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Morfeld P, Timmermann B, Groß JV, Lewis P, Erren TC. Before, During, and After the First Wave of COVID-19: Mortality Analyses Reveal Relevant Trends in Germany and its States until June 2020. Gesundheitswesen 2021; 83:e41-e48. [PMID: 34496443 DOI: 10.1055/a-1531-5507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Well-established mortality ratio methodology can contribute to a fuller picture of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 burden of disease by revealing trends and informing mitigation strategies. This work examines respective data from Germany by way of example. METHODS Using monthly and weekly all-cause mortality data from January 2016 to June 2020 (published by the German Federal Statistical Institute) for all ages,<65 years and≥65 years, and specified for Germany's federal states, we explored mortality as sequela of COVID-19. We analysed standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) comparing 2020 with 2016-2019 as reference years with a focus on trend detection. RESULTS In Germany as a whole, elevated mortality in April (most pronounced for Bavaria) declined in May. The states of Hamburg and Bremen had increased SMRs in all months under study. In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, decreased SMRs in January turned monotonically to increased SMRs by June. Irrespective of age group, this trend was pronounced and significant. CONCLUSIONS Increased SMRs in Hamburg and Bremen must be interpreted with caution because of potential upward distortions due to a "catchment bias". A pronounced excess mortality in April across Germany was confirmed and a hitherto undetected trend of increasing SMRs for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was revealed. To meet the pandemic challenge and to benefit from research based on data collected in standardized ways, national authorities should regularly conduct SMR analyses. For independent analyses, national authorities should also expedite publishing raw mortality and population data, including detailed information on age, sex, and cause of death, in the public domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morfeld
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention
| | - Barbara Timmermann
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention
| | - Philip Lewis
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention
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Morfeld P, Timmermann B, Groß JV, Lewis P, Cocco P, Erren TC. COVID-19: Heterogeneous Excess Mortality and "Burden of Disease" in Germany and Italy and Their States and Regions, January-June 2020. Front Public Health 2021; 9:663259. [PMID: 34026717 PMCID: PMC8137836 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.663259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Total mortality and "burden of disease" in Germany and Italy and their states and regions were explored during the first COVID-19 wave by using publicly available data for 16 German states and 20 Italian regions from January 2016 to June 2020. Based on expectations from 2016 to 2019, simplified Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) for deaths occurring in the first half of 2020 and the effect of changed excess mortality in terms of "burden of disease" were assessed. Moreover, whether two German states and 19 Italian cities appropriately represent the countries within the European monitoring of excess mortality for public health action (EuroMOMO) network was explored. Significantly elevated SMRs were observed (Germany: week 14-18, Italy: week 11-18) with SMR peaks in week 15 in Germany (1.15, 95%-CI: 1.09-1.21) and in week 13 in Italy (1.79, 95%-CI: 1.75-1.83). Overall, SMRs were 1.00 (95%-CI: 0.97-1.04) in Germany and 1.06 (95%-CI: 1.03-1.10) in Italy. Significant SMR heterogeneity was found within both countries. Age and sex were strong modifiers. Loss of life expectancy was 0.34 days (1.66 days in men) for Germany and 5.3 days (6.3 days in men) for Italy [with upper limits of 3 and 6 weeks among elderly populations (≥65 years) after maximum potential bias adjustments]. Restricted data used within EuroMOMO neither represents mortality in the countries as a whole nor in their states and regions adequately. Mortality analyses with high spatial and temporal resolution are needed to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic's course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morfeld
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Timmermann
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Lewis
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Medicine Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morfeld
- Universität zu Köln, Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeitsmedizin, Umweltmedizin und Präventionsforschung, Uniklinik Köln, Köln
| | - Barbara Timmermann
- Universität zu Köln, Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeitsmedizin, Umweltmedizin und Präventionsforschung, Uniklinik Köln, Köln
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Universität zu Köln, Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeitsmedizin, Umweltmedizin und Präventionsforschung, Uniklinik Köln, Köln
| | - Philip Lewis
- Universität zu Köln, Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeitsmedizin, Umweltmedizin und Präventionsforschung, Uniklinik Köln, Köln
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Universität zu Köln, Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeitsmedizin, Umweltmedizin und Präventionsforschung, Uniklinik Köln, Köln
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Lewis P, Hellmich M, Fritschi L, Tikellis G, Morfeld P, Groß JV, Foster RG, Paltiel O, Klebanoff MA, Golding J, Olsen S, Magnus P, Ponsonby AL, Linet MS, Ward MH, Caporaso N, Dwyer T, Erren TC. Perinatal photoperiod and childhood cancer: pooled results from 182,856 individuals in the international childhood cancer cohort consortium (I4C). Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1034-1047. [PMID: 32233647 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1740724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that perinatal light imprinting of circadian clocks and systems may affect downstream physiology and cancer risk in later life. For humans, the predominant circadian stimulus is the daily light-dark cycle. Herein, we explore associations between perinatal photoperiod characteristics (photoperiod: duration of daylight as determined by time-of-year and location) and childhood cancer risk. We use pooled data on 182,856 mothers and babies from prospective birth cohorts in six countries (Australia, Denmark, Israel, Norway, UK, USA) within the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In line with predicted differential dose-responses, restricted cubic splines indicate a potential non-linear, non-monotonic relationship between perinatal mean daily photoperiod (0-24 h) and childhood cancer risk. In a restricted analysis of 154,121 individuals who experienced third trimester photoperiods exclusively within the 8-16-h range, the relative risk of developing childhood cancer decreased by 9% with every hour increase in third trimester mean daily photoperiod [HR: 0.91 (95%CIs: 0.84-0.99)]. In conclusion, in this first study of perinatal photoperiod and childhood cancer, we detected an inverse ["protective"] linear association between third trimester mean daily photoperiod and childhood cancer risk in the 8-16-h set of the total study population. Limited statistical power impeded the investigation of risks with individuals exposed to more extreme photoperiods. Future studies are needed to confirm differential photoperiod-associated risks and further investigations into the hypothesized circadian imprinting mechanism are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lewis
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hellmich
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Computational Biology (IMSB), Faculty of Medicine & University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gabriella Tikellis
- Population Epidemiology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Morfeld
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Ora Paltiel
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark A Klebanoff
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean Golding
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol, UK
| | - Sjurdur Olsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Population Epidemiology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martha S Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary H Ward
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Population Epidemiology, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford , UK
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
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Valérie Groß J, Fritschi L, Hellmich M, Schwert I, Renner R, Pinger A, Wild U, Erren TC. Comparing different approaches to assess individual chronotypes in epidemiological studies (SEVERUS-Cohort). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1525132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Martin Hellmich
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Inga Schwert
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - René Renner
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Pinger
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ursula Wild
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Erren TC, Morfeld P, Groß JV, Wild U, Lewis P. IARC 2019: "Night shift work" is probably carcinogenic: What about disturbed chronobiology in all walks of life? J Occup Med Toxicol 2019; 14:29. [PMID: 31798667 PMCID: PMC6882045 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-019-0249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In June of 2019, a working group convened by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC] concluded that “night shift work” is probably carcinogenic to humans (a Group 2A carcinogen). This was based on sufficient evidence of cancer and strong mechanistic evidence in experimental animals and limited evidence from human epidemiological studies. The biological basis from experimental work is clear and compelling: Disturbed chronobiology such as due to alterations in the light-dark schedule which shift-workers experience is associated with carcinogenicity. But is it correct to assume in epidemiological studies that “night shift work” provides the same dose of disturbed chronobiology to all night workers and that disturbed chronobiology from activities outside of work does not count? Both chronobiological theory and supporting evidence suggest that much-needed future epidemiology should address these questions and should consider disturbed chronobiology in all walks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Morfeld
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ursula Wild
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Lewis
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Erren TC, Morfeld P, Groß JV. RE: Night Shiftwork and Breast Cancer Incidence: Three Prospective Studies and Meta-analysis of Published Studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 109:3074374. [PMID: 28376169 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Morfeld
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Lewis P, Korf HW, Kuffer L, Groß JV, Erren TC. Exercise time cues (zeitgebers) for human circadian systems can foster health and improve performance: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000443. [PMID: 30687511 PMCID: PMC6330200 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian system time cues (zeitgebers) acting synergistically at the right times can foster chronobiological homeostasis and ultimately health. Modern 24/7 societies are challenging chronobiological homeostasis and public health. Exercise has been discussed as a potential zeitgeber for the human circadian system. Thus, if timed correctly, exercise may help in maintenance of chronobiological homeostasis and foster public health amidst increasingly challenging 24/7 lifestyles. Objective To test, using a systematic review of the literature, the following hypothesis: exercise is a zeitgeber for the human circadian system. Data sources The PubMed database was systematically searched on 19 October 2017 for relevant scientific studies and reports concerning chronobiology and exercise. Eligibility criteria were defined to include articles considering exercise as a potential zeitgeber for human circadian rhythmicity or chronobiological effects of exercise on health and/or physical performance. Cognitive effects and effects on children were excluded from the synthesis. Results Our systematic literature search and synthesis is compatible with the validity of the hypothesis. We report that potential exercise-zeitgeber properties may be used to improve health and performance. Conclusions Informed timing of exercise, specific to the circadian rhythm phase and zeitgeber exposure of the individual, must be advocated in performance and disease contexts as an adjunct therapeutic or preventative strategy and physical enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lewis
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Horst W Korf
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Liz Kuffer
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Groß JV, Fritschi L, Erren TC. Shift work and cancer: more research needed from low and middle income countries. Occup Environ Med 2018; 76:70. [PMID: 30254089 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Groß
- a Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research , University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - L Fritschi
- b School of Public Health , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
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Fritschi L, Valérie Groß J, Wild U, Heyworth JS, Glass DC, Erren TC. Shift work that involves circadian disruption and breast cancer: a first application of chronobiological theory and the consequent challenges. Occup Environ Med 2017; 75:231-234. [PMID: 28775132 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified shift work involving circadian disruption (CD) as probably carcinogenic to humans. Circadian disruption could be conceptualised as the overlap of activity, such as work, with an individual's biological night. The latter can be approximated from a worker's chronotype (or morning/evening preference). Few previous studies have taken chronotype into account when assessing CD caused by shift work. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that women working during their biological night would be at increased risk of breast cancer. METHODS We used data from our case-control study of breast cancer to investigate associations between shift work involving CD and breast cancer risks. Previously, we had assumed that everyone working in jobs which involved work for two or more shifts between midnight and 05:00 hours was equally exposed to CD. In the present analyses, we reclassified as unexposed those who had a late chronotype in which their preferred bedtime was 2 hours after the end of their shift. RESULTS Only 30 of 1385 night jobs changed classification and the overall finding (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.41) was not different to the original finding when chronotype was not considered. CONCLUSIONS We found virtually no difference between our new and old classifications of exposure. However, we were not able to calculate the total number of chronodisrupted shifts over a lifetime in order to assess dose and nor were we able to determine how many women were exposed to CD when doing shifts which began before midnight. Our first practical application highlights challenges for future chronobiology-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ursula Wild
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane S Heyworth
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Deborah C Glass
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Erren TC, Shaw DM, Wild U, Groß JV. Ford and Edison in a modern regulatory environment: the first-in-human trial of night-work and artificial light. J Occup Med Toxicol 2017; 12:8. [PMID: 28331534 PMCID: PMC5356371 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-017-0154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A thought experiment places Henry Ford and Thomas Alva Edison in a modern regulatory environment. In a utopian occupational world devoid of night-shifts or artificial light, Ford wants to experiment with "working through the night". To support Ford's project, Edison offers his patented electric lamps to "turn nights into days". An ethics committee [EC] does not approve the night-work experiment and Utopia's Food and Drug Administration [FDA] does not approve the potential medical device as safe for use by humans. According to the EC and FDA, complex effects on circadian biology and thus safety of work and light at night are not understood. The thought experiment conveys that we should pay more attention to possible risks of work and light at chronobiologically unusual times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M. Shaw
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ursula Wild
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J. Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Groß JV, Fritschi L, Erren TC. Hypothesis: A perfect day conveys internal time. Med Hypotheses 2017; 101:85-89. [PMID: 28351501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2007 the International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC] concluded "shift work that involves circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A). To investigate the "probable" causal link, information on individual chronobiology is needed to specify exposures to circadian disruption associated with shift work. In epidemiological studies this information is usually assessed by questionnaire. The most widely used Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire (MEQ) and MunichChronoTypeQuestionnaire (MCTQ) reveal information on circadian type (MEQ) and actual sleep behaviour (MCTQ). As a further option we suggest to obtain preferred sleep times by using what we call the perfect day (PD) approach. We hypothesize that a PD - as a day of completely preferred sleep behaviour - captures pristine internal time. We argue that the PD approach may measure internal time more accurately than the MEQ and MCTQ which convey influences by work and social time pressures. The PD approach may therefore reduce misclassifications of internal time and reveal circadian disruption caused by different shift systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, D-50938 Cologne, Germany.
| | - L Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - T C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, D-50938 Cologne, Germany
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Erren TC, Groß JV, Wild U, Lewis P, Shaw DM. Crediting animals in scientific literature: Recognition in addition to Replacement, Reduction, & Refinement [4R]. EMBO Rep 2016; 18:18-20. [PMID: 28007764 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ursula Wild
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Lewis
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M Shaw
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Erren TC, Groß JV, Fritschi L. Focusing on the biological night: towards an epidemiological measure of circadian disruption. Occup Environ Med 2016; 74:159-160. [PMID: 27852644 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J V Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - L Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Erren TC, Morfeld P, Reiter RJ, Westermann IP, Groß JV. Sleep, mortality and beyond: A magician can't pull more from the hat than has been put in earlier. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 32:132-133. [PMID: 27450291 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research (IPOEP), University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Peter Morfeld
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research (IPOEP), University of Cologne, Germany; Institute for Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment (IERA), Evonik Industries AG, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Inga P Westermann
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research (IPOEP), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research (IPOEP), University of Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Jafari and Smith hypothesized that time during games may pass slower for the world's best football player, Lionel Messi, from Argentina. This hypothesis leads to two questions: How can we explain such temporal paradox and how could this explain his dominant performances? Remarkably, the Argentinian's case was preceded by the equally astonishing case of Wayne Gretzky: The Canadian considered ice hockey as a rather slow game and was the best player in the sport's history. Whether Messi's and Gretzky's motor neurons fire faster, (inter)act differently or whether other mechanisms are at (inter)play warrants targeted research. A further explanation for such dominance of football and ice hockey, respectively, could be that both athletes "buy time": To this end, automized motor skills may allow their predictive brains to make better use of time than other players to read the games and plan ahead. Deconstructing predictive minds of outperforming individuals like Gretzky and Messi could provide unique options to elucidate how differential time perception may make performances in athletes, and beyond, more swift and more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- a Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research , University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Liz Kuffer
- a Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research , University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Pinger
- a Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research , University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- a Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research , University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
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Kuffer L, Groß JV, Erren M, Erren TC. Chronotype, sports and public health. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1325-7. [PMID: 26512457 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1086780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liz Kuffer
- a Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany and
| | - J Valérie Groß
- a Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany and
| | - Michael Erren
- b Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Thomas C Erren
- a Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany and
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeitsmedizin, Umweltmedizin und Präventionsforschung, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Germany
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Erren TC, Shaw DM, Groß JV. How to avoid haste and waste in occupational, environmental and public health research. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:823-5. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-205543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tracy E Slanger
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip E Bourne
- Office of the Director, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Cullen
- Medizinisches Labor Münster, Münster, Germany
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Erren TC, Slanger TE, Groß JV, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, Sleep, and Prostate Cancer in Elderly Men: Study, Hypothesis Development, and Icelandic Options. Eur Urol 2015; 67:195-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, D-50938 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, D-50938 Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, D-50938 Cologne, Germany.
| | - J Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, D-50938 Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne , Köln , Germany
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Erren TC, Groß JV, Koch MS, Erren M, Meyer-Rochow VB. What do we know 40 years after Nixon declared the 'war on cancer'? On the origin, prevention and treatment of cancer. J Cancer Educ 2012; 27:597-600. [PMID: 22941764 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-012-0411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary principles suggested by Darwin and Wallace some 150 years ago can provide insights into the origins of cancer. Moreover, they can form a basis for answering the question implicitly posed when Nixon declared the war on cancer in 1971: Can we actually 'cure' cancer? As explained lucidly by Greaves in 2001, necessary keys to evolution and thus for the origin of species, including ours, are changes of genes or mutations; but changes of genes are also necessary links in the causal chains which lead to cancer. In effect, cancer is therefore, according to Greaves, an 'evolutionary legacy'. Intriguingly, the realization that cancer is a consequence of changes in genes which are conditiones sine qua non for evolution suggests a mutation paradox on an evolutionary scale: in individuals, mutations may have devastating adverse health effects, including cancer. Populations, however, as a whole can be expected to benefit ultimately from changes of genes to better adapt to environmental challenges. On the basis of premises from evolution theory, it remains for us to interweave growing insights into evolutionary principles with realistic objectives for the primary prevention of and, where the latter fails, coexistence with cancer so that what we do for patients can become more of an art rather than a war.
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Erren TC, Groß JV, Nise MS, Meyer-Rochow VB. Bad Light Affects Sleep: “Time and Latitude of Birth” as Determinants of Children's Differential Sleep Duration across Europe? Sleep 2011; 34:1629. [DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, E-mail:
| | - J. Valérie Groß
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, E-mail:
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