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Law JC, Watts TH. Considerations for Choosing T Cell Assays during a Pandemic. J Immunol 2023; 211:169-174. [PMID: 37399079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The appropriate immunosurveillance tools are foundational for the creation of therapeutics, vaccines, and containment strategies when faced with outbreaks of novel pathogens. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an urgent need to rapidly assess immune memory following infection or vaccination. Although there have been attempts to standardize cellular assays more broadly, methods for measuring cell-mediated immunity remain variable across studies. Commonly used methods include ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining, activation-induced markers, cytokine secretion assays, and peptide-MHC tetramer staining. Although each assay offers unique and complementary information on the T cell response, there are challenges associated with standardizing these assays. The choice of assay can be driven by sample size, the need for high throughput, and the information sought. A combination of approaches may be optimal. This review describes the benefits and limitations of commonly used methods for assessing T cell immunity across SARS-CoV-2 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cheung MW, Dayam RM, Shapiro JR, Law JC, Chao GYC, Pereira D, Goetgebuer RL, Croitoru D, Stempak JM, Acheampong L, Rizwan S, Lee JD, Jacob L, Ganatra D, Law R, Rodriguez-Castellanos VE, Kern-Smith M, Delgado-Brand M, Mailhot G, Haroon N, Inman RD, Piguet V, Chandran V, Silverberg MS, Watts TH, Gingras AC. Third and Fourth Vaccine Doses Broaden and Prolong Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Adult Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. J Immunol 2023:ji2300190. [PMID: 37326480 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported impaired humoral responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), particularly those treated with anti-TNF biologics. We previously reported that IMID patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or rheumatoid arthritis exhibited greater waning of Ab and T cell responses than healthy control subjects after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose 2. Fewer data are available on the effects of third and fourth doses. This observational cohort study collected plasma and PBMCs from healthy control subjects and untreated or treated patients with IMIDs prevaccination and after one to four doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273). SARS-CoV-2-specific Ab levels, neutralization, and T cell cytokine release were measured against wild-type and Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 variants of concern. Third vaccine doses substantially restored and prolonged Ab and T cell responses in patients with IMIDs and broadened responses against variants of concern. Fourth-dose effects were subtle but also prolonged Ab responses. However, patients with IMIDs treated with anti-TNF, especially patients with inflammatory bowel disease, exhibited lower Ab responses even after the fourth dose. Although T cell IFN-γ responses were maximal after one dose, IL-2 and IL-4 production increased with successive doses, and early production of these cytokines was predictive of neutralization responses at 3-4 mo postvaccination. Our study demonstrates that third and fourth doses of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sustain and broaden immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, supporting the recommendation for three- and four-dose vaccination regimens in patients with IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Cheung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roya M Dayam
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Y C Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Pereira
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rogier L Goetgebuer
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Croitoru
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne M Stempak
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lily Acheampong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saima Rizwan
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny D Lee
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liz Jacob
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darshini Ganatra
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Melanie Delgado-Brand
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Genevieve Mailhot
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigil Haroon
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D Inman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Silverberg
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cheung MW, Dayam RM, Law JC, Goetgebuer RL, Chao GYC, Finkelstein N, Stempak JM, Pereira D, Croitoru D, Acheampong L, Rizwan S, Lee JD, Ganatra D, Law R, Delgado-Brand M, Mailhot G, Piguet V, Silverberg MS, Watts TH, Gingras AC, Chandran V. Third dose corrects waning immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in immunocompromised patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. RMD Open 2022. [PMCID: PMC9471210 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Cheung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roya M Dayam
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rogier L Goetgebuer
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Y C Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi Finkelstein
- Psoriatic Arthritis Program, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne M Stempak
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Pereira
- Psoriatic Arthritis Program, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Croitoru
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lily Acheampong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saima Rizwan
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny D Lee
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darshini Ganatra
- Psoriatic Arthritis Program, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Delgado-Brand
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geneviève Mailhot
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Silverberg
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Psoriatic Arthritis Program, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dayam RM, Law JC, Goetgebuer RL, Chao GY, Abe KT, Sutton M, Finkelstein N, Stempak JM, Pereira D, Croitoru D, Acheampong L, Rizwan S, Rymaszewski K, Milgrom R, Ganatra D, Batista NV, Girard M, Lau I, Law R, Cheung MW, Rathod B, Kitaygorodsky J, Samson R, Hu Q, Hardy WR, Haroon N, Inman RD, Piguet V, Chandran V, Silverberg MS, Gingras AC, Watts TH. Accelerated waning of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e159721. [PMID: 35471956 PMCID: PMC9220925 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDLimited information is available on the impact of immunosuppressants on COVID-19 vaccination in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID).METHODSThis observational cohort study examined the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or psoriatic disease, with or without maintenance immunosuppressive therapies. Ab and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2, including neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants, were determined before and after 1 and 2 vaccine doses.RESULTSWe prospectively followed 150 subjects, 26 healthy controls, 9 patients with IMID on no treatment, 44 on anti-TNF, 16 on anti-TNF with methotrexate/azathioprine (MTX/AZA), 10 on anti-IL-23, 28 on anti-IL-12/23, 9 on anti-IL-17, and 8 on MTX/AZA. Ab and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in all participants, increasing from dose 1 to dose 2 and declining 3 months later, with greater attrition in patients with IMID compared with healthy controls. Ab levels and neutralization efficacy against variants of concern were substantially lower in anti-TNF-treated patients than in healthy controls and were undetectable against Omicron by 3 months after dose 2.CONCLUSIONSOur findings support the need for a third dose of the mRNA vaccine and for continued monitoring of immunity in these patient groups.FUNDINGFunded by a donation from Juan and Stefania Speck and by Canadian Institutes of Health (CIHR)/COVID-Immunity Task Force (CITF) grants VR-1 172711 and VS1-175545 (to THW and ACG), CIHR FDN-143250 (to THW), GA2-177716 (to VC, ACG, and THW), and GA1-177703 (to ACG) and the CIHR rapid response network to SARS-CoV-2 variants, CoVaRR-Net (to ACG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya M. Dayam
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaclyn C. Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rogier L. Goetgebuer
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health
| | - Gary Y.C. Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kento T. Abe
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics
| | - Mitchell Sutton
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Naomi Finkelstein
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Joanne M. Stempak
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health
| | - Daniel Pereira
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - David Croitoru
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lily Acheampong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saima Rizwan
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health
| | - Klaudia Rymaszewski
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health
| | - Raquel Milgrom
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health
| | - Darshini Ganatra
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Melanie Girard
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene Lau
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle W. Cheung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Kitaygorodsky
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics
| | - Reuben Samson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics
| | - Queenie Hu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W. Rod Hardy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigil Haroon
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert D. Inman
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S. Silverberg
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics
| | - Tania H. Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Law JC, Girard M, Chao GYC, Ward LA, Isho B, Rathod B, Colwill K, Li Z, Rini JM, Yue FY, Mubareka S, McGeer AJ, Ostrowski MA, Gommerman JL, Gingras AC, Watts TH. Persistence of T Cell and Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Up to 9 Months after Symptom Onset. J Immunol 2022; 208:429-443. [PMID: 34903642 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces T cell, B cell, and Ab responses that are detected for several months in recovered individuals. Whether this response resembles a typical respiratory viral infection is a matter of debate. In this study, we followed T cell and Ab responses in 24 mainly nonhospitalized human subjects who had recovered from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at two time points (median of 45 and 145 d after symptom onset). Ab responses were detected in 95% of subjects, with a strong correlation between plasma and salivary anti-spike (anti-S) and anti-receptor binding domain IgG, as well as a correlation between circulating T follicular helper cells and the SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG response. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 peptides were determined using intracellular cytokine staining, activation markers, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. All study subjects had a T cell response to at least one SARS-CoV-2 Ag based on at least one T cell assay. CD4+ responses were largely of the Th1 phenotype, but with a lower ratio of IFN-γ- to IL-2-producing cells and a lower frequency of CD8+:CD4+ T cells than in influenza A virus (IAV)-specific memory responses within the same subjects. Analysis of secreted molecules also revealed a lower ratio of IFN-γ to IL-2 and an altered cytotoxic profile for SARS-CoV-2 S- and nucleocapsid-specific responses compared with IAV-specific responses. These data suggest that the memory T cell phenotype after a single infection with SARS-CoV-2 persists over time, with an altered cytokine and cytotoxicity profile compared with long-term memory to whole IAV within the same subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Girard
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Y C Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley A Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Baweleta Isho
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng Yun Yue
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Allison J McGeer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, UnityHealth, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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Edilova MI, Law JC, Zangiabadi S, Ting K, Mbanwi AN, Arruda A, Uehling D, Isaac M, Prakesch M, Al-Awar R, Minden MD, Abdul-Sater AA, Watts TH. The PKN1- TRAF1 signaling axis as a potential new target for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1943234. [PMID: 34589290 PMCID: PMC8475556 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1943234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF1 is a pro-survival adaptor molecule in TNFR superfamily (TNFRSF) signaling. TRAF1 is overexpressed in many B cell cancers including refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Little has been done to assess the role of TRAF1 in human cancer. Here we show that the protein kinase C related kinase Protein Kinase N1 (PKN1) is required to protect TRAF1 from cIAP-mediated degradation during constitutive CD40 signaling in lymphoma. We show that the active phospho-Thr774 form of PKN1 is constitutively expressed in CLL but minimally detected in unstimulated healthy donor B cells. Through a screen of 700 kinase inhibitors, we identified two inhibitors, OTSSP167, and XL-228, that inhibited PKN1 in the nanomolar range and induced dose-dependent loss of TRAF1 in RAJI cells. OTSSP167 or XL-228 treatment of primary patient CLL samples led to a reduction in TRAF1, pNF-κB p65, pS6, pERK, Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 proteins, and induction of activated caspase-3. OTSSP167 synergized with venetoclax in inducing CLL death, correlating with loss of TRAF1, Mcl-1, and Bcl-2. Although correlative, these findings suggest the PKN1-TRAF1 signaling axis as a potential new target for CLL. These findings also suggest the use of the orally available inhibitor OTSSP167 in combination treatment with venetoclax for TRAF1 overexpressing CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Edilova
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Safoura Zangiabadi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth Ting
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Achire N Mbanwi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Arruda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Methvin Isaac
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Law JC, Koh WH, Budylowski P, Lin J, Yue F, Abe KT, Rathod B, Girard M, Li Z, Rini JM, Mubareka S, McGeer A, Chan AK, Gingras AC, Watts TH, Ostrowski MA. Systematic examination of antigen-specific recall T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 versus influenza virus reveals distinct inflammatory profile. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.103.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
There is a pressing need for an in-depth understanding of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we investigated human T cell recall responses to fully glycosylated spike trimer, recombinant N protein, as well as to S, N, M, and E peptide pools in the early convalescent phase and compared them with influenza-specific memory responses from the same donors. All subjects showed SARS-CoV-2–specific T cell responses to at least one Ag. Both SARS-CoV-2–specific and influenza-specific CD4+ T cell responses were predominantly of the central memory phenotype; however SARS-CoV-2–specific CD4+ T cells exhibited a lower IFN-γ to TNF ratio compared with influenza-specific memory responses from the same donors, independent of disease severity. SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells were less multifunctional than influenza-specific T cells, particularly in severe cases, potentially suggesting exhaustion. We observed granzyme B+/IFN-γ+, CD4+, and CD8+ proliferative responses to peptide pools in most individuals, with CD4+ T cell responses predominating over CD8+ T cell responses. Peripheral T follicular helper (pTfh) responses to S or N strongly correlated with serum neutralization assays as well as receptor binding domain–specific IgA; however, the frequency of pTfh responses to SARS CoV-2 was lower than the frequency of pTfh responses to influenza virus. Overall, T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are robust; however, CD4+ Th1 responses predominate over CD8+ T cell responses, have a more inflammatory profile, and have a weaker pTfh response than the response to influenza virus within the same donors, potentially contributing to COVID-19 disease. Work is in progress to assess long-term T cell immunity 6 months to 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kento T Abe
- 2Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Res. Inst. at Mt. Sinai Hosp., Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Allison McGeer
- 2Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Res. Inst. at Mt. Sinai Hosp., Canada
| | | | | | | | - Mario A Ostrowski
- 4Keenan Res. Ctr. for Biomedical Sci. of St. Michael’s Hosp., Unity Hlth. Toronto, Canada
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8
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Law JC, Koh WH, Budylowski P, Lin J, Yue F, Abe KT, Rathod B, Girard M, Li Z, Rini JM, Mubareka S, McGeer A, Chan AK, Gingras AC, Watts TH, Ostrowski MA. Systematic Examination of Antigen-Specific Recall T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 versus Influenza Virus Reveals a Distinct Inflammatory Profile. J Immunol 2021; 206:37-50. [PMID: 33208459 PMCID: PMC7750861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for an in-depth understanding of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we investigated human T cell recall responses to fully glycosylated spike trimer, recombinant N protein, as well as to S, N, M, and E peptide pools in the early convalescent phase and compared them with influenza-specific memory responses from the same donors. All subjects showed SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses to at least one Ag. Both SARS-CoV-2-specific and influenza-specific CD4+ T cell responses were predominantly of the central memory phenotype; however SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells exhibited a lower IFN-γ to TNF ratio compared with influenza-specific memory responses from the same donors, independent of disease severity. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were less multifunctional than influenza-specific T cells, particularly in severe cases, potentially suggesting exhaustion. Most SARS-CoV-2-convalescent subjects also produced IFN-γ in response to seasonal OC43 S protein. We observed granzyme B+/IFN-γ+, CD4+, and CD8+ proliferative responses to peptide pools in most individuals, with CD4+ T cell responses predominating over CD8+ T cell responses. Peripheral T follicular helper (pTfh) responses to S or N strongly correlated with serum neutralization assays as well as receptor binding domain-specific IgA; however, the frequency of pTfh responses to SARS-CoV-2 was lower than the frequency of pTfh responses to influenza virus. Overall, T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are robust; however, CD4+ Th1 responses predominate over CD8+ T cell responses, have a more inflammatory profile, and have a weaker pTfh response than the response to influenza virus within the same donors, potentially contributing to COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wan Hon Koh
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jonah Lin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - FengYun Yue
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Kento T Abe
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Melanie Girard
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Adrienne K Chan
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada; and
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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9
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Girard M, Law JC, Edilova MI, Watts TH. Type I interferons drive the maturation of human DC3s with a distinct costimulatory profile characterized by high GITRL. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/53/eabe0347. [PMID: 33188059 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human mononuclear phagocytes comprise specialized subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes, but how these subsets individually regulate expression of the molecular signals involved in T cell costimulation is incompletely understood. Here, we used multiparameter flow cytometry and CITE-sequencing to investigate the cell type-specific responses of human peripheral blood DC and monocyte subsets to type I interferons (IFN-I), focusing on differential regulation of costimulatory molecules. We report that IFN-β drives the maturation of the recently identified human CD1c+ CD5- DC3 subset into cells with higher GITRL and lower CD86 expression compared with other conventional DC subsets. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed that DC3s have an intermediate phenotype between that of CD1c+ CD5+ DC2s and CD14+ monocytes, characterized by high expression of MHCII, Fc receptors, and components of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. IFN-β induced a shared core response in human DC and monocyte subsets as well as subset-specific responses, including differential expression of costimulatory molecules. Gene regulatory network analysis suggests that upon IFN-β stimulation NFKB1 drives DC3s to acquire a maturation program shared with DC2s. Accordingly, inhibition of NF-κB activation prevented the acquisition of a mature phenotype by DC3s upon IFN-β exposure. Collectively, this study provides insight into the cell type-specific response of human DC and monocyte subsets to IFN-I and highlights the distinct costimulatory potential of DC3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Girard
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maria I Edilova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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10
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Chu KL, Batista NV, Girard M, Law JC, Watts TH. GITR differentially affects lung effector T cell subpopulations during influenza virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:953-970. [PMID: 32125017 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ab1219-254r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (Trm) are critical for local protection against reinfection. The accumulation of T cells in the tissues requires a post-priming signal from TNFR superfamily members, referred to as signal 4. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR; TNFRSF18) signaling is important for this post-priming signal and for Trm formation during respiratory infection with influenza virus. As GITR signaling impacts both effector T cell accumulation and Trm formation, we asked if GITR differentially affects subsets of effector cells with different memory potential. Effector CD4+ T cells can be subdivided into 2 populations based on expression of lymphocyte antigen 6C (Ly6C), whereas effector CD8+ cells can be divided into 3 populations based on Ly6C and CX3CR1. The Ly6Chi and CX3CR1hi T cell populations represent the most differentiated effector T cells. Upon transfer, the Ly6Clo CD4+ effector T cells preferentially enter the lung parenchyma, compared to the Ly6Chi CD4+ T cells. We show that GITR had a similar effect on the accumulation of both the Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo CD4+ T cell subsets. In contrast, whereas GITR increased the accumulation of all three CD8+ T cell subsets defined by CX3CR1 and Ly6C expression, it had a more substantial effect on the least differentiated Ly6Clo CX3CR1lo subset. Moreover, GITR selectively up-regulated CXCR6 on the less differentiated CX3CR1lo CD8+ T cell subsets and induced a small but significant increase in CD127 selectively on the Ly6Clo CD4+ T cell subset. Thus, GITR contributes to accumulation of both differentiated effector cells as well as memory precursors, but with some differences between subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Lun Chu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathalia V Batista
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mélanie Girard
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Snell LM, MacLeod BL, Law JC, Osokine I, Elsaesser HJ, Hezaveh K, Dickson RJ, Gavin MA, Guidos CJ, McGaha TL, Brooks DG. CD8 + T Cell Priming in Established Chronic Viral Infection Preferentially Directs Differentiation of Memory-like Cells for Sustained Immunity. Immunity 2018; 49:678-694.e5. [PMID: 30314757 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell exhaustion impedes control of chronic viral infection; yet how new T cell responses are mounted during chronic infection is unclear. Unlike T cells primed at the onset of infection that rapidly differentiate into effectors and exhaust, we demonstrate that virus-specific CD8+ T cells primed after establishment of chronic LCMV infection preferentially generate memory-like transcription factor TCF1+ cells that were transcriptionally and proteomically distinct, less exhausted, and more responsive to immunotherapy. Mechanistically, adaptations of antigen-presenting cells and diminished T cell signaling intensity promoted differentiation of the memory-like subset at the expense of rapid effector cell differentiation, which was now highly dependent on IL-21-mediated CD4+ T cell help for its functional generation. Chronic viral infection similarly redirected de novo differentiation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, ultimately preventing cancer control. Thus, targeting these T cell stimulatory pathways could enable strategies to control chronic infection, tumors, and enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Bethany L MacLeod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Ivan Osokine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Russell J Dickson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Marc A Gavin
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101 USA
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada.
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13
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Suminami Y, Kashii Y, Law JC, Lin WC, Stanson J, Reichert TE, Rabinowich H, Whiteside TL. Molecular analysis of the IL-2 receptor beta chain gene expressed in human tumor cells. Oncogene 1998; 16:1309-17. [PMID: 9546432 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is recognized as a T cell growth factor. We have previously reported that human carcinoma cell lines are inhibited in growth by exogenous IL-2, which binds to the IL-2 receptor beta (IL-2Rbeta) chain ubiquitously expressed on the surface of tumor cells. A possibility was considered that IL-2Rbeta on carcinomas responsible for negative signaling was different from that expressed on hematopoietic cells. To investigate this possibility, mRNA for the IL-2Rbeta chain was amplified and compared in carcinoma and lymphoid cells. Using RT-PCR with pairs of sense-antisense oligonucleotide primers specific for the various regions of extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular domains of the IL-2Rbeta chain, we amplified mRNA obtained from three human carcinoma cell lines and human lymphoid cells as controls. The identity of the amplicons was confirmed by Southern analysis with the 32P-labeled cDNA probe coding for the entire span of the IL-2Rbeta chain. In addition, genomic DNA obtained from the tumor cell lines was sequenced to examine the possibility that a mutation is present in the gene coding for the intracellular IL-2Rbeta chain domain. No mutations or deletions were detected. The message for all three domains of the beta chain was identical in tumor cells and in normal lymphoid cells used as controls. Also, by Western blot and northern analyses no differences between IL-2Rbeta chain in tumors vs that expressed in lymphoid cells were demonstrable. The IL-2Rgamma chain, which participates in IL-2/IL-2R signaling pathway, was expressed in tumor cells. Expression of JAK1 transcripts in these cells was comparable to that in lymphocytes. However, RT-PCR analysis identified differences in expression of JAK3 splice variants (B and M) in tumor cells. These differences may be responsible for altered downstream signaling by IL-2. Overall, our data indicate that the same IL-2/IL-2R pathway is operative in human carcinomas and in normal epithelial or lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suminami
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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14
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Abstract
This study reports on the development and psychometric properties of the Understanding Mood Disorders Questionnaire, designed to measure family members' attributions about and knowledge of symptoms, course, and treatment of mood disorders.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p21Waf1/Cip1 plays a role in signaling cellular growth arrest. In response to DNA damage, p21 is induced by the p53 gene, thereby playing a direct role in mediating p53-induced G1 arrest. Alterations in this gene may adversely affect regulation of cellular proliferation and increase susceptibility for cancer. Two polymorphisms have previously been characterized in the p21 gene: a C-->A transversion at codon 31 (ser-->arg) and a C-->T transition 20 nucleotides downstream from the 3' end of exon 3. METHODS The codon 31 polymorphism in exon 2 of the p21 gene was identified by restriction digestion (Alw26I) of products amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The polymorphism downstream from exon 3 of the p21 gene was identified by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of PCR amplified products and was confirmed by PstI enzyme restriction digestion. DNA variant alleles were confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. The entire coding region and the promoter region (p53 binding domain) of the p21 gene were screened for mutations by SSCP analysis or DNA sequencing. RESULTS The two polymorphisms were found in 18 of 96 tumor samples lacking p53 alterations (18.8%). Nine of 54 prostate adenocarcinoma samples (16.7%) contained both p21 variants, whereas 9 of 42 squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (21.4%) displayed both polymorphisms. Of the 110 controls examined, 10 (9.1%) had both alterations. Both p21 polymorphisms occurred together in all samples examined and there was no indication of mutation in the coding region of the p21 gene or in the p53 binding domain of the promoter region. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that p21 gene variants may play a role in increased susceptibility for the development of some types of cancer. In the current study, the authors demonstrated that the occurrence of these two polymorphisms is increased in prostate adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The polymorphic sites may be directly responsible for this apparent increased susceptibility or they may be linked to regulatory region alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Facher
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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16
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Law JC, Facher EA, Deka A. Nonradioactive single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis with application for mutation detection in a mixed population of cells. Anal Biochem 1996; 236:373-5. [PMID: 8660526 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Law
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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17
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Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 3p and 9p has been documented in a variety of malignancies, which suggests the presence of tumor suppressor gene loci on these chromosomes. We have studied 77 oral carcinomas for LOH using 16 microsatellite markers distributed over 5 human chromosomes. Fifty-five (71%) of these tumors showed LOH at one or more loci. A significant proportion of LOH at the informative tumors was observed at chromosomes 3p and 9p: 58% and 48%, respectively. A majority of the tumors showed losses at multiple loci on chromosomes 3p or 9p or on both. Our results suggest that tumor suppressor genes located on the short arms of chromosomes 3 and 9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral carcinoma. These regions of deletion observed in oral cancers overlap those reported in other neoplasms. However, we did not find any evidence of these changes in tumor margins with early pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ishwad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Abstract
Generalized genomic instability, detected as somatic changes in allele sizes at microsatellite loci in tumors compared to peripheral lymphocyte DNA, is a recently recognized mechanism of mutation in cancer. Such instability results from the somatic loss of DNA mismatch repair capability. Germ-line mutations at DNA mismatch repair loci confer susceptibility to colon cancer in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Somatic loss of DNA mismatch repair has been reported in a large variety of other tumor types. Our goal was to determine the frequency of microsatellite instability in a large series of oral tumors. Out of 91 tumors analyzed for microsatellite instability, 6 (7%) showed microsatellite instability. Instability was observed at multiple loci with a range of 50-74% of loci affected. Alterations include both increase (74%) and decrease (26%) in allele sizes. The proportion of alleles affected ranged from 30-58% of all alleles. Our data suggest that somatic genomic instability plays a role in the pathogenesis of a small subset of oral tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ishwad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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19
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Law JC, Whiteside TL, Gollin SM, Weissfeld J, El-Ashmawy L, Srivastava S, Landreneau RJ, Johnson JT, Ferrell RE. Variation of p53 mutational spectra between carcinoma of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1:763-8. [PMID: 9816043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are the most common genetic alterations associated with human cancer. Tumor-associated p53 mutations often show characteristic tissue-specific profiles which may infer environmentally induced mutational mechanisms. The p53 mutational frequency and spectrum were determined for 95 carcinomas of the upper and lower respiratory tract (32 lung and 63 upper respiratory tract). Mutations were identified at a frequency of 30% in upper respiratory tract (URT) tumors and 31% in lung tumors. All 29 identified mutations were single-base substitutions. Comparison of the frequency of specific base substitutions between lung and URT showed a striking difference. Transitions occurred at a frequency of 68% in URT, but only 30% in lung. Mutations involving G:C-->A:T transitions, which are commonly reported in gastric and esophageal tumors, were the most frequently identified alteration in URT (11/19). Mutations involving G:C-->T:A transversions, which were relatively common in lung tumors (3/10) and are representative of tobacco smoke-induced mutations were rare in URT tumors (1/19). Interestingly, G:C-->A:T mutations at CpG sites, which are characteristic of endogenous processes, were observed frequently in URT tumors (9/19) but only rarely in lung tumors (1/10), suggesting that both endogenous and exogenous factors are responsible for the observed differences in mutational spectra between the upper and lower respiratory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Law
- Departments of Human Genetics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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20
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Melhem MF, Law JC, el-Ashmawy L, Johnson JT, Landreneau RJ, Srivastava S, Whiteside TL. Assessment of sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical staining of p53 in lung and head and neck cancers. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:1170-7. [PMID: 7747811 PMCID: PMC1869296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two primary carcinomas of the lung and 17 carcinomas of the head and neck (HN) were systematically analyzed for p53 mutations in the highly conserved regions of the gene (exons 5-8). Frozen sections of the same tumors were stained immunohistochemically to assess the sensitivity and specificity of p53 expression as determined by the presence or absence of the protein. On the basis of histology, the lung tumors studied were divided into adenocarcinomas (AC; n = 15), squamous-cell carcinomas (SCC; n = 12), and large-cell carcinomas (LCC; n = 5). All the HN cancers were SCC. Mutations in the p53 gene were detected by direct sequencing of amplified polymerase chain reaction products in six AC of the lungs (40%), three SCC of the lungs (25%), and one LCC (20%), with an overall mutation frequency of 31%. Nine AC (60%) of the lungs, five SCC (42%), and four LCC (80%) were p53-positive by immunohistochemistry. Among HN cancers, p53 mutations were detected in seven tumors (41%). Nine HN tumors (53%) were positive for p53. Negative staining, despite the presence of p53 mutations, was confined to nonsense mutations with truncated p53 and to single-base mutations not causing any change in the amino acid. Although immunohistochemical staining for mutated p53 is sensitive and simple to perform as a screening method, it is not as specific for evaluation of p53 mutations in lung and HN cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Melhem
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
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21
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Abstract
A PstI polymorphism in the 3' flanking region of the p21Cip1/Waf1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene is described. DNA sequencing analysis identified a C-->T base substitution in the 3' flanking region of the gene. This substitution leads to the destruction of a PstI site and results in a biallelic DNA polymorphism. This restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) provides the first known genetic marker for this cell cycle regulatory gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Law
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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22
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Law JC, Ferrell RE. An improved method for pouring DNA sequencing gels. Biotechniques 1994; 17:850. [PMID: 7840961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J C Law
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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23
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Abstract
The K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line has attained widespread use as a model for studying hematologic malignancy and erythroid differentiation. Sequencing of the p53 gene in the K562 cell line demonstrated a mutation in exon 5 characterized by a single base insertion (cytosine) between codons 135 and 136. This frameshift mutation leads to an N-terminal truncated protein of 147 amino acids. Only the mutated sequence was present suggesting that the normal allele has been lost. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) detected a p53 transcript but Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining of cells failed to detect p53 protein. The identification of an inactivation mutation of p53 in the K562 cell line further supports the argument that p53 mutations play a role in myeloid blast transformation of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Law
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chidambaram
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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25
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Kamboh MI, Williams ER, Law JC, Aston CE, Bunker CH, Ferrell RE, Pollitzer WS. Molecular basis of a unique African variant (A-IV 5) of human apolipoprotein A-IV and its significance in lipid metabolism. Genet Epidemiol 1992; 9:379-88. [PMID: 1487136 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.1370090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) exhibits a genetically determined structural polymorphism amenable to analysis by isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting techniques. We have determined the allele frequency and molecular basis of a unique ApoA-IV*5 allele which is widely distributed among blacks but is absent in other populations. The frequency of the ApoA-IV*5 allele in blacks (N = 308) was estimated to be 3.2%. In comparison to the common ApoA-IV*1 allele, analysis of coding and non-coding sequences of the ApoA-IV*5 allele revealed an in-frame insertion of 12 nucleotides near the carboxyl terminal region of the mature protein. The insertion involves an exact duplication of the second of the four repeats and codes for 4 amino acids glutamic acid (GAA), glutamine (CAG), glutamine (CAG), and glutamine (CAG) and is responsible for the charge shift of the the apoA-IV 5 isoform slightly toward the anode as compared to the wild type apoA-IV 1 isoform on the isoelectric focusing gel. This in-frame insertion occurs in a region which is highly conserved among rat, mouse, and humans. In addition to the 12 nucleotide insertion, the four individuals sequenced for the ApoA-IV*5 allele also revealed a same-sense mutation by replacing G to T at the third position of codon 316. Our preliminary data suggest that this unique black allele marker may be of potentially significance in studies of human lipid metabolism and in microevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Law JC, Strong LC, Chidambaram A, Ferrell RE. A germ line mutation in exon 5 of the p53 gene in an extended cancer family. Cancer Res 1991; 51:6385-7. [PMID: 1933902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Germ line p53 point mutations have been reported for some families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a syndrome characterized by a dominantly inherited increased susceptibility for the development of early age of onset neoplasms of diverse origin in multiple family members. All of the initially reported p53 germ line mutations have been found exclusively within a single conserved, nonpolymorphic region of the gene between condons 245 and 258. The restricted distribution of these inherited mutations has led to speculation that germ line p53 mutations have unique properties [B. Vogelstein, Nature (Lond.), 348: 681-682, 1990]. We report here on the identification of a p53 germ line mutation at codon 133 (ATG----ACG) in nine members of an extended Li-Fraumeni syndrome family. This mutation leads to an amino acid substitution in the protein and is shown to completely cosegregate with Li-Fraumeni syndrome associated cancer in this family. Its location extends the region of the p53 gene where inherited mutations predisposing to cancer are observed and suggests that their distribution may be diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Law
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Abstract
This study examines the association of Hirschsprung disease with Down syndrome and calculates the recurrence risk for families of Hirschsprung patients. Information was collected from 134 histologically diagnosed patients with Hirschsprung disease, from Children's Hospital in Pittsburgh, PA between 1950 and 1977. One hundred and three patients had short segment Hirschsprung disease which is defined as involvement up to and including the sigmoid colon. Thirty-one patients had the long segment type with aganglionosis extending in some cases to the small intestine. As in other studies, we found a significant association between Hirschsprung disease and Down syndrome in that 5.9% of probands had both. Mean maternal age of cases with both Hirschsprung disease and Down syndrome (33.5 years) was significantly different from controls (26.7 years) and non-Down syndrome Hirschsprung patients (26.6 years). The overall sex ratio for Hirschsprung disease was 3.6. Recurrence risks were dependent on proband sex and the degree of aganglionic involvement.
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