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Schmees P, Braig J, Kilinc Y, Nilles H, El-Awad U, Kerkhoff D, Demir Z, Rueth JE, Lohaus A, Eschenbeck H. Religious Identity and its Relation to Health-Related Quality of Life and COVID-Related Stress of Refugee Children and Adolescents in Germany. J Relig Health 2024; 63:765-787. [PMID: 38100002 PMCID: PMC10861600 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Research shows that religious identity is associated with health. The aim of this study was to understand the role of religious identity for refugee minors' health in greater detail. Middle Eastern refugee minors resettled in Germany and aged 8-18 years completed questionnaires at baseline (T1, n = 246) and follow-up (T2, n = 122) measurement between 2019 and 2022. Religious identity was assessed with a 4-item measure (Cronbach's α = .89). Associations of religious identity at T1 with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) at T1, change in HRQoL from T1 to T2, and perceived COVID-related stress at T2, as well as the mediating role of resources were examined. The results showed a positive association between religious identity and HRQoL, which was partially mediated by integration into peer group, but not by ethnic identity, sense of coherence or religious practice. No significant associations between religious identity and change in HRQoL or COVID-related stress occurred. Therefore, cross-sectional analyses support the beneficial role of religious identity for HRQoL and the crucial mediating role of integration into peer group, suggesting the promotion of religious identity or peer group integration. However, the absence of significant effects on change in HRQoL from T1 to T2 and COVID-related stress at T2 do not allow drawing any long-term conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schmees
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany.
| | - J Braig
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Y Kilinc
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - H Nilles
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - U El-Awad
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - D Kerkhoff
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Z Demir
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - J-E Rueth
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - A Lohaus
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - H Eschenbeck
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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Baldofski S, Klemm SL, Kohls E, Mueller SME, Bauer S, Becker K, Diestelkamp S, Eschenbeck H, Hiery A, Kaess M, Koenig J, Lehner L, Moessner M, Thomasius R, Rummel-Kluge C. Reasons for non-participation of children and adolescents in a large-scale school-based mental health project. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1294862. [PMID: 38259782 PMCID: PMC10800647 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1294862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-participation in mental health studies is an under-explored but very important topic. Investigating reasons for non-participation holds promise for the planning of future study designs and recruitment strategies. This study aimed at investigating reasons for children and adolescents (C&A) not participating in a school-based mental health research project. Methods Data collection took place within the school-based recruitment of a large-scale multi-site project ("ProHEAD-Promoting Help-seeking using E-technology for Adolescents") in Germany. Participants were N = 534 C&A aged ≥ 12 years attending secondary schools. The present cross-sectional study analyzed anonymous survey data of C&A who themselves or whose parents, respectively, did not provide written consent to participate in the mental health research project. The questionnaire consisted of 14 items covering potential reasons for non-participation, and four free text fields. Besides descriptive statistics, free text field answers were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Students indicated an average of M = 2.94 (SD = 1.75) reasons for their non-participation in the project. In the descriptive analysis of indicated items, the three most frequently reported reasons for non-participation included students reporting to not be concerned by the topic "mental health" (n = 290, 54.3%), not having returned the consent form to the teacher (n = 175, 32.8%), and not having time for participation (n = 149, 27.9%). In the qualitative content analysis, the most frequently assigned categories were organizational reasons (n = 216, 57.1%), general disinterest in study participation (n = 139, 36.8%), and personal attitudes toward the topic "mental health" (n = 84, 22.2%), such as not being concerned with the topic "mental health" (n = 23, 6.1%) or being too concerned with the topic "mental health" (n = 16, 4.2%). Conclusion The study provides unique insights into reasons for C&A and their caregivers not participating in a large federally funded mental health research project. The results suggest that in order to increase participation rates, stigma should be reduced, parents as well as teachers should be involved where possible, and the use of incentives might be helpful. The study highlights the importance of assessing reasons for non-participation, especially in online intervention studies on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Baldofski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah-Lena Klemm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kohls
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia M. E. Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University and University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Diestelkamp
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Alisa Hiery
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University and University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laya Lehner
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Markus Moessner
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Rummel-Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Nilles H, El-Awad U, Kerkhoff D, Braig J, Schmees P, Kilinc Y, Rueth JE, Eschenbeck H, Lohaus A. Gender role attitudes and well-being of German and refugee adolescents-same or different? BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:663. [PMID: 37684604 PMCID: PMC10492273 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assumed differences in gender role attitudes (GRAs) of German adolescents and refugee adolescents from the Middle East are often discussed, but rarely investigated. Presumed differences in GRAs across cultures and genders are assumed to be involved in emerging gender differences in well-being and mental health symptoms. Overall, appropriate measurements for investigating GRAs of adolescents with different cultural backgrounds are scarce. METHODS Hence, the present study exemplarily investigates (1) the measurement invariance (MI) of a German translation of the Social Role Questionnaire (SRQ) for German (n = 114) and German-speaking Middle Eastern refugee adolescents from Syria, Afghanistan, or Iraq (n = 115), using a Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model to account for age and gender. Moreover, (2) differences between GRAs of both groups, (3) relationships of GRAs with different facets of affective well-being, as well as (4) differences in these relationships between German and refugee adolescents are examined by extending the MIMIC-model to a full structural equation model (SEM). RESULTS Results indicate (1) that scalar MI for the SRQ can be assumed. Furthermore, (2) German adolescents show less traditional gender-linked GRAs than refugee adolescents, but no further differences in GRAs. Furthermore, no differences between the relationships of GRAs with well-being and mental health symptoms were found between the groups (4). Also, (3) GRAs showed no relation with any of the outcomes, but gender and age predicted mental health symptoms. CONCLUSION The findings show that the SRQ is a useful measurement for investigating the GRAs of adolescents living in Germany and could be used in further cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nilles
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Usama El-Awad
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Denny Kerkhoff
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johanna Braig
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Pia Schmees
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Yasemin Kilinc
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Jana-Elisa Rueth
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Lustig S, Koenig J, Bauer S, Moessner M, Bonnet S, Becker K, Diestelkamp S, Eschenbeck H, Hiery A, Kohls E, Lehner L, Rummel-Kluge C, Thomasius R, Kaess M. Help-seeking attitudes and behaviours for mental health problems in adolescents before and during the first COVID-19 school closures in Germany. Early Interv Psychiatry 2023; 17:331-334. [PMID: 36181354 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Comparing measures of psychological wellbeing and help-seeking in youths before and within the first school closures due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic enables a better understanding of the effects the pandemic has for those seeking professional help for mental health problems. METHODS Data were obtained from the Germany-based ProHEAD school study. Pre-lockdown and lockdown samples (n = 648) were compared regarding pupils' psychological wellbeing, help-seeking attitudes and help-seeking behaviour. RESULTS Participants from the lockdown sample showed greater positive attitudes towards seeking professional help, whereas psychological wellbeing and help-seeking behaviour remained stable. CONCLUSIONS Possible explanations may include an increased public discourse on mental health or self-selection bias for participation during lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Lustig
- Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Moessner
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Bonnet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silke Diestelkamp
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Alisa Hiery
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kohls
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laya Lehner
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Thomasius
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Groß D, Schröder I, Wasserfall N, Eschenbeck H, Kohlmann C. The reciprocal interplay of physical activity and health‐related quality of life in children and adolescents: Evidence for both upward and downward spirals. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2022; 15:561-575. [PMID: 35986611 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the bidirectional effect between physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents, focusing on within-person effects. METHODS PA and health-related quality of life were assessed in children and adolescents (N = 685, age: M = 10.29 years, SD = 1.35, range = 8-14), via self-report across four waves, each 6 months apart, and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model with time-invariant cross-lagged effects was calculated. RESULTS Positive cross-lagged effects between prior PA and health-related quality of life 6 months later ( γ y = 0.536, 95% CI [0.016, 1.055], p = .043, d = 0.11) and vice versa ( γ x = 0.015, 95% CI [0.001, 0.030], p = .039, d = 0.12) were found. Furthermore, the random intercept correlation was significant ( T xy = 3.622, 95% CI [2.204, 5.041], p < .001, d = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm known correlations between PA and health-related quality of life and extends them by indicating both an upward and downward spiral of PA and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Groß
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd Oberbettringer Straße 200 Schwäbisch Gmünd 73525 Germany
| | - Ines Schröder
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd Oberbettringer Straße 200 Schwäbisch Gmünd 73525 Germany
| | - Nicola Wasserfall
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd Oberbettringer Straße 200 Schwäbisch Gmünd 73525 Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd Oberbettringer Straße 200 Schwäbisch Gmünd 73525 Germany
| | - Carl‐Walter Kohlmann
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd Oberbettringer Straße 200 Schwäbisch Gmünd 73525 Germany
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Lehner L, Gillé V, Baldofski S, Bauer S, Becker K, Diestelkamp S, Kaess M, Krämer J, Lustig S, Moessner M, Rummel-Kluge C, Thomasius R, Eschenbeck H. Moderators of pre-post changes in school-based mental health promotion: Psychological stress symptom decrease for adolescents with mental health problems, knowledge increase for all. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:899185. [PMID: 35990085 PMCID: PMC9387723 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.899185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School-based mental health promotion aims to strengthen mental health and reduce stress. Results on the effectiveness of such programs are heterogeneous. This study realized a school-based mental health promotion program (StresSOS) for all students and aimed to identify moderators (mental health status, gender, grade level) of pre- to post-changes in stress symptoms and knowledge. Methods Participants were N = 510 adolescents (from 29 classes; 46.7% female) aged 12-18 years (M = 13.88, SD = 1.00; grade levels 7-10). They were without mental health problems (65.9%), at risk for mental health problems (21.6%), or with mental health problems (12.5%) and participated in a 90 min per week face-to-face training with 8 sessions in class at school. Demographic variables, mental health status, stress symptoms, and knowledge about stress and mental health were collected at baseline. Program acceptance, stress symptoms, and knowledge were collected post-intervention. Multilevel mixed effects models were conducted with the fixed effects time (within factor), mental health status, gender, and grade level (between factors). Random effects for students within classes were included. Results In the pre-post comparison, mental health status moderated the changes on psychological stress symptoms (p < 0.05). In adolescents with mental health problems the largest reduction in stress symptoms was observed between pre- and post-assessment. Gender and grade level were less relevant. For all adolescents knowledge gains were revealed (p < 0.001). Program acceptance was moderated by mental health status and grade level (p < 0.01). Mentally healthy adolescents and within the group of adolescents at-risk or with mental health problems, especially younger students (7th/8th grade), rated program acceptance higher. Conclusion Psychological stress symptoms decreased among adolescents with mental health problems and not among adolescents at risk for or without mental health problems. Mental health-related knowledge increased for all adolescents. The results add to knowledge on school-based mental health intervention research and practice. Its implications for different prevention strategies (universal, selective or a combination of both) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laya Lehner
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Vera Gillé
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Sabrina Baldofski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Marburg and Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silke Diestelkamp
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Krämer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Marburg and Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Lustig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Moessner
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Rummel-Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract. Background: Coping is considered to have an important influence on well-being, especially in adolescent refugees dealing with a high amount of stress. In addition, gender differences in coping are a common topic for research and are often attributed to differences in socialization between boys and girls. Aims: The study aims at clarifying the gender differences in coping strategies used by non-Western adolescents. Additionally, associations with aspects of socialization, in particular Gender Role Attitudes (GRA), on gender differences are investigated. Method: Refugees from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan ( N = 106, 55% male) aged 11–18 years completed questionnaires in schools or housing facilities. Associations between gender, GRA, coping strategies, and well-being were investigated using moderation and regression analyses. Results: Gender differences found in previous literature could, in part be replicated. Refugee girls reported more anger-related emotion regulation than boys did. However, GRA did not show any connections to coping strategies. Limitations: Most limitations result from low reliabilities and possible biases due to the use of self-reports. Conclusion: The more frequent use of anger-related emotion regulation as the only gender difference replicated in this study highlights the importance of research with refugee samples to prevent over-generalization of previous results from Western cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nilles
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Denise Kerkhoff
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zeynep Demir
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Johanna Braig
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Pia Schmees
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Jana-Elisa Rueth
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
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Schmees P, Braig J, Nilles H, Kerkhoff D, Demir Z, Rueth JE, Lohaus A, Eschenbeck H. Well-Being and Resources of Minors With Refugee Background in Comparison to Minors With Migration or Native Background. European Journal of Health Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Studies on the health of minors with refugee background (RM) often focus on symptoms and risks. In contrast to these deficit-oriented approaches, the present study examined well-being and resources of RM. Aims: The aim was to get an overview of the extent to which RM differ from both minors with migration (MM) as well as native (NM) background regarding well-being and resources. In addition, the study sought to identify resources of RM that are significant for well-being. General personal and social resources, religious identity and practice as well as multicultural resources (bilingualism, ethnic identity) were examined. Method: The study was conducted in Germany with minors aged 8–16 years. RM ( n = 209), MM ( n = 535) and NM ( n = 858) completed questionnaires. Comparative analyses and multiple regression analyses were computed. Results: RM showed lower well-being and fewer social resources than MM and NM. For personal resources, the group differences were less consistent. Personal and social resources predicted the well-being of minors. While multicultural resources were not significant, especially the resources sense of coherence, integration into peer group, and religious identity positively predicted the well-being of RM. Limitations: The group of MM is very heterogeneous. Further studies should differentiate the group of MM more precisely. Conclusion: The differences in well-being among RM, MM and NM can largely be explained by differences in resources. Religious identity is an important available resource for RM. Sense of coherence and integration into peer groups should be given special attention in health promotion for RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Schmees
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Johanna Braig
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Hannah Nilles
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Denise Kerkhoff
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zeynep Demir
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Jana-Elisa Rueth
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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9
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Hartmann S, Lohaus A, Rüth JE, Eschenbeck H. Stresserleben und Stresssymptomatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 2022. [DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Diese Studie untersucht, ob sich das Ausmaß des Stresserlebens und der physischen Stresssymptomatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in den vergangenen 20 Jahren verändert hat. Grundlage bilden die Daten von 4450 Schülerinnen und Schülern der dritten bis sechsten Klassenstufe (Altersbereich: 6 bis 14 Jahre), die im Rahmen der Normierung des Fragebogens zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter (SSKJ) in den Jahren 1996 (Kohorte 1, n = 960, 49 % männlich), 2006 (Kohorte 2, n = 1324, 49 % männlich) und 2018 (Kohorte 3, n = 2166, 50 % männlich) erfasst wurden. Die Überprüfung der Messinvarianz anhand konfirmatorischer Faktorenmodelle zeigte für beide Skalen partielle skalare Invarianz, wonach die Voraussetzung für die Durchführung latenter Mittelwertvergleiche erfüllt ist. Die Vergleiche weisen bei beiden Skalen nicht auf eine bedeutsame Veränderung über die Zeit hinweg hin. Gleichzeitig lassen die Invarianzanalysen erkennen, dass die Struktur der erhobenen Konstrukte über die Zeit stabil war.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hartmann
- Abteilung Psychologie, Entwicklungspsychologie und Entwicklungspsychopathologie, Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Universität Bielefeld
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Abteilung Psychologie, Entwicklungspsychologie und Entwicklungspsychopathologie, Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Universität Bielefeld
| | - Jana-Elisa Rüth
- Abteilung Psychologie, Entwicklungspsychologie und Entwicklungspsychopathologie, Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Universität Bielefeld
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Abteilung für Pädagogische Psychologie und Gesundheitspsychologie, Institut für Humanwissenschaften, Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd
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10
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EL-Awad U, Reinelt T, Braig J, Nilles H, Kerkhoff D, Schmees P, Rueth JE, Fathi A, Vasileva M, Petermann F, Eschenbeck H, Lohaus A. Polytraumatization in young male refugees from the Middle East and its association with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2021; 15:75. [PMID: 34920749 PMCID: PMC8684214 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-021-00428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young Middle Eastern male refugees are currently among the most vulnerable groups in Europe. Most of them have experienced potentially traumatic events (PTEs) such as rape, torture, or violent assaults. Compared to their peers, young refugees suffer more from internalizing and externalizing symptoms, especially when unaccompanied. Little is known about the cumulative impact of experiencing different types of PTEs on mental health outcomes (polytraumatization) of young male refugees from the Middle East. We investigated (1) whether there is a dose-response relationship between multiple PTE types experienced and mental health outcomes, (2) whether individual types of PTEs are particularly important, and (3) to what extent these are differentially associated with mental health outcomes among unaccompanied or accompanied peers. METHODS In total, 151 young Middle Eastern male refugees in Germany (Mage = 16.81 years, SDage = 2.01) answered questionnaires on PTEs, mental health, and post-migration stress. RESULTS Hierarchical regression analyses revealed, while controlling for age, duration of stay, unaccompanied status, and post-migration stress, (1) a dose-effect between PTE types on both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Moreover, (2) regarding internalizing symptoms, violent family separation and experiencing life-threatening medical problems were particularly crucial. The latter was driven by unaccompanied refugees, who also reported higher levels of substance use. CONCLUSIONS The results extend findings from the literature and suggest that not only may greater polytraumatization be related to greater depression among refugees, but also to a range of other mental health outcomes from the internalizing and externalizing symptom domains. Furthermore, the results highlight the mental health risks that unaccompanied and accompanied refugee adolescents face after exposure to PTEs, and provide information for practitioners as well as researchers about event types that may be particularly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama EL-Awad
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, Grazer Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tilman Reinelt
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Braig
- grid.460114.6Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, 73525 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Hannah Nilles
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Denise Kerkhoff
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pia Schmees
- grid.460114.6Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, 73525 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Jana-Elisa Rueth
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Atefeh Fathi
- Center for Psychosomatic Psychotherapeutic Rehabilitation, Luisenklinik, Paulinenstraße 21, 70178 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mira Vasileva
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XChild and Community Wellbeing Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Franz Petermann
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Center for Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, Grazer Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- grid.460114.6Department of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, 73525 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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11
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Gillé V, Kerkhoff D, Heim-Dreger U, Kohlmann CW, Lohaus A, Eschenbeck H. Stress-symptoms and well-being in children and adolescents: factor structure, measurement invariance, and validity of English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, and Ukrainian language versions of the SSKJ scales. Health Psychol Behav Med 2021; 9:875-894. [PMID: 34659913 PMCID: PMC8519528 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2021.1990062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present cross-cultural study examined the factor structure, measurement invariance, and convergent validity of the Stress-Symptom and Well-Being Scales from the Stress and Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (SSKJ), originally in German, across gender and for five newly developed language versions: English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Ukrainian. Design Children and adolescents (N = 5,227) from Germany, France, Russia, the Dominican Republic, Ukraine, and several English-speaking countries participated in the survey study. Main outcome measures The SSKJ Stress-Symptom and Well-Being Scales capture stress symptomatology and well-being with five subscales: Somatic Symptoms, Anger, Sadness, Anxiety, and Well-Being. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used for validation. Results The factorial structure (five factors) was confirmed. In multi-group comparisons, confirmatory factor analyses showed partial metric invariance across the different languages. Regarding gender, results showed scalar invariance for all languages, except for Spanish. Gender differences were shown with girls scoring higher on somatic symptoms, sadness, anxiety (German-, French-, Russian-speaking samples), anger (French), and well-being (German, Ukrainian). Correlations with indicators of mental health and behavioral problems demonstrated convergent validity. Conclusion The SSKJ Stress-Symptom and Well-Being Scales showed psychometric evidence for equivalence across the different languages and gender. Thus, this instrument is a useful tool for cross-cultural research in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gillé
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Denise Kerkhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Uwe Heim-Dreger
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Carl-Walter Kohlmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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12
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Kaess M, Moessner M, Koenig J, Lustig S, Bonnet S, Becker K, Eschenbeck H, Rummel‐Kluge C, Thomasius R, Bauer S. Editorial Perspective: A plea for the sustained implementation of digital interventions for young people with mental health problems in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:916-918. [PMID: 32924134 PMCID: PMC8359353 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the consequent global lockdown posed a particular challenge for youths with mental health problems. Crucial interference with their everyday lives likely increased psychological distress while accessibility of conventional mental health care was limited. Ongoing online trials offer a unique opportunity to analyse mental health status and help-seeking behaviour of adolescents during the pandemic. The ProHEAD-online trial aims at improving help-seeking behaviour of children and adolescents with significant psychological impairment. From January to May 2020, 1,042 students had access to the ProHEAD-online platform providing information on mental illness, monitoring, peer support and professional counselling. In the week from 11 March, when schools were closed in Germany, a drastic (more than 2 standard deviations) but time-limited increase in utilization of the ProHEAD-online services became apparent. This may indicate a worsened mental health status and an increased help seeking via digital services during the lockdown. Although this finding is purely observational, it speaks to the importance of evidence-based online service in the field of mental health within the current crisis and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaess
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent PsychiatryDepartment of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Markus Moessner
- Center for Psychotherapy ResearchUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Julian Koenig
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland,Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent PsychiatryDepartment of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Sophia Lustig
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent PsychiatryDepartment of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Sabrina Bonnet
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent PsychiatryDepartment of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyPhilipps‐University of MarburgMarburgGermany,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB)Philipps‐University of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Education Schwäbisch GmündSchwäbisch GmündGermany
| | | | - Rainer Thomasius
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and AdolescenceUniversity Hospital Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Center for Psychotherapy ResearchUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
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13
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Mit den Schulmodulen des „Mehrdimensionalen Angstinventars für Kinder und Jugendliche“ (MAI-KJ) können Angst und Freude spezifisch für schulische Leistungs- und Interaktionssituationen erfasst werden. Die vorliegende Studie überprüft die Faktorenstruktur, die psychometrischen Eigenschaften und die Validität. Für drei schulbezogene Situationen (eine Klassenarbeit schreiben, Zusammensein mit anderen im Pausenhof, etwas vor anderen präsentieren) werden Angst (mit Subskalen zu Aufgeregtheit und Besorgnis) und Freude erfasst. Die Analysen basieren vorwiegend auf zwei Stichproben von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 8 bis 19 Jahren der Klassenstufen 3 bis 10 (Stichprobe 1: N = 2594, Stichprobe 2: N = 7339). Die angenommene Faktorenstruktur konnte anhand explorativer und konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen bestätigt werden. Struktur und Messeigenschaften waren invariant gegenüber Geschlecht und Altersgruppe der Kinder. Die Reliabilitäten der Skalen fielen zufriedenstellend bis gut aus (Cronbachs α = .79 bis .93). Die Stabilitäten variierten für einen Zeitraum von im Mittel 3 Wochen zwischen r tt = .65 und .76. Hinweise auf die Validität konnten durch Korrelationen mit Fragebogenverfahren zur Diagnostik von Angst (z.B. Prüfungsangst, soziale Angst) wie auch Schulleistung ermittelt werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Eschenbeck
- Didaktik des naturwissenschaftlichen Sachunterrichts, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Heim-Dreger
- Didaktik des naturwissenschaftlichen Sachunterrichts, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Deutschland
| | - Michael Hock
- Institut für Psychologie, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
| | - Carl-Walter Kohlmann
- Didaktik des naturwissenschaftlichen Sachunterrichts, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn, Deutschland
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14
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Eschenbeck H, Heim-Dreger U, Kerkhoff D, Kohlmann CW, Lohaus A, Vierhaus M. The Coping Scales From the German Stress and Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The coping scales from the Stress and Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (SSKJ 3–8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Heßling, 2018 ) are subscales of a theoretically based and empirically validated self-report instrument for assessing, originally in the German language, the five strategies of seeking social support, problem solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, and anger-related emotion regulation. The present study examined factorial structure, measurement invariance, and internal consistency across five different language versions: English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Ukrainian. The original German version was compared to each language version separately. Participants were 5,271 children and adolescents recruited from primary and secondary schools from Germany ( n = 3,177), France ( n = 329), Russia ( n = 378), the Dominican Republic ( n = 243), Ukraine ( n = 437), and several English-speaking countries such as Australia, Great Britain, Ireland, and the USA (English-speaking sample: n = 707). For the five different language versions of the SSKJ 3–8 coping questionnaire, confirmatory factor analyses showed configural as well as metric and partial scalar invariance (French) or partial metric invariance (English, Russian, Spanish, Ukrainian). Internal consistency coefficients of the coping scales were also acceptable to good. Significance of the results was discussed with special emphasis on cross-cultural research on individual differences in coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Uwe Heim-Dreger
- Department of Psychology, University of Education, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Denise Kerkhoff
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | | | - Arnold Lohaus
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Germany
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15
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Hock M, Heim-Dreger U, Eschenbeck H, Kohlmann CW. Die Diagnostik von Angst und Depression mit dem Mehrdimensionalen Angstinventar für Kinder und Jugendliche (MAI-KJ). Diagnostica 2020. [DOI: 10.1026/0012-1924/a000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Das allgemeine Modul des „Mehrdimensionalen Angstinventars für Kinder und Jugendliche“ (MAI-KJ) dient der Messung von dispositioneller Angst (indiziert durch Aufgeregtheit und Besorgnis) und Depression (indiziert durch hohe Traurigkeit und niedrige Freude). Der Aufbau des Fragebogens wird vorgestellt. Überprüft werden Faktorenstruktur, psychometrische Eigenschaften und Validität des Verfahrens. Die Analysen basieren vorwiegend auf 2 Stichproben von Kindern und Jugendlichen der Klassenstufen 3 bis 10 (Stichprobe 1: N = 2 594, Stichprobe 2: N = 7 339). Die angenommene Struktur konnte mittels explorativer und konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen bestätigt werden. Struktur und Messeigenschaften des MAI-KJ waren weitgehend invariant gegenüber Geschlecht und Alter der Kinder. Die Reliabilitäten der Skalen fielen zufriedenstellend bis gut aus (Cronbachs α zwischen .70 und .88). Die Stabilitäten erwiesen sich als hoch (Korrelationen zwischen .61 und .76, Zeitabstand: 2 bis 4 Wochen). Zahlreiche Hinweise auf die Validität konnten durch Korrelationen mit Fragebogenverfahren zur Diagnostik von Angst und Depression gewonnen werden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Heim-Dreger
- Pädagogische Psychologie und Gesundheitspsychologie, Institut für Humanwissenschaften, Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Pädagogische Psychologie und Gesundheitspsychologie, Institut für Humanwissenschaften, Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd
| | - Carl-Walter Kohlmann
- Pädagogische Psychologie und Gesundheitspsychologie, Institut für Humanwissenschaften, Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd
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16
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Kaess M, Ritter S, Lustig S, Bauer S, Becker K, Eschenbeck H, Moessner M, Rummel-Kluge C, Salize HJ, Thomasius R, Resch F, Koenig J. Promoting Help-seeking using E-technology for ADolescents with mental health problems: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial within the ProHEAD Consortium. Trials 2019; 20:94. [PMID: 30704534 PMCID: PMC6357507 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highest incidence and prevalence of mental health problems across the lifespan as well as the first onset of most long-term mental health conditions are reported for youths between 14 and 25 years of age. At the same time, only 25% of adolescents with mental health problems receive professional treatment. One explanation for poor treatment access in youths is their low help-seeking behavior. Barriers that can keep children and adolescents (C&A) from seeking professional help include a lack of perceived need, structural barriers, or stigma. Interventions based on e-technology might present an effective approach, overcoming these barriers by reducing stigma and providing low-threshold access with enhanced reach, ultimately facilitating help-seeking for mental health problems among youths. METHODS The study is designed as a multi-center, randomized controlled trial. In total, an estimated number of n = 1,500 C&A with mental health problems, drawn from a school-based sample of n = 15,000 pupils attending school grades 6 to 13 (≥ 12 years of age), recruited in five regions of Germany, will be randomized either to an intervention (ProHEAD online) or a control condition. C&A in the intervention group will receive online access to tailored information and individual advice on where to seek professional help for their specific needs close to their place of living, case reports of and interaction with peers, as well as the opportunity for online and telephone counseling. C&A in the control intervention will receive a recommendation to seek help and online information on where to find professional help. All participants will be asked to complete questionnaires concerning their help-seeking behavior at baseline, during the intervention (monitoring), and also at a 1 and 2 year follow-up. The primary endpoint is the number of C&A seeking conventional face-to-face professional help in the real-world setting within 1 year after their initial screening. DISCUSSION The trial will investigate if an Internet-based intervention can increase professional help-seeking in C&A with mental health problems. With its randomized controlled design and large-scale school-based sampling, the study aims to overcome the shortages of previous research. The intervention has the potential to narrow the treatment gap in C&A and to ultimately improve the mental health care system. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00014685 . Registered on 7 July, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaess
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Stöckli, Bolligenstrasse 141c, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Ritter
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Lustig
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimerstr 54, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Sachs-Str. 6, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, 73525 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Markus Moessner
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimerstr 54, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Rummel-Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Salize
- Mental Health Services Research Group, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, W29, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz Resch
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Stöckli, Bolligenstrasse 141c, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
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17
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Diestelkamp S, Wartberg L, Kaess M, Bauer S, Rummel-Kluge C, Becker K, Eschenbeck H, Salize HJ, Moessner M, Baldus C, Arnaud N, Thomasius R. Effectiveness of a web-based screening and brief intervention with weekly text-message-initiated individualised prompts for reducing risky alcohol use among teenagers: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial within the ProHEAD consortium. Trials 2019; 20:73. [PMID: 30670102 PMCID: PMC6341631 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and excessive alcohol use is a significant threat to healthy development. Evidence supports the effectiveness of electronic alcohol interventions for young drinkers. However, effects are typically small and studies targeting under 18-year-olds are scarce. This trial is the first to evaluate the effectiveness of a single-session, brief, motivational, web-based intervention (ProWISE) plus weekly text-message-initiated individualised prompts (TIPs) in reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm among children and adolescents aged ≥ 12 years. TIPs are designed to decrease risky alcohol use by reaching youth in the contexts of their everyday lives and by providing individualised feedback on drinking intentions, actual drinking and succession in achieving personal goals for low-risk drinking or abstinence. METHODS/DESIGN The trial is part of the multicentre consortium ProHEAD testing e-interventions for mental health problems in children and adolescents. Participants in grades 6-13 aged ≥ 12 years will be recruited in schools which participate in ProHEAD (target N = 15,000). Main criterion for inclusion in the ProWISE-TIP trial is a positive screening for at-risk alcohol use in the CRAFFT-d questionnaire (target n = 1076). In a multicentre, four-arm, randomised controlled design the following groups will be compared: (A) web-based intervention plus TIPs for 12 weeks; (B) web-based intervention plus text-message-initiated assessment of alcohol consumption for 12 weeks; (C) web-based intervention only; and (D) alcohol-related psychoeducation. TIPs will be delivered shortly before and after high-risk situations for excessive alcohol use and will be tailored to age, gender, drinking motives and alcohol consumption. Study participants will be followed up at three, six and nine months in the ProWISE-TIP trial and at one and two years in the ProHEAD consortium. Primary outcome is alcohol use in the past 30 days at nine months after enrolment. Secondary outcomes are alcohol-related problems, co-occurring substance use, health service utilisation, mental health problems and quality of life. DISCUSSION Trial results will generate important evidence on how to enhance effectiveness of single-session, web-based alcohol interventions for youth. The ProWISE-TIP intervention, if effective, can be used as a stand-alone alcohol intervention or as an add-on to school-based or community-based alcohol prevention programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00014606 Registered on 20 April 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Diestelkamp
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, Martinistr. 52, W29, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Wartberg
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, Martinistr. 52, W29, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Blumenstraße 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, Stöckli, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Centre for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimer Straße 54, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Rummel-Kluge
- Clinic and Policlinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Sachs-Str. 6, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, 73525 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Salize
- Mental Health Services Research Group, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim /Heidelberg University, Germany, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Moessner
- Centre for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimer Straße 54, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Baldus
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, Martinistr. 52, W29, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Arnaud
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, Martinistr. 52, W29, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Thomasius
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, Martinistr. 52, W29, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Eschenbeck H, Lehner L, Hofmann H, Bauer S, Becker K, Diestelkamp S, Kaess M, Moessner M, Rummel-Kluge C, Salize HJ. School-based mental health promotion in children and adolescents with StresSOS using online or face-to-face interventions: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial within the ProHEAD Consortium. Trials 2019; 20:64. [PMID: 30658675 PMCID: PMC6339406 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schools are an ideal setting in which to promote health. However, empirical data on the effectiveness of school-based mental health promotion programs are rare, and research on universal Internet-based prevention in schools is almost non-existent. Following the life skills approach, stress management training is an important component of health promotion. Mental health literacy is also associated with mental health status, and it facilitates formal help-seeking by children and adolescents (C&A). The main objectives of this study are (1) the development and evaluation of an Internet-based version of a universal school-based health promotion program called StresSOS and (2) demonstrating non-inferiority of the online setting compared to the face-to-face setting. StresSOS aims to improve stress management and mental health literacy in C&A. METHODS/DESIGN A school-based sample of 15,000 C&A (grades 6-13 and older than 12 years) will be recruited in five regions of Germany within the ProHEAD Consortium. Those with a screening result at baseline indicating no mental health problems will be invited to participate in a randomized controlled trial comparing StresSOS online to an active online control condition (Study A). In addition, 420 adolescents recruited as a separate school-based sample will participate in the StresSOS face-to-face intervention. Participants in both intervention groups (online or face-to-face) will receive the same eight treatment modules to allow for the comparison of both methods of delivery (Study B). The primary outcome is the number of C&A with symptoms of mental health problems at a 12 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes are related to stress/coping (i.e., knowledge, symptoms of stress, coping resources), mental health literacy (knowledge and attitudes toward mental disorders and help-seeking), program usage patterns, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability of the intervention. DISCUSSION This study represents the first adequately powered non-inferiority trial in the area of school-based mental health promotion. If online StresSOS proves efficacious and non-inferior to face-to-face delivery, this offers great potential for health promotion in youths, both in and outside the school environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00014693 . Registered on 14 May 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, 73525 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Laya Lehner
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, 73525 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Hanna Hofmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, 73525 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimerstr. 54, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Marburg and Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Sachs-Str. 6, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Silke Diestelkamp
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, Martinistr. 52, W29, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Blumenstraße 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Stöckli, Bolligenstrasse 141c, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Markus Moessner
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimerstr. 54, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Rummel-Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Salize
- Mental Health Services Research Group, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Baldofski S, Kohls E, Bauer S, Becker K, Bilic S, Eschenbeck H, Kaess M, Moessner M, Salize HJ, Diestelkamp S, Voß E, Rummel-Kluge C. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two online interventions for children and adolescents at risk for depression (E.motion trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial within the ProHEAD consortium. Trials 2019; 20:53. [PMID: 30646944 PMCID: PMC6334409 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a serious mental health problem and is common in children and adolescents. Online interventions are promising in overcoming the widespread undertreatment of depression and in improving the help-seeking behavior in children and adolescents. METHODS The multicentre, randomized controlled E.motion trial is part of the German ProHEAD consortium (Promoting Help-seeking using E-technology for ADolescents). The objective of the trial is to investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two online interventions to reduce depressive symptomatology in high-risk children and adolescents with subsyndromal symptoms of depression in comparison to an active control group. Participants will be randomized to one of three conditions: (1) Intervention 1, a clinician-guided self-management program (iFightDepression®); (2) Intervention 2, a clinician-guided group chat intervention; and (3) Control intervention, a psycho-educational website on depressive symptoms. Interventions last six weeks. In total, N = 363 children and adolescents aged ≥ 12 years with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 modified for Adolescents (PHQ-A) scores in the range of 5-9 will be recruited at five study sites across Germany. Online questionnaires will be administered before onset of the intervention, at the end of the intervention, and at the six-month follow-up. Further, children and adolescents will participate in the baseline screening and the one- and two-year school-based follow-up assessments integrated in the ProHEAD consortium. The primary endpoint is depression symptomatology at the end of intervention as measured by the PHQ-A score. Secondary outcomes include depression symptomatology at all follow-ups, help-seeking attitudes, and actual face-to-face help-seeking, adherence to and satisfaction with the interventions, depression stigma, and utilization and cost of interventions. DISCUSSION This study represents the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two online interventions in children and adolescents aged ≥ 12 years at risk for depression. It aims to provide a better understanding of the help-seeking behavior of children and adolescents, potential benefits of E-mental health interventions for this age group, and new insights into so far understudied aspects of E-mental health programs, such as potential negative effects of online interventions. This knowledge will be used to tailor and improve future help offers and programs for children and adolescents and ways of treatment allocation. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Register for Clinical Trials (DRKS), DRKS00014668 . Registered on 4 May 2018. International trial registration took place through the "international clinical trials registry platform" with the secondary ID S-086/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Baldofski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kohls
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bauer
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Marburg and Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sally Bilic
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Moessner
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Salize
- Mental Health Services Research Group, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Silke Diestelkamp
- German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence (DZSKJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Voß
- Mental Health Services Research Group, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Rummel-Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Kohlmann CW, Eschenbeck H, Heim-Dreger U, Hock M, Platt T, Ruch W. Fear of Being Laughed at in Children and Adolescents: Exploring the Importance of Overweight, Underweight, and Teasing. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1447. [PMID: 30154751 PMCID: PMC6102344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight bias toward obese youths is often accompanied by the experience of psychological stress in those affected. Therefore, the fear of being laughed at (i.e., gelotophobia) in overweight children and adolescents can be rather serious. In four explorative studies, the importance of relative weight, self-awareness of weight (incl. satisfaction with weight), experiences of teasing and ridicule, as well as the role of social-evaluative situations in school were analyzed with regard to gelotophobia. In two online interviews of adults with pronounced gelotophobia (Study I: 102 English-speaking participants, Study II: 22 German-speaking participants) relating to reasons they assumed for their development of gelotophobia, there was evidence of injurious appearance-related experiences during childhood and adolescence. In Study III (75 Swiss adolescents) associations between the experience of weight-related teasing and mockery with overweight, self-perceptions of weight, and gelotophobia were analyzed. Especially in girls, overweight was associated with the experience of weight-related teasing and ridicule, which in turn was accompanied by gelotophobia. Study IV included 178 German adolescents who were asked to report their body image (“Do you think you are… too thin, just the right weight, or too fat?”). In addition, gelotophobia, teasing, BMI based on self-reports, and joy at school were measured. In particular, girls who felt too fat and boys who felt too thin reported teasing. Teasing was related to diminished joy at school and to gelotophobia. Among boys, underweight mediated by weight-related teasing contributed to gelotophobia. The results suggest that more research should be devoted to gelotophobia and the experience of weight-related teasing and mocking to better understand factors contributing to the well-being of children and adolescents with weight problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heike Eschenbeck
- Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Uwe Heim-Dreger
- Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Michael Hock
- Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Tracey Platt
- Institute of Sport and Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Willibald Ruch
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Eschenbeck H, Schmid S, Schröder I, Wasserfall N, Kohlmann CW. Development of Coping Strategies From Childhood to Adolescence. European Journal of Health Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Extensive research exists on coping in children and adolescents. However, developmental issues have only recently started to receive more attention. The present study examined age differences and developmental changes in six coping strategies (social support seeking, problem solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, anger-related emotion regulation, and media use) assessed by a coping questionnaire (German Stress and Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents, SSKJ 3–8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Heßling, 2006 ) in middle/late childhood and early adolescence. At the initial assessment, 917 children from grades 3 to 7 (age range 8–15 years) were included (cross-sectional sample). Three cohorts (grades 3–5 at baseline) were traced longitudinally over 1½ years with four assessments (longitudinal sample: n = 388). The cross-sectional coping data showed significant effects for grade level in four coping strategies. Older children scored higher in problem solving and media use, and lower in avoidant coping. Seventh graders scored lower than fourth and fifth graders in social support seeking. Longitudinal data confirmed time effects and cohort effects indicating developmental changes. Increases over time were found for problem solving and media use; decreases were found for avoidant coping and anger-related emotion regulation. For social support seeking, an increase within the youngest cohort (grades 3–5) was found. Developmental trends (in cross-sectional and longitudinal data), with especially strong increases for problem solving or declines in avoidant coping in the youngest cohort, differed for the two studied stressful situations (social, academic) but were independent of the child’s gender. To conclude, particularly in the age range of 9–11 years relevant developmental changes toward a more active coping seem to appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Steffen Schmid
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Ines Schröder
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Nicola Wasserfall
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. In Anlehnung an den Participant-Role-Ansatz ( Salmivalli, Lagerspetz, Björkqvist, Österman & Kaukiainen, 1996 ) wurde Bullying als Gruppenphänomen untersucht. Mittels Peer-Nominierung wurden an einer Stichprobe von 5 083 Sechst- und Neuntklässler_innen folgende Rollen identifiziert: Pro-Bullying-Akteure, Opfer, Verteidiger, Außenstehende und Bully-Opfer. Rund 55 % der Schülerinnen und Schüler konnte eine dieser Rollen zugeordnet werden. Es zeigt sich, dass der Anteil der Pro-Bullying-Akteure in den 9. Klassen geringer als in den 6. Klassen ist, nicht aber der Anteil der Opfer. Auch Verteidiger sind in Stufe 9 seltener zu finden. Die Gruppe der Pro-Bullying-Akteure besteht größtenteils aus Jungen, wohingegen die Verteidiger überwiegend weiblich sind. Pro-Bullying-Akteure zeichnen sich des Weiteren durch einen kontroversen Status im Klassenverband und schlechte Schulleistungen aus. Opfer haben einen geringen sozialen Status und durchschnittliche Zeugnisnoten. Verteidiger erweisen sich als äußerst beliebt und leistungsstark.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Udo Käser
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
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Eschenbeck H, Gillé V, Heim-Dreger U, Schock A, Schott A. Daily Stress, Hearing-Specific Stress and Coping: Self-reports from Deaf or Hard of Hearing Children and Children With Auditory Processing Disorder. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2017; 22:49-58. [PMID: 27605601 DOI: 10.1093/deafed/enw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated stressors and coping strategies in 70 children who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) or with auditory processing disorder (APD) attending Grades 5 and 6 of a school for deaf and hard-of-hearing children. Everyday general stressors and more hearing-specific stressors were examined in a hearing-specific modified stress and coping questionnaire. Reports were compared with normative data for hearing children. Regarding everyday general stressors, stress levels for children who are D/HH or with APD did not differ from those of hearing children. Within children with hearing problems, everyday stressors were experienced as more stressful than hearing-specific stressors. For coping strategies, differences between children with hearing problems (D/HH, APD) and hearing children were shown (i.e., problem solving, anger-related emotion regulation). Girls scored higher in seeking social support whereas boys reported higher amounts of media use as a way of coping. Differences regarding stress and coping between children who are D/HH and children with APD were minor; D/HH children reported more social support seeking. Implications for assessment and resource promotion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Gillé
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd and
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Eschenbeck H. Umgang mit Stress in der klinisch-therapeutischen Praxis. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie 2016. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Eschenbeck H, Heim-Dreger U, Steinhilber A, Kohlmann CW. Self-regulation of healthy nutrition: automatic and controlled processes. BMC Psychol 2016; 4:4. [PMID: 26832930 PMCID: PMC4736102 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-016-0108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-regulatory behaviour refers to both controlled and automatic processes. When people are distracted, automatic over controlled processes prevail. This was analysed with regard to nutritional behaviour (food choices, beverage intake) in situations of low or high distraction. Methods A self-concept Implicit Association Test (IAT) was adapted to assess the implicit associations of self (vs. other) with healthy (vs. unhealthy) food. Explicit preferences for healthy and unhealthy food and the diet’s healthiness were measured by self-report. Both implicit and explicit measures were used as predictors of nutritional behaviour. Among 90 undergraduates, the choice of fruit versus snack in a food choice task (low distraction) and the amount of mineral water and soft drinks consumed in a taste comparison task to cover liquid intake (high distraction) were observed. Results In the low distraction situation, food choice was predicted solely by explicit measures. Fruits were chosen less, when unhealthy foods were explicitly liked. In the high distraction situation, mineral water intake was predicted solely by the IAT. Participants implicitly associating themselves with healthy foods drank more mineral water than those implicitly associating themselves with unhealthy foods. Conclusions Nutritional behaviour is influenced by both automatic and controlled processes depending on the available capacity for self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, D-73525, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany.
| | - Uwe Heim-Dreger
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, D-73525, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Amina Steinhilber
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, D-73525, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Carl-Walter Kohlmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Oberbettringer Str. 200, D-73525, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
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Schmid S, Wasserfall N, Schröder I, Eschenbeck H, Worth A, Kohlmann CW. Stress und Wohlbefinden von Kindern in der Grundschule. Was bewirkt der Wechsel von der verbindlichen Grundschulempfehlung zum beratenden Elterngespräch? Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht 2015. [DOI: 10.2378/peu2015.art12d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Eschenbeck H, Heim-Dreger U, Tasdaban E, Lohaus A, Kohlmann CW. A Turkish Adaptation of the Coping Scales From the German Stress and Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2012. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study develops and validates a Turkish adaptation of the coping scales from the German Stress and Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (SSKJ 3–8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Heßling, 2006 ). In a Turkish sample of 473 children and adolescents from grades 4 to 8 (220 girls, 253 boys, age range: 9–15 years), the factor structure of the original German version was confirmed for the six subscales: seeking social support, problem solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, anger-related emotion regulation, and media use. All six subscales showed good internal consistency. Correlations between these subscales and indicators of psychological adjustment as well as replication of gender differences for the subscales also demonstrated high correspondence between the original German version of the SSKJ 3–8 coping scales and the Turkish adaptation.
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Fuchs T, Eschenbeck H, Krug S, Schlaud M, Kohlmann CW. Perception makes the difference: the association of actual and perceived weight status with self-reported and parent-reported personal resources and well-being in adolescents. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2012; 4:321-40. [PMID: 23081766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-0854.2012.01077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study analyzed associations between actual weight status and weight perceptions with personal resources, physical and psychological health, as well as physical performance among adolescents (N = 5,518; age: 11-17 years). Analyses are based on data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Self-report measures, parental reports, as well as objective test data were considered. Results indicate that weight perceptions, rather than actual weight status, were associated with personal resources, health, and perceived physical performance. Comparing groups, we found that adolescents who felt they had "just the right weight" achieved more favourable results than those who perceived themselves as "too fat", regardless of their actual weight status. However, actual physical performance was predicted better by actual weight status. Furthermore, weight perceptions were found to mediate the link between actual weight status and all the assessed outcomes (personal resources, health, and physical performance). With respect to self-reports, the mediational effect was consistently stronger for girls, whereas the reverse was true regarding physical performance. Parental reports were not moderated by sex. Findings provide further evidence that among overweight adolescents there are subgroups that differ significantly with regard to risks and resources. Implications for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Fuchs
- University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany University of Education Weingarten, Germany Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. In dem Beitrag wird über die Erweiterung des Fragebogens zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter (SSKJ 3-8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann & Klein-Heßling, 2006 ) um die Bewältigungsskala Mediennutzung berichtet. An einer Schülerstichprobe (N = 1086, 50% Mädchen, Klassenstufen 2–8) wurden die fünf Skalen zur Erhebung des Bewältigungsverhaltens (Suche nach sozialer Unterstützung, problemorientierte Bewältigung, vermeidende Bewältigung, konstruktiv-palliative Emotionsregulation und destruktiv-ärgerbezogene Emotionsregulation) sowie zusätzlich Mediennutzung als Bewältigungsstrategie erfasst. Mithilfe von Hauptkomponentenanalysen und konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen konnte die sechsfaktorielle Skalenstruktur bestätigt werden. Korrelationen mit den Variablen Alter, Medienkonsum und Stresssymptomatik liefern Hinweise auf die Validität der neuen Subskala Mediennutzung.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Dieser Artikel liefert einen Überblick über Befunde zu situativen und personalen Einflussfaktoren auf die Bewältigung alltäglicher Anforderungen von klinisch unauffälligen Kindern und Jugendlichen. Hierzu wurden insgesamt 28 Studien aufgenommen. Mit dem Ziel einer ersten Bestandsaufnahme wird die Frage beantwortet, welchen Einfluss die Faktoren Belastungssituation, Alter und Geschlecht auf das Bewältigungsverhalten der Kinder und Jungendlichen zeigen. Ausgehend vom dargestellten Forschungsstand werden Empfehlungen für zukünftige Studien abgeleitet und Perspektiven für die Gesundheitspsychologie aufgezeigt.
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Meier S, Kohlmann CW, Eschenbeck H, Gross C. Coping in Children and Adolescents with Obesity: The Costs and Benefits of Realistic versus Unrealistic Weight Evaluations. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Eschenbeck H, Kohlmann CW, Dudey S, Schurholz T. Physician-diagnosed obesity in German 6- to 14-year-olds. Prevalence and comorbidity of internalising disorders, externalising disorders, and sleep disorders. Obes Facts 2009; 2:67-73. [PMID: 20054208 PMCID: PMC6444606 DOI: 10.1159/000209987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyses whether children with obesity have an increased risk of internalising disorders, externalising disorders, and sleep disorders compared to children without physician-diagnosed obesity. METHOD The study included 156,948 children aged between 6 and 14 years. We analysed data of a German national health insurance company concerning the rates of the physician-diagnosed ICD-10 disorders of obesity and psychiatric disorders. RESULTS Greater odds for externalising disorders (odds ratio (OR) = 1.64), internalising disorders (OR = 2.00), sleep disorders (OR = 1.87), and a stay in hospital (OR = 1.44) were found among children with physician-diagnosed obesity compared to children without physician-diagnosed obesity. The increased ORs were higher in girls with obesity compared to boys with obesity for externalising disorders (OR = 1.91 vs. 1.52) and internalising disorders (especially anxiety, OR = 2.15 vs. 1.43). According to age group, the increased OR was highest in young adolescents (12- to 14-year-olds) with obesity compared to younger children with obesity for internalising disorders (especially anxiety, OR = 2.32 vs. 1.59 and 1.43). CONCLUSION For obesity prevention and obesity intervention, it is important to understand comorbid health problems as well as potential interindividual influence factors (such as gender or age), both of which should be a focus in respective programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Eschenbeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwabisch Gmund, Germany.
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Eschenbeck H, Kohlmann CW, Deiß S, Hübner I, Hermanns N. Stress, Stressbewältigung und Blutzuckereinstellung von Jugendlichen mit Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1026/0943-8149.15.3.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Untersucht wurden Stresssituationen, Strategien der Bewältigung und Blutzuckereinstellung von 53 Jugendlichen mit Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus (Alter 12-17 Jahre). Dabei wurden sowohl krankheitsspezifische Situationen als auch Alltagsstressoren betrachtet. Die erkrankten Jugendlichen bearbeiteten eine diabetesspezifisch erweiterte Version des “Fragebogen zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter“ (SSKJ 3-8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann & Klein-Heßling, 2006 ). Die Diabetessituationen wurden nicht per se belastender erlebt als die Alltagsstressoren. Mädchen berichteten häufiger über Suche nach sozialer Unterstützung sowie problemorientierte Bewältigung, Jungen dagegen über vermeidende Bewältigung. Eine diabetesbezogene vermeidende Bewältigung war bei Mädchen mit ungünstigeren mittleren Blutzuckerwerten der letzten drei Monate (HbA1c) assoziiert. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf diagnostische sowie gesundheitspsychologische Implikationen diskutiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Eschenbeck
- Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd, Institut für Humanwissenschaften - Psychologie
| | - Carl-Walter Kohlmann
- Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd, Institut für Humanwissenschaften - Psychologie
| | - Susanne Deiß
- Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd, Institut für Humanwissenschaften - Psychologie
| | - Isabel Hübner
- Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd, Institut für Humanwissenschaften - Psychologie
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Abstract
Abstract. The present study focuses on gender effects and interactions between gender, type of stressful situation, and age-group in coping strategies in childhood and adolescence. The sample consisted of N = 1990 children and adolescents (957 boys, 1033 girls; grade levels 3-8). Participants responded to a coping questionnaire (Fragebogen zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter, SSKJ 3-8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Heßling, 2006 ) with the five subscales: seeking social support, problem solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, and anger-related emotion regulation. Repeated measures ANOVAs with Gender and Grade Level as the between-subject factors and Situation (social, academic) as the within-subject factor were performed separately for each of the subscales. In general, girls scored higher in seeking social support and problem solving, whereas boys scored higher in avoidant coping. These three main effects were further modified by significant Gender × Situation interactions and for both seeking social support and avoidant coping by significant Gender × Situation × Grade Level interactions. Compared to the academic situation (homework), gender differences were more pronounced for the social situation (argument with a friend), especially in adolescence. The results are discussed with respect to a gender-specific development of coping strategies.
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Abstract
The authors examined the processing of threat-related information in childhood anxiety with the emotional Stroop task and the dot probe task. In study 1, a nonclinical sample of 112 pupils (mean age = 9 years) performed pictorial versions of both tasks. For each task, an index indicating a bias for threat processing was computed. Positive correlations were found between these indices and anxiety. When compared with the original emotional Stroop index, the absolute value of the emotional Stroop index was a better predictor of anxiety. It was possible to replicate this result in study 2 with 80 pupils (mean age = 8.6 years). Results are discussed with regard to vigilance and avoidance as basic mechanisms underlying performance on the tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Heim-Dreger
- Department of Psychology, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany.
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Eschenbeck H, Kohlmann CW, Lohaus A, Klein-Heßling J. Die Diagnostik von Stressbewältigung mit dem “Fragebogen zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter“ (SSKJ 3-8). Diagnostica 2006. [DOI: 10.1026/0012-1924.52.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird über die faktorielle und psychometrische Prüfung eines revidierten Fragebogens (SSKJ 3-8) zur Erfassung von Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter berichtet. Aspekte der Stressbewältigung werden mit fünf Subskalen erfasst (Suche nach sozialer Unterstützung, problemorientierte Bewältigung, vermeidende Bewältigung, konstruktiv-palliative Emotionsregulation und destruktiv-ärgerbezogene Emotionsregulation). Die Studien beruhen auf einer Gesamtstichprobe von insgesamt 1991 Kindern und Jugendlichen der Klassenstufen 3 bis 8. Die Ergebnisse zeigen gute bis befriedigende Reliabilitäten (interne Konsistenzen, Retest). Die Skalenstruktur konnte mit Hilfe von exploratorischen und konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen bestätigt werden. Zahlreiche Hinweise auf die Validität konnten durch Korrelationen mit Außenkriterien (Stressbewältigungs-, Persönlichkeits-, gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualitätsvariablen) ermittelt werden.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Untersucht wurde die Bedeutung der Einflussfaktoren Geschlechtszugehörigkeit und problemorientierte Stressbewältigung für das Ernährungsverhalten von Grundschulkindern. Dabei wurde das Ernährungsverhalten multimethodal mit Selbsteinschätzung, Verhaltensbeobachtung und Ernährungsprotokoll erhoben. 196 Kinder der Klassenstufen 3 und 4 im Alter zwischen 7 und 12 Jahren nahmen an der Studie teil. Die Ergebnisse zeigten deutliche Zusammenhänge sowohl zwischen der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit und den Gesundheitsverhaltensweisen als auch zwischen einer problemorientierten Stressbewältigung und gesundheitsbezogenem Verhalten: Mädchen zeigten verglichen mit Jungen das günstigere gesundheitsbezogene Verhalten. Eine problemorientierte Bewältigung ging mit einem gesünderen Verhalten einher. Dabei blieb dieser Zusammenhang auch nach Kontrolle potentieller Einflussparameter (z.B. Geschlecht, Klassenstufe, selbstberichtetes Gesundheitsverhalten) substantiell.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Untersucht wurden Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Stressbewältigung von Grundschulkindern. 132 Kinder der Klassenstufen 2 bis 4 (Alter 7-12 Jahre) bearbeiteten den Teil Stressbewältigung des “Fragebogens zur Erhebung von Stresserleben und Stressbewältigung im Kindesalter“ (SSK; Lohaus, Fleer, Freytag & Klein-Heßling, 1996 ) mit den Skalen Suche nach sozialer Unterstützung, problemlösendes Handeln und emotionsregulierende Aktivitäten. Varianzanalysen wurden sowohl auf Skalenebene mit den Faktoren Geschlecht, Klassenstufe, Situation (Streit mit Freund, Hausaufgaben) und der Kovariate Alter als auch auf der Ebene der zugrundeliegenden Substrategien mit den Faktoren Geschlecht, Klassenstufe und Substrategien (8 Stufen) und der Kovariate Alter durchgeführt. Auf Skalenebene berichteten bereits ab der zweiten Klasse Mädchen häufiger als Jungen über Suche nach sozialer Unterstützung sowie problemlösendes Handeln. Für emotionsregulierende Aktivitäten zeigten sich keine Effekte. Auf der Ebene der Substrategien ergaben sich jedoch auch für diese Skala bedeutsame Geschlechtsunterschiede: Mädchen berichteten häufiger über “traurig werden und weinen“, Jungen dagegen über “wütend werden und etwas kaputt machen“ sowie “laut vor sich hinfluchen“. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der Skaleneigenschaften sowie gesundheitspsychologischer Implikationen diskutiert.
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