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Velez G, Martín Á, Pastor G, Mutafungwa E. 5G Beyond 3GPP Release 15 for Connected Automated Mobility in Cross-Border Contexts. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20226622. [PMID: 33228020 PMCID: PMC7699328 DOI: 10.3390/s20226622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks aim to be qualified as the core connectivity infrastructures to address connected automated mobility (CAM), both from a technological and from a business perspective, for the higher automation levels defined by the automotive industry. Specifically, in some territories such as the European Union the cross-border corridors have relevance, as they are the cohesive paths for terrestrial transport. Therefore, 5G for CAM applications is planned to be deployed there first. However, cross-border contexts imply paramount communication challenges, such as seamless roaming, not addressed by current technology. This paper identifies relevant future 5G enhancements, specifically those specified by Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) releases beyond Release 15, and outlines how they will support the ambitions of highly automated driving in cross-border corridors. In order to conduct this study, a set of representative use cases and the related communication requirements were identified. Then, for each use case, the most relevant 5G features were proposed. Some open issues are described at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Velez
- Vicomtech Foundation, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi 57, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943-309230
| | - Ángel Martín
- Vicomtech Foundation, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi 57, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Giancarlo Pastor
- Department of Communications & Networking, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, P.O. Box 15600, FI-02150 Aalto, Finland; (G.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Edward Mutafungwa
- Department of Communications & Networking, Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, P.O. Box 15600, FI-02150 Aalto, Finland; (G.P.); (E.M.)
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Suárez-Sánchez R, Aguilar A, Wagstaff KM, Velez G, Azuara-Medina PM, Gomez P, Vásquez-Limeta A, Hernández-Hernández O, Lieu KG, Jans DA, Cisneros B. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene product dystrophin Dp71d is dependent on the importin α/β and CRM1 nuclear transporters and microtubule motor dynein. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1843:985-1001. [PMID: 24486332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene product Dystrophin Dp71d is involved in various key cellular processes through its role as a scaffold for structural and signalling proteins at the plasma membrane as well as the nuclear envelope, its subcellular trafficking is poorly understood. Here we map the nuclear import and export signals of Dp71d by truncation and point mutant analysis, showing for the first time that Dp71d shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm mediated by the conventional nuclear transporters, importin (IMP) α/β and the exportin CRM1. Binding was confirmed in cells using pull-downs, while in vitro binding assays showed direct, high affinity (apparent dissociation coefficient of c. 0.25nM) binding of Dp71d to IMPα/β. Interestingly, treatment of cells with the microtubule depolymerizing reagent nocodazole or the dynein inhibitor EHNA both decreased Dp71d nuclear localization, implying that Dp71d nuclear import may be facilitated by microtubules and the motor protein dynein. The role of Dp71d in the nucleus appears to relate in part to interaction with the nuclear envelope protein emerin, and maintenance of the integrity of the nuclear architecture. The clear implication is that Dp71d's previously unrecognised nuclear transport properties likely contribute to various, important physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Suárez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México D.F, Mexico; Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, México D.F, Mexico
| | - A Aguilar
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México D.F, Mexico
| | - K M Wagstaff
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - G Velez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México D.F, Mexico
| | - P M Azuara-Medina
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México D.F, Mexico
| | - P Gomez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México D.F, Mexico
| | - A Vásquez-Limeta
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México D.F, Mexico
| | - O Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, México D.F, Mexico
| | - K G Lieu
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - D A Jans
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - B Cisneros
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México D.F, Mexico.
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Raymer JH, Smith CS, Pellizzari ED, Velez G. Pyrolysis Coupled with Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919008049248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bugnone AN, Hartker F, Shapiro M, Pineless HS, Velez G. Acute and chronic brain infarcts on MR imaging in a 20-year-old woman with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27:67-9. [PMID: 16418358 PMCID: PMC7976088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A 20-year-old woman recently diagnosed with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy developed headaches, weakness, and paresthesias. MR imaging of the brain revealed an acute infarct (demonstrated by diffusion-weighted images) in the head of the right caudate nucleus, a chronic infarct with encephalomalacia in the body of the corpus callosum, and multiple foci of abnormal signal intensity in the white matter of the centrum semiovale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Bugnone
- University of Miami School of Medicine, Aventura, FL 33180, USA
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Vatnitsky S, Shortt K, Gershkevitsh E, Schmidt R, Goerlitz E, Velez G, Miller D, Korf E, Yip F, Wanwilairat S. 9 Procedures for Quality Assurance for dosimetry calculations in radiotherapy: An IAEA Coordinated research project. Radiother Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(05)80988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Velez G, Yuan P, Sung C, Tansey G, Reed GF, Chan CC, Nussenblatt RB, Robinson MR. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravitreal chemotherapy for primary intraocular lymphoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2001; 119:1518-24. [PMID: 11594954 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.119.10.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravitreal chemotherapeutic agents in the rabbit eye for the potential treatment of primary intraocular lymphoma and other intraocular malignancies. METHODS The ocular pharmacokinetics of intravitreal methotrexate sodium (400 microg) was studied in 10 New Zealand white rabbits, and a single-compartment, first-order elimination model was used to calculate the drug half-life. With the use of these data, a treatment schedule using serial injections of intravitreal methotrexate and single injections of fluorouracil and dexamethasone sodium phosphate was developed. This schedule was studied in 4 New Zealand white rabbits to explore the combined toxicity of these agents. RESULTS Methotrexate vitreous levels, following a 400-microg intravitreal injection, remained therapeutic (>0.5 microM) in the rabbit eye for 48 to 72 hours. Intravitreal methotrexate, combined with fluorouracil and dexamethasone, showed no evidence of drug toxicity as determined by electroretinography and histopathologic examination. CONCLUSIONS A treatment schedule for primary intraocular lymphoma consisting of methotrexate intravitreal injections every 48 to 72 hours provides therapeutic drug concentrations in the vitreous and, in combination with fluorouracil and dexamethasone, appears to be safe in the rabbit eye. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although responsive to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, recurrence of ocular involvement with primary central nervous system lymphoma occurs in more than 50% of treated cases. Anecdotal reports of the use of intravitreal chemotherapy for primary intraocular lymphoma have been encouraging. However, animal data on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of combined intravitreal agents for the treatment of this disease are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velez
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the chronic use of high doses of intravitreal ganciclovir, in combination with foscarnet, for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. METHODS A 31-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and unilateral active cytomegalovirus retinitis was treated with escalating intravitreal injections of ganciclovir (up to 3.0 mg twice a week) in combination with foscarnet (up to 2.4 mg twice a week) over the course of approximately 1 year. RESULTS Complete regression of the retinitis was obtained with high doses of intravitreal ganciclovir and foscarnet. Visual acuity in the affected eye remained 20/20 throughout the course of therapy. No ganciclovir retinal toxicity was identified. CONCLUSION High doses of intravitreal ganciclovir in combination with foscarnet can be well tolerated and may be required to successfully control cytomegalovirus retinitis in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velez
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Velez G, de Smet MD, Whitcup SM, Robinson M, Nussenblatt RB, Chan CC. Iris involvement in primary intraocular lymphoma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol 2000; 44:518-26. [PMID: 10906383 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involves ocular tissues either as a primary tumor or as secondary metastasis from systemic disease. Diagnosis is based on the identification of malignant cells in the eye by biopsy. Although primary intraocular lymphoma cells have been identified in the optic nerve, ciliary body, and iris of a small number of patients by histopathology, these sites of infiltration have rarely been observed on clinical examination. We studied clinical and histopathological findings of two patients with iris infiltration by primary intraocular lymphoma and reviewed the findings of 163 cases reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velez
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
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Betor CC, Scott WE, Greenberg MF, Olitsky SE, Prieto-Diaz FM, Sargent R, Wallace DK, Velez G. Grand rounds #56: A case of persistent dissociated vertical deviation despite elevation deficiency. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 2000; 14:300-6. [PMID: 10652381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- G Velez
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Buggage RR, Velez G, Myers-Powell B, Shen D, Whitcup SM, Chan CC. Primary intraocular lymphoma with a low interleukin 10 to interleukin 6 ratio and heterogeneous IgH gene rearrangement. Arch Ophthalmol 1999; 117:1239-42. [PMID: 10496399 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.117.9.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary intraocular lymphoma is almost always a central nervous system B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Primary intraocular lymphoma is commonly diagnosed by demonstrating lymphoma cells in the vitreous or cerebrospinal fluid. An interleukin (IL) 10 to IL-6 ratio greater than 1.0 in these fluids and the detection of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement are useful adjuncts in the diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma. We report a case of primary intraocular lymphoma diagnosed by chorioretinal biopsy in which no malignant cells were identified in the vitreous and in which the IL-10 to IL-6 ratio was less than 1.0. The detection of IgH gene rearrangement heterogeneity in the tumor cells by polymerase chain reaction, a high tumor mitotic figure rate, and the rapid onset of multiple brain lesions suggest an aggressive malignant neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Buggage
- Laboratory of Immunology and the Clinical Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA.
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Correa AL, Velez G, Albert M, Luther M, Rinaldi MG, Graybill JR. Comparison of D0870 and fluconazole in the treatment of murine cryptococcal meningitis. J Med Vet Mycol 1995; 33:367-74. [PMID: 8683404 DOI: 10.1080/02681219580000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is a common infection in patients with AIDS. Using a murine cryptococcosis model, we compared treatment with a new triazole, D0870, and fluconazole. Groups of ICR (Institute for Cancer Research) mice were infected intracerebrally with eight different isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans variety neoformans with different in vitro susceptibilities to fluconazole. For survival studies mice were challenged with two to four times LD(50) or six to nine times LD(50). Treatment was given for 10 days. Mice were observed through to day 30. To assess the effect of treatment on fungal tissue burden, mice received a three to five times LD(50) inoculum and treatment for 10 days. They were sacrificed on day 12 and serial dilutions of brain homogenates were cultured. Fluconazole prolonged survival primarily in isolates which were susceptible in vitro. D0870 prolonged survival in all isolates except one, which was also resistant in vitro to D0870 and fluconazole. Both drugs reduced colony counts of all isolates. D0870 warrants further development for use in cryptococcosis, and appears effective for isolates relatively resistant to fluconazole. There is a relative correlation of in vivo and in vitro susceptibility to D0870 as well as fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Correa
- Department of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
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Abstract
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a poorly understood vertical deviation which may remain latent (compensated) or manifest (decompensated). The deviation may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, and small or very large, measuring more than 20 prism diopters. DVD may occur alone or in combination with a true hyperdeviation. Bilateral superior rectus recession of 9-16 ml is effective. Asymmetrical DVD is treated with asymmetrical surgery.
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Abstract
The radial incision for horizontal muscle surgery is described. Its advantages and disadvantages are compared to the fornix and limbal are discussed.
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