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De la Cadena A, Park J, Tehrani KF, Renteria CA, Monroy GL, Boppart SA. Simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multi-harmonic microscopy driven by the supercontinuum generated from a bulk nonlinear crystal. Biomed Opt Express 2024; 15:491-505. [PMID: 38404303 PMCID: PMC10890845 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy encompasses several imaging techniques that leverage laser technology to probe intrinsic molecules of biological specimens. These native molecules produce optical fingerprints that allow nonlinear microscopes to reveal the chemical composition and structure of cells and tissues in a label-free and non-destructive fashion, information that enables a plethora of applications, e.g., real-time digital histopathology or image-guided surgery. Because state-of-the-art lasers exhibit either a limited bandwidth or reduced wavelength tunability, nonlinear microscopes lack the spectral support to probe different biomolecules simultaneously, thus losing analytical potential. Therefore, a conventional nonlinear microscope requires multiple or tunable lasers to individually excite endogenous molecules, increasing both the cost and complexity of the system. A solution to this problem is supercontinuum generation, a nonlinear optical phenomenon that supplies broadband femtosecond radiation, granting a wide spectrum for concurrent molecular excitation. This study introduces a source for nonlinear multiphoton microscopy based on the supercontinuum generation from a yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal, an approach that allows simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multi-harmonic imaging of biological samples and offers a practical and compact alternative for the clinical translation of nonlinear microscopy. While this supercontinuum covered the visible spectrum (550-900 nm) and the near-infrared region (950-1200 nm), the pulses within 1030-1150 nm produced label-free volumetric chemical images of ex vivo chinchilla kidney, thus validating the supercontinuum from bulk crystals as a powerful source for multimodal nonlinear microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro De la Cadena
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kayvan F. Tehrani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carlos A. Renteria
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Label-free Imaging and Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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2
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Zaki FR, Monroy GL, Shi J, Sudhir K, Boppart SA. Texture-based speciation of otitis media-related bacterial biofilms from optical coherence tomography images using supervised classification. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3466690. [PMID: 37961282 PMCID: PMC10635317 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3466690/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is primarily a bacterial middle-ear infection prevalent among children worldwide. In recurrent and/or chronic OM cases, antibiotic-resistant bacterial biofilms can develop in the middle ear. A biofilm related to OM typically contains one or multiple bacterial strains, the most common include Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been used clinically to visualize the presence of bacterial biofilms in the middle ear. This study used OCT to compare microstructural image texture features from primary bacterial biofilms in vitro and in vivo. The proposed method applied supervised machine-learning-based frameworks (SVM, random forest (RF), and XGBoost) to classify and speciate multiclass bacterial biofilms from the texture features extracted from OCT B-Scan images obtained from in vitro cultures and from clinically-obtained in vivo images from human subjects. Our findings show that optimized SVM-RBF and XGBoost classifiers can help distinguish bacterial biofilms by incorporating clinical knowledge into classification decisions. Furthermore, both classifiers achieved more than 95% of AUC (area under receiver operating curve), detecting each biofilm class. These results demonstrate the potential for differentiating OM-causing bacterial biofilms through texture analysis of OCT images and a machine-learning framework, which could provide additional clinically relevant data during real-time in vivo characterization of ear infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana R Zaki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jindou Shi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kavya Sudhir
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- NIH/NIBIB P41 Center for Label-free Imaging and Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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3
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Won J, Monroy GL, Khampang P, Barkalifa R, Hong W, Chaney EJ, Aksamitiene E, Porter RG, Novak MA, Spillman DR, Kerschner JE, Boppart SA. In Vivo Optical Characterization of Middle Ear Effusions and Biofilms During Otitis Media. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2023:10.1007/s10162-023-00901-6. [PMID: 37253962 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-023-00901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM), a common ear infection, is characterized by the presence of an accumulated middle ear effusion (MEE) in a normally air-filled middle ear cavity. While assessing the MEE plays a critical role in the overall management of OM, identifying and examining the MEE is challenging with the current diagnostic tools since the MEE is located behind the semi-opaque eardrum. The objective of this cross-sectional, observational study is to non-invasively visualize and characterize MEEs and bacterial biofilms in the middle ear. A portable, handheld, otoscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) system combined with novel analytical methods has been developed. In vivo middle ear OCT images were acquired from 53 pediatric subjects (average age of 3.9 years; all awake during OCT imaging) diagnosed with OM and undergoing a surgical procedure (ear tube surgery) to aspirate the MEE and aerate the middle ear. In vivo middle ear OCT acquired prior to the surgery was compared with OCT of the freshly extracted MEEs, clinical diagnosis, and post-operative evaluations. Among the subjects who were identified with the presence of MEEs, 89.6% showed the presence of the TM-adherent biofilm in in vivo OCT. This study provides an atlas of middle ear OCT images exhibiting a range of depth-resolved MEE features, which can only be visualized and assessed non-invasively through OCT. Quantitative metrics of OCT images acquired prior to the surgery were statistically correlated with surgical evaluations of MEEs. Measurements of MEE characteristics will provide new readily available information that can lead to improved diagnosis and management strategies for the highly prevalent OM in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Won
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Edita Aksamitiene
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ryan G Porter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael A Novak
- Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Darold R Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology and Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- NIH/NIBIB P41 Center for Label-free Imaging and Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Monroy GL, Erfanzadeh M, Tao M, DePaoli DT, Saytashev I, Nam SA, Rafi H, Kwong KC, Shea K, Vakoc BJ, Vasudevan S, Hammer DX. Development of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography imaging platform and metrics to quantify electrostimulation-induced peripheral nerve injury in vivo in a small animal model. Neurophotonics 2023; 10:025004. [PMID: 37077218 PMCID: PMC10109528 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.2.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance Neuromodulation devices are rapidly evolving for the treatment of neurological diseases and conditions. Injury from implantation or long-term use without obvious functional losses is often only detectable through terminal histology. New technologies are needed that assess the peripheral nervous system (PNS) under normal and diseased or injured conditions. Aim We aim to demonstrate an imaging and stimulation platform that can elucidate the biological mechanisms and impacts of neurostimulation in the PNS and apply it to the sciatic nerve to extract imaging metrics indicating electrical overstimulation. Approach A sciatic nerve injury model in a 15-rat cohort was observed using a newly developed imaging and stimulation platform that can detect electrical overstimulation effects with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. The sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated using a custom-developed nerve holder with embedded electrodes for 1 h, followed by a 1-h recovery period, delivered at above-threshold Shannon model k -values in experimental groups: sham control (SC, n = 5 , 0.0 mA / 0 Hz ), stimulation level 1 (SL1, n = 5 , 3.4 mA / 50 Hz , and k = 2.57 ), and stimulation level 2 (SL2, n = 5 , 6.8 mA / 100 Hz , and k = 3.17 ). Results The stimulation and imaging system successfully captured study data across the cohort. When compared to a SC after a 1-week recovery, the fascicle closest to the stimulation lead showed an average change of + 4 % / - 309 % (SL1/SL2) in phase retardation and - 79 % / - 148 % in optical attenuation relative to SC. Analysis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) shows a + 1 % / - 36 % difference in myelin pixel counts and - 13 % / + 29 % difference in axon pixel counts, and an overall increase in cell nuclei pixel count of + 20 % / + 35 % . These metrics were consistent with IHC and hematoxylin/eosin tissue section analysis. Conclusions The poststimulation changes observed in our study are manifestations of nerve injury and repair, specifically degeneration and angiogenesis. Optical imaging metrics quantify these processes and may help evaluate the safety and efficacy of neuromodulation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Mohsen Erfanzadeh
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael Tao
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Damon T. DePaoli
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ilyas Saytashev
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Nam
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Harmain Rafi
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kasey C. Kwong
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Katherine Shea
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Vakoc
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Srikanth Vasudevan
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Srikanth Vasudevan, ; Daniel X. Hammer,
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Srikanth Vasudevan, ; Daniel X. Hammer,
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5
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Locke AK, Zaki FR, Fitzgerald ST, Sudhir K, Monroy GL, Choi H, Won J, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Boppart SA. Differentiation of otitis media-causing bacteria and biofilms via Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:869761. [PMID: 36034696 PMCID: PMC9400059 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.869761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the management of otitis media (OM), identification of causative bacterial pathogens and knowledge of their biofilm formation can provide more targeted treatment approaches. Current clinical diagnostic methods rely on the visualization of the tympanic membrane and lack real-time assessment of the causative pathogen(s) and the nature of any biofilm that may reside behind the membrane and within the middle ear cavity. In recent years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been demonstrated as an improved in vivo diagnostic tool for visualization and morphological characterization of OM biofilms and middle ear effusions; but lacks specificity about the causative bacterial species. This study proposes the combination of OCT and Raman spectroscopy (RS) to examine differences in the refractive index, optical attenuation, and biochemical composition of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; four of the leading otopathogens in OM. This combination provides a dual optical approach for identifying and differentiating OM-causing bacterial species under three different in vitro growth environments (i.e., agar-grown colonies, planktonic cells from liquid cultures, and biofilms). This study showed that RS was able to identify key biochemical variations to differentiate all four OM-causing bacteria. Additionally, biochemical spectral changes (RS) and differences in the mean attenuation coefficient (OCT) were able to distinguish the growth environment for each bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Locke
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Farzana R. Zaki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sean T. Fitzgerald
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kavya Sudhir
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Honggu Choi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen A. Boppart, ; Anita Mahadevan-Jansen,
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen A. Boppart, ; Anita Mahadevan-Jansen,
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6
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Monroy GL, Won J, Shi J, Hill MC, Porter RG, Novak MA, Hong W, Khampang P, Kerschner JE, Spillman DR, Boppart SA. Automated classification of otitis media with OCT: augmenting pediatric image datasets with gold-standard animal model data. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13:3601-3614. [PMID: 35781950 PMCID: PMC9208614 DOI: 10.1364/boe.453536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is an extremely common disease that affects children worldwide. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for OM, which can detect the presence and quantify the properties of middle ear fluid and biofilms. Here, the use of OCT data from the chinchilla, the gold-standard OM model for the human disease, is used to supplement a human image database to produce diagnostically relevant conclusions in a machine learning model. Statistical analysis shows the datatypes are compatible, with a blended-species model reaching ∼95% accuracy and F1 score, maintaining performance while additional human data is collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jindou Shi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 306 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Malcolm C. Hill
- Carle Foundation
Hospital, 611 W Park St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan G. Porter
- Carle Foundation
Hospital, 611 W Park St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
506 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael A. Novak
- Carle Foundation
Hospital, 611 W Park St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
506 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and
Communication Sciences, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and
Communication Sciences, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Joseph E. Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and
Communication Sciences, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology and Pediatric
Otolaryngology, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 306 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
506 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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7
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Choi H, Zaki FR, Monroy GL, Won J, Boppart SA. Imaging and characterization of transitions in biofilm morphology via anomalous diffusion following environmental perturbation. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13:1654-1670. [PMID: 35414993 PMCID: PMC8973182 DOI: 10.1364/boe.449131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms form macroscopic structures for the purpose of environmental adaptation. Sudden environmental perturbations induce dynamics that cause bacterial biofilm morphology to transit to another equilibrium state, thought to be related to anomalous diffusion processes. Here, detecting the super-diffusion characteristics would offer a long-sought goal for a rapid detection method of biofilm phenotypes based on their dynamics, such as growth or dispersal. In this paper, phase-sensitive Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are combined to demonstrate wide field-of-view and label-free internal dynamic imaging of biofilms. The probability density functions (PDFs) of phase displacement of the backscattered light and the dynamic characteristics of the PDFs are estimated by a simplified mixed Cauchy and Gaussian model. This model can quantify the super-diffusion state and estimate the dynamic characteristics and macroscopic responses in biofilms that may further describe dispersion and growth in biofilm models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggu Choi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Farzana R. Zaki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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8
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Monroy GL, Fitzgerald ST, Locke A, Won J, Spillman DR, Ho A, Zaki FR, Choi H, Chaney EJ, Werkhaven JA, Mason KM, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Boppart SA. Multimodal Handheld Probe for Characterizing Otitis Media - Integrating Raman Spectroscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography. Front Photon 2022; 3:929574. [PMID: 36479543 PMCID: PMC9720905 DOI: 10.3389/fphot.2022.929574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a common disease of the middle ear, affecting 80% of children before the age of three. The otoscope, a simple illuminated magnifier, is the standard clinical diagnostic tool to observe the middle ear. However, it has limited contrast to detect signs of infection, such as clearly identifying and characterizing middle ear fluid or biofilms that accumulate within the middle ear. Likewise, invasive sampling of every subject is not clinically indicated nor practical. Thus, collecting accurate noninvasive diagnostic factors is vital for clinicians to deliver a precise diagnosis and effective treatment regimen. To address this need, a combined benchtop Raman spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was developed. Together, RS-OCT can non-invasively interrogate the structural and biochemical signatures of the middle ear under normal and infected conditions.In this paper, in vivo RS scans from pediatric clinical human subjects presenting with OM were evaluated in parallel with RS-OCT data of physiologically relevant in vitro ear models. Component-level characterization of a healthy tympanic membrane and malleus bone, as well as OM-related middle ear fluid, identified the optimal position within the ear for RS-OCT data collection. To address the design challenges in developing a system specific to clinical use, a prototype non-contact multimodal handheld probe was built and successfully tested in vitro. Design criteria have been developed to successfully address imaging constraints imposed by physiological characteristics of the ear and optical safety limits. Here, we present the pathway for translation of RS-OCT for non-invasive detection of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sean T. Fitzgerald
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrea Locke
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Dept. Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Ho
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Dept. Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Farzana R. Zaki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Honggu Choi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jay A. Werkhaven
- Dept. Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kevin M. Mason
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Dept. Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Correspondence: Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, , Stephen A. Boppart,
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Dept. Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Correspondence: Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, , Stephen A. Boppart,
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9
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Sun PP, Won J, Choo-Kang G, Li S, Chen W, Monroy GL, Chaney EJ, Boppart SA, Eden JG, Nguyen TH. Inactivation and sensitization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by microplasma jet array for treating otitis media. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34078901 PMCID: PMC8172902 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM), known as a middle ear infection, is the leading cause of antibiotic prescriptions for children. With wide-spread use of antibiotics in OM, resistance to antibiotics continues to decrease the efficacy of the treatment. Furthermore, as the presence of a middle ear biofilm has contributed to this reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials, effective interventions are necessary. A miniaturized 3D-printed microplasma jet array has been developed to inactivate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common bacterial strain associated with OM. The experiments demonstrate the disruption of planktonic and biofilm P. aeruginosa by long-lived molecular species generated by microplasma, as well as the synergy of combining microplasma treatment with antibiotic therapy. In addition, a middle ear phantom model was developed with an excised rat eardrum to investigate the antimicrobial effects of microplasma on bacteria located behind the eardrum, as in a patient-relevant setup. These results suggest the potential for microplasma as a new treatment paradigm for OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- N. Holonyak, Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gabrielle Choo-Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Shouyan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wenyuan Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - J Gary Eden
- N. Holonyak, Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Won J, Monroy GL, Dsouza RI, Spillman DR, McJunkin J, Porter RG, Shi J, Aksamitiene E, Sherwood M, Stiger L, Boppart SA. Handheld Briefcase Optical Coherence Tomography with Real-Time Machine Learning Classifier for Middle Ear Infections. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:bios11050143. [PMID: 34063695 PMCID: PMC8147830 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A middle ear infection is a prevalent inflammatory disease most common in the pediatric population, and its financial burden remains substantial. Current diagnostic methods are highly subjective, relying on visual cues gathered by an otoscope. To address this shortcoming, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been integrated into a handheld imaging probe. This system can non-invasively and quantitatively assess middle ear effusions and identify the presence of bacterial biofilms in the middle ear cavity during ear infections. Furthermore, the complete OCT system is housed in a standard briefcase to maximize its portability as a diagnostic device. Nonetheless, interpreting OCT images of the middle ear more often requires expertise in OCT as well as middle ear infections, making it difficult for an untrained user to operate the system as an accurate stand-alone diagnostic tool in clinical settings. Here, we present a briefcase OCT system implemented with a real-time machine learning platform for middle ear infections. A random forest-based classifier can categorize images based on the presence of middle ear effusions and biofilms. This study demonstrates that our briefcase OCT system coupled with machine learning can provide user-invariant classification results of middle ear conditions, which may greatly improve the utility of this technology for the diagnosis and management of middle ear infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Won
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (G.L.M.); (R.I.D.); (D.R.S.J.); (J.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (G.L.M.); (R.I.D.); (D.R.S.J.); (J.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Roshan I. Dsouza
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (G.L.M.); (R.I.D.); (D.R.S.J.); (J.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (G.L.M.); (R.I.D.); (D.R.S.J.); (J.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Jonathan McJunkin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Champaign, IL 61822, USA; (J.M.); (R.G.P.)
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Ryan G. Porter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Champaign, IL 61822, USA; (J.M.); (R.G.P.)
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Jindou Shi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (G.L.M.); (R.I.D.); (D.R.S.J.); (J.S.); (E.A.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Edita Aksamitiene
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (G.L.M.); (R.I.D.); (D.R.S.J.); (J.S.); (E.A.)
| | - MaryEllen Sherwood
- Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (M.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lindsay Stiger
- Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (M.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (G.L.M.); (R.I.D.); (D.R.S.J.); (J.S.); (E.A.)
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Dsouza R, Spillman DR, Barkalifa R, Monroy GL, Chaney EJ, Johnson MA, White KC, Boppart SA. Efficacy of endotracheal tube suctioning in intubated intensive care unit patients determined by in vivo catheter-based optical coherence tomography-a pilot study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1-8. [PMID: 33392006 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Mechanical ventilation using an endotracheal tube (ETT) is one of the critical interventions given to patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). ETTs are associated with the formation of biofilms, placing patients at increased risk for developing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). ETT suctioning is used to remove secretions, reduce bacterial colonization, and reduce the rate of biofilm formation. However, current standard-of-care suctioning procedures do not adequately eliminate all secretions from the ETT. Methods This observational study was conducted in a cohort of 4 subjects admitted to the ICU and intubated with an ETT, irrespective of ethnicity, gender, or race. A total of 23 suctioning procedures were evaluated with in vivo three-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, before and after suctioning. A secretion density metric was derived from the OCT data to quantify the amount of secretions present within the ETT, and an attenuation coefficient metric was derived to detect and quantify the presence of biofilms. Analyzed OCT images were correlated with clinical and microscopy data. Results Data obtained suggests that the current standard-of-care suctioning procedure is inefficient at clearing secretions or preventing the formation of biofilms. The presence of biofilms was corroborated with both post-intubation microscopy of the ETTs, as well as with clinical data. Conclusions We conclude that the standard-of-care suctioning method does not eliminate secretions nor reduce the formation of biofilm in ETTs. Our in situ imaging method was sensitive to the presence of secretions, biofilms, and quantitative, and can be used for investigating different suctioning protocols in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dsouza
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Darold R Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Critical Care Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Karen C White
- Critical Care Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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12
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Fabelo C, Selmic LE, Huang PC, Samuelson JP, Reagan JK, Kalamaras A, Wavreille V, Monroy GL, Marjanovic M, Boppart SA. Evaluating optical coherence tomography for surgical margin assessment of canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:697-706. [PMID: 32562330 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses near-infrared light waves to generate real-time, high-resolution images on the microscopic scale similar to low power histopathology. Previous studies have demonstrated the use of OCT for real-time surgical margin assessment for human breast cancer. The use of OCT for canine mammary tumours (CMT) could allow intra-operative visualisation of residual tumour at the surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to assess OCT imaging for the detection of incomplete tumour resection following CMT surgery. We hypothesized that the OCT images would have comparable features to histopathological images of tissues at the surgical margins of CMT resections along with a high sensitivity of OCT detection of incomplete surgical excision of CMT. Thirty surgical specimens were obtained from nineteen client-owned dogs undergoing surgical resection of CMT. OCT image appearance and characteristics of adipose tissue, skin, mammary tissue and mammary tumour at the surgical margins were distinct and different. The OCT images of normal and abnormal tissues at the surgical margins were utilized to develop a dataset of OCT images for observer evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity for ex vivo images were 83.3% and 82.0% (observer 1) and 70.0% and 67.9% (observer 2). The sensitivity and specificity for in vivo images were 70.0% and 89.3% (observer 1) and 76.7% and 67.9% (observer 2). These results indicate a potential use of OCT for surgical margin assessment for CMT to optimize surgical intervention and clinical outcomes. Improved training and experience of observers may improve sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fabelo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pin-Cheh Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan P Samuelson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer K Reagan
- Department of Surgery, Seattle Veterinary Specialists-Downtown, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexandra Kalamaras
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent Wavreille
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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13
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Dsouza R, Spillman DR, Barkalifa R, Monroy GL, Chaney EJ, White KC, Boppart SA. In vivo detection of endotracheal tube biofilms in intubated critical care patients using catheter-based optical coherence tomography. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800307. [PMID: 30604487 PMCID: PMC6470036 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of biofilms in the endotracheal tubes (ETTs) of intubated patients on mechanical ventilation is associated with a greater risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia and death. New technologies are needed to detect and monitor ETTs in vivo for the presence of these biofilms. Longitudinal OCT imaging was performed in mechanically ventilated subjects at 24-hour intervals until extubation to detect the formation and temporal changes of in vivo ETT biofilms. OCT-derived attenuation coefficient images were used to differentiate between mucus and biofilm. Extubated ETTs were examined with optical and electron microscopy, and all imaging results were correlated with standard-of-care clinical test reports. OCT and attenuation coefficient images from four subjects were positive for ETT biofilms and were negative for two subjects. The processed and stained extubated ETTs and clinical reports confirmed the presence/absence of biofilms in all subjects. Our findings confirm that OCT can detect and differentiate between biofilm-positive and biofilm-negative groups (P < 10-5 ). OCT image-based features may serve as biomarkers for direct in vivo detection of ETT biofilms and help drive investigation of new management strategies to reduce the incidence of VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dsouza
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, MC-278, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Karen C. White
- Critical Care Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, 611 W. Park Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, MC-278, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 807 S. Wright St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 N. Wright St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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14
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Monroy GL, Won J, Dsouza R, Pande P, Hill MC, Porter RG, Novak MA, Spillman DR, Boppart SA. Automated classification platform for the identification of otitis media using optical coherence tomography. NPJ Digit Med 2019; 2:22. [PMID: 31304369 PMCID: PMC6550205 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-019-0094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of otitis media (OM), a common childhood infection, is a significant burden on the healthcare system. Diagnosis relies on observer experience via otoscopy, although for non-specialists or inexperienced users, accurate diagnosis can be difficult. In past studies, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been used to quantitatively characterize disease states of OM, although with the involvement of experts to interpret and correlate image-based indicators of infection with clinical information. In this paper, a flexible and comprehensive framework is presented that automatically extracts features from OCT images, classifies data, and presents clinically relevant results in a user-friendly platform suitable for point-of-care and primary care settings. This framework was used to test the discrimination between OCT images of normal controls, ears with biofilms, and ears with biofilms and middle ear fluid (effusion). Predicted future performance of this classification platform returned promising results (90%+ accuracy) in various initial tests. With integration into patient healthcare workflow, users of all levels of medical experience may be able to collect OCT data and accurately identify the presence of middle ear fluid and/or biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L Monroy
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA.,2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA.,2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Roshan Dsouza
- 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Paritosh Pande
- 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Malcolm C Hill
- 3Carle Foundation Hospital, Otolaryngology, Urbana, IL USA.,4Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Ryan G Porter
- 3Carle Foundation Hospital, Otolaryngology, Urbana, IL USA.,4Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Michael A Novak
- 3Carle Foundation Hospital, Otolaryngology, Urbana, IL USA.,4Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Darold R Spillman
- 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA.,2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL USA.,3Carle Foundation Hospital, Otolaryngology, Urbana, IL USA.,4Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL USA.,5Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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15
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Sun PP, Araud EM, Huang C, Shen Y, Monroy GL, Zhong S, Tong Z, Boppart SA, Eden JG, Nguyen TH. Disintegration of simulated drinking water biofilms with arrays of microchannel plasma jets. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:24. [PMID: 30374407 PMCID: PMC6194111 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms exist and thrive within drinking water distribution networks, and can present human health concerns. Exposure of simulated drinking water biofilms, grown from groundwater, to a 9 × 9 array of microchannel plasma jets has the effect of severely eroding the biofilm and deactivating the organisms they harbor. In-situ measurements of biofilm structure and thickness with an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system show the biofilm thickness to fall from 122 ± 17 µm to 55 ± 13 µm after 15 min. of exposure of the biofilm to the microplasma column array, when the plasmas are dissipating a power density of 58 W/cm2. All biofilms investigated vanish with 20 min. of exposure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrates that the number of living cells in the biofilms declines by more than 93% with 15 min. of biofilm exposure to the plasma arrays. Concentrations of several oxygen-bearing species, generated by the plasma array, were found to be 0.4–21 nM/s for the hydroxyl radical (OH), 85–396 nM/s for the 1O2 excited molecule, 98–280 µM for H2O2, and 24–42 µM for O3 when the power density delivered to the array was varied between 3.6 W/cm2 and 79 W/cm2. The data presented here demonstrate the potential of microplasma arrays as a tool for controlling, through non-thermal disruption and removal, mixed-species biofilms prevalent in commercial and residential water systems. Biofilms in drinking water premise plumbing systems can be disrupted and their microorganisms deactivated by exposure to jets of ionized gas known as plasma. Researchers at the University of Illinois, USA, led by Thanh (Helen) Nguyen and J. Gary Eden, explored the potential of low temperature plasma jets in disrupting & removing drinking water biofilms. The plasma was directed through fabricated microchannels and onto samples that the simulated biofilms. The interaction of the plasma with air and water generated reactive chemical species and ultraviolet radiation that disrupted the biofilms and deactivated the microorganisms within them. The biofilms studied vanished within 20 min. of plasma exposure. Plasma jets offer an inexpensive, low temperature and chlorine-free method for combating harmful biofilms in drinking water premise plumbing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Sun
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.,2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Elbashir M Araud
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Conghui Huang
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Yun Shen
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.,4Present Address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- 3Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Shengyun Zhong
- 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Zikang Tong
- 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.,3Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - J Gary Eden
- 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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16
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Dsouza R, Won J, Monroy GL, Spillman DR, Boppart SA. Economical and compact briefcase spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system for primary care and point-of-care applications. J Biomed Opt 2018; 23:1-11. [PMID: 30251484 PMCID: PMC6170142 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.9.096003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Development of low-cost and portable optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems is of global interest in the OCT research community. Such systems enable utility broadly throughout a clinical facility, or in remote areas that often lack clinical infrastructure. We report the development and validation of a low-cost, portable briefcase spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system for point-of-care diagnostics in primary care centers and/or in remote settings. The self-contained briefcase OCT contains all associated optical hardware, including light source, spectrometer, hand-held probe, and a laptop. Additionally, this system utilizes unique real-time mosaicking of surface video images that are synchronized with rapid A-scan acquisition to eliminate the need for lateral scanning hardware, and enable the construction of cross-sectional B-mode images over extended lateral distances. The entire briefcase system weighs 9 kg and costs ∼USD$8000 using off-the-shelf components. System performance was validated by acquiring images of in vivo human skin on the fingertip, palm, and nail fold. The efficiency, portability, and low-cost enable accessibility and utility in primary care centers and low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dsouza
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Jungeun Won
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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17
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Shen Y, Huang PC, Huang C, Sun P, Monroy GL, Wu W, Lin J, Espinosa-Marzal RM, Boppart SA, Liu WT, Nguyen TH. Effect of divalent ions and a polyphosphate on composition, structure, and stiffness of simulated drinking water biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:15. [PMID: 30038792 PMCID: PMC6052100 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The biofilm chemical and physical properties in engineered systems play an important role in governing pathogen transmission, fouling facilities, and corroding metal surfaces. Here, we investigated how simulated drinking water biofilm chemical composition, structure, and stiffness responded to the common scale control practice of adjusting divalent ions and adding polyphosphate. Magnetomotive optical coherence elastography (MM-OCE), a tool developed for diagnosing diseased tissues, was used to determine biofilm stiffness in this study. MM-OCE, together with atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealed that the biofilms developed from a drinking water source with high divalent ions were stiffer compared to biofilms developed either from the drinking water source with low divalent ions or the water containing a scale inhibitor (a polyphosphate). The higher stiffness of biofilms developed from the water containing high divalent ions was attributed to the high content of calcium carbonate, suggested by biofilm composition examination. In addition, by examining the biofilm structure using optical coherence tomography (OCT), the highest biofilm thickness was found for biofilms developed from the water containing the polyphosphate. Compared to the stiff biofilms developed from the water containing high divalent ions, the soft and thick biofilms developed from the water containing polyphosphate will be expected to have higher detachment under drinking water flow. This study suggested that water chemistry could be used to predict the biofilm properties and subsequently design the microbial safety control strategies. A variety of analytical techniques are revealing the complex influences of ions in drinking water supplies on the structure of biofilms. Such biofilms often contaminate water supply pipes and machinery. Yun Shen and colleagues at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the USA investigated the effects of ions with a double positive charge – ‘divalent cations’ – and polyphosphate ions. Divalent cations, especially calcium and magnesium ions, are abundant in drinking water in many regions, promoting the formation of limescale deposits. Polyphosphates are commonly added to water supplies to reduce limescale formation, inhibit corrosion and discourage biofilm formation. The research revealed that divalent cations increase biofilm stiffness, while polyphosphates promote softer but thicker biofilms that are more easily removed. The results will help optimize water treatment procedures to control both microbial contamination and limescale problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA.,4Present Address: University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave., 219 EWRE Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125 USA
| | - Pin Chieh Huang
- 2Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Conghui Huang
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Peng Sun
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- 2Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Wenjing Wu
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Jie Lin
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Rosa M Espinosa-Marzal
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- 2Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA.,3Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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18
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Dsouza R, Won J, Monroy GL, Hill MC, Porter RG, Novak MA, Boppart SA. In vivo detection of nanometer-scale structural changes of the human tympanic membrane in otitis media. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8777. [PMID: 29884809 PMCID: PMC5993811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a common ear infection and a leading cause of conductive hearing loss in the pediatric population. Current technologies such as otoscopy, pneumatic otoscopy, tympanometry, and acoustic reflectometry are used to diagnose OM, which can reasonably diagnose the infection with a sensitivity and specificity of 50-90% and 60-90%, respectively. However, these techniques provide limited information about the physical architecture of the tympanic membrane (TM), or what may lie behind it. Here, we report the detection of nanometer-scale structural changes of the TM using nano-sensitive optical coherence tomography (nsOCT). In total, an image dataset from 65 pediatric subjects from three different groups (normal, acute OM, and chronic OM) and with longitudinal image-based analysis of ear infections were included in this study. The nsOCT data were correlated with physician diagnosis and with OCT thickness measurements and were found to be in good agreement with these results. We report that nsOCT detects in vivo structural deformations of the TM earlier than OCT alone, and enhances the detection sensitivity of OCT measurements. This unique technique for early detection of nano-scale structural modifications in the TM has the potential to aid in our understanding of microbiological effects, and possibly for early diagnosis and more effective treatment of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dsouza
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Malcolm C Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan G Porter
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael A Novak
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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19
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Monroy GL, Hong W, Khampang P, Porter RG, Novak MA, Spillman DR, Barkalifa R, Chaney EJ, Kerschner JE, Boppart SA. Direct Analysis of Pathogenic Structures Affixed to the Tympanic Membrane during Chronic Otitis Media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 159:117-126. [PMID: 29587128 DOI: 10.1177/0194599818766320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective To characterize otitis media-associated structures affixed to the mucosal surface of the tympanic membrane (TM) in vivo and in surgically recovered in vitro samples. Study Design Prospective case series without comparison. Setting Outpatient surgical care center. Subjects and Methods Forty pediatric subjects scheduled for tympanostomy tube placement surgery were imaged intraoperatively under general anesthesia. Postmyringotomy, a portable optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system assessed for the presence of any biofilm affixed to the mucosal surface of the TM. Samples of suspected microbial infection-related structures were collected through the myringotomy incision. The sampled site was subsequently reimaged with OCT to confirm collection from the original image site on the TM. In vitro analysis based on confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) images of fluorescence in situ hybridization-tagged samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provided microbiological characterization and verification of biofilm activity. Results OCT imaging was achieved for 38 of 40 subjects (95%). Images from 38 of 38 (100%) of subjects observed with OCT showed the presence of additional microbial infection-related structures. Thirty-four samples were collected from these 38 subjects. CLSM images provided evidence of clustered bacteria in 32 of 33 (97%) of samples. PCR detected the presence of active bacterial DNA signatures in 20 of 31 (65%) of samples. Conclusion PCR and CLSM analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization-stained samples validates the presence of active bacteria that have formed into a middle ear biofilm that extends across the mucosal layer of the TM. OCT can rapidly and noninvasively identify middle ear biofilms in subjects with severe and persistent cases of otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L Monroy
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- 3 Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Ryan G Porter
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,5 Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael A Novak
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,5 Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Darold R Spillman
- 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric J Chaney
- 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Stephen A Boppart
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,5 Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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20
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Won J, Monroy GL, Huang PC, Dsouza R, Hill MC, Novak MA, Porter RG, Chaney E, Barkalifa R, Boppart SA. Pneumatic low-coherence interferometry otoscope to quantify tympanic membrane mobility and middle ear pressure. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:397-409. [PMID: 29552381 PMCID: PMC5854046 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pneumatic otoscopy to assess the mobility of the tympanic membrane (TM) is a highly recommended diagnostic method of otitis media (OM), a widespread middle ear infection characterized by the fluid accumulation in the middle ear. Nonetheless, limited depth perception and subjective interpretation of small TM displacements have challenged the appropriate and efficient examination of TM dynamics experienced during OM. In this paper, a pneumatic otoscope integrated with low coherence interferometry (LCI) was adapted with a controlled pressure-generating system to record the pneumatic response of the TM and to estimate middle ear pressure (MEP). Forty-two ears diagnosed as normal (n = 25), with OM (n = 10), or associated with an upper respiratory infection (URI) (n = 7) were imaged with a pneumatic LCI otoscope with an axial, transverse, and temporal resolution of 6 µm, 20 µm, and 1 msec, respectively. The TM displacement under pneumatic pressure transients (a duration of 0.5 sec with an intensity of ± 150 daPa) was measured to compute two metrics (compliance and amplitude ratio). These metrics were correlated with peak acoustic admittance and MEP from tympanometry and statistically compared via Welch's t-test. As a result, the compliance represents pneumatic TM mobility, and the amplitude ratio estimates MEP. The presence of a middle ear effusion (MEE) significantly decreased compliance (p<0.001). The amplitude ratio of the OM group was statistically less than that of the normal group (p<0.01), indicating positive MEP. Unlike tympanometry, pneumatic LCI otoscopy quantifies TM mobility as well as MEP regardless of MEE presence. With combined benefits of pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry, pneumatic LCI otoscopy may provide new quantitative metrics for understanding TM dynamics and diagnosing OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Won
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Pin-Chieh Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Roshan Dsouza
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Malcolm C. Hill
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 807 South Wright Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Carle Foundation Hospital, 611 W. Park Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael A. Novak
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 807 South Wright Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, 611 W. Park Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan G. Porter
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 807 South Wright Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, 611 W. Park Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eric Chaney
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ronit Barkalifa
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 807 South Wright Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 N Wright Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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21
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Monroy GL, Won J, Spillman DR, Dsouza R, Boppart SA. Clinical translation of handheld optical coherence tomography: practical considerations and recent advancements. J Biomed Opt 2017; 22:1-30. [PMID: 29260539 PMCID: PMC5735247 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of optical coherence tomography (OCT), advancements in imaging system design and handheld probes have allowed for numerous advancements in disease diagnostics and characterization of the structural and optical properties of tissue. OCT system developers continue to reduce form factor and cost, while improving imaging performance (speed, resolution, etc.) and flexibility for applicability in a broad range of fields, and nearly every clinical specialty. An extensive array of components to construct customized systems has also become available, with a range of commercial entities that produce high-quality products, from single components to full systems, for clinical and research use. Many advancements in the development of these miniaturized and portable systems can be linked back to a specific challenge in academic research, or a clinical need in medicine or surgery. Handheld OCT systems are discussed and explored for various applications. Handheld systems are discussed in terms of their relative level of portability and form factor, with mention of the supporting technologies and surrounding ecosystem that bolstered their development. Additional insight from our efforts to implement systems in several clinical environments is provided. The trend toward well-designed, efficient, and compact handheld systems paves the way for more widespread adoption of OCT into point-of-care or point-of-procedure applications in both clinical and commercial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Roshan Dsouza
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen A. Boppart, E-mail:
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22
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Monroy GL, Pande P, Nolan RM, Shelton RL, Porter RG, Novak MA, Spillman DR, Chaney EJ, McCormick DT, Boppart SA. Noninvasive in vivo optical coherence tomography tracking of chronic otitis media in pediatric subjects after surgical intervention. J Biomed Opt 2017; 22:1-11. [PMID: 29275547 PMCID: PMC5745859 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In an institutional review board-approved study, 25 pediatric subjects diagnosed with chronic or recurrent otitis media were observed over a period of six months with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Subjects were followed throughout their treatment at the initial patient evaluation and preoperative consultation, surgery (intraoperative imaging), and postoperative follow-up, followed by an additional six months of records-based observation. At each time point, the tympanic membrane (at the light reflex region) and directly adjacent middle-ear cavity were observed in vivo with a handheld OCT probe and portable system. Imaging results were compared with clinical outcomes to correlate the clearance of symptoms in relation to changes in the image-based features of infection. OCT images of most all participants showed the presence of additional infection-related biofilm structures during their initial consultation visit and similarly for subjects imaged intraoperatively before myringotomy. Subjects with successful treatment (no recurrence of infectious symptoms) had no additional structures visible in OCT images during the postoperative visit. OCT image findings suggest surgical intervention consisting of myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement provides a means to clear the middle ear of infection-related components, including middle-ear fluid and biofilms. Furthermore, OCT was demonstrated as a rapid diagnostic tool to prospectively monitor patients in both outpatient and surgical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Ryan M. Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Ryan L. Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Ryan G. Porter
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle–Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Michael A. Novak
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle–Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle–Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen A. Boppart, E-mail:
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23
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Shelton RL, Nolan RM, Monroy GL, Pande P, Novak MA, Porter RG, Boppart SA. Quantitative Pneumatic Otoscopy Using a Light-Based Ranging Technique. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2017; 18:555-568. [PMID: 28653118 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-017-0629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is the leading cause of hearing loss in children. It is commonly associated with fluid in the ear, which can result in up to 45 dB of hearing loss for extended periods of time during a child's most important developmental years. Accurate assessment of middle ear effusions is an important part of understanding otitis media. Current technologies used to diagnose otitis media with effusion are pneumatic otoscopy, tympanometry, and acoustic reflectometry. While all of these techniques can reasonably diagnose the presence of an effusion, they provide limited information about the infection present behind the tympanic membrane.We have developed a technique based on low-coherence interferometry-a non-invasive optical ranging technique capable of sensing depth-resolved microscopic scattering features through the eardrum-to quantify eardrum thickness and integrity, as well as detect any effusion, purulence, or biofilm behind the tympanic membrane. In this manuscript, the technique is coupled with a pneumatic otoscope to measure minute deflections of the tympanic membrane from insufflation pressure stimuli. This results in quantitative measurements of tympanic membrane mobility, which may be used to gain a better understanding of the impact of infection on the membrane dynamics. A small pilot study of 15 subjects demonstrates the ability of pneumatic low-coherence interferometry to quantitatively differentiate normal ears from ears with effusions present. Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, as well as focus areas of future research, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ryan M Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael A Novak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan G Porter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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24
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Mesa KJ, Selmic LE, Pande P, Monroy GL, Reagan J, Samuelson J, Driskell E, Li J, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Boppart SA. Intraoperative optical coherence tomography for soft tissue sarcoma differentiation and margin identification. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49:240-248. [PMID: 28319274 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Sarcomas are rare but highly aggressive tumors, and local recurrence after surgical excision can occur in up to 50% cases. Therefore, there is a strong clinical need for accurate tissue differentiation and margin assessment to reduce incomplete resection and local recurrence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and a novel image texture-based processing algorithm to differentiate sarcoma from muscle and adipose tissue. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, tumor margin delineation in 19 feline and canine veterinary patients was achieved with intraoperative OCT to help validate tumor resection. While differentiation of lower-scattering adipose tissue from higher-scattering muscle and tumor tissue was relatively straightforward, it was more challenging to distinguish between dense highly scattering muscle and tumor tissue types based on scattering intensity and microstructural features alone. To improve tissue-type differentiation in a more objective and automated manner, three descriptive statistical metrics, namely the coefficient of variation (CV), standard deviation (STD), and Range, were implemented in a custom algorithm applied to the OCT images. RESULTS Over 22,800 OCT images were collected intraoperatively from over 38 sites on 19 ex vivo tissue specimens removed during sarcoma surgeries. Following the generation of an initial set of OCT images correlated with standard hematoxylin and eosin-stained histopathology, over 760 images were subsequently used for automated analysis. Using texture-based image processing metrics, OCT images of sarcoma, muscle, and adipose tissue were all found to be statistically different from one another (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the potential of using intraoperative OCT, along with an automated tissue differentiation algorithm, as a guidance tool for soft tissue sarcoma margin delineation in the operating room. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:240-248, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Mesa
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jennifer Reagan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jonathan Samuelson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth Driskell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Joanne Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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25
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Monroy GL, Pande P, Shelton RL, Nolan RM, Spillman D, Porter RG, Novak MA, Boppart SA. Non-invasive optical assessment of viscosity of middle ear effusions in otitis media. J Biophotonics 2017; 10:394-403. [PMID: 27009636 PMCID: PMC5094900 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Eustachian tube dysfunction can cause fluid to collect within the middle ear cavity and form a middle ear effusion (MEE). MEEs can persist for weeks or months and cause hearing loss as well as speech and learning delays in young children. The ability of a physician to accurately identify and characterize the middle ear for signs of fluid and/or infection is crucial to provide the most appropriate treatment for the patient. Currently, middle ear infections are assessed with otoscopy, which provides limited and only qualitative diagnostic information. In this study, we propose a method utilizing cross-sectional depth-resolved optical coherence tomography to noninvasively measure the diffusion coefficient and viscosity of colloid suspensions, such as a MEE. Experimental validation of the proposed technique on simulated MEE phantoms with varying viscosity and particulate characteristics is presented, along with some preliminary results from in vivo and ex vivo samples of human MEEs. In vivo Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) image of a human tympanic membrane and Middle Ear Effusion (MEE) (top), with a CCD image of the tympanic membrane surface (inset). Below is the corresponding time-lapse M-mode OCT data acquired along the white dotted line over time, which can be analyzed to determine the Stokes-Einstein diffusion coefficient of the effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, MC-278, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan L. Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ryan M. Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Darold Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan G. Porter
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Otolaryngology, 611 W. Park Street, Urbana, IL 61801
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Michael A. Novak
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Otolaryngology, 611 W. Park Street, Urbana, IL 61801
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, MC-278, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801
- Corresponding Author:
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26
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Pande P, Shelton RL, Monroy GL, Nolan RM, Boppart SA. Low-cost hand-held probe for depth-resolved low-coherence interferometry. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:338-348. [PMID: 28101422 PMCID: PMC5231303 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a low-cost hand-held low-coherence interferometric imaging system based on the principle of linear optical coherence tomography (Linear OCT), a technique which was first proposed in the early 2000s as a simpler alternative to the conventional time-domain and Fourier-domain OCT. A bench-top implementation of the proposed technique is first presented and validated. The axial resolution, SNR, and sensitivity roll-of of the system was estimated to be 5.2 μm and 80 dB, and 3.7 dB over a depth of 0.15 mm, respectively. After validating the bench-top system, two hand-held probe implementations for contact-based imaging and in vivo human tympanic membrane imaging are presented. The performance of the proposed system was compared with a research-grade state-of-the-art Fourier-domain low coherence interferometry (LCI) system by imaging several biological and non-biological samples. The results of this study suggest that the proposed system might be a suitable choice for applications where imaging depth and SNR can be traded for lower cost and simpler optical design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Pande
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
| | - Ryan L. Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
| | - Ryan M. Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois,
USA
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27
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Zhao Y, Monroy GL, You S, Shelton RL, Nolan RM, Tu H, Chaney EJ, Boppart SA. Rapid diagnosis and differentiation of microbial pathogens in otitis media with a combined Raman spectroscopy and low-coherence interferometry probe: toward in vivo implementation. J Biomed Opt 2016; 21:107005. [PMID: 27802456 PMCID: PMC5997004 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.10.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate and demonstrate the feasibility of using a combined Raman scattering (RS) spectroscopy and low-coherence interferometry (LCI) probe to differentiate microbial pathogens and improve our diagnostic ability of ear infections [otitis media (OM)]. While the RS probe provides noninvasive molecular information to identify and differentiate infectious microorganisms, the LCI probe helps to identify depth-resolved structural information as well as to guide and monitor positioning of the Raman spectroscopy beam for relatively longer signal acquisition times. A series of phantom studies, including the use of human middle ear effusion samples, were performed to mimic the conditions of in vivo investigations. These were also conducted to validate the feasibility of using this combined RS/LCI probe for point-of-care diagnosis of the infectious pathogen(s) in OM patients. This work establishes important parameters for future in vivo investigations of fast and accurate determination and diagnosis of infectious microorganisms in OM patients, potentially improving the efficacy and outcome of OM treatments, and importantly reducing the misuse of antibiotics in the presence of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sixian You
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ryan L. Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ryan M. Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 306 North Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Internal Medicine, 506 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen A. Boppart, E-mail:
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28
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Pande P, Shelton RL, Monroy GL, Nolan RM, Boppart SA. A Mosaicking Approach for In Vivo Thickness Mapping of the Human Tympanic Membrane Using Low Coherence Interferometry. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2016; 17:403-16. [PMID: 27456022 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-016-0576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The thickness of the human tympanic membrane (TM) is known to vary considerably across different regions of the TM. Quantitative determination of the thickness distribution and mapping of the TM is of significant importance in hearing research, particularly in mathematical modeling of middle-ear dynamics. Change in TM thickness is also associated with several middle-ear pathologies. Determination of the TM thickness distribution could therefore also enable a more comprehensive diagnosis of various otologic diseases. Despite its importance, very limited data on human TM thickness distribution, obtained almost exclusively from ex vivo samples, are available in the literature. In this study, the thickness distribution for the in vivo human TM is reported for the first time. A hand-held imaging system, which combines a low coherence interferometry (LCI) technique for single-point thickness measurement, with video-otoscopy for recording the image of the TM, was used to collect the data used in this study. Data were acquired by pointing the imaging probe over different regions of the TM, while simultaneously recording the LCI and concomitant TM surface video image data from an average of 500 locations on the TM. TM thickness distribution maps were obtained by mapping the LCI imaging sites onto an anatomically accurate wide-field image of the TM, which was generated by mosaicking the sequence of multiple small field-of-view video-otoscopy images. Descriptive statistics of the thickness measurements obtained from the different regions of the TM are presented, and the general thickness distribution trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Pande
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan L Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan M Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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29
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Nolan RM, Adie SG, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, South FA, Monroy GL, Shemonski ND, Erickson-Bhatt SJ, Shelton RL, Bower AJ, Simpson DG, Cradock KA, Liu ZG, Ray PS, Boppart SA. Intraoperative optical coherence tomography for assessing human lymph nodes for metastatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:144. [PMID: 26907742 PMCID: PMC4763478 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of lymph node (LN) status is an important factor for detecting metastasis and thereby staging breast cancer. Currently utilized clinical techniques involve the surgical disruption and resection of lymphatic structure, whether nodes or axillary contents, for histological examination. While reasonably effective at detection of macrometastasis, the majority of the resected lymph nodes are histologically negative. Improvements need to be made to better detect micrometastasis, minimize or eliminate lymphatic disruption complications, and provide immediate and accurate intraoperative feedback for in vivo cancer staging to better guide surgery. Methods We evaluated the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a high-resolution, real-time, label-free imaging modality for the intraoperative assessment of human LNs for metastatic disease in patients with breast cancer. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of double-blinded trained readers who analyzed intraoperative OCT LN images for presence of metastatic disease, using co-registered post-operative histopathology as the gold standard. Results Our results suggest that intraoperative OCT examination of LNs is an appropriate real-time, label-free, non-destructive alternative to frozen-section analysis, potentially offering faster interpretation and results to empower superior intraoperative decision-making. Conclusions Intraoperative OCT has strong potential to supplement current post-operative histopathology with real-time in situ assessment of LNs to preserve both non-cancerous nodes and their lymphatic vessels, and thus reduce the associated risks and complications from surgical disruption of lymphoid structures following biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,PhotoniCare, Inc., Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Steven G Adie
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Fredrick A South
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UIUC, Illinois, USA.
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, UIUC, Illinois, USA.
| | - Nathan D Shemonski
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UIUC, Illinois, USA. .,Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA.
| | - Sarah J Erickson-Bhatt
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Ryan L Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,PhotoniCare, Inc., Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Andrew J Bower
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UIUC, Illinois, USA.
| | - Douglas G Simpson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Statistics, UIUC, Illinois, USA.
| | | | | | - Partha S Ray
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UIUC, Illinois, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, UIUC, Illinois, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, UIUC, Illinois, USA.
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30
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Shen Y, Huang C, Monroy GL, Janjaroen D, Derlon N, Lin J, Espinosa-Marzal R, Morgenroth E, Boppart SA, Ashbolt NJ, Liu WT, Nguyen TH. Response of Simulated Drinking Water Biofilm Mechanical and Structural Properties to Long-Term Disinfectant Exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:1779-87. [PMID: 26756120 PMCID: PMC5135099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical and structural properties of biofilms influence the accumulation and release of pathogens in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Thus, understanding how long-term residual disinfectants exposure affects biofilm mechanical and structural properties is a necessary aspect for pathogen risk assessment and control. In this study, elastic modulus and structure of groundwater biofilms was monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) during three months of exposure to monochloramine or free chlorine. After the first month of disinfectant exposure, the mean stiffness of monochloramine- or free-chlorine-treated biofilms was 4 to 9 times higher than those before treatment. Meanwhile, the biofilm thickness decreased from 120 ± 8 μm to 93 ± 6-107 ± 11 μm. The increased surface stiffness and decreased biofilm thickness within the first month of disinfectant exposure was presumably due to the consumption of biomass. However, by the second to third month during disinfectant exposure, the biofilm mean stiffness showed a 2- to 4-fold decrease, and the biofilm thickness increased to 110 ± 7-129 ± 8 μm, suggesting that the biofilms adapted to disinfectant exposure. After three months of the disinfectant exposure process, the disinfected biofilms showed 2-5 times higher mean stiffness (as determined by AFM) and 6-13-fold higher ratios of protein over polysaccharide, as determined by differential staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), than the nondisinfected groundwater biofilms. However, the disinfected biofilms and nondisinfected biofilms showed statistically similar thicknesses (t test, p > 0.05), suggesting that long-term disinfection may not significantly remove net biomass. This study showed how biofilm mechanical and structural properties vary in response to a complex DWDS environment, which will contribute to further research on the risk assessment and control of biofilm-associated-pathogens in DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Derlon
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7 Canada
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Erickson-Bhatt SJ, Nolan RM, Shemonski ND, Adie SG, Putney J, Darga D, McCormick DT, Cittadine AJ, Zysk AM, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Monroy GL, South FA, Cradock KA, Liu ZG, Sundaram M, Ray PS, Boppart SA. Real-time Imaging of the Resection Bed Using a Handheld Probe to Reduce Incidence of Microscopic Positive Margins in Cancer Surgery. Cancer Res 2016; 75:3706-12. [PMID: 26374464 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wide local excision (WLE) is a common surgical intervention for solid tumors such as those in melanoma, breast, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal cancer. However, adequate margin assessment during WLE remains a significant challenge, resulting in surgical reinterventions to achieve adequate local control. Currently, no label-free imaging method is available for surgeons to examine the resection bed in vivo for microscopic residual cancer. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables real-time high-resolution imaging of tissue microstructure. Previous studies have demonstrated that OCT analysis of excised tissue specimens can distinguish between normal and cancerous tissues by identifying the heterogeneous and disorganized microscopic tissue structures indicative of malignancy. In this translational study involving 35 patients, a handheld surgical OCT imaging probe was developed for in vivo use to assess margins both in the resection bed and on excised specimens for the microscopic presence of cancer. The image results from OCT showed structural differences between normal and cancerous tissue within the resection bed following WLE of the human breast. The ex vivo images were compared with standard postoperative histopathology to yield sensitivity of 91.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 62.5%-100%] and specificity of 92.1% (95% CI, 78.4%-98%). This study demonstrates in vivo OCT imaging of the resection bed during WLE with the potential for real-time microscopic image-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Erickson-Bhatt
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Ryan M Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nathan D Shemonski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Steven G Adie
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam M Zysk
- Diagnostic Photonics, Inc., Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Guillermo L Monroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Fredrick A South
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | | | - Magesh Sundaram
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Partha S Ray
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. Diagnostic Photonics, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois.
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Pande P, Monroy GL, Nolan RM, Shelton RL, Boppart SA. Sensor-Based Technique for Manually Scanned Hand-Held Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging. J Sens 2016; 2016:8154809. [PMID: 29033983 PMCID: PMC5636012 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8154809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hand-held optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging probes offer flexibility to image sites that are otherwise challenging to access. While the majority of hand-held imaging probes utilize galvanometer- or MEMS-scanning mirrors to transversely scan the imaging beam, these probes are commonly limited to lateral fields-of-view (FOV) of only a few millimeters. The use of a freehand manually scanned probe can significantly increase the lateral FOV. However, using the traditional fixed-rate triggering scheme for data acquisition in a manually scanned probe results in imaging artifacts due to variations in the scan velocity of the imaging probe. These artifacts result in a structurally inaccurate image of the sample. In this paper, we present a sensor-based manual scanning technique for OCT imaging, where real-time feedback from an optical motion sensor is used to trigger data acquisition. This technique is able to circumvent the problem of motion artifacts during manual scanning by adaptively altering the trigger rate based on the instantaneous scan velocity, enabling OCT imaging over a large lateral FOV. The feasibility of the proposed technique is demonstrated by imaging several biological and nonbiological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Pande
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan M. Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan L. Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Shen Y, Monroy GL, Derlon N, Janjaroen D, Huang C, Morgenroth E, Boppart SA, Ashbolt NJ, Liu WT, Nguyen TH. Role of biofilm roughness and hydrodynamic conditions in Legionella pneumophila adhesion to and detachment from simulated drinking water biofilms. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:4274-82. [PMID: 25699403 PMCID: PMC4472476 DOI: 10.1021/es505842v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) could exacerbate the persistence and associated risks of pathogenic Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila), thus raising human health concerns. However, mechanisms controlling adhesion and subsequent detachment of L. pneumophila associated with biofilms remain unclear. We determined the connection between L. pneumophila adhesion and subsequent detachment with biofilm physical structure characterization using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging technique. Analysis of the OCT images of multispecies biofilms grown under low nutrient condition up to 34 weeks revealed the lack of biofilm deformation even when these biofilms were exposed to flow velocity of 0.7 m/s, typical flow for DWDS. L. pneumophila adhesion on these biofilm under low flow velocity (0.007 m/s) positively correlated with biofilm roughness due to enlarged biofilm surface area and local flow conditions created by roughness asperities. The preadhered L. pneumophila on selected rough and smooth biofilms were found to detach when these biofilms were subjected to higher flow velocity. At the flow velocity of 0.1 and 0.3 m/s, the ratio of detached cell from the smooth biofilm surface was from 1.3 to 1.4 times higher than that from the rough biofilm surface, presumably because of the low shear stress zones near roughness asperities. This study determined that physical structure and local hydrodynamics control L. pneumophila adhesion to and detachment from simulated drinking water biofilm, thus it is the first step toward reducing the risk of L. pneumophila exposure and subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicolas Derlon
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dao Janjaroen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Conghui Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thanh H. Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Corresponding Author.
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Hubler Z, Shemonski ND, Shelton RL, Monroy GL, Nolan RM, Boppart SA. Real-time automated thickness measurement of the in vivo human tympanic membrane using optical coherence tomography. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015; 5:69-77. [PMID: 25694956 PMCID: PMC4312285 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.11.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media (OM), an infection in the middle ear, is extremely common in the pediatric population. Current gold-standard methods for diagnosis include otoscopy for visualizing the surface features of the tympanic membrane (TM) and making qualitative assessments to determine middle ear content. OM typically presents as an acute infection, but can progress to chronic OM, and after numerous infections and antibiotic treatments over the course of many months, this disease is often treated by surgically inserting small tubes in the TM to relieve pressure, enable drainage, and provide aeration to the middle ear. Diagnosis and monitoring of OM is critical for successful management, but remains largely qualitative. METHODS We have developed an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system for high-resolution, depth-resolved, cross-sectional imaging of the TM and middle ear content, and for the quantitative assessment of in vivo TM thickness including the presence or absence of a middle ear biofilm. A novel algorithm was developed and demonstrated for automatic, real-time, and accurate measurement of TM thickness to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of OM and other middle ear conditions. The segmentation algorithm applies a Hough transform to the OCT image data to determine the boundaries of the TM to calculate thickness. RESULTS The use of OCT and this segmentation algorithm is demonstrated first on layered phantoms and then during real-time acquisition of in vivo OCT from humans. For the layered phantoms, measured thicknesses varied by approximately 5 µm over time in the presence of large axial and rotational motion. In vivo data also demonstrated differences in thicknesses both spatially on a single TM, and across normal, acute, and chronic OM cases. CONCLUSIONS Real-time segmentation and thickness measurements of image data from both healthy subjects and those with acute and chronic OM demonstrate the use of OCT and this algorithm as a robust, quantitative, and accurate method for use during real-time in vivo human imaging.
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Monroy GL, Shelton RL, Nolan RM, Nguyen CT, Novak MA, Hill MC, McCormick DT, Boppart SA. Noninvasive depth-resolved optical measurements of the tympanic membrane and middle ear for differentiating otitis media. Laryngoscope 2015; 125:E276-82. [PMID: 25599652 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS In this study, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to noninvasively and quantitatively determine tympanic membrane (TM) thickness and the presence and thickness of any middle-ear biofilm located behind the TM. These new metrics offer the potential to differentiate normal, acute, and chronic otitis media (OM) infections in pediatric subjects. STUDY DESIGN Case series with comparison group. METHODS The TM thickness of 34 pediatric subjects was acquired using a custom-built, handheld OCT system following a traditional otoscopic ear exam. RESULTS Overall thickness (TM and any associated biofilm) was shown to be statistically different for normal, acute, and chronic infection groups (normal-acute and normal-chronic: P value < 0.001; acute-chronic: P value = 0.0016). Almost all observed scans from the chronic group had an accompanying biofilm structure. When the thickness of the TM and biofilm were considered separately in chronic OM, the chronic TM thickness correlated with the normal group (P value = 0.68) yet was still distinct from the acute OM group (P value < 0.001), indicating that the TM in chronic OM returns to relatively normal thickness levels. CONCLUSION Identifying these physical changes in vivo provides new metrics for noninvasively and quantitatively differentiating normal, acute, and chronic OM. This new diagnostic information has the potential to assist physicians to more effectively and efficiently screen, manage, and refer patients based on quantitative data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L Monroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Ryan L Shelton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Ryan M Nolan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Cac T Nguyen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Michael A Novak
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Malcolm C Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Department of Pediatrics, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Daniel T McCormick
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Advanced MEMS, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
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Boppart SA, Nolan RM, Erickson-Bhatt SJ, Shemonski ND, Adie SG, Putney J, Darga D, McCormick DT, Cittadine A, Marjanovic M, Zysk AM, Chaney EJ, Monroy GL, South FA, Carney PS, Cradock KA, Liu ZG, Ray PS. Abstract P2-03-11: In situ imaging of the tumor cavity during breast lumpectomy using optical coherence tomography. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p2-03-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Re-operation rates for breast lumpectomy procedures are exceedingly high, often over 30%, depending on the institution and surgical technique. Because current standard-of-care relies on post-operative histopathology to provide a microscopic view and assessment of surgical margins, there has been great interest in developing new imaging solutions to visualize tissues intraoperatively with high-resolution, and provide real-time feedback on the margin status. While it is possible to use a variety of microscopic imaging methods in the operating suite, including frozen-section histology, touch-prep cytology, confocal or scattering-based microscopy, all these techniques are limited to visualizing margins on ex vivo resected specimens, and do not provide a means for visualizing the in situ tumor cavity for evidence of positive margins or residual disease.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution, real-time, optical biomedical imaging technology that is the optical analogue to ultrasound imaging, except images are based on backscattered near-infrared light. OCT is capable of performing optical biopsies of in situ tissue at resolutions that approach those in histopathology. With the use of an advanced computed imaging technique called ISAM (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Microscopy), even higher imaging resolution over larger depths is possible, commensurate with the depths (1-2 mm) visualized by pathologists to determine negative, close, or positive margins. Past studies by our group and others have demonstrated the feasibility of intraoperative OCT for assessing tumor margin and lymph node status during breast cancer surgery, but to date, all studies have been performed on resected lumpectomy tissue.
In this study, we report the development of a novel handheld surgical imaging probe that enables 2-D and 3-D OCT/ISAM imaging of the in situ tumor cavity, in addition to the margins of excised specimens. To date, this handheld OCT/ISAM probe has been used in 10 breast cancer surgeries where both in situ and ex vivo imaging was performed. Four of these cases involved in situ imaging of the cavity margin after a suspicious area was visually and tactically identified, and was subsequently resected, followed by ex vivo imaging and validating post-operative histopathology. Representative cases included fibroadipose tissue, fibroadenomas, and high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ.
Distinct microstructural features identified on OCT/ISAM and confirmed with histopathology demonstrate that this technique can visualize the in situ tumor cavity, as well as the surgical margins on resected specimens, with micron-scale resolution. OCT/ISAM has the potential to determine margin status in real-time during the surgical procedure, when further surgical resection to establish clear margins and reduce re-operation rates is possible.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-03-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Boppart
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - RM Nolan
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - SJ Erickson-Bhatt
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - ND Shemonski
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - SG Adie
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - J Putney
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - D Darga
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - DT McCormick
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - A Cittadine
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - M Marjanovic
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - AM Zysk
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - EJ Chaney
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - GL Monroy
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - FA South
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - PS Carney
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - KA Cradock
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - ZG Liu
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
| | - PS Ray
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; Diagnostic Photonics Inc, Champaign, IL; AdvancedMEMS, San Francisco, CA; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL; University of Illinois College of Medicine and Carle Cancer Center, Urbana, IL
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South F, Marjanovic M, John R, Adie SG, Chaney EJ, Tangella KV, Ray P, Brockenbrough J, Monroy GL, Hsu J, Boppart SA. Abstract 4054: Assessment of the progression of lymph node metastases using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT). Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several techniques have been developed to localize lymph nodes, primarily sentinel lymph nodes, prior to resection during cancer surgery, and for post-operative histological assessment. However, none of these existing methods offer the potential for in situ assessment of lymph nodes and their metastatic involvement, potentially during surgical procedures, and for intraoperatively staging cancer. In this study, three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3-D OCT) was used for imaging and assessing resected popliteal lymph nodes from a pre-clinical rat metastatic tumor model over a 9-day time-course study after the injection of tumor cells into the lymphatic system via the hindlimb footpad. The spectral-domain OCT system utilized a center wavelength of 800 nm, provided axial and transverse resolutions of 3 µm and 12 µm, respectively, and performed imaging at 10,000 axial scans per second. OCT is capable of providing high-resolution label-free images of intact lymph node microstructure based on intrinsic optical scattering properties with penetration depths of ∼ 1-2 mm. To verify OCT findings, the lymph nodes were sectioned at the OCT imaging sites. Direct comparison of the 3-D OCT data and histology revealed that microstructural changes in the lymph node were detectable by the changes in optical scattering and the features visualized in the OCT images. The results demonstrate that OCT is capable of differentiating normal, reactive and metastatic lymph nodes based on these microstructural changes. The optical scattering and structural changes revealed by OCT from Day 3 to Day 9 correlate with inflammatory and immunological changes observed in the capsule, precortical regions, follicles, and germination centers found in the histopathology. We report for the first time a longitudinal study of 3-D trans-capsule OCT imaging of intact lymph nodes during metastatic infiltration. In a related intraoperative clinical study, resected lymph nodes from the cancer patients were imaged during the surgical procedure and the data was correlated with histological findings. The imaged sites were marked with surgical ink, and histology sections were taken for correlation with the 3-D OCT data. Clinical pathology reports were compared with OCT findings to determine the accuracy of our results. These preliminary clinical studies have identified scattering changes in the cortex, relative to the capsule, which can be used to differentiate normal from metastatic nodes. Our imaging studies of resected lymph nodes in both animal cancer models and human cancer patients demonstrate the potential of OCT as a technique for real time, in situ 3-D optical biopsy of lymph nodes for the intraoperative staging of cancer.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4054. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4054
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick South
- 1Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Renu John
- 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Steven G. Adie
- 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Krishnarao V. Tangella
- 3Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- 5Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jessica Hsu
- 6Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- 7Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bioengineering, Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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