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Stewart ML, Zimmer JP. Postprandial glucose and insulin response to a high-fiber muffin top containing resistant starch type 4 in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Nutrition 2018; 53:59-63. [PMID: 29655779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES VERSAFIBE™ 2470 resistant starch (RS) is an RS type 4 that is derived from high-amylose maize starch,70% total dietary fiber (TDF; AOAC method 2009.01). This was a randomized, double-blind, crossover study to evaluate the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses of healthy adults (n = 28) after the consumption of a muffin top made with VERSAFIBE™ 2470 RS (11.6 g TDF fiber muffin top) or a control muffin top (0.9 g TDF). METHODS The muffin tops were matched for weight, total carbohydrate, sugars, protein, and fat. During each treatment period, subjects consumed a standard evening meal, fasted for 12 h, and arrived at the study clinic the following morning. Serum glucose, serum insulin, and capillary glucose were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after muffin top consumption. The subjects completed a 7-d washout period between treatments. RESULTS The consumption of the fiber muffin top resulted in a significant 33% reduction in postprandial serum glucose incremental area under the curve from 0 to 120 min and an 8% decrease in maximum glucose concentration versus the control muffin (P = 0.037 and P = 0.007, respectively). The fiber muffin top reduced postprandial serum insulin incremental area under the curve from 0 to 120 min by 38% compared with the control muffin top (P <0.001), which aligns with the blood glucose data. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the inclusion of a practical dose of dietary fiber (11.6 g TDF) from VERSAFIBE™ 2470 RS in a bakery product significantly reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Stewart
- Global Nutrition R&D, Ingredion Incorporated, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA.
| | - J Paul Zimmer
- Global Nutrition R&D, Ingredion Incorporated, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
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Wijendran V, Downs I, Tyburczy C, Kothapalli KSD, Park WJ, Blank BS, Zimmer JP, Butt C, Salem N, Brenna JT. Dietary arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid regulate liver fatty acid desaturase (FADS) alternative transcript expression in suckling piglets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:345-50. [PMID: 24075244 PMCID: PMC3818473 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular regulation of fatty acid desaturase (Fads) gene expression by dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during early post-natal period, when the demand for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is very high, has not been well defined. The objective of the current study was to determine regulation of liver Fads1, Fads2 and Fads3 classical (CS) and alternative transcripts (AT) expression by dietary ARA and DHA, within the physiological range present in human breast milk, in suckling piglets. Piglets were fed one of six milk replacer formula diets (formula-reared groups, FR) with varying ARA and DHA content from days 3-28 of age. The ARA/DHA levels of the six formula diets were as follows (% total fatty acid, FA/FA): (A1) 0.1/1.0; (A2) 0.53/1.0; (A3-D3) 0.69/1.0; (A4) 1.1/1.0; (D2) 0.67/0.62; and (D1) 0.66/0.33. The control maternal-reared (MR) group remained with the dam. Fads1 expression was not significantly different between FR and MR groups. Fads2 expression was down-regulated significantly in diets with 1:1 ratio of ARA:DHA, compared to MR. Fads2 AT1 expression was highly correlated to Fads2 expression. Fads3 AT7 was the only Fads3 transcript sensitive to dietary LC-PUFA intake and was up-regulated in the formula diets with lowest ARA and DHA contents compared to MR. Thus, the present study provides evidence that the proportion of dietary ARA:DHA is a significant determinant of Fads2 expression and LC-PUFA metabolism during the early postnatal period. Further, the data suggest that Fads3 AT7 may have functional significance when dietary supply of ARA and DHA are low during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasuki Wijendran
- Dept of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ian Downs
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cynthia Tyburczy
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Woo Jung Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bryant S. Blank
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - C.M. Butt
- DSM Nutritional Lipids, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Lipids, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Olson MV, Liu YC, Dangi B, Paul Zimmer J, Salem N, Nauroth JM. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces inflammation and joint destruction in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:1003-13. [PMID: 24008816 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), alone and in combination with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis, collagen induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS The CIA was induced in DBA/1OlaHsd mice by the injection of bovine type II collagen in Freunds's complete adjuvant on days 0 and 21. Mice were fed modified diets containing DHA and/or EPA for 4 weeks prior to the initial collagen injection until study termination at day 45. The severity of CIA was assessed by measuring erythema, edema and mobility of the digits on the fore and hind paws, as well as histology. The level of serum anti-collagen antibodies was determined by ELISA. The ex vivo effects of DHA and/or EPA on splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production were evaluated by BrdU method and ELISA. RESULTS Prophylactic treatment with DHA, and not DHA/EPA, significantly reduced arthritis severity and joint damage. Treatment with DHA also decreased anti-collagen (CII) antibodies in vivo, downregulated interleukin-1β, interferonγ and upregulated protective interleukin-10 ex vivo. CONCLUSION Prophylactic treatment with DHA was efficacious in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis and may be a useful intervention strategy against inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa V Olson
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
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Tyburczy C, Kothapalli KSD, Park WJ, Blank BS, Bradford KL, Zimmer JP, Butt CM, Salem N, Brenna JT. Heart arachidonic acid is uniquely sensitive to dietary arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content in domestic piglets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:335-43. [PMID: 21885269 PMCID: PMC3208738 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the sensitivity of heart and brain arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to the dietary ARA level in a dose-response design with constant, high DHA in neonatal piglets. On day 3 of age, pigs were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary formulas varying in ARA/DHA as follows (% fatty acid, FA/FA): (A1) 0.1/1.0; (A2) 0.53/1.0; (A3-D3) 0.69/1.0; (A4) 1.1/1.0; (D2) 0.67/0.62; and (D1) 0.66/0.33. At necropsy (day 28) higher levels of dietary ARA were associated with increased heart and liver ARA, while brain ARA remained unaffected. Dietary ARA had no effect on tissue DHA accretion. Heart was particularly sensitive, with pigs in the intermediate groups having different ARA (A2, 18.6±0.7%; A3, 19.4±1.0%) and a 0.17% increase in dietary ARA resulted in a 0.84% increase in heart ARA. Further investigations are warranted to determine the clinical significance of heart ARA status in developing neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tyburczy
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Woo Jung Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bryant S. Blank
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | - Norman Salem
- Martek Biosciences Corp., Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. . J. Thomas Brenna B38 Savage Hall Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Telephone: 607-255-9182
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Jackson JG, Zimmer JP. Lutein and zeaxanthin in human milk independently and significantly differ among women from Japan, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Landrum JT, Cao Y, Bone RA, Neuringer M, Landauer N, Zimmer JP. Changes in carotenoid stereoisomers in the primate retina with age. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a350-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard A. Bone
- PhysicsFlorida International University11200 SW 8th StMiamiFL33199
| | - Martha Neuringer
- Division of NeuroscienceOregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeavertonOR97006
| | - Noelle Landauer
- Division of NeuroscienceOregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeavertonOR97006
| | - J. Paul Zimmer
- Nutrition, Wyeth Nutrition, 500 Arcola RoadCollegevillePA19426
- Martek Biosciences4909 Nautilus Court NorthBoulderCO80301
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Zimmer JP, Hammond BR. Possible influences of lutein and zeaxanthin on the developing retina. Clin Ophthalmol 2007; 1:25-35. [PMID: 19668463 PMCID: PMC2699988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin (LZ) are found throughout the central nervous system but reach their highest concentration within the macular region of the primate retina where they are commonly referred to as the macular pigments. Although LZ are a major integral feature of the central fovea, no information currently exists regarding the effects of variability in the concentration of these pigments on the developing retina. In particular, the long-term effects of very low levels of macular pigment are not known and potentially meaningful. Macular pigment levels depend upon dietary intake since LZ cannot be synthesized de novo. Infants with low intake of LZ (eg, infants receiving unfortified infant formula or breast milk from mothers with low carotenoid diets) would be expected to have considerably lower macular pigment compared with infants with high LZ intake (eg, breast-fed infants with mothers on carotenoid-rich diets). In this paper we discuss possible implications of this difference and the available evidence suggesting that LZ could influence the developing visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Zimmer
- Wyeth Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Billy R Hammond
- Vision Science Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA,Correspondence: Billy R Hammond, Jr, Vision Science Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA, Tel +1 706 542 4812, Fax +1 706 542 3275, Email
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Marquis GS, Penny ME, Zimmer JP, Díaz JM, Marín RM. An overlap of breastfeeding during late pregnancy is associated with subsequent changes in colostrum composition and morbidity rates among Peruvian infants and their mothers. J Nutr 2003; 133:2585-91. [PMID: 12888642 PMCID: PMC2798150 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.8.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An overlap of breast-feeding and late pregnancy is associated with decreased intake of human milk and reduced infant growth. We evaluated the association of an overlap with macronutrient and immunological components of milk, infant urinary IgA, and infant and maternal morbidity. On d 2 and 1 mo postpartum, staff measured 24-h intake of breast milk and collected samples from 133 Peruvian women; 68 had breast-fed during the last trimester of pregnancy (BFP) and 65 had not breast-fed during pregnancy (NBFP). Data on maternal and infant anthropometry and health were collected for 1 mo. On d 2, lactose and lysozyme concentrations were higher, total lysozyme intake was higher and concentration and total intake of lactoferrin were lower in the BFP than the NBFP group (P < 0.05). The total 1-mo IgA intake was lower among BFP than NBFP infants (P = 0.01). Urinary IgA concentration was correlated with breast milk IgA concentration (r = 0.29; P = 0.01) but not with breast-feeding during pregnancy. An overlap was not associated with diarrhea but BFP infants were 5 times as likely to have a cough for at least 7 d than NBFP infants (P < 0.05). Reported mastitis was rare and occurred only in the NBFP group (P = 0.05). An overlap of breast-feeding and late pregnancy was associated with changes in milk composition, an increased frequency in symptoms of infant respiratory illness but decreased reported mastitis. Further in-depth studies are warranted to determine the cumulative effects associated with a breast-feeding/pregnancy overlap on infant and maternal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S Marquis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Zimmer JP, Garza C, Butte NF, Goldman AS. Maternal blood B-cell (CD19+) percentages and serum immunoglobulin concentrations correlate with breast-feeding behavior and serum prolactin concentration. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998; 40:57-62. [PMID: 9689362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1998.tb00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Lactating women recover from pregnancy-induced immunosuppression while actively secreting immunologically active agents into milk. Few clinical studies have examined changes in postpartum maternal immune status or explored mechanisms. METHOD OF STUDY We measured blood B-cell (CD19+) percentages and serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA at 1 to 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months postpartum in a longitudinal study of seven healthy, lactating women. RESULTS More frequent or extended breast-feeding sessions were correlated with lower CD19+ percentages, reduced serum IgG, and higher serum IgA and IgM concentrations. CD19+ percentages were correlated negatively with serum prolactin concentrations. Blood samples drawn before and 30 min after breast-feeding did not differ in CD19+ percentages or serum Ig concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm our previous cross-sectional study showing a negative correlation between CD19+ percentages and serum prolactin. Because lactation practices are modifiable, these findings suggest that women can influence the course of lactation-associated immunologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Zimmer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Zimmer JP, Garza C, Heller ME, Butte N, Goldman AS. Postpartum maternal blood helper T (CD3+CD4+) and cytotoxic T (CD3+CD8+) cells: correlations with iron status, parity, supplement use, and lactation status. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67:897-904. [PMID: 9583847 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency reduces T cell counts; however, iron sufficiency is difficult to maintain during pregnancy and to reestablish in the early postpartum period. This cross-sectional study examined relations among postpartum maternal iron status, parity, lactation, supplement use, and maternal blood T cell populations. Sixty lactating and 41 nonlactating postpartum (NLPP) women at 1-2 wk and 1, 2, 4, or 8 mo postpartum and 13 nulliparous women were studied. Among multiparous women, multiple linear regression showed that relative percentages and absolute numbers of CD3+CD8+ cells were correlated positively with maternal serum transferrin saturation. In a separate multiple linear regression model, multiparous NLPP women who did not use multivitamin and mineral supplements had lower CD3+CD4+ cell percentages in the first month postpartum than did nulliparous control women. Lactating women who used supplements, however, had reduced CD3+CD4+ percentages 4-8 mo postpartum compared with control women. CD3+CD4+ percentages did not differ among control women, NLPP women who used supplements, or lactating women who did not use them. These results suggest that nutritional factors such as maternal iron status and use of dietary supplements play a role in a mother's postpartum immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Zimmer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Zimmer JP, Garza C, Heller ME, Butte N, Goldman AS. Relationship between serum prolactin, lactation and changes in maternal blood B-cell (CD19+) percents during the first 8 months post-partum. J Reprod Immunol 1996; 30:81-95. [PMID: 8816326 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(96)00956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactation is an immunologically unique state when immune factors are produced by the mother for the protection of the infant rather than the mother. While several studies have focused on the immunological composition of human milk, much less information is available on maternal immune status during lactation. Sixty-four lactating and 43 bottle-feeding women at 1-2 weeks, 1, 2, 4 or 8 months post-partum were studied in a cross-sectional design, with 14 nulliparous women as controls. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed dynamic, post-partum changes in the B-cell subpopulation. Among lactating women, the relative percents of CD19+ B-cells were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than control levels at 1-2 weeks and 1 month post-partum, but showed a significant, polynomial-linear rise (P < 0.05) over time, reaching control values by 2-4 months post-partum. Bottle-feeding women had an earlier rise in the percentage of CD19+ cells, with relative percents always significantly higher than their lactating counterparts. The differing patterns may be due to changes in serum prolactin concentrations because, among the post-partum women, relative percents of CD19+ cells were negatively correlated with baseline serum prolactin concentrations. These results have implications for maternal immunization programs designed to enhance maternal and/or infant well-being as well as other maternal health effects related to breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Zimmer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Schmitz J, Zimmer JP, Kluxen B, Aries S, Bögel M, Gigli I, Schmitz H. Antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity in sera from patients with HIV-1 infection is controlled by CD55 and CD59. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:1520-6. [PMID: 7544808 PMCID: PMC185777 DOI: 10.1172/jci118190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Various immune mechanisms have been reported to contribute to the progressive destruction of Th cells in HIV-1-infected patients. Among these, complement mediated lysis of infected cells has been suggested. An increased sensitivity of lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients to lysis by monoclonal antibodies directed to MHC class I antigen and complement has been directly correlated with a decreased expression of the decay accelerating factor (CD55). It also has been reported that the expression of the membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (CD59) is decreased during HIV-1 infection. We examined the effect of antibodies in the serum of HIV-1-positive individuals and normal human serum (NHS) as source of complement on several HIV-1-infected cell lines differing in their expression of CD55 and CD59. When HIV-1-infected target cells without membrane expression of CD55 and CD59 were used, a highly significant cytotoxic effect was observed in the presence of heat inactivated anti-HIV-1-positive sera and NHS, while heat-inactivated anti-HIV-1-negative sera and NHS were unable to induce cytolysis. Similar results were obtained using purified IgG isolated from HIV-1-positive sera and either NHS or guinea pig serum as source of complement. Lysis of HIV-1-infected cells correlated with expression of viral antigens on the cell surface. HIV-1-infected CD55 and CD59 positive target cells showed specific lysis, when the function of these molecules was abrogated by blocking antibodies to CD55 and CD59. The finding of anti-HIV-1-specific cytotoxic antibodies in sera from HIV-1-infected patients should be considered in the pathogenesis of the HIV-1-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmitz
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Zimmer JP, Lewis SM, Moyer JL. Comparison of gavage, water bottle, and a high-moisture diet bolus as dosing methods for quantitative D-xylose administration to B6D2F1 (Mus musculus) mice. Lab Anim 1993; 27:164-70. [PMID: 8501899 DOI: 10.1258/002367793780810423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gavage, water bottle, and diet incorporation are 3 dosing methods used orally to administer test compounds to rodents. These 3 methods were compared in mice to determine which represented the most quantitative delivery system. For dietary incorporation, a high-moisture bolus form of NIH-31 rodent meal was developed using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as an autoclave-stable binding agent. A high-moisture bolus was selected to increase the acceptability of the dosed diet and to promote quantitative consumption through reduced wastage. The test compound used was D-xylose, a pentose sugar that may be quantitatively detected, colorimetrically, in urine following oral dosing. Six male and 6 female B6D2F1 mice were placed in metabolism cages and dosed with a known quantity of D-xylose by each of the 3 methods. Urine was collected before and after each method of administration and analysed for total D-xylose; the per cent recovery was based upon the amount of D-xylose consumed. Quantitative consumption was apparently greatest for water bottle dosing with an average recovery of 56.0% of the original D-xylose dose. High-moisture bolus incorporation ranked second with 50.0% D-xylose recovery, and gavage was third with 41.0% D-xylose recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Zimmer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
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Lehr HA, Zimmer JP, Hübner C, Reisinger EC, Kohlschütter A, Schmitz H. Dextran sulphate reduces diphenylhexatriene anisotropy in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: impact on plasma membrane fluidity and HIV-cytopathogenicity. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28:677-80. [PMID: 1778871 DOI: 10.1093/jac/28.5.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytopathogenicity of HIV and other enveloped viruses is reduced by membrane fluidizing agents and by dextran sulphate (DS). To investigate whether DS exerts its antiviral action via plasma membrane fluidization of host cells, we performed anisotropy measurements on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) using the fluorescent marker diphenylhexatriene. Anisotropy was decreased in DS-exposed PBL indicating increased fluidity in the hydrophobic membrane interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lehr
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Stahmer I, Zimmer JP, Ernst M, Fenner T, Finnern R, Schmitz H, Flad HD, Gerdes J. Isolation of normal human follicular dendritic cells and CD4-independent in vitro infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:1873-8. [PMID: 1868873 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistological and electron microscopy studies of lymph nodes from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) demonstrated that follicular dendritic cells (FDC), the antigen-presenting cells of the B cell system, contain and may produce the virus. To elucidate the mode of infection of FDC with HIV-1 in vitro we developed an improved method for the preparation of single-cell suspensions of viable FDC with high purity (greater than 90% FDC). These isolated FDC were subjected to human T cell leukemia virus IIIB infection, which was monitored after 4 days in culture using the polymerase chain reaction. We were able to demonstrate that normal human FDC are highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1. Inhibition experiments with the monoclonal antibody OKT4a demonstrate that this infection is independent of the CD4 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stahmer
- Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, FRG
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Lehr HA, Zimmer JP, Hübner C, Ballmann M, Hachmann W, Vogel W, Baisch H, Hartter P, Albani M, Kohlschütter A, Schmitz H. Decreased binding of HIV-1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide following plasma membrane fluidization of CD4+ cells by phenytoin. Virology 1990; 179:609-17. [PMID: 1978437 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90128-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane fluidity of intact peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of phenytoin-treated nonepileptic patients and phenytoin-treated CD4+ lymphoid cells H9 and K37 was determined by fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Anisotropy values of the membrane probe 6-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acid were decreased in all cell types as compared with controls, indicating increased plasma membrane fluidity of phenytoin-treated cells. Specific binding of 125I-labeled vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to its cellular receptor CD4 on PBL was decreased in PBL of phenytoin-treated patients as compared with untreated, healthy subjects. Adsorption of a different ligand to the CD4 receptor on PBL, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), was likewise abolished to PBL of phenytoin-treated patients and phenytoin-treated CD4+ H9 and K37 cells, as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence. Subsequent HIV-1 infection of phenytoin-treated H9 and K37 cells was reduced as measured by indirect immunofluorescence and p24 antigen production. These data indicate that CD4 receptor availability for VIP and HIV-1 was reduced in phenytoin-treated cells. Using the DNA-specific dye Hoechst 33258, we examined cell cycle phase distributions of HIV-1 adsorbing and nonadsorbing H9 cells, as separated by flow cytometry. The majority of HIV-1 adsorbing cells were found to be in the G2/M phase, while nonadsorbing cells were mainly in the G0/G1 phase, during which plasma membrane fluidity is supposed to be increased. This study indicates that plasma membrane fluidization by phenytoin may serve to disrupt CD4 receptor function and emphasizes the impact of plasma membrane properties on HIV-1 adsorption and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lehr
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Nautical and Tropical Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
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Zimmer JP, Lehr HA, Hübner C, Lindner SG, Ramsperger R, Claussen M, Kohlschütter A, Schmitz H. Effects of membrane lipid and fluidity modifications on HIV-1 infectibility of primate lymphocytes in vitro. Biosci Rep 1990; 10:263-70. [PMID: 2224064 DOI: 10.1007/bf01117242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most non-human primates, except the chimpanzee and the gibbon in vivo are not infectible by HIV-1, lymphocytes of several of these species can be infected by HIV-1 in vitro. In order to investigate whether the in vitro infectibility of primate lymphocytes might be attributed to plasma membrane adaptation processes or to serum factors, we compared HIV-1 infectibility of cultivated peripheral blood lymphocytes of macaques and of baboons on day one and on day ten of cultivation. These data were correlated to plasma membrane lipid composition and membrane fluidity. We found a correlation between increased HIV-1 in vitro infectibility and changes in plasma membrane lipid composition resulting in decreased membrane fluidity of cultured primate lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Zimmer
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Nautical and Tropical Diseases, Hamburg, West Germany
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Lehr HA, Zimmer JP, Hübner C, Reisinger EC, Kohlschütter A, Claussen M, Schmitz H, Dietrich M. Decreased plasma membrane fluidity of peripheral blood lymphocytes after diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) therapy in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 37:521-3. [PMID: 2557220 DOI: 10.1007/bf00558135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In seeking the putative mechanism of action of diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) on the immune status of HIV infected patients, the plasma membrane fluidity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from DTC-treated and untreated patients (CDC III-IVc1) was determined. Anisotropy values of the fluorescent probe 6-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acid were increased in DTC-treated patients (0.175 vs 0.161), indicating decreased PBL plasma membrane fluidity. The membrane rigidifying effect was significantly greater 4 h after i.v. drug administration (0.185 in treated patients). As the membrane fluidity and the function of membrane embedded antigen are interdependent, it is possible that alterations in biophysical and/or biochemical properties of membranes may account for the beneficial effect of DTC on the immune function and clinical status of HIV infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lehr
- Clinical Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Zimmer JP, Lehr HA, Kornhuber ME, Breitig D, Montagnier L, Gietzen K. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) blocks HIV-receptor on T-lymphocyte surface. Blut 1986; 53:447-50. [PMID: 3492229 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown the capacity of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) to attach to the membranes of lymphatic cells as a hapten and thus exert an unspecific influence on their ability to express certain recognition molecules. This led us to the hypothesis, that DPH might as well serve to manipulate the t-helper-lymphocytes in a way that the mode of infection of these cells by the HIV might be blocked. In order to verify this hypothesis, we exposed normal control lymphocytes as well as lymphocytes from DPH-treated patients (3 X 100-150 mg DPH/day, Phenhydan, for a minimum of 10 days) to radioactively labeled HIV (125I). Remaining radioactivity was assessed using a gamma-counter and measured 64.000-92.000 counts/min (n = 24, mean 80.000) for the control lymphocytes, while remaining radioactivity for the DPH-treated lymphocytes ranged between 2000 and 7000 counts/min (n = 24, mean 4.000, p less than 0.001). These results and similar experiments obtained with FITC-labeled HIV led us to the conclusion that DPH inhibits HIV recognition of T-lymphocytes and therefore might be used in therapy and prophylaxis of AIDS.
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Lehr HA, Zimmer JP, Kern W. [Diphenylhydantoin in AIDS]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1986; 111:1701. [PMID: 3769815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lehr HA, Zimmer JP. [Diphenylhydantoin in the prevention and therapy of AIDS?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1986; 111:1001-2. [PMID: 3011381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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