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Burden DJ, Bartley DJ, Besier RB, Claerebout E, Elliott TP, Höglund J, Rehbein S, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Van Wyk JA, Yazwinski T. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.): Third edition of the guideline for evaluating efficacy of anthelmintics in ruminants (bovine, ovine, caprine). Vet Parasitol 2024; 329:110187. [PMID: 38728835 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
This guideline is aimed at those who are involved in the assessment of anthelmintic efficacy in ruminant livestock species (bovine, ovine and caprine). The intent is to provide a framework that can be adopted worldwide for the testing of anthelmintics in ruminants, such that studies carried out in different countries can be compared and thereby unnecessary duplication can be reduced. Recommendations are made for the selection, housing and feeding of study animals, the type of studies required, the method used to conduct those studies, the assessment of results and the standards for defining anthelmintic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Burden
- Duilio Veterinary Parasitology, The Vicarage, Church Lane, Churcham, Gloucester, UK.
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
| | - R B Besier
- College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T P Elliott
- Centre for Animal Research and Teaching, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - J Höglund
- Section for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - J F J Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J A Van Wyk
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - T Yazwinski
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Cortazar-Chinarro M, Richter-Boix A, Rödin-Mörch P, Halvarsson P, Logue JB, Laurila A, Höglund J. Association between the skin microbiome and MHC class II diversity in an amphibian. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17198. [PMID: 37933583 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes play an important role in determining the ecology and behaviour of their hosts. However, questions remain pertaining to how host genetics shape microbiomes, and how microbiome composition influences host fitness. We explored the effects of geography, evolutionary history and host genetics on the skin microbiome diversity and structure in a widespread amphibian. More specifically, we examined the association between bacterial diversity and composition and the major histocompatibility complex class II exon 2 diversity in 12 moor frog (Rana arvalis) populations belonging to two geographical clusters that show signatures of past and ongoing differential selection. We found that while bacterial alpha diversity did not differ between the two clusters, MHC alleles/supertypes and genetic diversity varied considerably depending on geography and evolutionary history. Bacterial alpha diversity was positively correlated with expected MHC heterozygosity and negatively with MHC nucleotide diversity. Furthermore, bacterial community composition showed significant variation between the two geographical clusters and between specific MHC alleles/supertypes. Our findings emphasize the importance of historical demographic events on hologenomic variation and provide new insights into how immunogenetic host variability and microbial diversity may jointly influence host fitness with consequences for disease susceptibility and population persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cortazar-Chinarro
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- MEMEG/Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science 2020-2207, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Richter-Boix
- Department of Political and Social Science, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Rödin-Mörch
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Halvarsson
- Parasitology/Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J B Logue
- Aquatic Ecology/Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- SLU University Library, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Höglund
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yazwinski T, Höglund J, Permin A, Gauly M, Tucker C. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP): second edition of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in poultry. Vet Parasitol 2022; 305:109711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tarbiat B, Enweji N, Baltrusis P, Halvarsson P, Osterman-Lind E, Jansson DS, Höglund J. A novel duplex ddPCR assay for detection and differential diagnosis of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum eggs from chickens feces. Vet Parasitol 2021; 296:109499. [PMID: 34144378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the EU ban on battery cages, many studies have listed Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum as the most common roundworms in the European laying hen population. A complicating factor is that the eggs of these parasites are almost identical. Thus, lack of molecular diagnostic approaches has driven epidemiological studies to take on necropsy for species discrimination, which is labor and cost intensive. Here, we describe a novel diagnostic tool based on droplet digital PCR for simultaneous identification and absolute quantification of the eggs of both of these ascarids in chickens' droppings using two different genus-specific primer-probe sets targeting the second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-2) in the nuclear ribosomal (rRNA) gene array. No cross-reaction was observed when different combinations of DNA and species-specific primers and probes were tested. The lowest obtained frequency threshold for the detection of H. gallinarum in the presence of a constant A. galli DNA concentration was determined to be 0.8 %. After validation, we used the assay to analyze field samples collected from several Swedish laying hen farms. Out of 134 samples, 86 (64 %) were positive for A. galli while 11 (8.3 %) samples were positive for H. gallinarum. These samples were initially analyzed with flotation technique for detection of ascarid eggs. The results of the Cohen's kappa indicated substantial agreement (85.8 %) between the two tests. In conclusion, we have validated a novel molecular-based diagnostic tool for quantification and differentiation between intestinal parasites of major importance in chickens with high precision. Although this study focuses on identification of parasites of laying hens, the findings may well have a bearing on all types of chicken production systems. The present study lays the groundwork for future research into epidemiology of these two important chicken parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tarbiat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - N Enweji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Baltrusis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Halvarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Osterman-Lind
- Department of Microbiology, Section for Parasitological Diagnostics, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D S Jansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Charlier J, Rinaldi L, Musella V, Ploeger HW, Chartier C, Rose Vineer H, Hinney B, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Băcescu B, Mickiewicz M, Mateus TL, Martinez-Valladares M, Quealy S, Azaizeh H, Sekovska B, Akkari H, Petkevicius S, Hektoen L, Höglund J, Morgan ER, Bartley DJ, Claerebout E. Corrigendum to "Initial assessment of the economic burden of major parasitic helminth infections to the ruminant livestock industry in Europe" [Prev. Vet. Med. 182 (2020) 105103]. Prev Vet Med 2020; 188:105213. [PMID: 33261929 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- Kreavet, H. Mertensstraat 17, 9150 Kruibeke, Belgium.
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - V Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", CISVetSUA, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - H W Ploeger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Infectiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Chartier
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - H Rose Vineer
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - B Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Băcescu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Spiru Haret University, Blv. Basarabia 256, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T L Mateus
- CISAS - Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; EpiUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, 24236 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - S Quealy
- VirtualVet, Grenan Upper, Kilmacthomas, Co., Waterford, Ireland
| | - H Azaizeh
- Institute of Applied Research, University of Haifa, The Galilee Society P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr 20200, Israel; Tel Hai College, Department of Environmental Sciences, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel
| | - B Sekovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - H Akkari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - S Petkevicius
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - L Hektoen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - J Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E R Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 19, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - E Claerebout
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Tarbiat B, Jansson DS, Wall H, Tydén E, Höglund J. Effect of a targeted treatment strategy against Ascaridia galli on egg production, egg quality and bird health in a laying hen farm. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109238. [PMID: 32949864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Worm control is an important aspect of the successful management of the egg production industry. Of particular concern is Ascaridia galli, which at high parasite loads affect health and production in layers. Application of a targeted treatment strategy (TT) to control A. galli has shown promise. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of such a strategy on welfare indicators and production performance of layers. Six flocks (F1-6) on a commercial farm were allocated to three treatment groups. Flocks F1 and F4 were treated (TT) with fenbendazole at 22, 27 and 36 weeks post-placement (WPP). Flocks F2 and F5 were treated at 27 WPP (conventional treatment, CT) and hens in flocks F3 and F6 served as untreated (UT) control groups. At 19, 35 and 45 WPP twenty-five hens plus thirty eggs per flock were randomly selected. Hens were weighed and their plumage conditions (PC) were assessed. The eggs were subjected to various external and interior quality analyses. Production data such as number of eggs/hen/week, egg mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated from raw data obtained from all flocks on a weekly basis. The number of eggs/hen/week, egg mass and FCR were higher (P < 0.05) in the TT flocks and hens had better PC both at 35 and 45 WPP compared with other flocks. No differences in body weight and physical egg quality were observed between groups except for egg shell strength which was higher (P < 0.05) in the CT flocks. These data suggest that better production performance and plumage, which suggests improved health, can be achieved through the application of a TT strategy. The insights gained from this research should help to justify the extra cost and labor associated with the TT strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tarbiat
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, P.O. Box 7036 SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - D S Jansson
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Wall
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, P.O. Box 7024, SE -750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Tydén
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, P.O. Box 7036 SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, P.O. Box 7036 SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Charlier J, Rinaldi L, Musella V, Ploeger HW, Chartier C, Vineer HR, Hinney B, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Băcescu B, Mickiewicz M, Mateus TL, Martinez-Valladares M, Quealy S, Azaizeh H, Sekovska B, Akkari H, Petkevicius S, Hektoen L, Höglund J, Morgan ER, Bartley DJ, Claerebout E. Initial assessment of the economic burden of major parasitic helminth infections to the ruminant livestock industry in Europe. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105103. [PMID: 32750638 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a European wide assessment of the economic burden of gastrointestinal nematodes, Fasciola hepatica (common liver fluke) and Dictyocaulus viviparus (bovine lungworm) infections to the ruminant livestock industry. The economic impact of these parasitic helminth infections was estimated by a deterministic spreadsheet model as a function of the proportion of the ruminant population exposed to grazing, the infection frequency and intensity, the effect of the infection on animal productivity and mortality and anthelmintic treatment costs. In addition, we estimated the costs of anthelmintic resistant nematode infections and collected information on public research budgets addressing helminth infections in ruminant livestock. The epidemiologic and economic input data were collected from international databases and via expert opinion of the Working Group members of the European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) action COMbatting Anthelmintic Resistance in ruminants (COMBAR). In order to reflect the effects of uncertainty in the input data, low and high cost estimates were obtained by varying uncertain input data arbitrarily in both directions by 20 %. The combined annual cost [low estimate-high estimate] of the three helminth infections in 18 participating countries was estimated at € 1.8 billion [€ 1.0-2.7 billion]. Eighty-one percent of this cost was due to lost production and 19 % was attributed to treatment costs. The cost of gastrointestinal nematode infections with resistance against macrocyclic lactones was estimated to be € 38 million [€ 11-87 million] annually. The annual estimated costs of helminth infections per sector were € 941 million [€ 488 - 1442 million] in dairy cattle, € 423 million [€ 205-663 million] in beef cattle, € 151million [€ 90-213 million] in dairy sheep, € 206 million [€ 132-248 million] in meat sheep and € 86 million [€ 67-107 million] in dairy goats. Important data gaps were present in all phases of the calculations which lead to large uncertainties around the estimates. Accessibility of more granular animal population datasets at EU level, deeper knowledge of the effects of infection on production, levels of infection and livestock grazing exposure across Europe would make the largest contribution to improved burden assessments. The known current public investment in research on helminth control was 0.15 % of the estimated annual costs for the considered parasitic diseases. Our data suggest that the costs of enzootic helminth infections which usually occur at high prevalence annually in ruminants, are similar or higher than reported costs of epizootic diseases. Our data can support decision making in research and policy to mitigate the negative impacts of helminth infections and anthelmintic resistance in Europe, and provide a baseline against which to measure future changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- Kreavet, H. Mertensstraat 17, 9150, Kruibeke, Belgium.
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR, University of Naples Federico II, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - V Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", CISVetSUA, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - H W Ploeger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Infectiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Chartier
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - H Rose Vineer
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - B Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Wien, Austria
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Băcescu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Spiru Haret University, Blv. Basarabia 256, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T L Mateus
- CISAS - Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal; EpiUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-091, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal. 24236, Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - S Quealy
- VirtualVet, Grenan Upper, Kilmacthomas, Co. Waterford, Ireland
| | - H Azaizeh
- Institute of Applied Research, University of Haifa, The Galilee Society, Israel & Tel Hai College, Department of Environmental Sciences, Upper Galilee 12210, P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr, 20200, Israel
| | - B Sekovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - H Akkari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - S Petkevicius
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - L Hektoen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 369 Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E R Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 19, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - E Claerebout
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Kärvemo S, Wikström G, Widenfalk L, Höglund J, Laurila A. Chytrid fungus dynamics and infections associated with movement distances in a red‐listed amphibian. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kärvemo
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - G. Wikström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - L.A. Widenfalk
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
- Greensway AB Uppsala Sweden
| | - J. Höglund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - A. Laurila
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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Liu A, Su G, Höglund J, Zhang Z, Thomasen J, Christiansen I, Wang Y, Kargo M. Genotype by environment interaction for female fertility traits under conventional and organic production systems in Danish Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8134-8147. [PMID: 31229284 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional and organic production systems mainly differ in feeding strategies, outdoor and pasture access, and the use of antibiotic treatments. These environmental differences could lead to a genotype by environment interaction (G × E) and a requirement for including G × E in breeding decisions. The objectives of this study were to estimate variance components and heritabilities for conventional and organic production systems and investigate G × E under these 2 production systems for female fertility traits in Danish Holsteins. The analyzed traits included the interval from calving to first insemination (ICF), the interval from first to last insemination, number of inseminations per conception (NINS), and non-return rate within 56 d after the first insemination. Records of female fertility in heifers and the first 3 lactations in cows as well as grass ratio of feed at herd level were collected during the period from 2011 to 2016. The performances of a trait in heifers and cows (lactation 1 to 3) were considered as different traits. The (co)variance components and the resulting heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated using 2 models. One was a bivariate model treating performances of a trait under organic and conventional production systems as 2 different traits using a reduced data set, and the other was a reaction norm model with random regression on the production system and the grass ratio of feed using a full data set. The full data set comprised records of 37,836 females from 112 organic herds and 513,599 females from 1,224 conventional herds, whereas the reduced data set comprised records from all these 112 organic herds and 92,696 females from 185 convention herds extracted from the full data set with grass ratio of feed lower than 0.20. All female fertility performances of the organic production system were superior to those of the conventional production system. Besides, heterogeneities in additive genetic variances and heritabilities were observed between conventional and organic production systems for all traits. Furthermore, genetic correlations between these 2 production systems ranged from 0.607 to 1.000 estimated from bivariate models and from 0.848 to 0.999 estimated from reaction norm models. Statistically significant G × E were observed for NINS in heifers, non-return rate within 56 d after the first insemination in heifers, and ICF from the bivariate model, and for ICF and NINS in cows from the reaction norm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - G Su
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - J Höglund
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark; School of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - J Thomasen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark; VikingGenetics, Ebeltoftvej 16, 8960, Assentoft, Denmark
| | - I Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark; Organic Denmark, Silkeborgvej 260, 8230, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Y Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - M Kargo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark; SEGES, Agro Food Park 15, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Tarbiat B, Rahimian S, Jansson D, Halvarsson P, Höglund J. Developmental capacity of Ascaridia galli eggs is preserved after anaerobic storage in faeces. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Cortázar-Chinarro M, Meyer-Lucht Y, Laurila A, Höglund J. Signatures of historical selection on MHC reveal different selection patterns in the moor frog (Rana arvalis). Immunogenetics 2018; 70:477-484. [PMID: 29387920 PMCID: PMC6006221 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MHC genes are key components in disease resistance and an excellent system for studying selection acting on genetic variation in natural populations. Current patterns of variation in MHC genes are likely to be influenced by past and ongoing selection as well as demographic fluctuations in population size such as those imposed by post-glacial recolonization processes. Here, we investigated signatures of historical selection and demography on an MHC class II gene in 12 moor frog populations along a 1700-km latitudinal gradient. Sequences were obtained from 207 individuals and consecutively assigned into two different clusters (northern and southern clusters, respectively) in concordance with a previously described dual post-glacial colonization route. Selection analyses comparing the relative rates of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) suggested evidence of different selection patterns in the northern and the southern clusters, with divergent selection prevailing in the south but uniform positive selection predominating in the north. Also, models of codon evolution revealed considerable differences in the strength of selection: The southern cluster appeared to be under strong selection while the northern cluster showed moderate signs of selection. Our results indicate that the MHC alleles in the north diverged from southern MHC alleles as a result of differential selection patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cortázar-Chinarro
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Y Meyer-Lucht
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Höglund
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Charlier J, Thamsborg SM, Bartley DJ, Skuce PJ, Kenyon F, Geurden T, Hoste H, Williams AR, Sotiraki S, Höglund J, Chartier C, Geldhof P, van Dijk J, Rinaldi L, Morgan ER, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Mind the gaps in research on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of farmed ruminants and pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:217-234. [PMID: 29124904 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) nematode control has an important role to play in increasing livestock production from a limited natural resource base and to improve animal health and welfare. In this synthetic review, we identify key research priorities for GI nematode control in farmed ruminants and pigs, to support the development of roadmaps and strategic research agendas by governments, industry and policymakers. These priorities were derived from the DISCONTOOLS gap analysis for nematodes and follow-up discussions within the recently formed Livestock Helminth Research Alliance (LiHRA). In the face of ongoing spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR), we are increasingly faced with a failure of existing control methods against GI nematodes. Effective vaccines against GI nematodes are generally not available, and anthelmintic treatment will therefore remain a cornerstone for their effective control. At the same time, consumers and producers are increasingly concerned with environmental issues associated with chemical parasite control. To address current challenges in GI nematode control, it is crucial to deepen our insights into diverse aspects of epidemiology, AR, host immune mechanisms and the socio-psychological aspects of nematode control. This will enhance the development, and subsequent uptake, of the new diagnostics, vaccines, pharma-/nutraceuticals, control methods and decision support tools required to respond to the spread of AR and the shifting epidemiology of GI nematodes in response to climatic, land-use and farm husbandry changes. More emphasis needs to be placed on the upfront evaluation of the economic value of these innovations as well as the socio-psychological aspects to prioritize research and facilitate uptake of innovations in practice. Finally, targeted regulatory guidance is needed to create an innovation-supportive environment for industries and to accelerate the access to market of new control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium.,Avia-GIS, Zoersel, Belgium
| | - S M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - P J Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - H Hoste
- UMR IHAP 1225, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A R Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Sotiraki
- VetResInst, HAO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J Höglund
- BVF, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - P Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J van Dijk
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - E R Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, North Somerset, UK
| | | | - J Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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13
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Johansson F, Halvarsson P, Mikolajewski D, Höglund J. Genetic differentiation in the boreal dragonfly Leucorrhinia dubia in the Palearctic region. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Tarbiat B, Jansson D, Tydén E, Höglund J. Comparison between anthelmintic treatment strategies against Ascaridia galli in commercial laying hens. Vet Parasitol 2016; 226:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Charlier J, Morgan ER, Rinaldi L, van Dijk J, Demeler J, Höglund J, Hertzberg H, Van Ranst B, Hendrickx G, Vercruysse J, Kenyon F. Practices to optimise gastrointestinal nematode control on sheep, goat and cattle farms in Europe using targeted (selective) treatments. Vet Rec 2015; 175:250-5. [PMID: 25217603 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to the development of anthelmintic resistance, there have been calls for more sustainable nematode control practices. Two important concepts were introduced to study and promote the sustainable use of anthelmintics: targeted treatments (TT), where the whole flock/herd is treated based on knowledge of the risk, or parameters that quantify the severity of infection; and targeted selective treatments (TST), where only individual animals within the grazing group are treated. The aim of the TT and TST approaches is to effectively control nematode-induced production impacts while preserving anthelmintic efficacy by maintaining a pool of untreated parasites in refugia. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies that assess the use of TT/TST against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and investigate the economic consequences, feasibility and knowledge gaps associated with TST. We conclude that TT/TST approaches are ready to be used and provide practical benefits today. However, a major shift in mentality will be required to make these approaches common practice in parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E R Morgan
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, UK
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - J van Dijk
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Strasse 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7063, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Hertzberg
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Van Ranst
- Dairy DataWarehouse, Uniform-Agri BV, Oostersingel 23, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - G Hendrickx
- Avia-GIS, Agro-Veterinary Information and Analysis, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium
| | - J Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
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16
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Jansson DS, Otman F, Lundqvist L, Höglund J, Engström A, Chirico J. Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) in Sweden. Med Vet Entomol 2014; 28:443-446. [PMID: 24602037 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Haematophagous mites were collected from the vent region and plumage of chickens in six hobby flocks of ornamental breeds in Sweden, one of which included turkeys. Soiled vent skin and feathers, dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, skin necroses and ulcers were observed in 12 necropsied birds from two of the flocks. The mites were identified as the northern fowl mite Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae). This was supported by sequence analysis of a 642-bp region in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene (COI) in mites collected from five flocks, which showed 97-99% sequence similarity to O. sylviarum by blast analysis. Pairwise sequence comparisons revealed nucleotide variations in the range of 0-2.8%, whereas amino acid sequences were highly conserved. This paper represents one of very few records of O. sylviarum in European poultry, and is the first to report COI sequence data for O. sylviarum from poultry in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Jansson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Morandin C, Loveridge AJ, Segelbacher G, Elliot N, Madzikanda H, Macdonald DW, Höglund J. Gene flow and immigration: genetic diversity and population structure of lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Höglund J, Engström A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Demeler J, Tydén E. Real-time PCR detection for quantification of infection levels with Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in cattle faeces. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:251-7. [PMID: 23764131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based on hydrolysis (TaqMan) probes is described for robust and sensitive detection of the infection levels with eggs and third stage larvae (L3) of Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi isolated from cattle faeces. The current microscopic method for identification of strongyle nematodes in cattle faeces is labour-intensive where reliable species determination also requires trained expertise, which is increasingly lacking. The goal of this study was to develop a sustainable non-labour intensive diagnostic qPCR assay to detect and determine the levels of infection with the two most common gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN) in cattle faeces targeting the second internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS2) region (rDNA). According to our results, this procedure allows to reliably detect the relative proportions of eggs and L3 for each of the two species. This assay produced consistent results when mixtures with known numbers of L3 of both species were tested, although it was also demonstrated that the calculated copy numbers of ITS2 between single L3 sometimes varied very much. In addition, a positive correlation (r(2)=0.23) between the proportion of eggs and L3 in different paired samples collect in the field was observed for both species. Thus, for the first time a qPCR assay is reported, which can discriminate between the two most important cattle nematode parasites in temperate regions. This is of major importance to the livestock sector as it can be used with great precision to demonstrate strategic treatment efficacy that is important for the detection of anthelmintic resistance (AR).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Höglund J, Hessle A, Dahlström F. Calving season is a stronger determinant of worm burdens in pasture-based beef production than the level of residual larval contamination at turnout. Vet Rec 2013; 172:472. [PMID: 23482238 PMCID: PMC3646285 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The combined influence of (1) calving period (early or late) and (2) overwintering contamination by residual infective larvae (high or low) on subsequent exposure of suckler calves to gastrointestinal nematodes was investigated. We found that the effect of calving date was greater than the level of residual contamination. This was because the adult cows produced large quantities of manure containing small amounts of nematode eggs from turnout, which significantly contaminated the pasture, and thereby, reduced the effect of prior high-low contamination. Early born calves were found to be more heavily exposed to parasites, most likely due to ingesting more herbage than those born later. Late-born calves also had relatively high antibody levels at turnout, which first decreased and then increased again. We suggest that the high antibody levels at turnout reflect passive transfer of maternal antibodies through the milk. There was also a significant difference in animal performance, with the more heavily exposed early born calves having significantly lower daily weight gain than the late-born calves. However, this might not be entirely due to increased parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Tydén E, Morrison D, Engström A, Nielsen M, Eydal M, Höglund J. Population genetics of Parascaris equorum based on DNA fingerprinting. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2013; 13:236-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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21
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Blanco-Penedo I, Höglund J, Fall N, Emanuelson U. Exposure to pasture borne nematodes affects individual milk yield in Swedish dairy herds. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:93-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Höglund J, Tolmachev V, Orlova A, Lundqvist H, Sundin A. Cellular uptake and processing of directly and indirectly 125I-iodinated and 76BR-brominated monoclonal antibody A33. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.25804401251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Rogell B, Berglund A, Laurila A, Höglund J. Population divergence of life history traits in the endangered green toad: implications for a support release programme. J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Höglund J, Larsson JK, Corrales C, Santafé G, Baines D, Segelbacher G. Genetic structure among black grouse in Britain: implications for designing conservation units. Anim Conserv 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Larsson A, Uggla A, Waller P, Höglund J. Performance of second-season grazing cattle following different levels of parasite control in their first grazing season. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Demeler J, Küttler U, El-Abdellati A, Stafford K, Rydzik A, Varady M, Kenyon F, Coles G, Höglund J, Jackson F, Vercruysse J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Standardization of the larval migration inhibition test for the detection of resistance to ivermectin in gastro intestinal nematodes of ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2010; 174:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Rogell B, Hofman M, Eklund M, Laurila A, Höglund J. The interaction of multiple environmental stressors affects adaptation to a novel habitat in the natterjack toad Bufo calamita. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:2267-77. [PMID: 19824929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential to adapt to novel environmental conditions is a key area of interest for evolutionary biology. However, the role of multiple selection pressures on adaptive responses has rarely been investigated in natural populations. In Sweden, the natterjack toad Bufo calamita inhabits two separate distribution areas, one in southernmost Sweden and one on the west coast. We characterized the larval habitat in terms of pond size and salinity in the two areas, and found that the western populations are more affected by both desiccation risk and pond salinity than the southern populations. In a common garden experiment manipulating salinity and temperature, we found that toads from the west coast populations were locally adapted to shorter pond duration as indicated by their higher development and growth rates. However, despite being subjected to higher salinity stress in nature, west coast toads had a poorer performance in saline treatments. We found that survival in the saline treatments in the west coast populations was positively affected by larger body mass and longer larval period. Furthermore, we found negative genetic correlations between body mass and growth rate and their plastic responses to salinity. These results implicate that the occurrence of multiple environmental stressors needs to be accounted for when assessing the adaptive potential of organisms and suggest that genetic correlations may play a role in constraining adaptation of natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rogell
- Population and Conservation Biology/Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Saether SA, Fiske P, Kålås JA, Kuresoo A, Luigujõe L, Piertney SB, Sahlman T, Höglund J. Inferring local adaptation from QST?FSTcomparisons: neutral genetic and quantitative trait variation in European populations of great snipe. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:1563-76. [PMID: 17584249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We applied a phenotypic QST (PST) vs. FST approach to study spatial variation in selection among great snipe (Gallinago media) populations in two regions of northern Europe. Morphological divergence between regions was high despite low differentiation in selectively neutral genetic markers, whereas populations within regions showed very little neutral divergence and trait differentiation. QST > FST was robust against altering assumptions about the additive genetic proportions of variance components. The homogenizing effect of gene flow (or a short time available for neutral divergence) has apparently been effectively counterbalanced by differential natural selection, although one trait showed some evidence of being under uniform stabilizing selection. Neutral markers can hence be misleading for identifying evolutionary significant units, and adopting the PST-FST approach might therefore be valuable when common garden experiments is not an option. We discuss the statistical difficulties of documenting uniform selection as opposed to divergent selection, and the need for estimating measurement error. Instead of only comparing overall QST and FST values, we advocate the use of partial matrix permutation tests to analyse pairwise QST differences among populations, while statistically controlling for neutral differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Saether
- Department of Population Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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29
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Larsson A, Dimander SO, Rydzik A, Waller PJ, Höglund J. A 3-year field evaluation of pasture rotation and supplementary feeding to control parasite infection in first-season grazing cattle—Dynamics of pasture infectivity. Vet Parasitol 2007; 145:129-37. [PMID: 17257763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year grazing trial (2002-2004) was conducted on a commercial beef cattle farm in south-central Sweden to assess different methods of parasite control. This paper focuses on the dynamics of the free-living larval stages, whereas data on performance and within-host parasitological variables are presented in a complementary paper. Each year in May, 4 groups of 10 first-season grazing (FSG) steers were turned out on to separate 2ha paddocks and subjected to the following strategies: (1) spring turn-out on to pasture which had been grazed the previous year by second-season grazing (SSG) steers (paddock RT), followed by a move to aftermath (paddock AM) after 10 weeks (mid-July), (2) supplementary feeding with concentrate and hay for 4 weeks following turn-out (paddock FD), set stocked, (3) untreated control (paddock UT), set stocked and (4) anthelmintic treated control (paddock DO), set stocked. All paddocks were assigned a new set of FSG cattle each year whereas the treatments remained the same. Pasture infectivity were monitored partly by two tracer calves that grazed each paddock along with the FSG calves for 3 weeks after turn-out and prior to housing, partly by analysis of herbage samples for infective larvae (L3) that were collected from each paddock at monthly intervals between April and October. The predominant genera found were Cooperia and Ostertagia. Tracers grazing paddock RT overall harboured less worms, and in particular less Ostertagia spp., and tracers grazing paddock AM in mid-July harboured insignificant numbers of nematodes compared to tracers on the FD and UT paddocks. Although total worm counts varied between groups, smaller numbers were generally observed early in the grazing-season (May), compared to close to housing (September) when inhibited early L4 larvae were almost exclusively found. Results observed from herbage samples showed high numbers of L3 in spring before the time of turn-out, compared to around housing. In conclusion, the rotation control strategy showed promising results and provided a turn-out pasture that was 'nematode safe' to FSG cattle the following spring, whereas the feeding strategy failed as applied in this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Larsson
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lind EO, Kuzmina T, Uggla A, Waller PJ, Höglund J. A Field Study on the Effect of Some Anthelmintics on Cyathostomins of Horses in Sweden. Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:53-65. [PMID: 17186406 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate different aspects on the efficacy of three anthelmintics on cyathostomin nematodes of Swedish horses. A faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test was performed on 26 farms. Horses were treated orally with recommended doses of ivermectin, pyrantel pamoate or fenbendazole. Faecal samples were collected on the day of deworming and 7, 14 and 21 days later. No resistance was shown against ivermectin; the FECR was constantly >99%. The effect of pyrantel was assessed as equivocal in 6 farms 14 days after treatment; the mean FECR was 99%. As many as 72% of the fenbendazole-treated groups met the criteria for resistance; the mean FECR was 86%, ranging from 56% to 100%. A re-investigation of two farms where pyrantel resistance had been suspected clearly revealed unsatisfactory efficacy of pyrantel on one of these farms; the FECR varied from 72% to 89%. Twenty-six of the horses previously dosed with pyrantel or fenbendazole, and which still excreted >/=150 eggs per gram of faeces 14 days after treatment, were dewormed with ivermectin and fenbendazole or pyrantel in order to eliminate the remaining cyathostomins. A total of 13 cyathostomin species were identified from horses that initially received fenbendazole and seven species were identified from pyrantel-treated individuals. The egg reappearance period (ERP) following treatment with ivermectin and pyrantel was investigated on two farms. The shortest ERP after ivermectin treatment was 8 weeks and after pyrantel was 5 weeks. We conclude that no substantial reversion to benzimidazole susceptibility had taken place, although these drugs have scarcely been used (<5%) in horses for the last 10 years. Pyrantel-resistant populations of cyathostomins are present on Swedish horse farms, but the overall efficacy of pyrantel is still acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Osterman Lind
- Department of Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
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31
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Larsson A, Dimander SO, Rydzik A, Uggla A, Waller PJ, Höglund J. A 3-year field evaluation of pasture rotation and supplementary feeding to control parasite infection in first-season grazing cattle—Effects on animal performance. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142:197-206. [PMID: 16971047 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate non-chemical strategies to control pasture-borne parasites in first-season grazing (FSG) cattle, a 3-year grazing trial was conducted during 2002-2004 on naturally infected pastures on a commercial beef cattle farm in Sweden. A uniform pasture was divided in 4 equal 2 ha paddocks onto each of which 10, 5-9 months old dairy breed steer calves were allocated at turn-out in May each year. Two strategies were evaluated: (1) turn-out onto pasture which had been grazed the previous year by second-season grazing (SSG) steers, followed by a move to aftermath in mid-July (RT) and (2) supplementation with concentrate and roughage for 4 weeks from turn-out (FD). Comparisons were made with an untreated (UT), and an anthelmintic treated control group (DO). Animal parasitology and performance were monitored monthly throughout the 20 weeks grazing period. Additional sampling occasions were performed on day 9 (for coccidia) and 10 weeks after turn-out (mid-July). Due to clinical parasitic gastro-enteritis (PGE), salvage treatments were performed on all animals in group FD approximately 7 weeks after turn-out in 2003 and of three animals in group UT 5 weeks after turn-out in 2004. In 2003, the geometric mean oocyst excretion 9 days after turn-out was approximately 150,000 opg of mainly Eimeria alabamensis in group FD, and in 2004 approximately 180,000 opg in group UT. Apart from the DO group, geometric mean faecal egg counts (FEC) were between 80 and 400 epg 4 weeks after turn-out. Mean serum pepsinogen concentrations (SPC) of approximately 3.6 U tyrosine were recorded in the FD and UT groups from late August 2002. In 2003 and 2004, mean concentrations in these groups were between 4.1 and 7.2 U tyrosine 8 weeks after turn-out. By the end of the three grazing seasons the average weight gain difference compared to the DO group was for FD -29, -38 and -5 kg and for RT -4, -21 and +14 kg, and compared to the UT group -18, +2 and +22 for FD and +7, +19 and +41 kg for group RT. In conclusion, the rotation control strategy showed promising results, whereas the strategic feeding was poor from a parasite control standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Larsson
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Kooyman FNJ, Ploeger HW, Höglund J, VAN Putten JPM. DifferentialN-glycan- and protein-directed immune responses inDictyocaulus viviparus-infected and vaccinated calves. Parasitology 2006; 134:269-79. [PMID: 17032477 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calves with naturally acquiredDictyocaulus viviparusinfection mount an effective immune response. In the search for protection-inducing antigens, we found that severalD. viviparusthird-stage larval (L3) and adult ES products carry N-glycans. Deglycosylation of the worm antigens using PNGase F resulted in reduced IgA, IgE, IgG1 and IgG2 (but not IgM) reactivities in sera of primary infected animals, suggesting that the carbohydrate moieties contained immunodominant epitopes. Challenge infection resulted in increased specific serum antibody levels against ES and L3 in the re-infected and challenge control groups. Testing of sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated a significant increase in IgG1 and IgE (but not IgA or IgG2) reactivity against the deglycosylated antigens in the re-infected group compared with the challenge control group. Sera from calves vaccinated with irradiated larvae showed a strong anti-N-glycan response, but no booster response against the protein backbone after challenge infection, consistent with the absence of a memory response. Together, our results suggest thatD. viviparusproteins carry immunodominant N-glycan moieties that elicit a strong but short-lived immune response during infection and after vaccination, whereas the protein backbones effectively induce a memory response which results in a long-lasting, potentially protective immune response in re-infected, but not in vaccinated calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N J Kooyman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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33
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Abstract
Five complimentary studies were undertaken with the overall aim to examine the ability of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus to over-winter and tolerate cold stress. Two studies deal with the development and long-term survival of eggs and infective larvae of two geographically different isolates (Kenya and Sweden). Eggs and larvae were monitored in climatic chambers at temperatures that fluctuated daily between -1 degrees C and 15 degrees C, or at constant temperatures of 5 degrees C and 15 degrees C. The development from egg to larvae was dependent on temperatures over 5 degrees C. The long time survival was favoured at lower temperatures. Furthermore, the overwintering capacity of the free-living stages of these isolates was estimated under Swedish field conditions. Two groups of lambs were experimentally infected with different isolates, and kept separated on previously ungrazed plots. In early May the following year, two parasite-naive tracer lambs were turned out on each of the plots to estimate the pick up of overwintered larvae. This experiment was replicated in central and southern Sweden. In addition, two experiments were performed in 2003 on pasture previously grazed by naturally infected sheep. One trial was on a pasture in southern Sweden grazed by a commercial flock, where extreme numbers of H. contortus were found towards the end of the grazing season 2002. The other study was on a pasture plot in central Sweden grazed by a hobby flock in 2002, where three of six lambs died due to haemonchiasis. Overwintered H. contortus was recorded on three of four experimental sites. Worm burdens were in all instances extremely low. No differences in development and survival were found between the isolates. Consequently, overwintering on pasture is of no practical significance in the transmission of H. contortus between grazing-seasons in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Troell
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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34
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Höglund J, Morrison DA, Mattsson JG, Engström A. Population genetics of the bovine/cattle lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) based on mtDNA and AFLP marker techniques. Parasitology 2006; 133:89-99. [PMID: 16515731 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006009991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) patterns were compared for the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus, a nematode parasite of cattle. Eight individual D. viviparus samples from each of 8 herds in Sweden and 1 laboratory isolate were analysed, with the aim of describing the diversity and genetic structure in populations using different genetic markers on exactly the same DNA samples. There was qualitative agreement between the whole-genome AFLP data and the mtDNA sequence data, both indicating relatively strong genetic differentiation among the Swedish farms. However, the AFLP data detected much more genetic variation than did the mtDNA data, even after allowing for the different inheritance patterns of the markers, and indicated that there was much less differentiation among the populations. The mtDNA data therefore seemed to be more informative about the most recent history of the parasite populations, as the general patterns were less obscured by detailed inter-relationships among individual worms. The 4 mtDNA genes sequenced (1542 bp) showed consistent patterns, although there was more genetic variation in the protein-coding genes than in the structural RNA genes. Furthermore, there appeared to be at least 3 distinct genetic groups of D. viviparus infecting Swedish cattle, 1 of which was predominant and showed considerable differentiation between farms, but not necessarily within farms. Second, the 2 smaller genetic groups occurred on farms where the predominant group also occurred, suggesting that these farms have had multiple introductions of D. viviparus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Höglund
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Larsson A, Dimander SO, Uggla A, Waller P, Höglund J. Effects of single or concurrent infections with Eimeria alabamensis and gastrointestinal nematodes on the performance of calves on pasture. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:84-9. [PMID: 16496174 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four calves unexposed to pasture were allocated to four groups and inoculated with either two doses of 5 million Eimeria alabamensis oocysts at turn-out (E), 90,000 L3 of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora divided on six occasions (N) or both oocysts and larvae as above (E + N). A control group was left uninoculated (C). For 10 weeks, the groups grazed in separate uniform paddocks not previously grazed by cattle. By day 5, most calves in groups E and E + N developed clinical coccidiosis that resulted in reduced weight gain compared to C and N. Mean trichostrongylid faecal egg counts in groups N and E + N never exceeded 300 eggs per gram of faeces, and average serum pepsinogen levels were less than 3.8 U tyrosine. This experiment demonstrates the potential impact of E. alabamensis on the performance of previously unexposed calves, whereas no aggravated effects were observed due to concurrent infections with gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Larsson
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
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36
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Troell K, Tingstedt C, Höglund J. Phenotypic characterization of Haemonchus contortus: a study of isolates from Sweden and Kenya in experimentally infected sheep. Parasitology 2005; 132:403-9. [PMID: 16332287 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cold storage of infective third-stage larvae (L3) of different isolates of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus were studied with respect to infectivity, pre-patent period and propensity for larval arrestment. Two complementary experiments were conducted with 2 groups of lambs, each animal being inoculated with 2000 L3 of either Swedish or Kenyan origin. In a first experiment, L3s were cold treated at 5 °C for 9 months prior to infection, whereas in a second experiment larvae were newly hatched. Individual faecal egg counts (FECs), and worm burdens were determined for each experiment. The results showed that the greatest differences were associated with the pre-treatment of larvae. The pre-patent period and the FECs differed significantly between the experiments but not between the isolates used in each experiment. However, the extent of hypobiosis was significantly different between the two isolates when fresh larvae were used (36% Kenyan isolate and 70% Swedish). The storage of H. contortus at 5 °C had no apparent effect on the infectivity of L3s, as high establishment ranging from 43 to 74% were observed, irrespective of isolates used. This study showed that H. contortus exhibited similar phenotypic traits regardless of geographical origin. Thus, there was limited evidence for adaptations to temperate climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Troell
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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Hagberg M, Wattrang E, Niskanen R, Tråvén M, Höglund J, Lundén A. Mononuclear cell subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during Dictyocaulus viviparus infection of calves: a potential role for gamma/delta TCR-expressing cells in airway immune responses? Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:151-61. [PMID: 15987338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear cell populations in the lungs of calves infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus were studied during primary infection and reinfection in order to identify cells involved in development of protective immunity to parasitic bronchitis. Three groups of calves were either inoculated with 500 third-stage larvae at both weeks 0 and 10 (n = 6), inoculated only at week 10 (n = 6), or remained uninfected (n = 3). The animals were monitored weekly by collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood and faeces. Among mononuclear BALF-cell populations, the gamma/delta TCR-expressing cells showed a pronounced transient increase in proportion as well as in relative cell size 2 weeks post primary infection, whereas CD4-, CD8-, Ig- and CD14-expressing cells showed no significant differences related to the infection. The increase in gamma/delta TCR-expressing cells coincided with significantly increased proportions of eosinophils and recovery of adult worms in BALF. After reinfection, gamma/delta TCR-expressing cells increased again, but not until week 3 post inoculation, whereas eosinophils were increased by week 2 and reached higher levels than after primary infection. After reinfection, establishment of D. viviparus was less successful than after primary infection. In conclusion, these results indicate a role for gamma/delta TCR-expressing lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of D. viviparus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hagberg
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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38
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Abstract
It has been predicted that parasites of human-associated organisms (eg humans, domestic pets, farm animals, agricultural and silvicultural plants) are more likely to show rapid recent population expansions than are parasites of other hosts. Here, we directly test the generality of this demographic prediction for species of parasitic nematodes that currently have mitochondrial sequence data available in the literature or the public-access genetic databases. Of the 23 host/parasite combinations analysed, there are seven human-associated parasite species with expanding populations and three without, and there are three non-human-associated parasite species with expanding populations and 10 without. This statistically significant pattern confirms the prediction. However, it is likely that the situation is more complicated than the simple hypothesis test suggests, and those species that do not fit the predicted general pattern provide interesting insights into other evolutionary processes that influence the historical population genetics of host-parasite relationships. These processes include the effects of postglacial migrations, evolutionary relationships and possibly life-history characteristics. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the limitations of this form of bioinformatic data-mining, in comparison to controlled experimental hypothesis tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Morrison
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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39
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Ekblom R, Saether SA, Grahn M, Fiske P, Kålås JA, Höglund J. Major histocompatibility complex variation and mate choice in a lekking bird, the great snipe (Gallinago media). Mol Ecol 2005; 13:3821-8. [PMID: 15548294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a major part in the activation of the vertebrate immune system. In addition, they also appear to function as cues for mate choice. In mammals especially, several kinds of MHC-dependent mate choice have been hypothesized and observed. These include choice of mates that share no or few alleles with the choosing individual, choice of mates with alleles that differ as much as possible from the choosing individual, choice of heterozygous mates, choice of certain genotypes and choice of rare alleles. We investigated these different aspects of mate choice in relation to MHC in a lekking bird species, the great snipe (Gallinago media). We found no evidence for MHC disassortative mating, no preference for males with many MHC alleles and no preference for rare alleles. However, we did find that some allelic lineages were more often found in males with mating success than in males without mating success. Females do not seem to use themselves as references for the MHC-dependent mate choice, rather they seem to prefer males with certain allele types. We speculate that these alleles may be linked to resistance to common parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ekblom
- Population Biology/Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyv.18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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40
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Abstract
Three experiments were carried out to examine the acute phase response, as measured by the acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and fibrinogen, in calves infected with lungworm, Dictyocaulus vivparus. In addition, eosinophil counts were analysed. Three different dose models were used in 3 separate experiments: I) 250 D. viviparus infective third stage larvae (L3) once daily for 2 consecutive days, II) 100 D. viviparus L3 once daily for 5 consecutive days, and III) 2000 L3 once. All 3 dose regimes induced elevated levels of haptoglobin, SAA and fibrinogen, although there was considerable variation both between and within experiments. A significant increase was observed in all 3 APP at one or several time points in experiment I and III, whereas in experiment II, the only significant elevation was observed for fibrinogen at one occasion. The eosinophil numbers were significantly elevated in all 3 experiments. The results show that lungworm infection can induce an acute phase response, which can be monitored by the selected APP. Elevated APP levels in combination with high numbers of eosinophils in an animal with respiratory disease may be used as an indicator of lung worm infection, and help the clinician to decide on treatment. However, high numbers of eosinophils and low levels of APP do not exclude a diagnosis of lungworm. Thus, lungworm infection may not be detected if measurements of APP are used to assess calf health in herds or individual animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gånheim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Githiori JB, Höglund J, Waller PJ, Baker RL. Evaluation of anthelmintic properties of some plants used as livestock dewormers against Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep. Parasitology 2004; 129:245-53. [PMID: 15376783 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004005566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminth infections remain a major constraint to livestock production globally. This study evaluated anthelmintic efficacy of 7 plants used as dewormers by farmers and pastoralists in Kenya. Thus 3 commercial anthelmintics and 7 plant preparations were tested in lambs infected with 5000 or 3000 L3 Haemonchus contortus in 4 experiments. In the first experiment, ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole were tested in 46 lambs. Seven plant preparations of Hagenia abyssinica, Olea europaea var. africana, Annona squamosa, Ananas comosus, Dodonea angustifolia, Hildebrandtia sepalosa and Azadirachta indica were tested in 151 lambs in 3 experiments. All 3 anthelminitics were highly effective in reducing faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm counts (TWC) in lambs. Plant preparations had varying levels of crude proteins from 2.6% for O. europaea to 18.4% for A. indica. Compared with controls, no significant reductions in FEC were observed for any of the treated groups either 2 or 3 weeks post-treatment. Lambs treated with A. squamosa and A. comosus were slaughtered 4 weeks post-treatment. No significant differences were observed in mean TWC or number of eggs per female worm between treated animals and the controls. No significant improvements in weight gain were observed in treated lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Githiori
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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42
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Dimander SO, Höglund J, Waller PJ. Disintegration of dung pats from cattle treated with the ivermectin anthelmintic bolus, or the biocontrol agent Duddingtonia flagrans. Acta Vet Scand 2004; 44:171-80. [PMID: 15074630 PMCID: PMC1831547 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-44-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was performed during the grazing seasons of 1998, 1999 and 2000 to study the influence of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin and the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on cattle dung disintegration. The faeces originated from groups of animals that were part of a separate grazing experiment where different control strategies for nematode parasite infections were investigated. Each group consisted of 10 first-season grazing cattle that were either untreated, treated with the ivermectin sustained-release bolus, or fed chlamydospores of D. flagrans. Faeces were collected monthly on 4 occasions and out of pooled faeces from each group, 4 artificial 1 kg dung pats were prepared and deposited on nylon mesh on an enclosed pasture and protected from birds. The position of the new set of pats was repeated throughout the 3 years of the study. Each year, the dung pats were weighed 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after deposition and immediately afterwards replaced to their initial positions. Results showed that there was no difference in faecal pat disintegration between groups. However, the time-lag between deposition and complete disintegration of the faeces varied significantly between deposition occasions. Dung pats disappeared within 2 weeks (visual observation) when subjected to heavy rainfall early after deposition, whereas an extended dry period coincided with faeces still remaining 12 months after deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Dimander
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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43
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Höglund J, Engström A, Morrison DA, Mattsson JG. Genetic diversity assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of the parasitic nematode Dictyocaulus viviparus the lungworm of cattle. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:475-84. [PMID: 15013737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2003] [Revised: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the population genetic structure in a collection of nine isolates of the parasitic lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus. Eight of the isolates were sampled from cattle in geographically separated farms throughout south-central Sweden, and one isolate was a laboratory strain that has been maintained in experimentally infected calves for almost four decades. A total of 72 worms were examined, with eight individual worms from the same individual host representing each isolate. The genetic variation as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis using four selective primer combinations was high. Depending on the primer combination a total of 66-79 restriction fragments were amplified, with 26-44 peaks of similar complexity from each of the isolates. The heterozygosity within populations was relatively small, as were the population mutation and immigration rates, which seemed to be in neutral equilibrium. The genetic diversity was therefore reasonably well structured in the field; and the laboratory isolate was quite distinct from the field samples. There was no relationship between the patterns of genetic diversity and the geographical proximity of the farms. The estimates of heterozygosity were much larger and more consistent than those previously estimated for this nematode species using mitochondrial sequencing, and the genetic structuring was thus much less pronounced and the gene flow greater. We attribute these differences in estimation to the broader sampling of loci available using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers, which may therefore constitute a superior technique for the study of patterns of lungworm diversity. Furthermore, the data estimating gene flow for D. viviparus was less than previously reported for closely related species in North America. This might be related to different rates of movements of infected hosts. It seems likely that lungworm infections are rather persistent on different farms, and the sudden outbreaks of disease that can be observed with host movements are most likely to be related to the introduction of susceptible stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Höglund
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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44
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Osterman Lind E, Eysker M, Nilsson O, Uggla A, Höglund J. Expulsion of small strongyle nematodes (cyathostomin spp) following deworming of horses on a stud farm in Sweden. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:289-99. [PMID: 12944042 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted on a stud farm in Sweden to investigate the species composition of cyathostomins expelled in the faeces of horses after deworming using three different anthelmintic preparations. Twenty-seven horses excreting > or = 200 strongyle eggs per gram faeces (EPG) were divided into three comparable groups and dewormed on day 0 with either of following compounds: 0.2 mg ivermectin per kg body weight (bw), 19 mg pyrantel pamoate per kg bw or 7.5 mg fenbendazole per kg bw. For each of the 3 days following anthelmintic treatment faeces was collected from individual horses and subsamples were fixed in formalin. Four days after the anthelmintic treatment all horses were re-treated with ivermectin and faeces was collected on day 5. Individual subsamples from each of the four sampling occasions were examined for cyathostomin nematodes. Sixty-three to 270 worms per horse were identified to the species level. The majority of the worms recovered were expelled during the first day from horses treated with ivermectin or pyrantel pamoate, and during the second day from horses treated with fenbendazole. Fifteen cyathostomin species were identified and the six most prevalent were Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicocyclus leptostomus, Cylicostephanus minutus and Cylicostephanus calicatus. These species composed 91% of the total burden of cyathostomins. The number of species found per horse ranged from 6 to 13, with an average of 9. No significant differences in species composition or distribution were found between the treatment groups. On day 5, i.e. 1 day after the last ivermectin treatment, 93% of the adult worms were recovered from horses in the fenbendazole group. This study showed that it was possible to identify cyathostomins expelled in faeces of dewormed horses, and that the most prevalent species corresponded to those found in autopsy surveys performed in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Osterman Lind
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Höglund J, Morrison DA, Divina BP, Wilhelmsson E, Mattsson JG. Phylogeny of Dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal RNA data. Parasitology 2003; 127:179-87. [PMID: 12954019 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003003366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of nematode parasites within the genus Dictyocaulus (superfamily Trichostrongyloidea). Lungworms from cattle (Bos taurus), domestic sheep (Ovis aries), European fallow deer (Dama dama), moose (Alces alces), musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were obtained and their small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences analysed. In the hosts examined we identified D. capreolus, D. eckerti, D. filaria and D. viviparus. However, in fallow deer we detected a taxon with unique SSU and ITS2 sequences. The phylogenetic position of this taxon based on the SSU sequences shows that it is a separate evolutionary lineage from the other recognized species of Dictyocaulus. Furthermore, the analysis of the ITS2 sequence data indicates that it is as genetically distinct as are the named species of Dictyocaulus. Therefore, either this taxon needs to be recognized as a new species, or D. capreolus, D. eckerti and D. viviparus need to be combined into a single species. Traditionally, the genus Dictyocaulus has been placed as a separate family within the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea. The present molecular phylogenetic analyses support the placement as a separate family, but the current data do not support the placement of the Dictyocaulidae within the Trichostrongyloidea without a reassessment of the placement of the superfamily Strongyloidea. While D. eckerti has been regarded as the one and only lungworm species of cervids, this study showed that 4 host species including 3 members of Cervidae (moose, reindeer, red deer) and 1 Bovidae (musk ox) were infected with this parasite. Host ranges of D. viviparus (cattle), D. filaria (sheep) and D. capreolus (moose and roe deer) were more restricted. No clear pattern of co-evolution between the dictyocaulid taxa and their bovid and cervid hosts could be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Höglund
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
The capercaillie inhabits a continuous range in large parts of the Palearctic boreal forest, but is patchily distributed in temperate Europe. An ongoing population decline, largely related to human land use changes, has been most pronounced in central and western Europe, where some local populations have become extinct. In this study, we document the genetic differentiation of capercaillie populations at different stages along a gradient of spatial structuring from high connectivity (continuous range in the boreal forest) to a metapopulation systems (Alps) and recent (central Europe) and historic (Pyrenees) isolation. Four hundred and sixty individuals from 14 sample sites were genotyped at 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess genetic structure and variation of capercaillie populations across its European range. As expected, differentiation was least pronounced within the continuous range in the boreal forest. Within the metapopulation system of the Alps, differentiation was less than among the isolated populations of central Europe (Black Forest, Fichtelgebirge, Thuringia, Vosges). In the long-isolated population of the Pyrenees, and the recently isolated populations of central Europe, genetic diversity was significantly reduced compared with the Alps and boreal forest. Our results agree with the concept of a gradual increase in genetic differentiation from connectivity to isolation, and from recent to historic isolation. Anthropogenic habitat deterioration and fragmentation thus not only leads to range contractions and extinctions, but may also have significant genetic and evolutionary consequences for surviving populations. To maintain high levels of genetic variation in species in fragmented habitats, conservation should aim at securing connectivity between spatially distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Segelbacher
- Max Planck Research Centre for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Radolfzell, Germany.
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Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep and goats on a government farm in north Malaysia was monitored over a 3-year period (1997-2000). The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted on young sheep at the beginning and end of this period. Changes in management, designed to reduce the selection pressure for the development of anthelmintic resistance, were also implemented during this time. By far the most important parasite problem was Haemonchus contortus. In 1997, this nematode was found to be resistant to levamisole, with suspected resistance to closantel and moxidectin. However, when the FECRT was repeated 3 years later, its resistance status had become much more severe, with resistance to benzimidazole, levamisole and ivermectin, and suspected resistance to moxidectin. This rapid evolution to multiple anthelmintic resistance is a major concern that needs to be arrested. There is an urgent need to evaluate other control strategies that incorporate livestock management, the 'smart' use of drugs and non-chemotherapeutic approaches, such as biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chandrawathani
- Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Malaysia
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Gibbons LM, Höglund J. Dictyocaulus capreolus n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from roe deer, Capreolus capreolus and moose, Alces alces in Sweden. J Helminthol 2002; 76:119-25. [PMID: 12015823 DOI: 10.1079/joh2001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dictyocaulus capreolus n. sp. recovered from roe deer, Capreolus capreolus and moose, Alces alces in Sweden is described and figured. Morphological studies revealed the new species to be closest to D. eckerti and D. africanus on the basis of mouth shape, all three species having an elongate mouth opening. The other species of the genus, including D. viviparus, all have a circular to oval mouth opening. Dictyocaulus capreolus n. sp. can be distinguished from D. eckerti and D. africanus on the basis of the morphology of the buccal capsule and the bursa. These morphological studies support earlier evidence of the presence of a new species of Dictyocaulus in roe deer and moose that could be distinguished from D. eckerti and D. viviparus using either a PCR-linked hybridization assay or image analysis software to study the dimensions of the buccal capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gibbons
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
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Abstract
Eight Swedish Red Breed cattle, about 2 months old, were experimentally infected with a Swedish isolate of Dictyocaulus viviparus (Dviv-Se) from cattle and D. capreolus from roe deer. The aims were to determine whether the roe deer lungworm is infective to cattle or if it can induce seroconversion in cattle against D. viviparus as measured with an ELISA. Four calves which were given 500 Dviv-Se infective larvae (L3) each by larval dosing for two successive days developed patent infection between days 23 and 25 post-inoculation (PI). Larval output varied among the calves and during the patent period. However, maximum recovery occurred between 28 and 56 days PI with peak shedding on day 37 PI. Shedding ceased at day 58 PI and adult worms were recovered from one calf at necropsy (day 67 PI). No immature worms were recovered from the lungs at necropsy. Seroconversion was detected on days 35-42 PI. One Dviv-Se infected calf became seronegative on day 67 PI whereas the other calves still remained seropositive during this period. Prepatency and patency periods of D. viviparus and serological findings in this study basically conform to previous studies. Each calf that was infected with 400 L3 of D. capreolus for two successive days, and about 800 L3 of the same species about 8 weeks later, did not develop to patency based on faecal and post-mortem examinations. Consequently, under the conditions of this study, D. capreolus was not infective to cattle. Two of the four calves that were infected with L3 from roe deer were challenged with L3 cultured from faeces of the Dviv-Se-infected calves. This infection did not develop to patency. Whether this was due to cross-protection as a result of the prior priming with L3 from roe deer is not clear. However, if it is so, it opens up the possibility of using D. capreolus L3 for preventing bovine dictyocauliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Divina
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños College, Laguna, Sweden
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Nordenfors H, Höglund J, Tauson R, Chirico J. Effect of permethrin impregnated plastic strips on Dermanyssus gallinae in loose-housing systems for laying hens. Vet Parasitol 2001; 102:121-31. [PMID: 11705658 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of permethrin impregnated plastic strips (Die No Mite Strips) was evaluated on Dermanyssus gallinae populations in aviary systems for layers in Sweden. Two application strategies of the strips were tested: (A) attached in the housing system, allowing the birds to rub against the strips and thereby get the acaricide released onto their plumage, and (B) attached out of reach of the hens, at two different sites (perches and egg-belt lids) of the inner surfaces of the system, where the mites sheltered during the day. On two farms with 2030 (A) and 3384 (B) hens, and existing mite populations, strips were mounted for 20 and 10 weeks, respectively, and mite numbers were monitored by traps. With application A an overall mite reduction of 53% was observed, while with B the mean mite numbers decreased by 39% at the perches and 92% at the egg-belt lid. The strips were originally designed for caged hens afflicted by ectoparasites that stay on the host for most of their life cycle. However, since D. gallinae spends most of its time off the host, it was not possible to control the parasite with application A. Resistance tests performed on mites from both treated and control compartments where application A was used showed no indication of resistance to permethrin, while 95% of the mites survived a 48 h exposure to the compound where application B was performed. Thus, permethrin resistant mites appeared to be the main reason for the failure to control D. gallinae with application B.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nordenfors
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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