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Donahue EK, Foreman RP, Duran JJ, Jakowec MW, O'Neill J, Petkus AJ, Holschneider DP, Choupan J, Van Horn JD, Venkadesh S, Bayram E, Litvan I, Schiehser DM, Petzinger GM. Increased perivascular space volume in white matter and basal ganglia is associated with cognition in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:57-65. [PMID: 37855955 PMCID: PMC10844402 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular spaces (PVS), fluid-filled compartments surrounding brain vasculature, are an essential component of the glymphatic system responsible for transport of waste and nutrients. Glymphatic system impairment may underlie cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies have focused on the role of basal ganglia PVS with cognition in PD, but the role of white matter PVS is unknown. This study examined the relationship of white matter and basal ganglia PVS with domain-specific and global cognition in individuals with PD. Fifty individuals with PD underwent 3T T1w magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine PVS volume fraction, defined as PVS volume normalized to total regional volume, within (i) centrum semiovale, (ii) prefrontal white matter (medial orbitofrontal, rostral middle frontal, superior frontal), and (iii) basal ganglia. A neuropsychological battery included assessment of global cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and global cognitive composite score), and cognitive-specific domains (executive function, memory, visuospatial function, attention, and language). Higher white matter rostral middle frontal PVS was associated with lower scores in both global cognitive and visuospatial function. In the basal ganglia higher PVS was associated with lower scores for memory with a trend towards lower global cognitive composite score. While previous reports have shown that greater amount of PVS in the basal ganglia is associated with decline in global cognition in PD, our findings suggest that increased white matter PVS volume may also underlie changes in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Kaye Donahue
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-243, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ryan Patrick Foreman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-243, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jared Joshua Duran
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-243, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael Walter Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-243, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Joseph O'Neill
- Division of Child Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Andrew J Petkus
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-243, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-243, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jeiran Choupan
- Laboratory of NeuroImaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - John Darrell Van Horn
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Siva Venkadesh
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Ece Bayram
- Parkinson and Other Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Parkinson and Other Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dawn M Schiehser
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Giselle Maria Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St, MCA-243, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Stefanko DP, Shah VD, Yamasaki WK, Petzinger GM, Jakowec MW. Treadmill exercise delays the onset of non-motor behaviors and striatal pathology in the CAG 140 knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:15-32. [PMID: 28502806 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, cognitive impairments, and other neuropsychiatric disturbances are common during the prodromal phase of Huntington's disease (HD) well before the onset of classical motor symptoms of this degenerative disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential impact of physical activity in the form of exercise on a motorized treadmill on non-motor behavioral features including depression-like behavior and cognition in the CAG140 knock-in (KI) mouse model of HD. The CAG140 KI mouse model has a long lifespan compared to other HD rodent models with HD motor deficits emerging after 12months of age and thus provides the opportunity to investigate early life interventions such as exercise on disease progression. Motorized treadmill running was initiated at 4weeks of age (1h per session, 3 times per week) and continued for 6months. Non-motor behaviors were assessed up to 6months of age and included analysis of depression-like behavior (using the tail-suspension and forced-swim tests) and cognition (using the T-maze and object recognition tests). At both 4 and 6months of age, CAG140 KI mice displayed significant depression-like behavior in the forced swim and tail suspension tests and cognitive impairment by deficits in reversal relearning in the T-maze test. These deficits were not evident in mice engaged in treadmill running. In addition, exercise restored striatal dopamine D2 receptor expression and dopamine neurotransmitter levels both reduced in sedentary HD mice. Finally, we examined the pattern of striatal expression of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein and showed that the number and intensity of immunohistochemical staining patterns of intranuclear aggregates were significantly reduced with exercise. Altogether these findings begin to address the potential impact of lifestyle and early intervention such as exercise on modifying HD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Stefanko
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 91007, United States
| | - V D Shah
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 91007, United States
| | - W K Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 91007, United States
| | - G M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 91007, United States; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 91007, United States
| | - M W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 91007, United States; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 91007, United States.
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Petzinger GM, Holschneider DP, Fisher BE, McEwen S, Kintz N, Halliday M, Toy W, Walsh JW, Beeler J, Jakowec MW. The Effects of Exercise on Dopamine Neurotransmission in Parkinson's Disease: Targeting Neuroplasticity to Modulate Basal Ganglia Circuitry. Brain Plast 2015; 1:29-39. [PMID: 26512345 PMCID: PMC4621077 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have been instrumental in providing evidence for exercise-induced neuroplasticity of corticostriatal circuits that are profoundly affected in Parkinson’s disease. Exercise has been implicated in modulating dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission, altering synaptogenesis, and increasing cerebral blood flow. In addition, recent evidence supports that the type of exercise may have regional effects on brain circuitry, with skilled exercise differentially affecting frontal-striatal related circuits to a greater degree than pure aerobic exercise. Neuroplasticity in models of dopamine depletion will be reviewed with a focus on the influence of exercise on the dorsal lateral striatum and prefrontal related circuitry underlying motor and cognitive impairment in PD. Although clearly more research is needed to address major gaps in our knowledge, we hypothesize that the potential effects of exercise on inducing neuroplasticity in a circuit specific manner may occur through synergistic mechanisms that include the coupling of an increasing neuronal metabolic demand and increased blood flow. Elucidation of these mechanisms may provide important new targets for facilitating brain repair and modifying the course of disease in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 ; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - D P Holschneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 ; Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - B E Fisher
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 ; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - S McEwen
- Andrus Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, and Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - N Kintz
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - M Halliday
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - W Toy
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - J W Walsh
- Andrus Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, and Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - J Beeler
- Department of Psychology, CUNY, New York
| | - M W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033 ; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
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Sieurin J, Gustavsson P, Weibull CE, Feldman AL, Petzinger GM, Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Wirdefeldt K. Personality traits and the risk for Parkinson disease: a prospective study. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 31:169-75. [PMID: 26130127 PMCID: PMC4819915 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the association between the personality traits, neuroticism and introversion, and risk of Parkinson disease (PD). A population-based cohort study was conducted using questionnaire data from the Swedish Twin Registry for twins born 1926–1958 (n > 29,000). Personality traits were assessed in 1973 by a short form of Eysenck’s Personality Inventory. The cohort was followed from 1974 to 2012 through Swedish patient and cause of death registers for PD ascertainment. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate subsequent risk of PD, adjusting for attained age, sex and smoking. A mediation analysis was performed to further explore the role of smoking in the relationship between personality trait and PD. Confounding by familial factors was explored using a within-pair analysis. During a mean follow-up time of 36.8 years, 197 incident PD cases were identified. Both neuroticism and introversion were associated with an increased risk of PD after adjustment. Smoking was a significant mediator in the relationship between personality traits and PD that partly accounted for the effect of introversion, whereas it acted as a suppressor for the effect of neuroticism on PD risk. In the within-pair analyses, associations for neuroticism and introversion were attenuated. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that neuroticism is associated with an increased risk of PD that is in part suppressed by smoking. There was a weak association between introversion and PD and this effect was at least partly mediated through smoking. The observed effects may partly be explained by familial factors shared by twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sieurin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petter Gustavsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Elise Weibull
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adina Leiah Feldman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Giselle Maria Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MCA 243 9153 HSC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA
| | - Nancy Lee Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kintz N, Petzinger GM, Akopian G, Ptasnik S, Williams C, Jakowec MW, Walsh JP. Exercise modifies α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor expression in striatopallidal neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1492-507. [PMID: 23918451 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic-acid-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) plays a critical role in modulating experience-dependent neuroplasticity, and alterations in AMPAR expression may underlie synaptic dysfunction and disease pathophysiology. Using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of dopamine (DA) depletion, our previous work showed exercise increases total GluA2 subunit expression and the contribution of GluA2-containing channels in MPTP mice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise-dependent changes in AMPAR expression after MPTP are specific to the striatopallidal (D2 R) or striatonigral (D1 R) medium spiny neuron (MSN) striatal projection pathways. Drd2 -eGFP-BAC transgenic mice were used to delineate differences in AMPAR expression between striatal D2 R-MSNs and D1 R-MSNs. Striatal AMPAR expression was assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, Western immunoblotting (WB) of preparations enriched for postsynaptic density (PSD), and alterations in the current-voltage relationship of MSNs. We found DA depletion results in the emergence of GluA2-lacking AMPARs selectively in striatopallidal D2 R-MSNs and that exercise reverses this effect in MPTP mice. Exercise-induced changes in AMPAR channels observed after DA depletion were associated with alterations in GluA1 and GluA2 subunit expression in postsynaptic protein, D2 R-MSN cell surface expression, and restoration of corticostriatal plasticity. Mechanisms regulating experience-dependent changes in AMPAR expression may provide innovative therapeutic targets to increase the efficacy of treatments for basal ganglia disorders, including Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kintz
- The George and MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Jakowec MW, Donaldson DM, Barba J, Petzinger GM. Postnatal expression of alpha-synuclein protein in the rodent substantia nigra and striatum. Dev Neurosci 2002; 23:91-9. [PMID: 11509831 DOI: 10.1159/000048700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary goal of our research is to elucidate the mechanisms involved in neuroplasticity of the basal ganglia in both development and in response to injury. One means to this aim is through the analysis of the ontological profile of proteins in the basal ganglia and to correlate their pattern of expression with morphological development. One protein thought to be important in neuroplasticity is alpha-synuclein. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare the pattern of expression of alpha-synuclein protein using immunocytochemistry in the substantia nigra and striatum of the rodent in early postnatal and adult life. Our results demonstrate that there is a high level of expression of alpha-synuclein protein within cell bodies of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the 1st week of postnatal life that decreases both in intensity and number of immunoreactive cells between postnatal days 7 and 14. This is in contrast to the substantia nigra pars reticulata where alpha-synuclein protein expression in the neuropil increases after postnatal day 7. In the striatum, expression in early postnatal life is distributed in a mosaic-like fashion and becomes more diffuse after postnatal day 14. Our results support the findings of others that expression of alpha-synuclein is developmentally regulated and suggest that alpha-synuclein may play an important role in establishing the function of the basal ganglia. Understanding the role of alpha-synuclein in the normal basal ganglia may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroplasticity in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90033, USA.
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Petzinger GM, Quik M, Ivashina E, Jakowec MW, Jakubiak M, Di Monte D, Langston JW. Reliability and validity of a new global dyskinesia rating scale in the MPTP-lesioned non-human primate. Mov Disord 2001; 16:202-7. [PMID: 11295771 DOI: 10.1002/mds.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral rating scales for dyskinesia in the non-human primate are frequently used to assess the efficacy of new treatments and to provide a clinical correlative with neurochemical and neuropathological changes. Although a large variety of different scales have been used in non-human primate studies, there is no single standardized scale, and none have been evaluated for reliability and validity. We are reporting a new global non-human primate dyskinesia rating scale (GPDRS) for the squirrel monkey, developed in the context of an independent study of dyskinesia. In this report we demonstrate the reliability and validity of this scale. The GPDRS is a single-item scale with well-defined points and brevity allowing for rapid and easy application for assessing the overall degree of dyskinesia. In this study, seven MPTP-lesioned and four non-lesioned (control) non-human primates were videotaped following treatment with either levodopa or water. To test inter- and intra-rater reliability, three examiners rated the videotape independently at two different time points and these assessments were compared. The validity of the scale was tested in two phases. First, examiners rated the videotape using the GPDRS and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), a scale commonly used to rate dyskinesia in the non-human primate, and the ratings from each scale were compared. Second, validity was tested in the context of an independent dyskinesia study, in which the scale was used to distinguish between two treatment groups. The GPDRS was shown to have high inter- and intra-rater reliability and to be valid for the assessment of dyskinesia in the squirrel monkey. In this report we also demonstrate the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the AIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Kahle PJ, Jakowec M, Teipel SJ, Hampel H, Petzinger GM, Di Monte DA, Silverberg GD, Möller HJ, Yesavage JA, Tinklenberg JR, Shooter EM, Murphy GM. Combined assessment of tau and neuronal thread protein in Alzheimer's disease CSF. Neurology 2000; 54:1498-504. [PMID: 10751266 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.54.7.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comparative study of CSF levels of tau and AD7C-neuronal thread protein (NTP) in patients with AD and control subjects. BACKGROUND AD is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles composed of the abnormally hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. AD7C-NTP is a proposed AD marker expressed at early stages of neurofibrillary degeneration. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays specific for tau and AD7C-NTP. CSF samples were obtained from 35 demented patients (25 with antemortem clinical diagnosis of probable AD, 5 with neuropathologic diagnosis of definite AD, 5 with Lewy body pathology), 29 nondemented patients with PD, and 16 elderly healthy control subjects. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and multivariate discriminant analysis for AD versus controls. Correlational analysis of CSF tau and AD7C-NTP and of each marker with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores was performed. RESULTS Levels of both tau and AD7C-NTP were significantly elevated in the AD patients compared with control subjects. ROC analysis showed that CSF tau distinguished between patients with AD and nondemented control subjects with 63% sensitivity and 89% specificity, AD7C-NTP with 70% sensitivity and 87% specificity. Combined evaluation of both markers with discriminant analysis raised the specificity to 93% at a 63% sensitivity level. Both markers positively correlated with each other within the AD group, but not among control subjects. CSF levels of AD7C-NTP, but not of tau, showed a small but significant inverse correlation (r = -0.43) with MMSE scores of AD patients. CONCLUSIONS CSF levels of tau and AD7C-NTP may be useful biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Kahle
- Departments of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Tolwani RJ, Jakowec MW, Petzinger GM, Green S, Waggie K. Experimental models of Parkinson's disease: insights from many models. Lab Anim Sci 1999; 49:363-71. [PMID: 10480640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxin-induced and genetic experimental models have been invaluable in investigating idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The neurotoxins--reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and methamphetamine--have been used to develop parkinsonian models in a wide variety of species. Both 6-OHDA and MPTP can replicate the neurochemical, morphologic, and behavioral changes seen in human disease. The unilateral 6-OHDA rat model is an excellent model for testing and determining modes of action of new pharmacologic compounds. The nonhuman primate MPTP-induced parkinsonian model has behavioral features that best approximate idiopathic PD. These induced and genetic models have been used to study the pathophysiology of the degenerating nigrostriatal system and to evaluate novel therapeutic strategies. Important differences within these models provide insights into various aspects of the dopaminergic phenotype and its role as a target in disease. These models provide an avenue to evaluate many anti-parkinsonian compounds, such as levodopa, which was first evaluated in an animal model and is the gold standard of parkinsonian treatment today.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Tolwani
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5410, USA
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Jakowec MW, Petzinger GM, Sastry S, Donaldson DM, McCormack A, Langston JW. The native form of alpha-synuclein is not found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease or normal controls. Neurosci Lett 1998; 253:13-6. [PMID: 9754793 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein has recently been shown to be a major constituent of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease (PD). This observation led us to investigate the possibility that its detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be used as a marker for Lewy bodies in the central nervous system. In this study we determined the pattern of expression of alpha-synuclein in patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal controls, using western immunoblotting in conjunction with an antibody that recognizes the carboxyl terminal of alpha-synuclein protein. The native 19 kDa band normally seen in brain homogenates was not found in the CSF of either parkinsonian patients or control subjects. However, a novel band was observed, which migrated at a position in the range of 42 kDa in CSF from both patients and controls. We conclude that alpha-synuclein cannot be used as a biomarker for Lewy bodies during life. However, further characterization of the 42 kDa protein may be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Jakowec
- The Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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