1
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Graham NR, Krehenwinkel H, Lim JY, Staniczenko P, Callaghan J, Andersen JC, Gruner DS, Gillespie RG. Ecological network structure in response to community assembly processes over evolutionary time. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6489-6506. [PMID: 36738159 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic structure of ecological communities results from interactions among taxa that change with shifts in species composition in space and time. However, our ability to study the interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes on community assembly remains relatively unexplored due to the difficulty of measuring community structure over long temporal scales. Here, we made use of a geological chronosequence across the Hawaiian Islands, representing 50 years to 4.15 million years of ecosystem development, to sample 11 communities of arthropods and their associated plant taxa using semiquantitative DNA metabarcoding. We then examined how ecological communities changed with community age by calculating quantitative network statistics for bipartite networks of arthropod-plant associations. The average number of interactions per species (linkage density), ratio of plant to arthropod species (vulnerability) and uniformity of energy flow (interaction evenness) increased significantly in concert with community age. The index of specializationH 2 ' has a curvilinear relationship with community age. Our analyses suggest that younger communities are characterized by fewer but stronger interactions, while biotic associations become more even and diverse as communities mature. These shifts in structure became especially prominent on East Maui (~0.5 million years old) and older volcanos, after enough time had elapsed for adaptation and specialization to act on populations in situ. Such natural progression of specialization during community assembly is probably impeded by the rapid infiltration of non-native species, with special risk to younger or more recently disturbed communities that are composed of fewer specialized relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Graham
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jun Ying Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phillip Staniczenko
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jackson Callaghan
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeremy C Andersen
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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2
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Kennedy S, Calaor J, Zurápiti Y, Hans J, Yoshimura M, Choo J, Andersen JC, Callaghan J, Roderick GK, Krehenwinkel H, Rogers H, Gillespie RG, Economo EP. Richness and resilience in the Pacific: DNA metabarcoding enables parallelized evaluation of biogeographic patterns. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6710-6723. [PMID: 35729790 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Islands make up a large proportion of Earth's biodiversity, yet are also some of the most sensitive systems to environmental perturbation. Biogeographic theory predicts that geologic age, area, and isolation typically drive islands' diversity patterns, and thus potentially impact non-native spread and community homogenization across island systems. One limitation in testing such predictions has been the difficulty of performing comprehensive inventories of island biotas and distinguishing native from introduced taxa. Here, we use DNA metabarcoding and statistical modelling as a high throughput method to survey community-wide arthropod richness, the proportion of native and non-native species, and the incursion of non-natives into primary habitats on three archipelagos in the Pacific - the Ryukyus, the Marianas and Hawaii - which vary in age, isolation and area. Diversity patterns largely match expectations based on island biogeography theory, with the oldest and most geographically connected archipelago, the Ryukyus, showing the highest taxonomic richness and lowest proportion of introduced species. Moreover, we find evidence that forest habitats are more resilient to incursions of non-natives in the Ryukyus than in the less taxonomically rich archipelagos. Surprisingly, we do not find evidence for biotic homogenization across these three archipelagos: the assemblage of non-native species on each island is highly distinct. Our study demonstrates the potential of DNA metabarcoding to facilitate rapid estimation of biogeographic patterns, the spread of non-native species, and the resilience of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jerilyn Calaor
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Yazmín Zurápiti
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Julian Hans
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Masashi Yoshimura
- Environmental Research Support Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Juanita Choo
- Science and Technology Group, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jeremy C Andersen
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jackson Callaghan
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George K Roderick
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Haldre Rogers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Callaghan J, Xu CH, Xin J, Cano MA, Riutta A, Zhou E, Juneja R, Yao Y, Narayan M, Hanspers K, Agrawal A, Pico AR, Wu C, Su AI. BioThings Explorer: a query engine for a federated knowledge graph of biomedical APIs. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:7273783. [PMID: 37707514 PMCID: PMC11015316 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Knowledge graphs are an increasingly common data structure for representing biomedical information. These knowledge graphs can easily represent heterogeneous types of information, and many algorithms and tools exist for querying and analyzing graphs. Biomedical knowledge graphs have been used in a variety of applications, including drug repurposing, identification of drug targets, prediction of drug side effects, and clinical decision support. Typically, knowledge graphs are constructed by centralization and integration of data from multiple disparate sources. Here, we describe BioThings Explorer, an application that can query a virtual, federated knowledge graph derived from the aggregated information in a network of biomedical web services. BioThings Explorer leverages semantically precise annotations of the inputs and outputs for each resource, and automates the chaining of web service calls to execute multi-step graph queries. Because there is no large, centralized knowledge graph to maintain, BioThings Explorer is distributed as a lightweight application that dynamically retrieves information at query time. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION More information can be found at https://explorer.biothings.io and code is available at https://github.com/biothings/biothings_explorer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Callaghan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Colleen H Xu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jiwen Xin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Marco Alvarado Cano
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Anders Riutta
- Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Eric Zhou
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Rohan Juneja
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Madhumita Narayan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kristina Hanspers
- Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Alexander R Pico
- Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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4
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Callaghan J, Xu CH, Xin J, Cano MA, Riutta A, Zhou E, Juneja R, Yao Y, Narayan M, Hanspers K, Agrawal A, Pico AR, Wu C, Su AI. BioThings Explorer: a query engine for a federated knowledge graph of biomedical APIs. ArXiv 2023:arXiv:2304.09344v1. [PMID: 37131885 PMCID: PMC10153288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge graphs are an increasingly common data structure for representing biomedical information. These knowledge graphs can easily represent heterogeneous types of information, and many algorithms and tools exist for querying and analyzing graphs. Biomedical knowledge graphs have been used in a variety of applications, including drug repurposing, identification of drug targets, prediction of drug side effects, and clinical decision support. Typically, knowledge graphs are constructed by centralization and integration of data from multiple disparate sources. Here, we describe BioThings Explorer, an application that can query a virtual, federated knowledge graph derived from the aggregated information in a network of biomedical web services. BioThings Explorer leverages semantically precise annotations of the inputs and outputs for each resource, and automates the chaining of web service calls to execute multi-step graph queries. Because there is no large, centralized knowledge graph to maintain, BioThing Explorer is distributed as a lightweight application that dynamically retrieves information at query time. More information can be found at https://explorer.biothings.io, and code is available at https://github.com/biothings/biothings_explorer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Callaghan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Colleen H Xu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Jiwen Xin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Marco Alvarado Cano
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Anders Riutta
- Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Zhou
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Rohan Juneja
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Madhumita Narayan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Kristina Hanspers
- Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander R Pico
- Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
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Unni DR, Moxon SAT, Bada M, Brush M, Bruskiewich R, Caufield JH, Clemons PA, Dancik V, Dumontier M, Fecho K, Glusman G, Hadlock JJ, Harris NL, Joshi A, Putman T, Qin G, Ramsey SA, Shefchek KA, Solbrig H, Soman K, Thessen AE, Haendel MA, Bizon C, Mungall CJ, Acevedo L, Ahalt SC, Alden J, Alkanaq A, Amin N, Avila R, Balhoff J, Baranzini SE, Baumgartner A, Baumgartner W, Belhu B, Brandes M, Brandon N, Burtt N, Byrd W, Callaghan J, Cano MA, Carrell S, Celebi R, Champion J, Chen Z, Chen M, Chung L, Cohen K, Conlin T, Corkill D, Costanzo M, Cox S, Crouse A, Crowder C, Crumbley ME, Dai C, Dančík V, De Miranda Azevedo R, Deutsch E, Dougherty J, Duby MP, Duvvuri V, Edwards S, Emonet V, Fehrmann N, Flannick J, Foksinska AM, Gardner V, Gatica E, Glen A, Goel P, Gormley J, Greyber A, Haaland P, Hanspers K, He K, He K, Henrickson J, Hinderer EW, Hoatlin M, Hoffman A, Huang S, Huang C, Hubal R, Huellas‐Bruskiewicz K, Huls FB, Hunter L, Hyde G, Issabekova T, Jarrell M, Jenkins L, Johs A, Kang J, Kanwar R, Kebede Y, Kim KJ, Kluge A, Knowles M, Koesterer R, Korn D, Koslicki D, Krishnamurthy A, Kvarfordt L, Lee J, Leigh M, Lin J, Liu Z, Liu S, Ma C, Magis A, Mamidi T, Mandal M, Mantilla M, Massung J, Mauldin D, McClelland J, McMurry J, Mease P, Mendoza L, Mersmann M, Mesbah A, Might M, Morton K, Muller S, Muluka AT, Osborne J, Owen P, Patton M, Peden DB, Peene RC, Persaud B, Pfaff E, Pico A, Pollard E, Price G, Raj S, Reilly J, Riutta A, Roach J, Roper RT, Rosenblatt G, Rubin I, Rucka S, Rudavsky‐Brody N, Sakaguchi R, Santos E, Schaper K, Schmitt CP, Schurman S, Scott E, Seitanakis S, Sharma P, Shmulevich I, Shrestha M, Shrivastava S, Sinha M, Smith B, Southall N, Southern N, Stillwell L, Strasser M"M, Su AI, Ta C, Thessen AE, Tinglin J, Tonstad L, Tran‐Nguyen T, Tropsha A, Vaidya G, Veenhuis L, Viola A, Grotthuss M, Wang M, Wang P, Watkins PB, Weber R, Wei Q, Weng C, Whitlock J, Williams MD, Williams A, Womack F, Wood E, Wu C, Xin JK, Xu H, Xu C, Yakaboski C, Yao Y, Yi H, Yilmaz A, Zheng M, Zhou X, Zhou E, Zhu Q, Zisk T. Biolink Model: A universal schema for knowledge graphs in clinical, biomedical, and translational science. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1848-1855. [PMID: 36125173 PMCID: PMC9372416 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within clinical, biomedical, and translational science, an increasing number of projects are adopting graphs for knowledge representation. Graph‐based data models elucidate the interconnectedness among core biomedical concepts, enable data structures to be easily updated, and support intuitive queries, visualizations, and inference algorithms. However, knowledge discovery across these “knowledge graphs” (KGs) has remained difficult. Data set heterogeneity and complexity; the proliferation of ad hoc data formats; poor compliance with guidelines on findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability; and, in particular, the lack of a universally accepted, open‐access model for standardization across biomedical KGs has left the task of reconciling data sources to downstream consumers. Biolink Model is an open‐source data model that can be used to formalize the relationships between data structures in translational science. It incorporates object‐oriented classification and graph‐oriented features. The core of the model is a set of hierarchical, interconnected classes (or categories) and relationships between them (or predicates) representing biomedical entities such as gene, disease, chemical, anatomic structure, and phenotype. The model provides class and edge attributes and associations that guide how entities should relate to one another. Here, we highlight the need for a standardized data model for KGs, describe Biolink Model, and compare it with other models. We demonstrate the utility of Biolink Model in various initiatives, including the Biomedical Data Translator Consortium and the Monarch Initiative, and show how it has supported easier integration and interoperability of biomedical KGs, bringing together knowledge from multiple sources and helping to realize the goals of translational science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak R. Unni
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg Germany
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Sierra A. T. Moxon
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Michael Bada
- Center for Health AI University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Matthew Brush
- Center for Health AI University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | | | - J. Harry Caufield
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Vlado Dancik
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program Broad Institute Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Michel Dumontier
- Institute of Data Science Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Karamarie Fecho
- Renaissance Computing Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Nomi L. Harris
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Arpita Joshi
- Institute for Systems Biology Seattle Washington USA
| | - Tim Putman
- Center for Health AI University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Guangrong Qin
- Institute for Systems Biology Seattle Washington USA
| | - Stephen A. Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Kent A. Shefchek
- Center for Health AI University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | | | - Karthik Soman
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Anne E. Thessen
- Center for Health AI University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Melissa A. Haendel
- Center for Health AI University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Chris Bizon
- Renaissance Computing Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Christopher J. Mungall
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
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Callaghan J, Taylor J, Baker E, Steel G, Coulson P, Johnston A, Wayne N, Brown J. Improving the recycling of medical nutrition product packaging in primary and secondary care: initial survey results and plans for implementation of educational support. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Myers R, Atkar-Khattra S, Pillainayagam S, Ladhar S, Cho K, Janicker M, Callaghan J, Yee J, Lam S. OA09.01 Opt-Out Smoking Cessation Program in Lung Cancer Screening Provides Excellent Quit Rates. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Callaghan J. James Lind--the father of maritime medicine. J R Nav Med Serv 2015; 101:37-41. [PMID: 26292391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Callaghan J. A16 Problem Behaviours Assessment For HD (short Version) Introductory Training Session. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309032.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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11
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Dyer F, Callaghan J, Cheema K, Bott J. Ambulatory oxygen improves the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in selected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis 2012; 9:83-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1479972312438702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of ambulatory oxygen use during pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has not yet been clearly established, but many studies have shown benefit from oxygen acutely. Two small studies to date demonstrated no clear benefit when oxygen was used in patients who desaturated on exertion during a PR programme. One study showed the benefit of using oxygen during PR in patients who were normoxic at rest and desaturated to a minimum of 88% on exertion. We conducted a single-blind, randomised controlled trial comparing PR undertaken either with or without ambulatory oxygen, in those with demonstrable benefit from oxygen at baseline. Subjects from three PR services were recruited who, during baseline assessment, desaturated by more than 4% and to less than 90% on exertion, and walked 10% or more further with ambulatory oxygen on endurance shuttle walk test. Patients were randomised to either room air or oxygen via portable cylinder, titrated to optimise pulse oxygen saturation but up to a maximum flow rate of 6 L/min. All patients then completed a twice weekly, 6- to 7-week PR programme. Data were analysed as per protocol. Totally 51 patients completed the study. At the end of PR, both groups improved with PR, with patients in the oxygen group demonstrating a highly statistically significantly greater mean improvement in endurance walking distance than the controls, 490 m (95% confidence interval 228–750; p ≤ 0.001), as well as clinically, although not statistically, significant changes in quality of life. The use of ambulatory oxygen during a 6- to 7-week PR programme greatly improved endurance walking distance in patients who desaturated on exertion with a positive acute response to ambulatory oxygen at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dyer
- The Respiratory Care Team, Surrey Community Health, Chertsey, UK
| | - J Callaghan
- The Respiratory Care Team, Surrey Community Health, Chertsey, UK
| | - K Cheema
- Quality Observatory, NHS South East Coast, Horley, UK
| | - J Bott
- The Respiratory Care Team, Surrey Community Health, Chertsey, UK
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Fullam R, Howard E, Pridham J, Callaghan J, Craufurd D, Thompson J. G04 An exploratory analysis of the sensitivity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Huntington's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.222646.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Callaghan J, Craufurd D, Acharya T, Dürr A, Leavitt BR, Roos RAC, Langbehn DR, Stout JC, Tabrizi SJ. F24 Differences in companion and subject ratings of subjects' behaviour using the frontal systems behaviour scale (FrSBe)- findings from the track-hd study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.222620.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Eger T, Godwin A, Henry D, Grenier S, Callaghan J, Demerchant A. Why vehicle design matters: Exploring the link between line-of-sight, driving posture and risk factors for injury. Work 2010; 35:27-37. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-2010-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T.R. Eger
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - A.A. Godwin
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - D.J. Henry
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - S.G. Grenier
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Callaghan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canda
| | - A. Demerchant
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Evans K, Vaccarino A, Craufurd D, Callaghan J, Durr A, Leavitt B, Roos R, Tabrizi S. Poster 9: The Short Version of the Problem Behaviours Assessment for HD (PBA-s): An Item Response Analysis Using Data from the TRACK-HD Study. Neurotherapeutics 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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16
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O’Connell K, Fennell J, Callaghan J, Rowaiye B, Cormican M. A fatal case of Pasteurella multocida epiglottitis. Ir J Med Sci 2009; 178:541-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-009-0396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Harrison LC, Callaghan J, Venter JC, Fraser CM, Kaliner ML. Atopy, autonomic function and beta-adrenergic receptor autoantibodies. Ciba Found Symp 2008:248-62. [PMID: 6291881 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720721.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atopic individuals (with asthma, allergic rhinitis or atopic eczema) have impaired sensitivity to beta-adrenergic agents. After the finding of antibodies to the beta-adrenergic receptor in the serum of a subject with allergic rhinitis, coded sera from atopic and control subjects were assayed for immunoglobulins that inhibited the specific binding of 125I-labelled hydroxybenzylpindolol to beta-receptors in mammalian lung membranes. Antibodies were present in nine of 60 subjects: 3/19 normal control subjects, 1/9 pre-allergic, 4/17 asthma, 0/8 allergic rhinitis, and 1/7 cystic fibrosis patients. Antibodies of the IgG class in these sera were also demonstrated by indirect precipitation of solubilized lung beta-receptors. The autonomic sensitivity of the nine antibody-positive subjects (Ab+) was compared with that of antibody-negative subjects (Ab-). The Ab+ subjects required 15.0 +/- 1.9 ng isoprenaline (isoproterenol) kg-1 min-1 i.v. to increase pulse pressure by at least 22 mmHg (Ab-, 7.7 +/- 0.4; n = 20; P less than 0.001), and 12.4 +/- 1.8 ng isoprenaline kg-1 min-1 i.v. to increase plasma cyclic AMP concentrations by 50% (Ab-, 8.08 +/- 0.62; n = 13; P less than 0.02). Ab+ subjects required 2.06 +/- 0.3% phenylephrine to dilate their pupils (Ab-, 2.55 +/- 0.08; n = 57; P less than 0.05) and 0.61 +/- 0.08% carbachol to constrict their pupils (Ab-, 0.78 +/- 0.03%; n = 57; P less than 0.05). A role for autoantibodies as beta-receptor antagonists was further supported by showing that human lung cells (VA-13 line) cultured in the presence of globulins from Ab+ subjects had a markedly impaired cyclic AMP response to isoprenaline. These results suggest that autoantibodies to beta-receptors play a pathogenetic role in asthma and related disorders. They have important implications for the concept of autoimmunity.
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18
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Haddock G, Cross AK, Allan S, Sharrack B, Callaghan J, Bunning RAD, Buttle DJ, Woodroofe MN. Brevican and phosphacan expression and localization following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:692-4. [PMID: 17635124 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ECM (extracellular matrix) is a complex molecular framework that provides physical support to cells and tissues, while also providing signals for cell growth, migration, differentiation and survival. The ECM of the CNS (central nervous system) is unusual in that it is rich in CSPGs (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans), hyaluronan and tenascins. The CSPGs are widely expressed throughout the developing and adult CNS and have a role in guiding or limiting neurite outgrowth and cell migration. Alterations in the synthesis or breakdown of the ECM may contribute to disease processes. Here, we examine changes in the brain-specific CSPGs, brevican and phosphacan, following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of stroke in the rat. We have investigated their expression at various time points as well as their spatial relationship with ADAMTS-4 (adisintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs 4). The co-localization of ADAMTS or its activity may indicate a functional role for this matrix–protease pair in degeneration/regeneration processes that occur in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Haddock
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Well-being, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard St, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
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19
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Long RM, Galvin D, Corcoran M, Callaghan J. Carcinosarcoma of the penis. Ir J Med Sci 2007; 177:75-6. [PMID: 17605074 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-007-0056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinosarcoma of the penis is extremely rare and little is known about its biological behaviour. AIMS We report the second such case and discuss its histological categorisation and biological behaviour. METHODS A total penectomy with perineal urethrostomy was performed without lymphadenectomy in an 83-year old presenting with a fungating penile mass. RESULTS Microscopy of the gross specimen showed a biphasic tumour with both squamous and spindle cell elements. Immunohistochemical staining for epithelial markers showed positivity in the squamous cell elements but was uniformly negative in the spindle component. Immunohistochemistry of the spindle cell element demonstrated mesenchymal markers. The patient refused further treatment and follow up but presented at 26 months with inguinal lymphadenopathy. Biopsy confirmed squamous cell carcinoma metastasis consistent with penile origin. The patient refused further surgery and received pelvic irradiation. He died 6 months later. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates the biological behaviour of this rare tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Long
- Department of Urology, University College Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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20
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Pritchett Y, McCarberg B, Watkin J, Chappell A, Robinson M, Xu J, Rotz B, Wernicke J, Detke M, Iyengar S, Henck J, Bymaster F, Callaghan J, Knadler M, Thase M, Meratee M, Chung J, Schweitzer J, Byrnes K, Stoica B, Giovanni S, Biase A, Knoblach S, Hoffman E, Faden A, Michaeli S, Sorce D, Öz G, Ugurbil K, Garwood M, Tuite P, Jett D, Deberdt W, Csernansky J, Buckley P, Peiskens J, Lipkovich I, Kollack-Walter S, Houston J, Zhang Y, Liu-Siefert H, Buckley PF, Csernansky JG, Peuskens J, Kollack-Walker S, Houston JP, Rotelli M, Theodore W, Giovacchini G, Bagic A, Herscovitch P, Carson R, Herholz K, Weisenbach S, Hilker R, Heiss W, Nahab F, Hallett M, El-Khodor B, Edgar N, Chen A, Heyes MP, Jiang Q, Ahmed S, Pedersen R, Musgnung J, Entsuah R, Nordberg A, Masdeu J, Gerhard A, Ebmeier K, Pappata S, Perani D, Laere K, Halldin C, Salmon E, Knudsen G, Robins S, Fehlings M, Baptiste D, Skolnick BE, Davis SM, Bran NC, Mathew SE, Mayer SA, Kaminski RM, Marini H, Ortinski PI, Yonekawa W, Vicini S, Rogawski MA, Gasior M, Tang R, White N. Abstracts from the ASENT 2006 Annual Meeting March 8–11, 2006. NeuroRx 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurx.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Mwipatayi BP, Bowles T, Balakrishnan S, Callaghan J, Haluszkiewicz E, Sieunarine K. Ischemic Steal Syndrome: A Case Series and Review of Current Management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:130-5. [PMID: 16520116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cursur.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently over 5000 patients are receiving hemodialysis in Australia, which is an increase by approximately 7% each year. Distal ischemia secondary to the steal syndrome (ISS) is an uncommon but recognized complication. Several methods are now available to manage this problem including ligation, banding, and distal revascularization with interval ligation (DRIL). The aim of this report is to review the experience of the authors on this complication and its management at Royal Perth Hospital. METHODS The Vascular Physiology Laboratory Database was used to identify those patients referred for investigation of ISS. Data were collected retrospectively from these patients' files concerning their demographics, graft particulars, and type of interventional procedure. Patients were then recalled to assess long-term patency and current venous access and for postoperative vascular studies. RESULTS Eighteen people were identified with ischemic symptoms. The mean age was 66 (range, 44 to 82). Fourteen (77.8%) were men, and 15 (83.3%) were diabetic. Renal failure was secondary to diabetes in 8 patients, hypertension in 3, and a combination of both in 7 patients. Intervention was via the DRIL procedure in 12, ligation in 5, and banding in 1. One patient underwent angioplasty of the ulnar artery before DRIL. At follow-up (between 1 and 12 months), all DRIL bypass were patents. The 5 ligated patients all improved, and the patient who underwent banding thrombosed their graft. CONCLUSION The DRIL procedure should be considered the standard operation to manage ISS in that it manages the ischemia while maintaining the functional fistula. It is, however, still necessary to ligate some fistulae and seek alternative access. There are still no preoperative indicators as to who will suffer ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Mwipatayi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia.
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22
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Waters T, Yeung S, Genaidy A, Callaghan J, Barriera-Viruet H, Deddens J. Cumulative spinal loading exposure methods for manual material handling tasks. Part 1: is cumulative spinal loading associated with lower back disorders? Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/14639220500111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Waters T, Yeung S, Genaidy A, Callaghan J, Barriera-Viruet H, Abdallah S, Kumar S. Cumulative spinal loading exposure methods for manual material handling tasks. Part 2: methodological issues and applicability for use in epidemiological studies. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/14639220500111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Seabrook L, McAlpine CA, Phinn SR, Callaghan J, Mitchell D. Landscape legacies: Koala habitat change in Noosa Shire, South-east Queensland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.7882/az.2002.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Seabrook
- School of Geography, Planning and Architecture and The Ecology Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072
| | - C. A. McAlpine
- School of Geography, Planning and Architecture and The Ecology Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072
| | - S. R. Phinn
- School of Geography, Planning and Architecture and The Ecology Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072
| | - J. Callaghan
- The Australian Koala Foundation, G.P.O. Box 2659, Brisbane 4001
| | - D. Mitchell
- The Australian Koala Foundation, G.P.O. Box 2659, Brisbane 4001
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25
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Abstract
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is rare and when it occurs is most commonly seen in young females following childbirth. We report a case of a 55-year-old female who was found dead at her home. She had no history of cardiovascular disease. She smoked approximately 10 cigarettes per day. She complained of mild chest discomfort the night before her death, lasting for 10 minutes, for which no medical attention was sought. She had been seen and appeared well 15 minutes before death. At autopsy, the only abnormality was in the left anterior descending coronary artery, which showed a two cm segment with periluminal blood in the wall of the vessel compressing the lumen. Histologically, a dissection was seen between the media and the external elastic lamina of the affected artery. There was a mixed inflammatory infiltrate including eosinophils and very occasional giant cells. Alcian blue staining was negative. The appearances were those of a localised dissection. The remaining coronary arteries were free of atheroma. SCAD should be suspected in young females in their postpartum period presenting with chest pain since emergency treatment can greatly increase survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Salmo
- Department of Histopathology, University College Hospital, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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26
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Saleh K, Callaghan J, Gioe T, Gross A, Holtzman J, Krackow K, Rand J, Salvati E, Schmidt A, Tsukayama D. Septic joint replacement: an orthopedic perspective. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:868-70. [PMID: 11850867 DOI: 10.1086/338865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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27
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Chadwick P, Trail A, Howard C, Keaney M, Cockcroft A, Callaghan J, Drury A. Development of an E-learning package to support training in infection control. J Infect 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(02)90318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Cloughley R, Kelehan J, Corbett-Feeney G, Murray M, Callaghan J, Regan P, Cormican M. Soft tissue infection with Absidia corymbifera in a patient with idiopathic aplastic anemia. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:725-7. [PMID: 11826008 PMCID: PMC153381 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.2.725-727.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of primary cutaneous mucormycosis (zygomycosis) in a patient with idiopathic aplastic anemia which responded to surgical debridement and therapy with liposomal amphotericin B. The tissue removed at surgery showed dense infiltration with fungal hyphae on histopathological examination. Primary cultures of tissue on solid media were negative, but Absidia corymbifera was isolated from unprocessed tissue placed in brain heart infusion broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cloughley
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
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29
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Callaghan J, Karim S, Mortlock S, Wintert M, Woodward N. Hybrid capture as a means of detecting human papillomavirus DNA from liquid-based cytology specimens: a preliminary evaluation. Br J Biomed Sci 2001; 58:184-9. [PMID: 11575742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The connection between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer is well documented, as is the benefit of an adjunctive, standardised objective test to complement cervical screening. Here, 197 liquid-based cytology (LBC) specimens previously processed for cytological examination (75 negative, 108 borderline/mild dyskaryosis, and 14 moderate/severe dyskaryosis) are examined for the presence of HPV using a hybrid capture assay. Of the 197 specimens tested for HPV DNA, 97 (49.2%) were positive using the combined high/low-risk probe, and 59 (29.9%) were negative cytologically and with the hybrid capture HPV test; however, 16/175 (21.3%) specimens classified as negative cytologically with LBC proved positive for HPV by hybrid capture. Of the 122 samples that showed abnormal cytology, 81 (66.4%) were positive for HPV. Although the number of samples tested is small, the results show that the use of LBC technology for both cervical cytological screening and the hybrid capture test has the potential to reduce both false-negative and -positive rates associated with cytological screening alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Callaghan
- Department of Cytopathology, Quest Diagnostics, Heston, Middlesex, UK
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30
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Butler JV, Callaghan J, O'Keeffe S, Mulkerrin EC. Giant cell arteritis and pericardial effusion. Ir Med J 2001; 94:87-8. [PMID: 11354693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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31
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Mulkeen D, Chin-Aleong J, Callaghan J, McCann J, Regan PJ. Fibrous histiocytoma of tendon sheath of the hand. Ir Med J 2000; 93:236-9. [PMID: 11133056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The hand is not uncommonly afflicted by Fibrous histiocytoma/Giant Cell tumour of tendon sheath, an enigmatic and loosely-defined clinical entity only occasionally entering into the literature. The 26 cases in this clinico-pathologic review were obtained by a computerised search of histological files at the Dept. of Pathology, UCHG. Twice as many of these were female, more often in their fourth decade of life. The condition has a propensity for the long digits, more often the volar aspect and roughly evenly distibuted over each of the joints. Resection of these neoplasia is tedious due to it's propensity to grow between local anatomical structures contributing to a high recurrence rate. Interestingly it rarely figures in guesses at pre-operative diagnosis although the second commonest cause of a benign superficial hand mass after ganglion. We suggest that if this condition is suspected, referral to a specialist hand surgeon in the first instance is wise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mulkeen
- Department of Pathology, University of Collage Hospital, Galway.
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32
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Xinarianos G, Liloglou T, Prime W, Maloney P, Callaghan J, Fielding P, Gosney JR, Field JK. hMLH1 and hMSH2 expression correlates with allelic imbalance on chromosome 3p in non-small cell lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 2000; 60:4216-21. [PMID: 10945633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis and predisposition of certain malignancies through a mutator phenotype. In this study, we investigated, in 150 non-small cell lung carcinomas, the expression levels of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins in relation to loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3p and 2p, the mutational status of these genes' promoters and the hot spot exons. We have demonstrated that 88 of 150 (58.6%) tumor specimens had reduced expression levels of the hMLH1 protein, whereas 85 of 147 (57.8%) specimens had reduced expression levels of the hMSH2 protein. Reduced expression levels of both proteins were observed in 51 of 150 (34%) specimens. In adenocarcinomas, the reduction of hMSH2 expression was more frequently observed than that of hMLH1 (P<0.003), whereas in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung hMLH1 expression was more frequently reduced than hMSH2 (P<0.006). Reduced expression of hMLH1correlated with allelic imbalance on loci D3S1289 (P<0.0002) and D2S391 (P<0.05). It is of note that an inverse correlation was found between hMSH2 reduced expression and loss of heterozygosity at locus D3S1300 (P = 0.016). In addition, hMLH1 reduced expression was more frequently associated with heavy smokers, assessed by daily tobacco uptake (P = 0.018) and total smoking exposure (pack-years; P<0.05). In addition, a correlation between hMLH1 reduced expression and nodal metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung was observed (P = 0.015). No mutations were identified in the promoters or exons examined in these two genes. These findings indicate that hMLH1 and hMSH2 gene inactivation is a common event in the development of non-small cell lung carcinoma and allelic loss seems to be a major genetic event involved in hMLH1 silencing. In addition, we propose that a putative negative regulator of hMSH2 gene may be located at the locus 3p14.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alleles
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Exons/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- MutL Protein Homolog 1
- MutS Homolog 2 Protein
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xinarianos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Roy Castle International Centre for Lung Cancer Research, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
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33
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Xinarianos G, Scott FM, Liloglou T, Prime W, Callaghan J, Gosney JR, Field JK. Telomerase activity in non-small cell lung carcinomas correlates with smoking status. Int J Oncol 1999; 15:961-5. [PMID: 10536180 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.15.5.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein DNA polymerase which maintains the telomeric region of human chromosomes and has been detected in all types of human cancer tested. We used the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay to examine 71 non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and their adjacent normal tissue. Telomerase activity was detected in 61 (86%) of the 71 NSCLC examined but not in any of the matched normal lung tissues. A significant correlation was found between the presence of telomerase activity and current smoking status at the time of diagnosis (p=0. 0076). In addition, a trend was found between telomerase activity and smoking exposure (p=0.06). Our findings demonstrate that telomerase activity is a common phenomenon in NSCLC cases but not in the normal lung. However, certain cases in former smokers may follow a telomerase independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xinarianos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Roy Castle International Centre for Lung Cancer Research, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK
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34
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Abstract
The early endosomal autoantigen EEA1 is essential for early endosomal membrane fusion. It binds to endosomes via a C-terminal domain (EEA1-CT). To identify proteins interacting with EEA1-CT, we screened a human brain library in the yeast two-hybrid system. Fourteen clones reacted strongly with EEA1-CT. Sequencing of these clones revealed that they all contained the ORF of the small GTPase, Rab5b. Further two-hybrid analysis suggested that Rab5b also interacts with the N-terminus of EEA1 (EEA1-NT). The interaction of both EEA1-CT and EEA1-NT with Rab5b was confirmed biochemically, and was found to be GTP dependent. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that EEA1 colocalizes with Rab5b on early endosomes. Although EEA1-CT and EEA1-NT interacted strongly with wild-type Rab5b in the two-hybrid system, we detected no interaction with wild-type Rab5a, even though GTPase-deficient mutants of both Rab5a and Rab5b interacted equally well with EEA1. This difference could not be explained by differences in intrinsic GTPase activities, as these were found to be very similar. Instead, we speculate that yeast may contain a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity that stimulates Rab5a but not Rab5b. In contrast, pig brain cytosol was found to contain a GAP activity that stimulates the GTPase activity of Rab5b in preference to that of Rab5a. These data provide evidence that EEA1 interacts with both Rab5a and Rab5b, and that the GTPase activities of the two proteins are differentially regulated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Callaghan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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35
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Kelly B, Finnegan P, Cormican M, Callaghan J. Lyme disease and glomerulonephritis. Ir Med J 1999; 92:372. [PMID: 10522080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Kelly
- Dept. of Medicine, University College Hospital, Galway
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36
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Abstract
EEA1, an early-endosomal protein originally identified as an autoantigen, is essential for endocytic membrane fusion. It interacts with early endosomes via binding to the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and the active form of the small GTPase Rab5. Most of the EEA1 sequence contains heptad repeats characteristic of proteins involved in coiled-coil protein-protein interactions. Here we have investigated the ability of EEA1 to self-interact. Crosslinking of cytosolic and recombinant EEA1 resulted in the disappearance of the 180-kDa monomer in SDS/PAGE and the strong appearance of a approximately 350-kDa crosslinked product. Glycerol gradient centrifugation experiments indicated that native EEA1 had the same hydrodynamic properties as the approximately 350-kDa crosslinked complex. Two-hybrid analysis indicated that N- and C-terminal fragments of EEA1 can interact with themselves, but not with each other, suggesting that EEA1 forms parallel coiled-coil dimers. The ability of the C-terminus of EEA1 to dimerize correlates with its ability to bind to Rab5 and early endosomes, whereas its binding to PtdIns3P is independent of dimerization. These data enable us to propose a model for the quaternary structure of EEA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Callaghan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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37
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Henari FZ, Callaghan J, Blau WJ, Haisch P, Hanack M. One-photon resonant optical nonlinearity of soluble substituted group IV metallophthalocyanines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/6/6/016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Simonsen A, Lippé R, Christoforidis S, Gaullier JM, Brech A, Callaghan J, Toh BH, Murphy C, Zerial M, Stenmark H. EEA1 links PI(3)K function to Rab5 regulation of endosome fusion. Nature 1998; 394:494-8. [PMID: 9697774 DOI: 10.1038/28879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 902] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
GTPases and lipid kinases regulate membrane traffic along the endocytic pathway by mechanisms that are not completely understood. Fusion between early endosomes requires phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) activity as well as the small GTPase Rab5. Excess Rab5-GTP complex restores endosome fusion when PI(3)K is inhibited. Here we identify the early-endosomal autoantigen EEA1 which binds the PI(3)K product phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, as a new Rab5 effector that is required for endosome fusion. The association of EEA1 with the endosomal membrane requires Rab5-GTP and PI(3)K activity, and excess Rab5-GTP stabilizes the membrane association of EEA1 even when PI(3)K is inhibited. The identification of EEA1 as a direct Rab5 effector provides a molecular link between PI(3)K and Rab5, and its restricted distribution to early endosomes indicates that EEA1 may confer directionality to Rab5-dependent endocytic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simonsen
- Department of Biochemistry, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo
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39
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Morris S, Callaghan J. Respiratory and metabolic responses of the Australian Yabby Cherax destructor to progressive and sustained environmental hypoxia. J Comp Physiol B 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s003600050157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Morris S, Callaghan J. The emersion response of the Australian Yabby Cherax destructor to environmental hypoxia and the respiratory and metabolic responses to consequent air-breathing. J Comp Physiol B 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s003600050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Elder abuse has come to be recognized as any act of both commission or omission that causes harm or loss to elderly people. This can include active or passive neglect, violence, sexual or emotional abuse, various kinds of theft, and deprivation of the person's human rights. Elder abuse has many causes. The Hastings and Prince Edward Council on Aging developed an Elder Abuse Community Response Protocol to help address this problem.
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42
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Peck R, Wiggs R, Callaghan J, Wootton R, Crome P, Fraser I, Frick L, Posner J. Inhibition of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase by 5-propynyluracil, a metabolite of the anti-varicella zoster virus agent netivudine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 59:22-31. [PMID: 8549030 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(96)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of the anti-herpetic drug netivudine on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in elderly volunteers and to relate them to concentrations of netivudine and its metabolite 5-propynyluracil. METHODS Three groups of eight elderly volunteers received 400 or 800 mg netivudine or placebo once daily for 8 days. Plasma netivudine, 5-propynyluracil, and uracil, an indirect measure of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity, were assayed before the first dose and on days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8. Full plasma profiles of netivudine and 5-propynyluracil were determined after the last dose. RESULTS Plasma uracil was unquantifiable in all subjects before the first dose and at all time points in the placebo group. In recipients of netivudine it reached a plateau between days 3 and 5, with mean values of 23.2 and 23.5 mumol/L on day 8 in the subjects who received 400 and 800 mg. Plasma netivudine concentrations were approximately dose proportional, but 5-propynyluracil concentrations were similar in both groups. The half-maximal rise in plasma uracil occurred after a cumulative 5-propynyluracil exposure of 120 mumol/L.hr; such exposures will be achieved even after doses as low as 50 to 100 mg daily. CONCLUSIONS Netivudine dosing produces complete inhibition of plasma dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Coadministration with the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil will require a substantial reduction in 5-fluorouracil dose to avoid toxicity but may also improve the therapeutic index of 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Peck
- Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
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43
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Abstract
Both cemented and noncemented techniques have been used for total hip arthroplasty (THA). Each technique has advantages and disadvantages. Among the disadvantages of cemented THA are several perioperative complications, such as intraoperative cardiac or respiratory failure and hypotension, called "cement implantation syndrome," and extrusion of cement beyond the confines of the medullary canal. Cement extrusion can be the result of overreaming of the femoral canal and cortical perforation. This is a worrisome finding, as the risk of subsequent femoral fracture at the site of perforation is increased. Extruded cement, however, does not always indicate a problem. Extruded cement located within the femoral venous system, intravenous methylmethacrylate, for example, is not associated with long-term complications. While uncommon, it is important to differentiate this finding from the more serious cortical perforation. We report four examples of intravenous methylmethacrylate following THA and describe the imaging features that allow differentiation of this entity from the more significant finding of cortical perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brandser
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Lawler M, Locasciulli A, Bacigalupo A, Humphries P, Ljungman P, McCann SR, Nolan N, McDermott EW, Reynolds JR, McCann A, Rafferty R, Sweeney P, Carney D, O’Higgins NJ, Duffy MJ, Gardiner C, Reen DJ, O’Connell MA, Kelleher D, Hall N, O’Neill LAJ, Long A, McCarthy JV, Fernandes RS, Cotter TG, Ryan E, Kitching A, MacMathuna P, Mulligan E, Merriman R, Dervan P, Kelly P, Gorey TF, Lennon JR, Crowe J, Bennett MA, Kay EW, Curran B, O’Donoghue DP, Leader M, Croke DT, O’Connor JM, McKelvey-Martin VJ, McKenna PG, O’Riordan JM, Tobin A, O’Mahoney M, Keogh FM, O’Riordan J, McNamara C, McEneaney P, Daly PA, Farrell M, Young S, Gibbons D, McCarthy P, Mulcahy H, Parfrey NA, Sheahan K, Lambkin H, Mothersill C, Chin D, Sheehan K, Kelehan P, Parfrey N, Morrin M, Khan F, Delaney P, Rowan DM, Orminston WJ, Donnellan PP, Khalid A, Kerin M, O’Hanlon DM, Kent P, Given HF, Kennedy SM, McGeoch G, Spurr NK, Barrett J, O’Sullivan G, Collins JK, Willcocks T, Kennedy S, Dolan J, Gallagher W, McDermott E, O’Higgins N, Hagan R, McManus R, Ormiston W, Daly P, Sheils O, McDermott M, O’Briain DS, Maher D, Costello P, Flanagan F, Stack J, Ennis J, Grimes H, Yanni A, Harrison M, Lowry WS, Russell SEH, Atkinson RJ, White P, Hickey I, Bell DW, Biggart D, Doyle J, Staunton MJ, Gaffney EF, Dervan PA, McCabe MM, Fennelly JJ, Carney DN, O’Reilly M, McMahon JN, Moriarty M, Hurson B, O’Neill AJ, Magee H, O’Loughlin J, Dervan PA, Cremin P, Orminston W, McCarthy J, Redmond P, Duggan S, Rea S, Bouchier-Hayes D, O’Donnell J, Duggan C, Crown J, Bermingham D, Nugent A, Fleming C, Crosby P, Wolff S, McCarthy D, Walsh CB, Cassidy M, Husain S, Kay E, Thornhilll M, Whelan D, Barry D, Turner M, Prenderville W, Murphy F, Prendiville W, Gibson G, O’Grady T, Carmody M, Donohoe J, Walshe J, Murphy GM, O’Donoghue J, Kerin K, Ahern S, Molloy K, Goulden N, Pamphilon DH, O’Connell M, Power C, Leroux A, Perricaudet M, Walls D, Britton F, Brennan L, Barnett YA, Madden B, Wakelin LPG, Loughrey HC, Corley P, Redmond HP, Watson RWG, Keogh I, O’Hanlon D, Walsh S, Callaghan J, McNamara M, Benedict-Smith A, Barnes C, Neylon D, Fenton M, Searcey M, Topham CM, Wakelin LG, Howarth NM, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL, Hatton WJ, McKerr G, Harvey D, Carson J, Hannigan BM, McCarthy PJ, McClean S, Hill BT, Costelloe C, Denny WA, Fingleton B, McDonnell S, Butler M, Corbally N, Dervan PA, Stephens JF, Martin G, McGirl A, Lawlor E, Gardiner N, Lynch S, Arce MD, O’Brien F, Duggan A, O’Herlihy S, Shanahan F, O’Keeffe G, McCann S, Sweeney K, Neill AO, Pamphilon D, Sheridan M, Reid I, Seymour CB, Walshe T, Hennessy TP, O’Mahony A, O’Connell’ J, Lawlor C, Nolan S, Morrisey D, Pedlow PJ, Walsh M, Lowry SW, McAleer JJA, McKeown SR, Afrasiabi M, Lappin TRJ, Joiner B, Hirst KV, Hirst DG, Sweeney E, VanderSpek J, Murphy J, Foss F. Irish Association for Cancer Research. Ir J Med Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02967834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND During a 25-year period from 1967 to 1991, 1,058 gallbladder operations were done by one surgeon in solo practice in a rural 50-bed hospital. METHODS Open cholecystectomy was performed on all but 6 patients who had cholecystostomy. Operative cholangiography was liberally used, and 19% of all patients required common duct exploration. The majority of the patients were older than 65 years of age and 19% were older than 75 years of age. RESULTS The overall mortality was 0.7%. There were no deaths following cholecystectomy for chronic or acute nongangrenous cholecystitis, and all deaths occurred in patients older than 77 years of age. Most of the deaths occurred prior to 1978 and the last death was recorded in 1984. CONCLUSIONS Rural America has a comparatively large proportion of the elderly population of our nation. Most of these patients prefer to have their surgery performed locally, provided the results are comparable with those of large neighboring medical centers. The results from this current series from a small rural hospital compare favorably with the published results from large medical and academic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Callaghan
- Department of Surgery, Winneshiek County Memorial Hospital, Decorah, Iowa
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46
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Callaghan J. A twenty-five year survey of a solo practice in rural surgical care. J Am Coll Surg 1994; 178:459-65. [PMID: 8167882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A large proportion (55 million) of our population lives in rural America, but there is a paucity of published material regarding the surgical care of this large group. This report is based on 13,793 patients treated in a 50-bed rural hospital by one surgeon during a period of 25 years from 1967 to 1991. Gynecologic, obstetric, orthopedic and urologic surgical treatment accounted for 41 percent of extensive operations, but endoscopic procedures have been increasing in recent years. Good surgical results can be obtained in the smaller rural hospital, but more emphasis on broader training for the would-be rural surgeon is necessary for this to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Callaghan
- Department of Surgery, Winneshiek County Memorial Hospital, Decorah, IA
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47
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Mealy K, Adeyoju A, O’Nullain E, Smyth H, Keane FBV, Reen D, Tanner A, Wang JH, Redmond HP, Watson RWG, Duggen S, Boucher-Hayes D, Casey M, Stevens FM, Bruzzi J, El-Magbri AA, Stevens FM, McCarthy CF, Egan LJ, Johnston J, Walsh S, Murphy RP, O’Gorman T, Headon DR, Connolly CE, Johnston S, Tham TCK, Watson RGP, O’Donnell LJD, Battistini B, Warner TD, Fournier A, Farthing MJG, Vane RJ, Skelly MM, Mulcahy HE, O’Donoghue DP, McDermott EWM, Al Khalifa K, Murphy JJ, Goggins M, Mahmud N, Keeling PWN, Weir DC, Kelleher D, Keogh IJ, Kerin MJ, O’Hanlon D, Kent P, Callaghan J, Given HF, Buckley M, Sweeney K, Xia HX, Keane CT, O’Morain C, Farrell RJ, Khan MI, Cherukuri AK, Moloney M, Weir DG, Harden CA, Boyle TJ, Condon F, Stephens RB, Berend KR, DiMaio JM, Coles RE, Lyerly HK, Abuzakouk M, Feighery C, Casey E, O’Farrelly C, Meagher P, Austin O, Phillips J, Cleary AP, Deasy J, McKeogh D, Merriman R, MacMathuna P, O’Keane C, Hone R, Lennon J, Crowe J, Kane D, McKiernan M, Mac Mathuna P, Clarke E, Kilgallen CK, Mooney EE, Stephens R, Sweeney E, Carroll T, Stokes MA, Regan MC, Waldon DJ, Jonsson T, Fitzpatrick JM, Gorey TF, Duggan M, Mulligan E, Bannon C, Morrin M, Khan F, Barrett N, Delaney P, Todd A, Madhaven P, O’Sullivan R, Durkan M, Nyhan T, Lynch G, Egan TJ, Delaney PV, O’Connell M, Neary P, Reid S, Horgan P, Shami J, Traynor O, Fan XG, Chua A, Fan XJ, O’ Byrne K, Khan I, Farrell R, Daly P, Cherukuril AK, Farrell RI, Maloney M, Noonan N, Carey C, Keane C, Syed Asad A, Lane B, Browne HI, Keeling P, Baldota S, Madden C, Johnston JG, Waldron R, Kenny-Walsh E, Welton MJ, Hyland J. Irish society for gastroenterology. Ir J Med Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02943012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Stokes MA, Barry K, Sullivan R, Byrne J, Callaghan J, Given HF. Surgery for Crohn's disease. Ir Med J 1993; 86:24-6. [PMID: 8444588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the last 12 years, 72 operations have been performed on 41 patients for Crohn's disease in this hospital. The patients were predominantly young (mean age 32 yrs) and there were more females than males. 28 had ileocolic disease, three small intestinal, two pan-enteric and eight colonic. Pain (in 76%), diarrhoea (56%) and weight loss (66%) were the main presenting symptoms. Diarrhoea occurred in all those with colonic disease, but in only 43% of those with ileocolic disease. A right hemicolectomy (28 patients), colonic resection (12) and small intestinal resection (9) were the commonest operations. There were no deaths. 22 patients had a total of 26 complications after surgery, eight necessitating further surgery. The mean post-operative stay was 15 days, being lowest in those with ileocolic disease. 19 patients have required only one operation, with a mean follow-up of 5.3 years. These patients also had significantly less complications (p < 0.05). Half of the patients requiring surgery for Crohn's disease have done very well. The other half require many operations and have a substantial morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Stokes
- Dept of Pathology, University College Hospital, Galway
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49
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Roche S, Callaghan J, Fielding JF. Chondro-osteodystrophy (Morquio Brailsford disease, mucopolysaccharidosis type IV A). Ir Med J 1992; 85:153. [PMID: 1473953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report three cases of Morquio Brailsford Disease (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IV A) in an Irish family. We are unaware of any previous similar report from this Country.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roche
- Dept of Medicine and Gastroenerology and Radiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin
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50
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Byrne J, Horgan PG, England S, Callaghan J, Given HF. An evaluation of the usefulness of primary tumour expression of MCA and CA15-3 as prognostic indicators in breast carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 1992; 18:230-4. [PMID: 1607033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CA15-3 antigen and mucin-like carcinoma associated antigen (MCA) show potential as clinically useful serum markers of breast carcinoma. Recently, immunohistochemical versions of these monoclonal antibodies have become available but few data are available as to their clinical usefulness. The aims of this study were (i) to assess CA15-3 and MCA expression by primary breast tumours and to correlate tumour immunoreactivity with tumour behaviour, and (ii) to investigate the relationship between immunohistological staining and oestrogen receptor (ER) status. Pathological material from 39 stage 1 (node free) breast carcinoma patients was assessed. The mean age was 51.3 (range 34-70) years, 19 were premenopausal and the mean duration of follow-up was 3.6 years (range 0.8-14 years). In each case two further sections were stained with antisera to the CA15-3 and MCA antigens. Staining of primary tumour was achieved in 38 cases. Low (less than 30% tumour cell staining) and intermediate (30-60% of cells staining) grade immunoreactivity with both monoclonals correlated with significantly shorter disease free intervals (P less than 0.05). Neither monoclonal can predict ER status. We conclude that the use of monoclonal antibodies to CA15-3 and MCA in staining primary breast carcinoma tumours and their axillary nodes may be a significant (P less than 0.05) prognostic indicator of future tumour behaviour and that this requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Byrne
- Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
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