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Sharma V, Makhdoomi M, Singh L, Kumar P, Khan N, Singh S, Verma HN, Luthra K, Sarkar S, Kumar D. Trehalose limits opportunistic mycobacterial survival during HIV co-infection by reversing HIV-mediated autophagy block. Autophagy 2021; 17:476-495. [PMID: 32079455 PMCID: PMC7610453 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic bacterial infections amongst HIV-infected individuals contribute significantly to HIV-associated mortality. The role of HIV-mediated modulation of innate mechanisms like autophagy in promoting opportunistic infections, however, remains obscure. Here we show, HIV reactivation in or infection of macrophages inhibits autophagy and helps the survival of pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nonpathogenic non-tuberculous mycobacterial strains (NTMs). The HIV-mediated impairment of xenophagy flux facilitated bacterial survival. Activation of autophagy by trehalose could induce xenophagy flux and kill intracellular Mtb or NTMs either during single or co-infections. Trehalose, we delineate, activates PIKFYVE leading to TFEB nuclear translocation in MCOLN1-dependent manner to induce autophagy. Remarkably, trehalose significantly reduced HIV-p24 levels in ex-vivo-infected PBMCs or PBMCs from treatment-naive HIV patients and also controlled mycobacterial survival within Mtb-infected animals. To conclude, we report leveraging of HIV-mediated perturbed host innate-immunity by opportunistic bacterial pathogens and show an attractive therapeutic strategy for HIV and associated co-morbidities.Abbreviations: AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CFU: colony forming unit; CTSD: cathepsin D; CD63: CD63 molecule; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; FRET: Förster resonance energy transfer; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUT: glucose transporter; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; hMDMs: human monocyte derived macrophages; IL2: interleukin 2; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3B-II: lipidated microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor; NAC: N- acetyl- L -cysteine; NTM's: non-tuberculous mycobacteria; PBMC: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells; PIKFYVE: phosphoinositide kinase; FYVE-Type Zinc Finger; PHA: phytohemagglutinin; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PtdIns(3,5)P2: Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate; ptfLC3: pEGFP-mRFP-LC3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1: sequestosome1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin 1; PIP4P1/TMEM55B: Human trans-membrane Protein 55B; UVRAG: UV Radiation Resistance Associate; VPS35: vacuolar protein sorting associated protein 35; WDR45: WD repeat domain 45; YCAM: Yellow Chameleon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Muzamil Makhdoomi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshyaveer Singh
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nabab Khan
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarman Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - H N Verma
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Purpose Suddenly, many cases of fever with jaundice were reported from Sodala area at Jaipur. This outbreak of acute hepatitis at Jaipur Rajasthan was investigated for aetiology and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. Methods Blood samples were collected from 106 symptomatic patients of acute hepatitis and 39 pregnant females (with or without symptoms of hepatitis) during an outbreak at Jaipur. The samples were tested for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) by serological and molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]). Sequencing of nested PCR product was done for phylogenetic analysis. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs antigen), anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), anti-Leptospira and anti-scrub typhus IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was done for patients negative for HEV and HAV. Results Among 106 symptomatic patients, HEV IgM was positive in 84/106 (79.2%) patients and HEV RNA in 72/106 (67.9%) patients. Among pregnant women, 6/39 (15.4%) were HEV IgM positive and 5/39 (12.8%) for HEV RNA. One (2.5%) pregnant woman died due to hepatitis. All the isolates belonged to genotype 1A of HEV. All HAV, HEV-negative samples were negative for HBs antigen, HCV antibody, Leptospira and scrub typhus IgM ELISA. Conclusion The outbreak was due to HEV genotype 1A. The municipal water supply was contaminated and sanitary conditions and waste disposal were poor in the area. Boiling of drinking water, fixing the water supply pipes and frequent hand washing helped in controlling the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Farah Deba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SMS Medical College; Department of Microbiology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Khushbu Trivedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jitendra Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur; Government Medical College, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aradhana Chouhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- State Microbiologist IDSP, Directorate of Medical and Health, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepa Meena
- State Microbiologist IDSP, Directorate of Medical and Health, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - H N Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Chawla M, Mishra S, Anand K, Parikh P, Mehta M, Vij M, Verma T, Singh P, Jakkala K, Verma HN, AjitKumar P, Ganguli M, Narain Seshasayee AS, Singh A. Redox-dependent condensation of the mycobacterial nucleoid by WhiB4. Redox Biol 2018; 19:116-133. [PMID: 30149290 PMCID: PMC6111044 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress response in bacteria is mediated through coordination between the regulators of oxidant-remediation systems (e.g. OxyR, SoxR) and nucleoid condensation (e.g. Dps, Fis). However, these genetic factors are either absent or rendered non-functional in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Therefore, how Mtb organizes genome architecture and regulates gene expression to counterbalance oxidative imbalance is unknown. Here, we report that an intracellular redox-sensor, WhiB4, dynamically links genome condensation and oxidative stress response in Mtb. Disruption of WhiB4 affects the expression of genes involved in maintaining redox homeostasis, central metabolism, and respiration under oxidative stress. Notably, disulfide-linked oligomerization of WhiB4 in response to oxidative stress activates the protein’s ability to condense DNA. Further, overexpression of WhiB4 led to hypercondensation of nucleoids, redox imbalance and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, whereas WhiB4 disruption reversed this effect. In accordance with the findings in vitro, ChIP-Seq data demonstrated non-specific binding of WhiB4 to GC-rich regions of the Mtb genome. Lastly, data indicate that WhiB4 deletion affected the expression of ~ 30% of genes preferentially bound by the protein, suggesting both direct and indirect effects on gene expression. We propose that WhiB4 structurally couples Mtb’s response to oxidative stress with genome organization and transcription. Genome condensation is involved in the management of oxidative stress in bacteria. A relation between the genome condensation and oxidative stress is unclear in Mtb. A redox sensor WhiB4 calibrates genome-condensation and antioxidants in Mtb. Over-expression of WhiB4 hyper-condensed genome and induced killing by oxidants. WhiB4 deficiency delayed genome condensation and promoted oxidative stress survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manbeena Chawla
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saurabh Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kushi Anand
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pankti Parikh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mansi Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Manika Vij
- Department of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Taru Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering (BSSE), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Parul Singh
- National Centre for Biological Science, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kishor Jakkala
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - H N Verma
- Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Parthasarathi AjitKumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- Department of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | | | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Malhotra B, Kanwar A, Reddy PVJ, Chauhan A, Tiwari J, Bhargava S, Verma HN. Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus from children hospitalized at a tertiary care centre in northwest India. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:507-512. [PMID: 30082576 PMCID: PMC6094522 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1910_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of childhood hepatitis, prevalent worldwide. HAV is classified into seven genotypes I-VII; genotypes III and I are the most common among humans. The present work was carried out to identify the genotypes prevalent in children suspected to have acute viral hepatitis (AVH), hospitalized at a tertiary care centre in northwest India. Methods: A total of 1269 blood samples from children (0-15 yr of age) clinically suspected of viral hepatitis were screened for anti-HAV IgM. Acute phase serum was processed for RNA extraction and amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing of representative samples. Results: Among the 1269 samples tested, 642 (50.59%) were positive for anti-HAV IgM; among the positive samples, 171 patients having a history of less than seven days were tested by PCR, of whom 141 (82.45%) were found to be PCR positive. Nucleotide sequencing of a representative 44 samples showed high homology; all the samples were found to be of genotype IIIA. Interpretation & conclusions: Hepatitis A was prevalent during July to September and in predominantly children less than five years age. Only genotype IIIA was detected in all the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Malhotra
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Anu Kanwar
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - P V Janardhan Reddy
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Aradhana Chauhan
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Jitendra Tiwari
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Shipra Bhargava
- Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - H N Verma
- School of Life & Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
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Chauhan P, Verma HN, Sisodia R, Kesari KK. Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:20-30. [PMID: 27362544 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2016.1144063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Man-made microwave and radiofrequency (RF) radiation technologies have been steadily increasing with the growing demand of electronic appliances such as microwave oven and cell phones. These appliances affect biological systems by increasing free radicals, thus leading to oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on histology and the level of lipid peroxide (LPO) in Wistar rats. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats with 180 ± 10 g body weight were used for this study. Animals were divided into two groups: sham exposed (control) and microwave exposed. These animals were exposed for 2 h a day for 35 d to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (power density, 0.2 mW/cm2). The whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) was estimated to be 0.14 W/kg. After completion of the exposure period, rats were sacrificed, and brain, liver, kidney, testis and spleen were stored/preserved for determination of LPO and histological parameters. Significantly high level of LPO was observed in the liver (p < 0.001), brain (p < 0.004) and spleen (p < 0.006) in samples from rats exposed to microwave radiation. Also histological changes were observed in the brain, liver, testis, kidney and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure, compared to the control group. Based on the results obtained in this study, we conclude that exposure to microwave radiation 2 h a day for 35 d can potentially cause histopathology and oxidative changes in Wistar rats. These results indicate possible implications of such exposure on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Chauhan
- a Department of Engineering and Technology , Jaipur National University , Jaipur , India
| | - H N Verma
- a Department of Engineering and Technology , Jaipur National University , Jaipur , India
| | - Rashmi Sisodia
- b Department of Zoology , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur , India
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- a Department of Engineering and Technology , Jaipur National University , Jaipur , India.,c Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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Kumar A, Solanki V, Verma HN, Mandal B. Characterisation and diagnosis of frangipani mosaic virus from India. Virus Genes 2015; 51:310-4. [PMID: 26239043 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Frangipani mosaic virus (FrMV) is known to infect frangipani tree (Plumeria rubra f. acutifolia) in India but the virus has not been characterized at genomic level and diagnosis is not available. In the present study, an isolate of FrMV (FrMV-Ind-1) showing greenish mosaic and vein-banding symptoms in P. rubra f. acutifolia in New Delhi was characterized based on host reactions, serology and genome sequence. The virus isolate induced local symptoms on several new experimental host species: Capsicum annuum (chilli), Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum and S. melongena. N. benthamiana could be used as an efficient propagation host as it developed systemic mottle mosaic symptoms all round the year. The genome of FrMV-Ind-1 was 6643 (JN555602) nucleotides long with genome organization similar to tobamoviruses. The Indian isolate of FrMV shared a very close genome sequence identity (98.3 %) with the lone isolate of FrMV-P from Australia. FrMV-Ind-1 together with FrMV-P formed a new phylogenetic group i.e. Apocynaceae-infecting tobamovirus. The polyclonal antiserum generated through the purified virus preparation was successfully utilized to detect the virus in field samples of frangipani by ELISA. Of the eight different tobamoviruses tested, FrMV-Ind-1 shared distant serological relationships with only cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, bell pepper mottle virus and kyuri green mottle mosaic virus. RT-PCR based on coat protein gene primer successfully detected the virus in frangipani plants. This study is the first comprehensive description of FrMV occurring in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Vikas Solanki
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - H N Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Srivastava S, Verma HN, Srivastava A, Prasad V. BDP-30, a systemic resistance inducer from Boerhaavia diffusa L., suppresses TMV infection, and displays homology with ribosome-inactivating proteins. J Biosci 2015; 40:125-35. [PMID: 25740147 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Root extract of Boerhaavia diffusa L. induced systemic resistance in tobacco against Tobacco mosaic virus. A 30 kDa protein was isolated as the active component, called BDP-30 on the basis of the molecular weight and source plant. BDP-30, a glycoprotein, was found to be temperature and protease resistant. It was basic, possessing a pI greater than 9.0. In-gel proteolytic digestion of BDP-30 generated two peptides that possessed the amino acid sequence KLYDIPPLR and KVTLPYSGNYER by LC/MS/MS. Both peptides shared absolute sequence identity with trichosanthin, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Trichosanthes kirilowii, and a 78 percent and 100 percent homology respectively with an RIP from Bryonia dioica, bryodin. Further, effort was made to look at the fate of TMV in induced resistant Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi, a systemic host of the virus, at specified days after inoculation in control and treated plants. TMV coat protein (CP) was detected by immunoblot 7 days post inoculation up to 21 days in the control set, but not in treated resistant plants. TMV RNA was detected by RT-PCR using TMV-CP specific primers. Resistant tobacco did not show presence of TMV RNA up to 21 days of inoculation. This suggests that BDP-30 may be suppressing TMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Srivastava
- Molecular Plant Virology Lab, Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow 226 007, India
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Kanakala S, Verma HN, Vijay P, Saxena DR, Malathi VG. Response of chickpea genotypes to Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) genome and identification of resistance source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9491-501. [PMID: 23955474 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chickpea stunt disease caused by Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) (genus Mastrevirus, family Geminiviridae) is the most important biotic stress affecting chickpea crops worldwide. A survey conducted on the incidence of stunt disease clearly revealed high incidence of the disease with severe symptom expression in both indigenous and imported genotypes. To manage the disease in a sustainable way, resistant genotypes need to be bred by adopting objective and precise assessment of the disease response of chickpea genotypes. At present, evaluation of CpCDV resistance is conducted on the basis of natural infection in the field, which is bound to be erroneous due to vagaries in vector population. To circumvent the above problems, we devised an agroinoculation technique that involves the delivery of viral genomic DNA through Agrobacterium tumefaciens. An objective scoring system assigning quantitative value to different symptoms has been evolved to assess the response of chickpea genotypes to CpCDV inoculation. Using the inoculation and scoring techniques, we screened 70 genotypes, which helped in differentiating field resistance that is more due to resistance to vector feeding than resistance to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanakala
- Division of Plant Pathology, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Kesari KK, Siddiqui MH, Meena R, Verma HN, Kumar S. Cell phone radiation exposure on brain and associated biological systems. Indian J Exp Biol 2013; 51:187-200. [PMID: 23678539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Wireless technologies are ubiquitous today and the mobile phones are one of the prodigious output of this technology. Although the familiarization and dependency of mobile phones is growing at an alarming pace, the biological effects due to the exposure of radiations have become a subject of intense debate. The present evidence on mobile phone radiation exposure is based on scientific research and public policy initiative to give an overview of what is known of biological effects that occur at radiofrequency (RF)/ electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure. The conflict in conclusions is mainly because of difficulty in controlling the affecting parameters. Biological effects are dependent not only on the distance and size of the object (with respect to the object) but also on the environmental parameters. Health endpoints reported to be associated with RF include childhood leukemia, brain tumors, genotoxic effects, neurological effects and neurodegenerative diseases, immune system deregulation, allergic and inflammatory responses, infertility and some cardiovascular effects. Most of the reports conclude a reasonable suspicion of mobile phone risk that exists based on clear evidence of bio-effects which with prolonged exposures may reasonably be presumed to result in health impacts. The present study summarizes the public issue based on mobile phone radiation exposure and their biological effects. This review concludes that the regular and long term use of microwave devices (mobile phone, microwave oven) at domestic level can have negative impact upon biological system especially on brain. It also suggests that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role by enhancing the effect of microwave radiations which may cause neurodegenerative diseases.
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Jamwal S, Midha MK, Verma HN, Basu A, Rao KVS, Manivel V. Characterizing virulence-specific perturbations in the mitochondrial function of macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1328. [PMID: 23435464 PMCID: PMC3580321 DOI: 10.1038/srep01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To probe how the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis controls host cellular death pathways, we compared mitochondrial responses in human macrophages infected either with the avirulent mycobacterial strain H37Ra, or its virulent counterpart H37Rv. Following H37Ra infection, induction of the apoptotic response was foreshadowed by the early suppression of stress-induced mitochondrial activity. In contrast, mitochondria in H37Rv-infected cells displayed robust activity with increased membrane potential and ATP synthesis. An examination of the mitochondrial proteome revealed that attenuation of mitochondrial function was also coupled with the vigorous activation of bactericidal mechanisms in H37Ra-infected cells. In contrast, augmentation of mitochondrial activity by H37Rv enabled manipulation of host cellular mechanisms to inhibit apoptosis on the one hand, while ensuring fortification against anti-microbial pathways on the other. These results thus provide novel insights into the molecular interplay that facilitates adaptation of virulent mycobacteria within the hostile intracellular milieu of the host macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Jamwal
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi – 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur – 302025, India
| | - Mukul Kumar Midha
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi – 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur – 302025, India
| | | | - Atanu Basu
- National Institute of Virology, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune – 411001, India
| | - Kanury V. S. Rao
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi – 110067, India
| | - Venkatasamy Manivel
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi – 110067, India
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Srivastava A, Gupta RK, Verma HN. Micropropagation of Clerodendrum aculeatum through adventitious shoot induction and production of consistent amount of virus resistance inducing protein. Indian J Exp Biol 2004; 42:1200-7. [PMID: 15623231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapid micropropagation through adventitious shoot induction from in vitro raised leaf explants of Clerodendrum aculeatum (Verbenaceae), was successfully achieved for the first time. Basal portion of the leaves showed highest regeneration potential when grown on MS medium supplemented with BA (5.0 mg/l) and NAA and IBA (0.5 mg/l of each). Shoots after elongation in growth regulator-free medium, were rooted in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l of NAA and IBA. Aqueous leaf extract of in vitro raised plants, induced high degree of resistance against viruses in susceptible healthy hosts when applied prior to virus inoculation. Upon purification from leaves of cultured plants, the resistance inducing protein, showed molecular mass of 34 kDa. Amount of resistance inducing protein obtained from leaves of cultured plants, was consistent throughout the year, as compared to the protein isolated from leaves of field grown plants, which showed marked seasonal fluctuation. The purified 34 kDa protein from in vitro raised plants, was serologically related to field grown plants and possessed similar characteristics. The micropropagated plants were successfully established in earthen pots under greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Srivastava
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow 226 007, India
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Ratti N, Kumar S, Verma HN, Gautam SP. Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to Cymbopogon martinii var. motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. Microbiol Res 2002; 156:145-9. [PMID: 11572454 DOI: 10.1078/0944-5013-00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interactive effects of phosphate solubilizing bacteria, N2 fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were studied in a low phosphate alkaline soil amended with tricalcium insoluble source of inorganic phosphate on the growth of an aromatic grass palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). The microbial inocula consisted of the AM fungus Glomus aggregatum, phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria Bacillus polymyxa and N2 fixing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense. These rhizobacteria behaved as "mycorrhiza helper" and enhanced root colonization by G. aggregatum in presence of tricalcium phosphate at the rate of 200 mg kg(-1) soil (P1 level). Dual inoculation of G. aggregatum and B. polymyxa yielded 21.5 g plant dry weight (biomass), while it was 21.7 g in B. polymyxa and A. brasilense inoculated plants as compared to 14.9 g of control at the same level. Phosphate content was maximum (0.167%) in the combined treatment of G. aggregatum, B. polymyxa and A. brasilense at P1 level, however acid phosphatase activity was recorded to be 4.75 pmol mg(-1) min(-1) in G. aggregatum, B. polymyxa and A. brasilense treatment at P0 level. This study indicates that all microbes inoculated together help in the uptake of tricalcium phosphate which is otherwise not used by the plants and their addition at 200 mg kg(-1) of soil gave higher productivity to palmarosa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ratti
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur
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Kumar D, Verma HN, Tuteja N, Tewari KK. Cloning and characterisation of a gene encoding an antiviral protein from Clerodendrum aculeatum L. Plant Mol Biol 1997; 33:745-751. [PMID: 9132066 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005716103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Clerodendrum aculeatum-systemic resistance inducing (CA-SRI) protein, a 34 kDa basic protein, plays a key role in inducing strong systemic resistance in susceptible plants against various plant viruses [22]. We have cloned the cDNA encoding the CA-SRI from C. aculeatum leaves using antibodies raised against the purified protein and degenerate oligonucleotide probes derived from microsequencing of the CA-SRI protein. The full-length cDNA consisted of 1218 nucleotides with an open reading frame of 906 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of CA-SRI protein showed varying homology (ranging from 11 to 54%) to the ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) from other plant species. CA-SRI inhibited in vitro protein synthesis both in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and wheat germ lysate but not in Escherichia coli in vitro translation system. The CA-SRI open reading frame was expressed in an E. coli expression vector and the purified recombinant protein inhibited protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Southern blot analysis indicated that the CA-SRI gene may be present in low copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kumar
- International Centre For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Varma RS, Garg PK, Verma HN, Awasthi LP. Potential biologically active agents, XXXII. Synthesis and antiviral activity of some 3-(arylthiosemicarbazono)-2-indolinones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1981; 314:918-22. [PMID: 7325787 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19813141105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Verma HN, Mukerjee K, Awasthi LP. Determination of molecular weight of a polypeptide inducing resistance against viruses. Naturwissenschaften 1980; 67:364-5. [PMID: 7412883 DOI: 10.1007/bf01106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Verma HN. Primary hyperparathyroidism due to chief--cell hyperplasia (a review with a case illustration). J Postgrad Med 1977; 23:197-200. [PMID: 615269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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17
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Gupta BM, Chandra K, Verma HN, Verma GS. Induction of antiviral resistance in Nicotiana glutinosa plants by treatment with Trichothecium polysaccharide and its reversal by actinomycin D. J Gen Virol 1974; 24:211-3. [PMID: 4858435 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-24-1-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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18
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Verma HN, Verma GS. A rapid colorimetric method for the determination of tobacco mosaic virus concentration in plant saps. Experientia 1968; 24:972-3. [PMID: 5709060 DOI: 10.1007/bf02138692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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