (CDK6 inhibitor) induced synergistic (determined by SynergyFinder V2) loss of viability in AML cell lines (MV4-11, MOLM13 and OCI-AML3), as well as in MOLM13 cells with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knock-in of mutant or allelic loss of TP53 and in PD AML cells with MLL-r or NPM1c, but not in normal CD34+ progenitor cells or AML cells lacking MLL-FP or NPM1c. A CRISPR screen with a validated, domain-specific gRNA library against chromatin regulators revealed BRD4, p300, MOZ and KDM1A as druggable co-dependencies with treatment with MI. Consistent with this, co-treatment with SNDX-50469 and OTX015, or the p300/CBP inhibitor GNE049 was synergistically lethal in vitro in AML cells with MLL1r or NPM1c, either sensitive to MI or tolerant-resistant (induced in vitro) to MI (MITR cells). Co-treatment with SNDX-5613 and venetoclax or OTX015 compared to each drug or vehicle control, administered orally for 3 to 4 weeks to NSG mice engrafted with either MOLM13-GFP/Luciferase xenograft or with PD NPM1c and mtFLT3 AML xenograft, caused significantly greater reduction in AML burden and increased overall survival without weight loss or other toxicities (p < 0.005). These preclinical findings highlight novel MI-based combinations exhibiting superior in vitro and in vivo anti-AML efficacy against AML cells harboring MLL1-FP or NPM1c that are sensitive to MI or the MITR cells.
Citation Format: Warren C. Fiskus, Christopher P. Mill, Christine Birdwell, John A. Davis, Qi Jin, Tapan M. Kadia, Courtney D. DiNardo, Koichi Takahashi, Gerard M. McGeehan, Naval Daver, Kapil N. Bhalla. Menin inhibitor-based combinations to improve efficacy and overcome resistance in AML [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4028.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qi Jin
- 1M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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11
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Libbrecht C, Xie HM, Kingsley MC, Haladyna JN, Riedel SS, Alikarami F, Lenard A, McGeehan GM, Ernst P, Bernt KM. Menin is necessary for long term maintenance of meningioma-1 driven leukemia. Leukemia 2021; 35:1405-1417. [PMID: 33542482 PMCID: PMC8102197 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Translocations of Meningioma-1 (MN1) occur in a subset of acute myeloid leukemias (AML) and result in high expression of MN1, either as a full-length protein, or as a fusion protein that includes most of the N-terminus of MN1. High levels of MN1 correlate with poor prognosis. When overexpressed in murine hematopoietic progenitors, MN1 causes an aggressive AML characterized by an aberrant myeloid precursor-like gene expression program that shares features of KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-r) leukemia, including high levels of Hoxa and Meis1 gene expression. Compounds that target a critical KMT2A-Menin interaction have proven effective in KMT2A-r leukemia. Here, we demonstrate that Menin (Men1) is also critical for the self-renewal of MN1-driven AML through the maintenance of a distinct gene expression program. Genetic inactivation of Men1 led to a decrease in the number of functional leukemia-initiating cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of the KMT2A-Menin interaction decreased colony-forming activity, induced differentiation programs in MN1-driven murine leukemia and decreased leukemic burden in a human AML xenograft carrying an MN1-ETV6 translocation. Collectively, these results nominate Menin inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy in MN1-driven leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Libbrecht
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.452431.50000 0004 0442 349XInstitut d’Hématologie et d’Oncologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Hongbo M. Xie
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Bioinformatics and Health Informatics (DBHI), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Molly C. Kingsley
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jessica N. Haladyna
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Simone S. Riedel
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Fatemeh Alikarami
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Alexandra Lenard
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Patricia Ernst
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA ,grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Kathrin M. Bernt
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, CTRB 3064, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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12
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Kurmasheva RT, Bandyopadhyay A, Favours E, Pozo VD, Ghilu S, Phelps DA, McGeehan GM, Erickson SW, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Evaluation of VTP-50469, a menin-MLL1 inhibitor, against Ewing sarcoma xenograft models by the pediatric preclinical testing consortium. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28284. [PMID: 32333633 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VTP-50469 is a potent inhibitor of the menin-MLL1 interaction and is implicated in signaling downstream of EWSR1-FLI1. PROCEDURE VTP-50469 was evaluated against seven Ewing sarcoma (EwS) xenograft models and in vitro against EwS cell lines. RESULTS VTP-50469 showed limited antitumor activity, statistically significantly slowing tumor progression in four tumor models but with no evidence of tumor regression. In vitro, the IC50 concentration was 10 nM for the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)-rearranged leukemia cell line MV4;11, but > 3 μM for EwS cell lines. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to its high level of activity against MLL1-rearranged leukemia xenografts, VTP-50469 shows little activity against EwS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan T Kurmasheva
- UT Health San Antonio, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Abhik Bandyopadhyay
- UT Health San Antonio, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Edward Favours
- UT Health San Antonio, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Vanessa Del Pozo
- UT Health San Antonio, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Samson Ghilu
- UT Health San Antonio, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Doris A Phelps
- UT Health San Antonio, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Peter J Houghton
- UT Health San Antonio, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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13
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Uckelmann HJ, Kim SM, Wong EM, Hatton C, Giovinazzo H, Gadrey JY, Krivtsov AV, Rücker FG, Döhner K, McGeehan GM, Levine RL, Bullinger L, Vassiliou GS, Armstrong SA. Therapeutic targeting of preleukemia cells in a mouse model of NPM1 mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Science 2020; 367:586-590. [PMID: 32001657 PMCID: PMC7754791 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax5863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The initiating mutations that contribute to cancer development are sometimes present in premalignant cells. Whether therapies targeting these mutations can eradicate premalignant cells is unclear. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an attractive system for investigating the effect of preventative treatment because this disease is often preceded by a premalignant state (clonal hematopoiesis or myelodysplastic syndrome). In Npm1c/Dnmt3a mutant knock-in mice, a model of AML development, leukemia is preceded by a period of extended myeloid progenitor cell proliferation and self-renewal. We found that this self-renewal can be reversed by oral administration of a small molecule (VTP-50469) that targets the MLL1-Menin chromatin complex. These preclinical results support the hypothesis that individuals at high risk of developing AML might benefit from targeted epigenetic therapy in a preventative setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Uckelmann
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Kim
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M Wong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Hatton
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hugh Giovinazzo
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayant Y Gadrey
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrei V Krivtsov
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank G Rücker
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konstanze Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ross L Levine
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - George S Vassiliou
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA, USA.
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Krivtsov AV, Evans K, Gadrey JY, Eschle BK, Hatton C, Uckelmann HJ, Ross KN, Perner F, Olsen SN, Pritchard T, McDermott L, Jones CD, Jing D, Braytee A, Chacon D, Earley E, McKeever BM, Claremon D, Gifford AJ, Lee HJ, Teicher BA, Pimanda JE, Beck D, Perry JA, Smith MA, McGeehan GM, Lock RB, Armstrong SA. A Menin-MLL Inhibitor Induces Specific Chromatin Changes and Eradicates Disease in Models of MLL-Rearranged Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:660-673.e11. [PMID: 31821784 PMCID: PMC7227117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the Menin (MEN1) and MLL (MLL1, KMT2A) interaction is a potential therapeutic strategy for MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) leukemia. Structure-based design yielded the potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor VTP50469. Cell lines carrying MLL rearrangements were selectively responsive to VTP50469. VTP50469 displaced Menin from protein complexes and inhibited chromatin occupancy of MLL at select genes. Loss of MLL binding led to changes in gene expression, differentiation, and apoptosis. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models derived from patients with either MLL-r acute myeloid leukemia or MLL-r acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) showed dramatic reductions of leukemia burden when treated with VTP50469. Multiple mice engrafted with MLL-r ALL remained disease free for more than 1 year after treatment. These data support rapid translation of this approach to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Krivtsov
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jayant Y Gadrey
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Benjamin K Eschle
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charlie Hatton
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hannah J Uckelmann
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kenneth N Ross
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Florian Perner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sarah N Olsen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tara Pritchard
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Lisa McDermott
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Connor D Jones
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Duohui Jing
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Ali Braytee
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia; Centre for Health Technologies and the School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Diego Chacon
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia; Centre for Health Technologies and the School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Eric Earley
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew J Gifford
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Heather J Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - John E Pimanda
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia; Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2210, Australia
| | - Dominik Beck
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia; Centre for Health Technologies and the School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Perry
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Liu Z, Singh SB, Zheng Y, Lindblom P, Tice C, Dong C, Zhuang L, Zhao Y, Kruk BA, Lala D, Claremon DA, McGeehan GM, Gregg RD, Cain R. Discovery of Potent Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Using a Novel Growth-Based Protocol of in Silico Screening and Optimization in CONTOUR. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3422-3436. [PMID: 31355641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Liu
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yajun Zheng
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Peter Lindblom
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Colin Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Chengguo Dong
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Barbara A. Kruk
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - David A. Claremon
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Gerard M. McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Richard D. Gregg
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Robert Cain
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
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Houghton PJ, Kurmasheva R, McGeehan GM, Erickson SW, Teicher B, Smith M. Abstract 3835: In vivo evaluation of the Menin inhibitor VTP-50469 against Ewing sarcoma preclinical models: A report from the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium (PPTC). Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Menin and MLL-containing trithorax complexes play important roles in developmental transcription programs by promoting gene expression through depositing H3K4me3 marks on gene promoters. Menin and MLL1, (lysine methyltransferase 2A, KMT2A) are reported to be overexpressed in Ewing sarcoma. Further, inhibition of the menin-MLL interaction by MI-503 resulted in loss of menin and MLL1, resulting in inhibition of proliferation and tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma cells (Svoboda et al., Oncotarget, 2017). VTP-50469 is a small molecule that disrupts menin-MLL1 interactions and is highly active against MLL-rearranged leukemia xenograft models. To extend these results, the PPTC evaluated VTP-50469 in vivo against a set of Ewing sarcoma xenografts.
Methods: VTP-50469 was administered twice daily (BID) at a dose of 120 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg orally (PO) for 28 days, a dose and schedule that is highly effective in leukemia MLL-rearranged models. Standard PPTC methods for assessing time to event (EFS T/C = ratio of median time to event for treated versus control animals). Objective response measures similar to clinical measures were applied (Houghton, Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:928-940).
Results: VTP-50469 was generally well tolerated during the efficacy testing phase. Among 70 animals treated with VTP-50469 in efficacy testing, 3 (4.3%) experienced toxic death. As a single agent, VTP-50469 statistically significantly prolonged time to event in 4 of 7 Ewing sarcoma models. In models for which the time to event was significantly prolonged, the extent of prolongation was modest, with EFS T-C values ranging from 3.6 to 7.8 days and with EFS T/C values ranging from 1.24 to 1.74. None of the models tested showed objective responses, but rather showed progressive disease as their best response. The minimum relative tumor volumes were significantly smaller compared to control for 2 of 7 Ewing sarcoma models. However, the mean minimum relative tumor volumes were all greater than 1.0, indicating the absence of tumor regression.
Conclusions: VTP-50469 was adequately tolerated in the Ewing sarcoma xenograft treatment cohorts that were studied. While a number of the models studied showed statistically significant effects on tumor growth rate, the effect size was generally small and tumor regression was not observed. As this dose and schedule of VTP-50469 is highly effective against MLL-rearranged leukemia xenograft models, these results suggest that the menin-MLL1 interaction may play a less critical role in maintenance of Ewing sarcoma. (Supported by CA199297 and CA199222)
Citation Format: Peter J. Houghton, Raushan Kurmasheva, Gerard M. McGeehan, Steve W. Erickson, Beverly Teicher, Malcolm Smith. In vivo evaluation of the Menin inhibitor VTP-50469 against Ewing sarcoma preclinical models: A report from the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium (PPTC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3835.
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Lock RB, Evans K, Pritchard T, Erickson SW, Guo Y, Claremon DA, McGeehan GM, Teicher BA, Smith MA. Abstract 3187: Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium evaluation of the menin inhibitor, VTP-50469, against xenograft models of MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Rearrangements involving the MLL (mixed lineage leukemia, KMT2A) gene (MLLr) occur broadly in acute leukemia, in ~80% of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, and are associated with poor outcome. Menin is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein, and the MLLr-menin interaction is the key impetus for transformation of MLLr-expressing cells. VTP-50469 is a potent, orally available, small molecule inhibitor of the MLL-menin interaction with pM binding affinity for menin. Therefore, it was of interest to test the in vivo efficacy of VTP-50469 against preclinical models of infant MLLr-ALL.
Methods: Infant MLLr-ALL patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) grew in an orthotopic manner in NSG mice. Engraftment and response to treatment were assessed by enumeration of the % human leukemic blasts in the murine peripheral blood (%huCD45+). Treatment commenced when the median %huCD45+ exceeded 1%, and mice received VTP-50469 (120 mg/kg by oral gavage twice daily x 28) or vehicle. An event was defined as the %huCD45+ >25% or leukemia-related morbidity. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare event-free survival (EFS) between treated (T) and control (C) groups. Stringent objective response measures were assigned to each mouse and reported as group medians (Houghton et al, Pediatr. Blood Cancer, 2007;49:928-40). Leukemia infiltration into the femoral bone marrow was also assessed at Day 28 following treatment initiation. VTP-50469 was provided by Vitae Pharmaceuticals.
Results: VTP-50469 was well tolerated, with maximum average weight losses of 1.6-6.4% across treatment groups compared to 0-2.0% in vehicle control treated groups. VTP-50469 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 6 of 6 (100%) of the evaluable MLLr-ALL PDXs. VTP-50469 T-C values in MLLr-ALL PDXs ranged from 1.2 to 100 days (T/C 1.3-21.1), and Maintained Complete Responses (MCRs) were observed in 5 of 6 PDXs. Two of 8 mice engrafted with an MLLr-ALL harboring the MLL-AFF1 (t4;11) translocation had not reached event >230 days following treatment initiation. A significant reduction (P<0.001) in bone marrow infiltration at Day 28 was observed in 2 of 4 evaluable MLLr-ALL PDXs. VTP-50469 at 30 mg/kg (4-fold lower than its maximum tolerated dose) also elicited MCRs in 8 of 8 mice engrafted with an MLL-AFF1 PDX. The on-target activity of VTP-50469 was verified by its lack of efficacy against an ALL PDX harboring the BCR-ABL1 translocation.
Conclusions: VTP-50469 exerted profound in vivo efficacy against ALL PDXs derived from infants harboring MLL-AFF1, MLL-GAS7, and MLL-ENL translocations, and significantly reduced leukemia infiltration in the bone marrow. VTP-50469 was also effective across a broad dose range, indicating that it may represent a novel treatment for MLLr leukemia. (Supported by NCI Grants CA199222 & CA199000)
Citation Format: Richard B. Lock, Kathryn Evans, Tara Pritchard, Stephen W. Erickson, Yuelong Guo, David A. Claremon, Gerard M. McGeehan, Beverly A. Teicher, Malcolm A. Smith. Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium evaluation of the menin inhibitor, VTP-50469, against xenograft models of MLL-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3187.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuelong Guo
- 2RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
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18
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Zhuang L, Tice CM, Xu Z, Zhao W, Cacatian S, Ye YJ, Singh SB, Lindblom P, McKeever BM, Krosky PM, Zhao Y, Lala D, Kruk BA, Meng S, Howard L, Johnson JA, Bukhtiyarov Y, Panemangalore R, Guo J, Guo R, Himmelsbach F, Hamilton B, Schuler-Metz A, Schauerte H, Gregg R, McGeehan GM, Leftheris K, Claremon DA. Discovery of BI 135585, an in vivo efficacious oxazinanone-based 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3649-3657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Hamilton BS, Schoelch C, Schuler-Metz A, Krosky P, Lala DS, Claremon DA, McGeehan GM. Influence of sub-chronic selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibition on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in female cynomolgus monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:68-74. [PMID: 27393460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of local cortisol regeneration from circulating cortisone by blocking 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) has been shown to ameliorate the risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Chronic modulation of glucocorticoid homeostasis may result in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stimulation. HPA axis over-activation leading androgen excess would be undesirable in a therapeutic intervention designed to treat a chronic condition such as the metabolic syndrome. To address whether 11β-HSD1 inhibition would lead to excess androgens, we treated female cynomolgus monkeys with a selective inhibitor, BI 135558, for 4 weeks. Continual action of the compound over the dosing period was confirmed by constant plasma exposure, and a maintained change in urinary glucocorticoid metabolites consistent with 11β-HSD1 inhibition. No significant changes in adrenal function, as evidenced by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) challenge, were observed. An examination of androgenic hormones revealed a slight increase in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), while other hormones such as testosterone remained within reference values. Overall, treatment with BI 135558 in monkeys did not result in obvious over-activation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford S Hamilton
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorferstraße 67, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany.
| | - Corinna Schoelch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorferstraße 67, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Annette Schuler-Metz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorferstraße 67, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Paula Krosky
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Deepak S Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - David A Claremon
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Gerard M McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
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McGeehan GM, Palmer SA, Bryson CC, Zhao Y, Shi M, Lipinski KK, Bukhtiyarov Y, Guo J, Claremon DA, Lala DS, Gregg RE. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of VTP-43742, a RORγt inhibitor, in normal healthy volunteers. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.71.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
VTP-43742 is an orally active RORγt inhibitor being developed for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis, through inhibition of IL-17A production and down regulation of the IL-23 receptor. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of VTP-43742 were assessed in two, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in which VTP-43742 was administered to normal healthy volunteers. The first study was a single ascending dose (SAD) study (N = 53) in which participants were randomized to a one-time administration of VTP-43742 (7 dose levels, 30–2000 mg) or placebo. The second study (NCT02555709) was a multiple ascending dose (MAD) study in which participants (N = 40) received VTP-43742 (5 dose levels, 100–1400 mg/d) or placebo once daily for 10 days. VTP-43742 was shown to be safe and generally well tolerated at all dose levels in both studies. No serious adverse events were reported, and all study subjects completed dosing. No clinically significant clinical chemistry, hematologic or ECG abnormalities were observed, and dose proportionality was demonstrated across all dose levels. In the SAD study, VTP-43742 had a terminal plasma half-life of ~30 hours. In an ex vivo whole blood assay (WBA) of IL-17A secretion, VTP-43742 suppressed RORγt dependent secretion of IL-17A in a dose-responsive manner; >90% inhibition was observed at the higher doses which was mostly maintained over 24 hours. In the MAD study, those receiving VTP-43742 showed >90% inhibition of RORγt dependent IL-17A secretion in the WBA for a full 24hrs in all but the lowest dose cohort. These data support the further development of VTP-43742 for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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21
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Zheng Y, Zhuang L, Fan KY, Tice CM, Zhao W, Dong C, Lotesta SD, Leftheris K, Lindblom PR, Liu Z, Shimada J, Noto PB, Meng S, Hardy A, Howard L, Krosky P, Guo J, Lipinski K, Kandpal G, Bukhtiyarov Y, Zhao Y, Lala D, Van Orden R, Zhou J, Chen G, Wu Z, McKeever BM, McGeehan GM, Gregg RE, Claremon DA, Singh SB. Discovery of a Novel, Orally Efficacious Liver X Receptor (LXR) β Agonist. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3264-71. [PMID: 26990539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the application of Contour to the design and discovery of a novel, potent, orally efficacious liver X receptor β (LXRβ) agonist (17). Contour technology is a structure-based drug design platform that generates molecules using a context perceptive growth algorithm guided by a contact sensitive scoring function. The growth engine uses binding site perception and programmable growth capability to create drug-like molecules by assembling fragments that naturally complement hydrophilic and hydrophobic features of the protein binding site. Starting with a crystal structure of LXRβ and a docked 2-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl alcohol fragment (6), Contour was used to design agonists containing a piperazine core. Compound 17 binds to LXRβ with high affinity and to LXRα to a lesser extent, and induces the expression of LXR target genes in vitro and in vivo. This molecule served as a starting point for further optimization and generation of a candidate which is currently in human clinical trials for treating atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zheng
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Colin M Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Wei Zhao
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Chengguo Dong
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Stephen D Lotesta
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Katerina Leftheris
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Peter R Lindblom
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Jun Shimada
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paul B Noto
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Shi Meng
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Andrew Hardy
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Lamont Howard
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paula Krosky
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Joan Guo
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Kerri Lipinski
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Geeta Kandpal
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yuri Bukhtiyarov
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Rebecca Van Orden
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Jing Zhou
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Guozhou Chen
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Zhongren Wu
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Brian M McKeever
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Gerard M McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Richard E Gregg
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - David A Claremon
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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22
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Lotesta SD, Marcus AP, Zheng Y, Leftheris K, Noto PB, Meng S, Kandpal G, Chen G, Zhou J, McKeever B, Bukhtiyarov Y, Zhao Y, Lala DS, Singh SB, McGeehan GM. Identification of spirooxindole and dibenzoxazepine motifs as potent mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1384-91. [PMID: 26897089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists continue to be a prevalent area of research in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein we report the discovery of various spirooxindole and dibenzoxazepine constructs as potent MR antagonists. SAR analysis of our spirooxindole hit led to highly potent compounds containing polar solubilizing groups, which interact with the helix-11 region of the MR ligand binding domain (LBD). Various dibenzoxazepine moieties were also prepared in an effort to replace a known dibenzoxepane system which interacts with the hydrophobic region of the MR LBD. In addition, an X-ray crystal structure was obtained from a highly potent compound which was shown to exhibit both partial agonist and antagonist modes of action against MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Lotesta
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States.
| | - Andrew P Marcus
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Yajun Zheng
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Katerina Leftheris
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Paul B Noto
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Shi Meng
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Geeta Kandpal
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Guozhou Chen
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Jing Zhou
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Brian McKeever
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Yuri Bukhtiyarov
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Deepak S Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Gerard M McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
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McGeehan GM, Lala DS, Zhao Y, Noto PB, Zhuang L, Claremon DA, Meng S, Bukhtiyarov Y, Gregg RR. Abstract 334: The LXRβ Selective Agonist, VTP-38443, Significantly Decreases Plaque Cholesterol Ester Content and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factors LXRα and LXRβ are important regulators of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. Activation of LXR was previously shown to inhibit atherosclerosis in animal models through activation of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and suppression of vascular inflammation. VTP-38443 is a potent selective and orally bioavailable modulator of LXRβ that is being pursued for the prevention of subsequent vascular events following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) episode. VTP-38443 is a potent binder (Ki=12 nM) and activator (EC50=17 nM) of LXRβ. It is ~20x selective for LXRβ versus LXRβ in both binding and activation. In primary human cells, it induces the expression of the cholesterol efflux pumps ABCA1 and ABCG1, markers of RCT, and promotes cholesterol efflux from human fibroblasts at low concentrations (EC50 = 14 nM). Orally dosed VTP-38443 demonstrates robust induction of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in mice (ED50 < 0.3 mg/kg) and primates (ED50 < 0.1 mg/kg). Based on this robust activity, VTP-38443 was tested in the apoE -/- carotid artery ligated mouse model, an accelerated atherosclerosis model. ApoE-/- mice (9 week) were fed a Western diet for 2 weeks at which point the left common carotid artery was ligated. Mice remained on the Western diet for 2 weeks post-surgery and were dosed BID with VTP-38443 (0.05, 0.2 and 1 mg/kg/dose) or a non-selective LXR agonist, TO90137 (20 mg/kg/day) during this time. Plasma cholesterol and TGs were measured as were cholesterol esters and FDG-6-phosphate, a biomarker of plaque inflammation, in the carotid plaques. VTP-38443 gave a dose-dependent reduction in plasma cholesterol (35% at 1 mg/kg) and a modest dose-dependent increase in plasma TGs ranging from 5% to 45% of the TG increase seen with TO90137. Plaque analysis showed a highly significant decrease in carotid cholesterol ester content at all doses, achieving >90% reduction at the highest dose. In addition, there was a significant reduction (~40-50%) in FDG-6 phosphate at all doses of VTP-38443, indicating a decrease in vascular inflammation. These data indicate that LXRβ activation may decrease plaque cholesterol content and reduce plaque inflammation in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Zhao
- Biology, Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Fort Washington, PA
| | - Paul B Noto
- Biology, Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Fort Washington, PA
| | | | | | - Shi Meng
- Biology, Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Fort Washington, PA
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Noto PB, Bukhtiyarov Y, Shi M, McKeever BM, McGeehan GM, Lala DS. Regulation of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3A gene (SMPDL3A) by liver X receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:719-27. [PMID: 22810003 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) α and LXRβ function as physiological sensors of cholesterol metabolites (oxysterols), regulating key genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. LXRs have been extensively studied in both human and rodent cell systems, revealing their potential therapeutic value in the contexts of atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. The LXR genome landscape has been investigated in murine macrophages but not in human THP-1 cells, which represent one of the frequently used monocyte/macrophage cell systems to study immune responses. We used a whole-genome screen to detect direct LXR target genes in THP-1 cells treated with two widely used LXR ligands [N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-N-[4-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)-ethyl]phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide (T0901317) and 3-[3-[N-(2-chloro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-(2,2-diphenylethyl)amino]propyloxy] phenylacetic acid hydrochloride (GW3965)]. This screen identified the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3A (SMPDL3A) gene as a novel LXR-regulated gene, with an LXR response element within its promoter. We investigated the regulation of SMPDL3A gene expression by LXRs across several human and mouse cell types. These studies indicate that the induction of SMPDL3A is LXR-dependent and is restricted to human blood cells with no induction observed in mouse cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Noto
- Discovery Biology, Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Jia L, Simpson RD, Yuan J, Xu Z, Zhao W, Cacatian S, Tice CM, Guo J, Ishchenko A, Singh SB, Wu Z, McKeever BM, Bukhtiyarov Y, Johnson JA, Doe CP, Harrison RK, McGeehan GM, Dillard LW, Baldwin JJ, Claremon DA. Discovery of VTP-27999, an Alkyl Amine Renin Inhibitor with Potential for Clinical Utility. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:747-51. [PMID: 24900262 DOI: 10.1021/ml200137x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure guided optimization of a series of nonpeptidic alkyl amine renin inhibitors allowed the rational incorporation of additional polar functionality. Replacement of the cyclohexylmethyl group occupying the S1 pocket with a (R)-(tetrahydropyran-3-yl)methyl group and utilization of a different attachment point led to the identification of clinical candidate 9. This compound demonstrated excellent selectivity over related and unrelated off-targets, >15% oral bioavailability in three species, oral efficacy in a double transgenic rat model of hypertension, and good exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqi Jia
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Robert D. Simpson
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Jing Yuan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Zhenrong Xu
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Wei Zhao
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Salvacion Cacatian
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Joan Guo
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Alexey Ishchenko
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Zhongren Wu
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Brian M. McKeever
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yuri Bukhtiyarov
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Judith A. Johnson
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Christopher P. Doe
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Richard K. Harrison
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Gerard M. McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Lawrence W. Dillard
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - John J. Baldwin
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - David A. Claremon
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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Xu Z, Tice CM, Zhao W, Cacatian S, Ye YJ, Singh SB, Lindblom P, McKeever BM, Krosky PM, Kruk BA, Berbaum J, Harrison RK, Johnson JA, Bukhtiyarov Y, Panemangalore R, Scott BB, Zhao Y, Bruno JG, Togias J, Guo J, Guo R, Carroll PJ, McGeehan GM, Zhuang L, He W, Claremon DA. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of 1,3-Oxazinan-2-one Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6050-62. [PMID: 21786805 DOI: 10.1021/jm2005354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrong Xu
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Wei Zhao
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Salvacion Cacatian
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yuan-Jie Ye
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Peter Lindblom
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Brian M. McKeever
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paula M. Krosky
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Barbara A. Kruk
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Jennifer Berbaum
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Richard K. Harrison
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Judith A. Johnson
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yuri Bukhtiyarov
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Reshma Panemangalore
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Boyd B. Scott
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Joseph G. Bruno
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Jennifer Togias
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Joan Guo
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Rong Guo
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 250 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Gerard M. McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Wei He
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - David A. Claremon
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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Yuan J, Simpson RD, Zhao W, Tice CM, Xu Z, Cacatian S, Jia L, Flaherty PT, Guo J, Ishchenko A, Wu Z, McKeever BM, Scott BB, Bukhtiyarov Y, Berbaum J, Panemangalore R, Bentley R, Doe CP, Harrison RK, McGeehan GM, Singh SB, Dillard LW, Baldwin JJ, Claremon DA. Biphenyl/diphenyl ether renin inhibitors: Filling the S1 pocket of renin via the S3 pocket. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4836-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Xu Z, Cacatian S, Yuan J, Simpson RD, Jia L, Zhao W, Tice CM, Flaherty PT, Guo J, Ishchenko A, Singh SB, Wu Z, McKeever BM, Scott BB, Bukhtiyarov Y, Berbaum J, Mason J, Panemangalore R, Cappiello MG, Bentley R, Doe CP, Harrison RK, McGeehan GM, Dillard LW, Baldwin JJ, Claremon DA. Optimization of orally bioavailable alkyl amine renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:694-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Tice CM, Xu Z, Yuan J, Simpson RD, Cacatian ST, Flaherty PT, Zhao W, Guo J, Ishchenko A, Singh SB, Wu Z, Scott BB, Bukhtiyarov Y, Berbaum J, Mason J, Panemangalore R, Cappiello MG, Müller D, Harrison RK, McGeehan GM, Dillard LW, Baldwin JJ, Claremon DA. Design and optimization of renin inhibitors: Orally bioavailable alkyl amines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3541-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu Z, Cappiello MG, Scott BB, Bukhtiyarov Y, McGeehan GM. Purification and characterization of recombinant human renin for X-ray crystallization studies. BMC Biochem 2008; 9:19. [PMID: 18582379 PMCID: PMC2453115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) cascade is a major target for the clinical management of hypertension. Although inhibitors of various components of this cascade have been developed successfully, development of renin inhibitors has proven to be problematic. The development of these inhibitors has been hindered by poor bioavailability and complex synthesis. However, despite the challenges of designing renin inhibitors, the enzyme remains a promising target for the development of novel treatments for hypertension. X-ray crystallographic data could greatly assist the design and development of these inhibitors. Here we describe the purification and characterization of recombinant human renin for x-ray crystallization studies. RESULTS A cDNA encoding the full length of native human preprorenin (406 amino acid residues) was introduced into the HEK-293 cell line. A clonal cell line expressing prorenin was generated and grown under serum free conditions in a hollow fiber bioreactor. Prorenin was constitutively secreted and purified directly from the conditioned medium. Concanavalin A chromatography effectively enriched and purified prorenin to 90% homogeneity in a single step. Prorenin was converted to active renin by trypsin digestion to remove the propeptide. Active renin was further purified using a cation exchange column followed by a gel filtration column. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme showed both binding and catalytic properties were essentially identical to previously reported activities for purified renin. Crystals were grown using this material in our X-ray structure studies, and high resolution diffraction was obtained. CONCLUSION This present work describes a simple and efficient method for the generation and purification of active human renin. The protein is highly pure and is suitable for supporting structural biology efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongren Wu
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., Discovery Biology, Fort Washington, PA, 19034, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Renin is the rate-limiting enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) which controls blood pressure and volume. The biological function of renin is to cleave the N-terminus of angiotensinogen releasing the decapeptide, angiotensin I (ANGI). Subsequently, angiotensin I is further processed by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to produce angiotensin II (ANGII). The RAS cascade is a major target for the clinical management of hypertension. Current clinical treatments include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and ANGII receptor blockers (ARBs). As the rate-limiting enzyme in ANGII production, renin inhibitors have been pursued as an additional class of anti-hypertensives. Clinical studies conducted with renin inhibitors have shown them to be as effective as ACE inhibitors in lowering blood pressure. Most importantly, inhibitors of renin may have a number of potential advantages over ACEi and ARBs. Renin is specific for angiotensinogen and will not carry the ancillary pharmacology associated with ACEi or ARBs. To date, no renin inhibitors have made it to market. The development of these inhibitors has been hindered by poor bioavailability and complex synthesis. However, despite the pharmacokinetic challenges of designing renin inhibitors, the enzyme remains a promising target for the development of novel treatments for hypertension. This review will consist of an overview of renin biology, the pharmacology of renin and RAS and focus in on renin as a target for blood pressure regulation. We also cover the evaluation of renin inhibitors in animal models and clinical studies. Presently a number of new generation inhibitors of renin are in development with at least one in the clinic and these will be discussed. Finally we will discuss what might distinguish renin inhibitors from current therapeutic options and discuss other therapeutic indications renin inhibitors might have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyd B Scott
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Discovery Biology, 502 West Office Center Dr. Ft. Washington, PA 19034, USA.
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32
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Cappiello MG, Wu Z, Scott BB, McGeehan GM, Harrison RK. Purification and characterization of recombinant human cathepsin E expressed in human kidney cell line 293. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 37:53-60. [PMID: 15294281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding human prepro-cathepsin E was introduced into the adenovirus-transformed HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cell line. The construct contained both a V5 peptide epitope and histidine tags at the carboxy terminus. Transfected cells efficiently secreted recombinant pro-cathepsin E into the culture medium. The secreted pro-cathepsin E was purified in a single step using Ni affinity chromatography yielding a protein of about 92 kDa under non-reducing conditions. The amino-terminal sequence of the purified protein began at Ser20, suggesting human cathepsin E accumulated in the culture supernatant as the pro-enzyme. The purified protein was rapidly and completely converted to the active form by treatment at pH 4.0 or below. Steady state kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of the fluorogenic peptide substrate MOCAc-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ile-Leu-Phe-Phe-Arg-Leu-Lys(Dnp)-d-Arg-NH2 (cleavage at the Phe-Phe bond) were consistent with previously reported values for purified human enzyme (kc/Ki= 53 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), Km= 6.3 microM, and kcat= 3 x 10(2) s(-1)). The activated protein was potently inhibited by pepstatin with Ki= 0.2 nM, as well as a reported beta secretase inhibitor. This work demonstrates the potential for producing large quantities of highly purified human cathepsin E from HEK-293 cells in quantities to support both biochemical and structural characterization of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Cappiello
- Discovery Biology, Concurrent Pharmaceuticals, 502 W Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, USA
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35
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36
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Groneberg RD, Burns CJ, Morrissette MM, Ullrich JW, Morris RL, Darnbrough S, Djuric SW, Condon SM, McGeehan GM, Labaudiniere R, Neuenschwander K, Scotese AC, Kline JA. Dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 and matrix metalloproteinases by an (arylsulfonyl)hydroxamic acid template. J Med Chem 1999; 42:541-4. [PMID: 10052961 DOI: 10.1021/jm980567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R D Groneberg
- Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, SW8, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The net amount of collagen produced and deposited by fibroblasts in cell culture is determined by the rate of collagen synthesis as well as the rate of collagen degradation. Although collagen synthesis can be analyzed by several techniques, it is more difficult to measure collagen degradation. Breakdown of collagen depends upon the activity of a family of structurally and catalytically related mammalian enzymes termed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Interstitial collagenase (MMP1) initiates the cleavage of fibrillar collagen, whereas gelatinases (MMP2 and MMP9) digest the denatured collagen fragments. A method has been developed to quantitate the activity of collagenase (MMP1) and gelatinase (MMP9) in conditioned medium from fibroblast cell cultures. The assay, which uses the fluorogenic substrate Dnp-Pro-Cha-Gly-Cys(Me)-His-AlaLys(Nma)NH2, is technically simple and amenable to high throughput analysis. Addition of specific inhibitors of the metalloproteinases allows for simultaneous measurement of both collagenase and gelatinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Gould
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0117, USA
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Abstract
TNF-α is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by monycytes and macrophages. Excessive or prolonged production of TNF-α has been implicated in inflammatory processes as well as in the pathogenesis of other human diseases. There are a number of strategies for inhibiting TNF-α activity ranging from transcriptional events to neutralization of the soluble cytokine. Several of these approaches are being pursued in the clinic, suggesting that some novel, anti-cytokine agents may come to the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M. McGeehan
- Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Department of Inflammation, 500 Arcola Road Collegeville, PA 19426, U.S.A
| | - Joanne Uhl
- Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Department of Inflammation, 500 Arcola Road Collegeville, PA 19426, U.S.A
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Conway JG, Trexler SJ, Wakefield JA, Marron BE, Emerson DL, Bickett DM, Deaton DN, Garrison D, Elder M, McElroy A, Willmott N, Dockerty AJ, McGeehan GM. Effect of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors on tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 1996; 14:115-24. [PMID: 8605725 DOI: 10.1007/bf00121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Four potent, synthetic inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were assessed as inhibitors of tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis to the lung. Mat Ly Lu rat prostate tumor, LOX human melanoma and M27 murine Lewis lung tumor were implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in mice and allowed to grow for 3-12 days. The lungs of the tumor-bearing mice were then removed and implanted s.c. into untreated mice, and the outgrowth of secondary tumors from the implanted lungs measured. The incidence and rate of outgrowth of secondary tumors increased with the length of primary tumor growth, validating these measurements as indices of spontaneous metastasis to the lung. Compounds were tested by s.c. implantation of minipumps which delivered compound throughout the period of primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis to the lung at steady-state drug concentrations orders of magnitude greater than the concentrations needed to either inhibit collagenase, gelatinase or stromelysin in vitro. Inhibitor treatment slowed the growth of primary s.c. Mat Ly Lu and LOX tumors by 40-60% but had no significant effect on the growth of primary M27 tumors. Surprisingly, inhibitor treatment had no significant effect on the ability of the lung to generate secondary tumors when reimplanted s.c. in untreated mice. Because of the possible importance of cathepsins B, H and L in tumor growth and metastasis, the irreversible inhibitor E-64 was also infused by s.c. minipump. E-64 had no effect on the growth or spontaneous metastasis of Mat Ly Lu or M27 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Conway
- Department of Pharmacology, Glaxo Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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40
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Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibodies against recombinant human fibroblast procollagenase and prostromelysin have been generated and characterized. The epitope-containing domains for the antibodies have been assigned based on their immunoreactivities against recombinant proenzymes, mature enzymes, truncated collagenases, proteolytic fragments of stromelysin, and chimeric molecules constructed from different domains of the two enzymes. These antibodies can be divided into four groups: (1) antibodies that recognize the truncated 19-kDa NH2-terminal collagenase, (2) antibodies that recognize the C-terminal domain of collagenase and stromelysin, (3) antibodies that recognize a 31-kDa NH2-terminal collagenase fragment, and (4) antibodies that recognize the 19-kDa NH2-fragment of stromelysin. The prostromelysin-specific antibody 11N13 is of particular interest; it neutralizes stromelysin activity in a stromelysin peptide substrate assay, with an IC50 value of 75 nM. MAb 11N13 may be useful for in vivo and in vitro studies to validate the roles of stromelysin in tumor cell invasion, metastasis, and connective tissue disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Su
- Department of Cell Physiology, Glaxo Inc. Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- G M McGeehan
- Department of Biochemistry, Glaxo Inc. Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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42
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McGeehan GM, Bickett DM, Green M, Kassel D, Wiseman JS, Berman J. Characterization of the peptide substrate specificities of interstitial collagenase and 92-kDa gelatinase. Implications for substrate optimization. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:32814-20. [PMID: 7806505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide substrate specificities of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), and 92-kDa gelatinase (MMP-9), have been examined. Starting with the parent substrate, Dnp-Pro-Leu-Gly approximately Leu-Trp-Ala-D-Arg-NH2, four separate substrate mixtures were synthesized at subsites P2(Leu) through P2'(Trp). These mixtures contained either naturally occurring L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or either of two distinct sets of miscellaneous amino acids. Combined, these mixtures gave 88 unique substitutions at each position and, over the four subsites, represented 352 potential substrates. Optimal substrates were identified using a combined high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis as previously reported. The results gave an extended profile of the substrate specificities for both MMP-1 and MMP-9 at subsites P2(Leu) through P2'(Trp). Using the data obtained from the mapping, a new peptide substrate, Dnp-Pro-Cha-Abu approximately Smc-His-Ala-D-Arg-NH2 (where Dnp is 2,4-dinitrophenyl, Cha is cyclohexylalanine, Abu is alpha-aminobutyric acid, and Smc is S-methylcysteine) was designed and characterized. This peptide showed a 36-fold improvement in turnover (kcat/Km) versus the parent substrate by interstitial collagenase. In addition, some collagenase subsite specificities described here were found to be different from those previously reported. Experimental data show that the observed selectivity is dependent on the original peptide template employed, which has broader implications for substrate specificity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M McGeehan
- Glaxo Inc. Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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43
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McGeehan GM, Bickett DM, Green M, Kassel D, Wiseman JS, Berman J. Characterization of the peptide substrate specificities of interstitial collagenase and 92-kDa gelatinase. Implications for substrate optimization. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)30064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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44
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Abstract
Stromelysin, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family of enzymes, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of tumor metastasis and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. To screen prospective inhibitors of this protease, we developed a fluorogenic substrate with excitation and emission spectra compatible with commercially available 96-well plate readers. The substrate is based on the addition of 6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino] hexanoic acid (NBD) (EX467/EM534) and 7-dimethylaminocoumarin-4-acetate (DMC) (EX368/EM459) to the previously reported peptide substrate for stromelysin, Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Leu-Ala-Nva-Trp-NH2. The new substrate, NBD-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Leu-Ala-Nva-Trp-Lys-(DMC)-NH2 is 95% quenched and the fluorescent product, Nva-Trp-Lys(DMC)-NH2 is easily detected (EX350/EM465). In competition assays the new fluorogenic substrate has a relative kcat/Km that is one half that of the parent peptide. The fluorophores NBD and DMC were chosen based on the high fluorescence yield of DMC and the overlap of the emission spectrum of DMC and excitation spectrum of NBD which results in an efficient energy transfer system in the intact substrate. These characteristics make this an excellent substrate for routine determination of in vitro activities of stromelysin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Bickett
- Department of Biochemistry, Glaxo Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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45
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McGeehan GM, Becherer JD, Bast RC, Boyer CM, Champion B, Connolly KM, Conway JG, Furdon P, Karp S, Kidao S. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha processing by a metalloproteinase inhibitor. Nature 1994; 370:558-61. [PMID: 8052311 DOI: 10.1038/370558a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potent pro-inflammatory agent produced primarily by activated monocytes and macrophages. TNF-alpha is synthesized as a precursor protein of M(r) 26,000 (26K) which is processed to a secreted 17K mature form by cleavage of an Ala-Val bond between residues 76-77. The enzyme(s) responsible for processing pro-TNF-alpha has yet to be identified. Here, we describe the capacity of a metalloproteinase inhibitor, GI 129471, to block TNF-alpha secretion both in vitro and in vivo. The inhibition is specific to TNF-alpha; the production of other secreted cytokines, such as the interleukins IL-1 beta, IL-2, or IL-6, is not inhibited. The mechanism of inhibition occurs at a post-translational step in TNF-alpha production. Our data suggest that TNF-alpha processing is mediated by a unique Zn2+ endopeptidase which is inhibited by GI 129471 and would represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in TNF-alpha associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M McGeehan
- Glaxo Inc. Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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46
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Leeds JM, Brown PJ, McGeehan GM, Brown FK, Wiseman JS. Isotope effects and alternative substrate reactivities for tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:17781-6. [PMID: 8349662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.1.12) is a hemoprotein which catalyzes the first step in the oxidative degradation of tryptophan. The reaction is believed to proceed by addition of O2 across the 2,3-bond of the indole ring, followed by decomposition of the resultant dioxetane to give N-formylkynurenine. A primary D2O isotope effect of 4.4 on Vmax/Km was observed at the pH optimum, pH 7.0. This implies that abstraction of the indole proton is at least partially rate-determining. An inverse secondary isotope effect of 0.96 was observed for L-[2-3H]tryptophan at this pH. The secondary isotope effect signals the formation of the C-O bond at C-2. As the rate of proton abstraction increased with increasing pH, the D2O isotope effect decreased to 1.2 at pH 8.5 and the secondary isotope effect increased to 0.92. The rate-determining steps therefore change with increasing pH, and bond formation at C-2 becomes more rate-limiting. The secondary isotope effect did not change significantly with varying O2 concentration so that substrate binding is primarily ordered with O2 binding first. The specificity of the enzyme towards substituted tryptophans shows that substitution of the phenyl ring of the indole is sterically unfavorable. Steric hindrance is highest at the 4- and 7-positions, while the 5- and 6-positions are less sensitive. 6-Fluoro-L-tryptophan was more reactive than tryptophan, and the increased reactivity can be explained by an electronic effect that enhances of the rate of C-O bond formation at C-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Leeds
- Glaxo Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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47
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Bickett DM, Green MD, Berman J, Dezube M, Howe AS, Brown PJ, Roth JT, McGeehan GM. A high throughput fluorogenic substrate for interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and gelatinase (MMP-9). Anal Biochem 1993; 212:58-64. [PMID: 8368516 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1993.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two members of the matrix metalloproteinase family of enzymes, interstitial collagenase and 92-kDa gelatinase, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and tumor metastasis. In order to characterize the activities of these enzymes, we have developed a fluorogenic peptide substrate which is efficiently hydrolyzed by both enzymes. This substrate was developed based on the addition of the fluorescent tag, N-methyl-anthranilic acid (Nma), to several previously synthesized substrates that had been evaluated with respect to their turnover by interstitial collagenase. One substrate, Dnp-Pro-Cha-Gly-Cys(Me)-His-Ala-Lys-(Nma)-NH2, had favorable solubility characteristics, was > 98% quenched, and produced a single cleavage product, Dnp-Pro-Cha-Gly, with a high fluorescence yield with both interstitial collagenase and 92-kDa gelatinase. Since the assay depends on measurement of increases in fluorescence, the position of the Nma group also proved to be important for optimization of the fluorescence signal. The assay is free from interference by organomercurial compounds and the cleavage product has excitation and emission spectra compatible with filters commonly available on commercial plate readers. The assay has been adapted to a 96-well format and provides a rapid screening protocol for the evaluation of inhibitors of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Bickett
- Glaxo Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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48
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Abstract
The sequence of the ribonuclease from the ancestor of swamp buffalo, river buffalo, and ox, corresponding approximately to Pachyportax latidens, an extinct ruminant known from the fossil record, has been reconstructed using the rule of 'maximum parsimony'. This protein and two sequences that may have been intermediates in the evolution of modern ribonuclease have been constructed in the laboratory by site-directed mutagenesis, and their properties examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stackhouse
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, E.T.H., Zurich, Switzerland
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49
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Abstract
An improved method for expressing and purifying bovine pancreatic ribonuclease from a synthetic gene using the lambda promoter controlled by a temperature-sensitive repressor is described. The procedure involves isolation in the presence of a refolding buffer containing oxidized and reduced glutathione, under conditions where RNase can refold, but where proteases presumably do not. Yields are approx. 2 mg purified protein per 1 ferment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M McGeehan
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
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50
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Pirrung MC, McGeehan GM. Cyclopropylsubstituierte Aminocyclopropancarbonsäure (Cyclopropyl-ACC) – eine Studie zum Mechanismus der Ethylen-Biosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19850971232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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