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Qu R, Cheng X, Sefik E, Stanley Iii JS, Landa B, Strino F, Platt S, Garritano J, Odell ID, Coifman R, Flavell RA, Myung P, Kluger Y. Gene trajectory inference for single-cell data by optimal transport metrics. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02186-3. [PMID: 38580861 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing has been widely used to investigate cell state transitions and gene dynamics of biological processes. Current strategies to infer the sequential dynamics of genes in a process typically rely on constructing cell pseudotime through cell trajectory inference. However, the presence of concurrent gene processes in the same group of cells and technical noise can obscure the true progression of the processes studied. To address this challenge, we present GeneTrajectory, an approach that identifies trajectories of genes rather than trajectories of cells. Specifically, optimal transport distances are calculated between gene distributions across the cell-cell graph to extract gene programs and define their gene pseudotemporal order. Here we demonstrate that GeneTrajectory accurately extracts progressive gene dynamics in myeloid lineage maturation. Moreover, we show that GeneTrajectory deconvolves key gene programs underlying mouse skin hair follicle dermal condensate differentiation that could not be resolved by cell trajectory approaches. GeneTrajectory facilitates the discovery of gene programs that control the changes and activities of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihao Qu
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiuyuan Cheng
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Boris Landa
- Program in Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Sarah Platt
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Garritano
- Program in Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ian D Odell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ronald Coifman
- Program in Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peggy Myung
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Program in Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Little AJ, Chen PM, Vesely MD, Khan RN, Fiedler J, Garritano J, Maisha FI, McNiff JM, Craft J. HIF-1 regulates pathogenic cytotoxic T cells in lupus skin disease. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166076. [PMID: 37526979 PMCID: PMC10543720 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a disfiguring autoimmune skin disease characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate rich in T cells, which are strongly implicated in tissue damage. How these cells adapt to the skin environment and promote tissue inflammation and damage is not known. In lupus nephritis, we previously identified an inflammatory gene program in kidney-infiltrating T cells that is dependent on HIF-1, a transcription factor critical for the cellular and developmental response to hypoxia as well as inflammation-associated signals. In our present studies using a mouse model of lupus skin disease, we find that skin-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells also express high levels of HIF-1. Skin-infiltrating T cells demonstrated a strong cytotoxic signature at the transcript and protein levels, and HIF-1 inhibition abrogated skin and systemic diseases in association with decreased T cell cytotoxic activity. We also demonstrate in human CLE tissue that the T cell-rich inflammatory infiltrate exhibited increased amounts of HIF-1 and a cytotoxic signature. Granzyme B-expressing T cells were concentrated at sites of skin tissue damage in CLE, suggesting relevance of this pathway to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping-Min Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer M. McNiff
- Department of Dermatology and
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology)
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3
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Podany P, Meiklejohn K, Garritano J, Holt EH, Barbieri A, Prasad M, Gilani SM. Grading system for medullary thyroid carcinoma; an institutional experience. Ann Diagn Pathol 2023; 64:152112. [PMID: 36736129 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of thyroid malignancy. Recently, a two-tier grading system (GS) for MTC has been suggested. We conducted this study to evaluate the generalizability, as well as application of recently proposed GS to our cohort of Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cases. METHODS We assigned grades to MTC cases and divided them into two groups by using morphologic criteria only as suggested by recent studies: low-grade (LG, <5 mitosis per 2 mm2, and no necrosis) and high-grade (HG, ≥5 mitosis per 2mm2 or necrosis). RESULTS A total of 59 MTC cases were evaluated and of those 52 (88 %) were LG and 7 (12 %) were HG. Vascular invasion (VI) (p = 0.017), distant metastasis (DM) (p < 0.0001), nuclear pleomorphism (NP) (p = 0.017) and prominent nucleoli (p = 0.03) were prominently noted in the HG group. After controlling for demographics using multivariate cox regression, tumor grade and necrosis remained significantly associated with the overall survival (HR = 22.7, p < 0.01 and HR = 11.1, p = 0.008, respectively). Upon comparing the cases with and without nodal disease, we found that nodal disease is more strongly associated with NP (p = 0.029), tumor fibrosis (p = 0.0001), VI (p = 0.001) and DM (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS We applied the two-tier GS for MTC to our cohort of cases and found statistically significant differences in the overall survival among the two groups. Adding the grading to the pathology report communicates additional information regarding risk stratification in MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Podany
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Karleen Meiklejohn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Currently affiliated with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - James Garritano
- Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth H Holt
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Manju Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Syed M Gilani
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
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4
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Garritano J, Kluger Y, Rokhlin V, Serkh K. On the efficient evaluation of the azimuthal Fourier components of the Green's function for Helmholtz's equation in cylindrical coordinates. J Comput Phys 2022; 451:111585. [PMID: 36171963 PMCID: PMC9512147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2022.111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop an efficient algorithm to evaluate the azimuthal Fourier components of the Green's function for the Helmholtz equation in cylindrical coordinates. A computationally efficient algorithm for this modal Green's function is essential for solvers for electromagnetic scattering from bodies of revolution (e.g., radar cross sections, antennas). Current algorithms to evaluate this modal Green's function become computationally intractable when the source and target are close or when the wavenumber is large or complex. Furthermore, most state-of-the-art methods cannot be easily parallelized. In this paper, we present an algorithm for evaluating the modal Green's function that has performance independent of both source-to-target proximity and wavenumber, and whose cost grows as O(m), where m is the Fourier mode. Our algorithm's performance is independent of whether the wavenumber is real or complex. Furthermore, our algorithm is embarrassingly parallelizable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Garritano
- Program in Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Program in Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Vladimir Rokhlin
- Dept. of Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Kirill Serkh
- Dept. of Math. and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
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5
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Choi R, Garritano J, Laird M, Johnston M, Tkachenko E, Damsky W, Little AJ, McNiff J, Girardi M, Nelson CA. Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis and concurrent COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome with systemic corticosteroids and etanercept. JAAD Case Rep 2022; 29:139-141. [PMID: 36160836 PMCID: PMC9485430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Laird
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Margaret Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth Tkachenko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - William Damsky
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alicia J. Little
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer McNiff
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Caroline A. Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence to: Caroline A. Nelson, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Director, Inpatient Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York St, New Haven, CT 06510.
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6
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Cross DE, Garritano J, Zubek AE, Little AJ. Pruritic annular erythematous eruption after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Int J Womens Dermatol 2022; 8:e033. [PMID: 35837337 PMCID: PMC9276362 DOI: 10.1097/jw9.0000000000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devon E. Cross
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Amanda E. Zubek
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alicia J. Little
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- *Corresponding author. E-mail address: (A. J. Little)
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7
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Podany P, Abi-Raad R, Barbieri A, Garritano J, Prasad ML, Cai G, Adeniran AJ, Gilani SM. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Cytomorphologic Features on Fine-Needle Aspiration and Associated Diagnostic Challenges. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 157:608-619. [PMID: 34661606 PMCID: PMC8973262 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an aggressive malignancy, and early diagnosis, often aided by fine-needle aspiration (FNA), is key to improving patient prognosis. While the current literature describes some of the cytologic features (CFs) of this entity, a comprehensive examination of the CFs has not yet been performed. METHODS We retrospectively searched our electronic database for ATC cases with available slides between January 2008 and December 2019. Cases were examined for 22 CFs and compared with a control group of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. RESULTS A total of 18 ATC cases meeting our inclusion criteria were identified. Most cases showed moderate to high cellularity (83%) and epithelioid cytomorphology (83%). Architecture included either predominantly groups/clusters of tumor cells (56%) or single tumor cells (44%). The other CFs were as follows: nuclear enlargement (100%), nuclear crowding (89%), nuclear membrane irregularities (100%), multinucleated tumor cells (33%), and background acute inflammatory cells (50%). Of the CFs examined, statistically significant differences between ATC and the control groups were found in the following: nuclear pleomorphism, coarse/clumped chromatin, macronucleoli, apoptosis, and necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Identification of key CFs in FNA coupled with the clinical history aids in the diagnosis of ATC and helps distinguish it from other mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Podany
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rita Abi-Raad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Garritano
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guoping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Syed M Gilani
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Raredon MSB, Yang J, Garritano J, Wang M, Kushnir D, Schupp JC, Adams TS, Greaney AM, Leiby KL, Kaminski N, Kluger Y, Levchenko A, Niklason LE. Computation and visualization of cell-cell signaling topologies in single-cell systems data using Connectome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4187. [PMID: 35264704 PMCID: PMC8906120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-sequencing data has revolutionized our ability to understand of the patterns of cell-cell and ligand-receptor connectivity that influence the function of tissues and organs. However, the quantification and visualization of these patterns in a way that informs tissue biology are major computational and epistemological challenges. Here, we present Connectome, a software package for R which facilitates rapid calculation and interactive exploration of cell-cell signaling network topologies contained in single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Connectome can be used with any reference set of known ligand-receptor mechanisms. It has built-in functionality to facilitate differential and comparative connectomics, in which signaling networks are compared between tissue systems. Connectome focuses on computational and graphical tools designed to analyze and explore cell-cell connectivity patterns across disparate single-cell datasets and reveal biologic insight. We present approaches to quantify focused network topologies and discuss some of the biologic theory leading to their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Sam Brickman Raredon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Junchen Yang
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Garritano
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dan Kushnir
- NOKIA Bell-Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, USA
| | - Jonas Christian Schupp
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Taylor S Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Allison M Greaney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katherine L Leiby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Gilani SM, Abi-Raad R, Garritano J, Cai G, Prasad ML, Adeniran AJ. RAS mutation and associated risk of malignancy in the thyroid gland: An FNA study with cytology-histology correlation. Cancer Cytopathol 2021; 130:284-293. [PMID: 34847284 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating point mutations of the RAS gene (NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS) can be seen in benign and malignant thyroid tumors; among these, NRAS mutations are more commonly seen. This study was conducted to evaluate the thyroid risk of malignancy (ROM) associated with RAS mutations in thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) at the authors' institution. METHODS The authors searched their electronic database system between January 2015 and May 2021 for thyroid FNA cases with any type of RAS mutation. Molecular alterations were identified with the ThyroSeq Genomic Classifier, ThyGeNEXT (thyroid oncogene panel)/ThyraMIR (miRNA classifier), or ThyroSure gene panel. RESULTS A total of 127 cases (age, 51 ± 14 years; 100 females and 27 males) were identified, and 72 had histologic follow-up. The overall ROM associated with RAS mutations (with or without any other molecular alterations) was 29%, whereas the ROM was lower (18%) with RAS mutations only. Isolated NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS mutation-associated ROMs were 15%, 27%, and 14%, respectively. Among these RAS-mutated cases, the cases with a Bethesda category IV cytologic diagnosis had a higher ROM than the cases with a category III diagnosis (38% vs 17%). Twenty-one histologically confirmed malignant cases were mostly classified on cytology as category IV lesions (14 of 34; 41%), and the remainder were either category III (6 of 35; 17%) or V lesions (1 of 1; 100%). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the overall RAS mutation-associated ROM in thyroid FNA was intermediate (29%), and isolated HRAS mutations appeared to have a higher ROM (27%) than NRAS and KRAS mutations (15% and 14%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Gilani
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rita Abi-Raad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James Garritano
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Guoping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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10
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Irshaid L, Bleiberg J, Weinberger E, Garritano J, Shallis RM, Patsenker J, Lindenbaum O, Kluger Y, Katz SG, Xu ML. Histopathologic and Machine Deep Learning Criteria to Predict Lymphoma Transformation in Bone Marrow Biopsies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 146:182-193. [PMID: 34086849 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0510-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Large-cell transformation (LCT) of indolent B-cell lymphomas, such as follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), signals a worse prognosis, at which point aggressive chemotherapy is initiated. Although LCT is relatively straightforward to diagnose in lymph nodes, a marrow biopsy is often obtained first given its ease of procedure, low cost, and low morbidity. However, consensus criteria for LCT in bone marrow have not been established. OBJECTIVE.— To study the accuracy and reproducibility of a trained convolutional neural network in identifying LCT, in light of promising machine learning tools that may introduce greater objectivity to morphologic analysis. DESIGN.— We retrospectively identified patients who had a diagnosis of FL or CLL who had undergone bone marrow biopsy for the clinical question of LCT. We scored morphologic criteria and correlated results with clinical disease progression. In addition, whole slide scans were annotated into patches to train convolutional neural networks to discriminate between small and large tumor cells and to predict the patient's probability of transformation. RESULTS.— Using morphologic examination, the proportion of large lymphoma cells (≥10% in FL and ≥30% in CLL), chromatin pattern, distinct nucleoli, and proliferation index were significantly correlated with LCT in FL and CLL. Compared to pathologist-derived estimates, machine generated quantification demonstrated better reproducibility and stronger correlation with final outcome data. CONCLUSIONS.— These histologic findings may serve as indications of LCT in bone marrow biopsies. The pathologist-augmented with machine system appeared to be the most predictive, arguing for greater efforts to validate and implement these tools to further enhance physician practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Irshaid
- From the Department of Pathology (Irshaid, Garritano, Patsenker, Kluger, Katz, Xu), Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan Bleiberg
- The Program of Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (Bleiberg, Weinberger, Lindenbaum, Kluger)
| | - Ethan Weinberger
- The Program of Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (Bleiberg, Weinberger, Lindenbaum, Kluger)
| | - James Garritano
- From the Department of Pathology (Irshaid, Garritano, Patsenker, Kluger, Katz, Xu), Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rory M Shallis
- Department of Internal Medicine (Shallis), Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan Patsenker
- From the Department of Pathology (Irshaid, Garritano, Patsenker, Kluger, Katz, Xu), Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ofir Lindenbaum
- The Program of Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (Bleiberg, Weinberger, Lindenbaum, Kluger)
| | - Yuval Kluger
- From the Department of Pathology (Irshaid, Garritano, Patsenker, Kluger, Katz, Xu), Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,The Program of Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (Bleiberg, Weinberger, Lindenbaum, Kluger)
| | - Samuel G Katz
- From the Department of Pathology (Irshaid, Garritano, Patsenker, Kluger, Katz, Xu), Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mina L Xu
- From the Department of Pathology (Irshaid, Garritano, Patsenker, Kluger, Katz, Xu), Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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11
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Weber U, Zhang Q, Ou D, Garritano J, Johnson J, Anderson N, Knies AK, Nhundu B, Bautista C, Huang KB, Vranceanu AM, Rosand J, Hwang DY. Predictors of Family Dissatisfaction with Support During Neurocritical Care Shared Decision-Making. Neurocrit Care 2021; 35:714-722. [PMID: 33821402 PMCID: PMC8021441 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a critical need to improve support for families making difficult shared decisions about patient care with clinicians in the neuroscience ICU (neuro-ICU). The aim of this study is to identify patient- and family-related factors associated with dissatisfaction with shared decision-making support among families of neuro-critically ill patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study using survey data that had been collected from a consecutive sample of family members of patients in the neuro-ICU (one family member per patient) at two US academic centers. Satisfaction with shared decision-making support on ICU discharge had been measured among family members using one specific Likert scale item on the Family Satisfaction in the ICU 24 survey, a validated survey instrument for families of patients in the ICU. We dichotomized top-box responses for this particular item as an outcome variable and identified available patient- and family-related covariates associated with dissatisfaction (i.e., less than complete satisfaction) via univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Among 355 surveys, 180 (49.5%) of the surveys indicated dissatisfaction with support during decision-making. In a multivariate model, no preexisting characteristics of families or patients ascertainable on ICU admission were predictive of dissatisfaction. However, among family factors determined during the ICU course, experiencing three or fewer formal family meetings (odds ratio 1.93 [confidence interval 1.13-3.31]; p = 0.01) was significantly predictive of dissatisfaction with decisional support in this cohort with an average patient length of stay of 8.6 days (SD 8.4). There was also a trend toward a family's decision to keep a patient as full code, without treatment limitations, being predictive of dissatisfaction (odds ratio 1.80 [confidence interval 0.93-3.51]; p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Family dissatisfaction with neuro-ICU shared decision-making support is not necessarily predicted by any preexisting family or patient variables but appears to correlate with participating in fewer formal family meetings during ICU admission. Future studies to improve family satisfaction with neurocritical care decision-making support should have broad inclusion criteria for participants and should consider promoting frequency of family meetings as a core strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Weber
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Derek Ou
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine At Hofstra/Northwell, Long Island, NY, USA
| | - James Garritano
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea K Knies
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Belinda Nhundu
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cynthia Bautista
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA
| | - Kevin B Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Vranceanu
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Neurocritical Care and the Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Neurocritical Care and the Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Y Hwang
- Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Neurological Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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12
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Abi-Raad R, Prasad ML, Gilani S, Garritano J, Barlow D, Cai G, Adeniran AJ. Quantitative assessment of p16 expression in FNA specimens from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and correlation with HPV status. Cancer Cytopathol 2020; 129:394-404. [PMID: 33369885 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated p16 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on cellblocks (CBs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess test performance in CBs compared with p16 IHC in 42 surgical specimens from patients with HNSCC and in correlation with HPV by PCR in cytology specimens. The study assessed HPV by PCR in FNA specimens as a substitute for p16 IHC in surgical specimens. RESULTS Of 42 cases, 38 CBs showed malignant cells as cohesive clusters of viable cells with or without single tumor cells, whereas 4 specimens were composed exclusively of single tumor cells and degenerated cells. All p16-negative surgical specimens showed an absence of p16 staining in the corresponding CBs (n = 16). In the p16-positive surgical cases (n = 26), corresponding CBs with tumor clusters (n = 23) showed heterogeneous p16 expression ranging from 40% to 100%; however, scoring single cells was challenging and unreliable because of cellular degradation. ROC curve inspection showed the optimal threshold to be at least 40% p16 staining in tumor clusters with 100% sensitivity and specificity. In cases with inadequate CBs, HPV by PCR on needle rinse showed 88% sensitivity and 100% specificity for p16 expression in surgical specimens. CONCLUSIONS A cutoff of at least 40% p16 expression in tumor clusters may be appropriate for p16 positivity in cytology CB specimens. A positive HPV finding by PCR on needle rinse can be used as a substitute for p16 expression in surgical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Abi-Raad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Syed Gilani
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James Garritano
- Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Deborah Barlow
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Guoping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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13
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Tewari P, Garritano J, Bajwa N, Sung S, Huang H, Wang D, Grundfest W, Ennis DB, Ruan D, Brown E, Dutson E, Fishbein MC, Taylor Z. Methods for registering and calibrating in vivo terahertz images of cutaneous burn wounds. Biomed Opt Express 2019; 10:322-337. [PMID: 30775103 PMCID: PMC6363189 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A method to register THz and visible images of cutaneous burn wounds and to calibrate THz image data is presented. Images of partial and full thickness burn wounds in 9 rats were collected over 435 mins. = 7.25 hours following burn induction. A two-step process was developed to reference the unknown structure of THz imaging contrast to the known structure and the features present in visible images of the injury. This process enabled the demarcation of a wound center for each THz image, independent of THz contrast. Threshold based segmentation enabled the automated identification of air (0% reflectivity), brass (100% reflectivity), and abdomen regions within the registered THz images. Pixel populations, defined by the segmentations, informed unsupervised image calibration and contrast warping for display. The registered images revealed that the largest variation in THz tissue reflectivity occurred superior to the contact region at ~0.13%/min. Conversely the contact region showed demonstrated an ~6.5-fold decrease at ~0.02%/min. Exploration of occlusion effects suggests that window contact may affect the measured edematous response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Tewari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Neha Bajwa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Shijun Sung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Haochong Huang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- College of Applied Sciences & Beijing Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Control Technology and Instruments, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan Rd., Beijing 100124, China
| | - Warren Grundfest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Los Angeles, California, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Daniel B. Ennis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Los Angeles, California, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Dan Ruan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Los Angeles, California, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Elliott Brown
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Erik Dutson
- Department of Surgery, University of Los Angeles, California, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Michael C. Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Los Angeles, California, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Zachary Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Los Angeles, California, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Los Angeles, California, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
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14
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Sung S, Selvin S, Bajwa N, Chantra S, Nowroozi B, Garritano J, Goell J, Li A, Deng SX, Brown E, Grundfest WS, Taylor ZD. THz imaging system for in vivo human cornea. IEEE Trans Terahertz Sci Technol 2018; 8:27-37. [PMID: 29430335 PMCID: PMC5805158 DOI: 10.1109/tthz.2017.2775445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) imaging of corneal tissue water content (CTWC) is a proposed method for early, accurate detection and study of corneal diseases. Despite promising results from ex vivo and in vivo cornea studies, interpretation of the reflectivity data is confounded by the contact between corneal tissue and rigid dielectric window used to flatten the imaging field. This work develops a novel imaging system and image reconstruction methods specifically for nearly spherical targets such as human cornea. A prototype system was constructed using a 650 GHz multiplier source and Schottky diode detector. Resolution and imaging field strength measurement from characterization targets correlate well with those predicted by the quasioptical theory and physical optics analysis. Imaging experiments with corneal phantoms and ex vivo corneas demonstrate the hydration sensitivity of the imaging system and reliable measurement of CTWC. We present successful acquisition of non-contact THz images of in vivo human cornea, and discuss strategies for optimizing the imaging system design for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Sung
- UCLA Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Skyler Selvin
- UCLA Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Neha Bajwa
- UCLA Dept. of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Goell
- UCLA Dept. of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alex Li
- UCLA Dept. of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sophie X Deng
- UCLA Dept. of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Elliott Brown
- Wright State University Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
| | - Warren S Grundfest
- UCLA Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095; UCLA Dept. of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Zachary D Taylor
- UCLA Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095; UCLA Dept. of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, phone: 858-663-1823; fax: 310-206-2105
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15
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Sung S, Dabironezare S, Llombart N, Selvin S, Bajwa N, Chantra S, Nowroozi B, Garritano J, Goell J, Li A, Deng SX, Brown E, Grundfest WS, Taylor ZD. Optical System Design for Noncontact, Normal Incidence, THz Imaging of in vivo Human Cornea. IEEE Trans Terahertz Sci Technol 2018; 8:1-12. [PMID: 29450106 PMCID: PMC5808441 DOI: 10.1109/tthz.2017.2771754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reflection mode Terahertz (THz) imaging of corneal tissue water content (CTWC) is a proposed method for early, accurate detection and study of corneal diseases. Despite promising results from ex vivo and in vivo cornea studies, interpretation of the reflectivity data is confounded by the contact between corneal tissue and dielectric windows used to flatten the imaging field. Herein, we present an optical design for non-contact THz imaging of cornea. A beam scanning methodology performs angular, normal incidence sweeps of a focused beam over the corneal surface while keeping the source, detector, and patient stationary. A quasioptical analysis method is developed to analyze the theoretical resolution and imaging field intensity profile. These results are compared to the electric field distribution computed with a physical optics analysis code. Imaging experiments validate the optical theories behind the design and suggest that quasioptical methods are sufficient for designing of THz corneal imaging systems. Successful imaging operations support the feasibility of non-contact in vivo imaging. We believe that this optical system design will enable the first, clinically relevant, in vivo exploration of CTWC using THz technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Sung
- UCLA Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Nuria Llombart
- Center for Wireless Systems and Technology, TU Delft, Netherlands
| | - Skyler Selvin
- UCLA Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Neha Bajwa
- UCLA Dept. of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Goell
- UCLA Dept. of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alex Li
- UCLA Dept. of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sophie X Deng
- UCLA Dept. of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Elliott Brown
- Wright State University Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
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16
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Kim IA, Taylor ZD, Cheng H, Sebastian C, Maccabi A, Garritano J, Tajudeen B, Razfar A, Palma Diaz F, Yeh M, Stafsudd O, Grundfest W, St. John M. Dynamic Optical Contrast Imaging: A Technique to Differentiate Parathyroid Tissue from Surrounding Tissues. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:480-483. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599816686294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The variable location and indistinct features of parathyroid glands can make their intraoperative identification challenging. Currently, there exists no routine use of localization methods during surgery. Dynamic optical contrast imaging (DOCI) leverages a novel realization of temporally dependent measurements of tissue autofluorescence that allows the acquisition of specific tissue properties. A prospective series of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was examined. Parathyroid lesions and surrounding tissues were collected; fluorescence decay images were acquired via DOCI. Ex vivo samples (81 patients) were processed for histologic assessment. DOCI extracts relative fluorescence decay information in a surgically relevant field of view with a clinically accessible acquisition time <2 minutes. Analysis of DOCI revealed microscopic characterization sufficient for tissue type identification consistent with histology ( P < .05). DOCI is capable of efficiently distinguishing parathyroid tissue from adjacent tissues. Such an intraoperative tool would be transformative, helping surgeons to identify lesions, preserve healthy tissue, and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A. Kim
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zachary D. Taylor
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Harrison Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christine Sebastian
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashkan Maccabi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bobby Tajudeen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ali Razfar
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fernando Palma Diaz
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Yeh
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Oscar Stafsudd
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Warren Grundfest
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maie St. John
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Tajudeen BA, Taylor ZD, Garritano J, Cheng H, Pearigen A, Sherman AJ, Palma-Diaz F, Mishra P, Bhargava S, Pesce J, Kim I, Sebastian C, Razfar A, Papour A, Stafsudd O, Grundfest W, St. John M. Dynamic optical contrast imaging as a novel modality for rapidly distinguishing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from surrounding normal tissue. Cancer 2016; 123:879-886. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bobby A. Tajudeen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Zachary D. Taylor
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Harrison Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Aidan Pearigen
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Adria J. Sherman
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Fernando Palma-Diaz
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Pratik Mishra
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Siddharth Bhargava
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Julianna Pesce
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Irene Kim
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Christine Sebastian
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Ali Razfar
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Asael Papour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Oscar Stafsudd
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Warren Grundfest
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Maie St. John
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Head and Neck Cancer Program, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
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18
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Natarajan S, Raman S, Priester AM, Garritano J, Margolis DJA, Lieu P, Macairan ML, Huang J, Grundfest W, Marks LS. Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: Phase I Clinical Trial. J Urol 2015; 196:68-75. [PMID: 26748164 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Focal laser ablation is an investigational technique to treat prostate cancer in a region confined manner via coagulative necrosis. This phase I trial primarily examines the safety of transrectal magnetic resonance imaging guided (in-bore) focal laser ablation in men with intermediate risk prostate cancer. An exploratory end point is cancer control after 6 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an institutional review board approved trial we studied focal laser ablation in 8 men with intermediate risk prostate cancer diagnosed using magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion. Focal laser ablation was performed by inserting a cylindrically diffusing, water cooled laser fiber into magnetic resonance visible regions of interest, followed by interstitial heating at 10 to 15 W for up to 3 minutes. Secondary safety monitors (thermal probes) were inserted to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance thermometry. Comprehensive magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion biopsy was performed after 6 months. Adverse events and health related quality of life questionnaires were recorded. RESULTS Focal laser ablation was successfully performed in all 8 subjects. No grade 3 or greater adverse events occurred and no changes in International Prostate Symptom Score or International Index of Erectile Function 5 were observed. Ablation zones, as measured by posttreatment magnetic resonance imaging, had a median volume of 3 cc or 7.7% of prostate volume. Prostate specific antigen decreased in 7 men (p <0.01). At followup magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion biopsy cancer was not detected in the ablation zone in 5 men but was present outside the treatment margin in 6 men. CONCLUSIONS Focal laser ablation of the prostate is feasible and safe in men with intermediate risk prostate cancer without serious adverse events or changes in urinary or sexual function at 6 months. Comprehensive biopsy followup indicates that larger treatment margins than previously thought necessary may be required for complete tumor ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Natarajan
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven Raman
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan M Priester
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel J A Margolis
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patricia Lieu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maria L Macairan
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Warren Grundfest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leonard S Marks
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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19
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Sung S, Garritano J, Bajwa N, Deng S, Hubschman JP, Grundfest WS, Taylor ZD. Preliminary results of non-contact THz imaging of cornea. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2015; 9362. [PMID: 26321784 DOI: 10.1117/12.2086866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel THz optical design that allows the acquisition of THz reflectivity maps of in vivo cornea without the need for a field flattening window and preliminary imaging results of in vivo rabbit cornea. The system's intended use is to sense small changes in corneal tissue water content (CTWC) that can be precursors for a host of diseases and pathologies. Unique beam optics allows the scanning of a curved surface at normal incidence while keeping the source detector and target stationary. Basic system design principles are discussed and image sets of spherical calibration targets and corneal phantom models are presented. The presented design will enable, for the first time, non-contact THz imaging of animal and human cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Sung
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering, UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - James Garritano
- Dept. of Bioengineering, UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Neha Bajwa
- Dept. of Bioengineering, UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Sophie Deng
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, UCLA, 200 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | | | - Warren S Grundfest
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering, UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095 ; Dept. of Bioengineering, UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095 ; Dept. of Surgery, UCLA, 200 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Zachary D Taylor
- Dept. of Bioengineering, UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095 ; Dept. of Surgery, UCLA, 200 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
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Taylor ZD, Garritano J, Sung S, Bajwa N, Bennett DB, Nowroozi B, Tewari P, Sayre JW, Hubschman JP, Deng SX, Brown ER, Grundfest WS. THz and mm-Wave Sensing of Corneal Tissue Water Content: In Vivo Sensing and Imaging Results. IEEE Trans Terahertz Sci Technol 2015; 5:184-196. [PMID: 26161292 PMCID: PMC4493917 DOI: 10.1109/tthz.2015.2392628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A pulsed terahertz (THz) imaging system and millimeter-wave reflectometer were used to acquire images and point measurements, respectively, of five rabbit cornea in vivo. These imaging results are the first ever produced of in vivo cornea. A modified version of a standard protocol using a gentle stream of air and a Mylar window was employed to slightly dehydrate healthy cornea. The sensor data and companion central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements were acquired every 10-15 min over the course of two hours using ultrasound pachymmetry.. Statistically significant positive correlations were established between CCT measurements and millimeter wave reflectivity. Local shifts in reflectivity contrast were observed in the THz imagery; however, the THz reflectivity did not display a significant correlation with thickness in the region probed by the 100 GHz and CCT measurements. This is explained in part by a thickness sensitivity at least 10× higher in the mm-wave than the THz systems. Stratified media and effective media modeling suggest that the protocol perturbed the thickness and not the corneal tissue water content (CTWC). To further explore possible etalon effects, an additional rabbit was euthanized and millimeter wave measurements were obtained during death induced edema. These observations represent the first time that the uncoupled sensing of CTWC and CCT have been achieved in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Shijun Sung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Neha Bajwa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - David B. Bennett
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. He is now with Fitbit, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
| | - Bryan Nowroozi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. He is now with Mimeo Labs Inc, Santa Monica, CA 90404 USA
| | - Priyamvada Tewari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. She is now with Elsevier Life Science solutions, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
| | - James W. Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Hubschman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sophie X. Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Elliott R. Brown
- Department. of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
| | - Warren S. Grundfest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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21
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Taylor ZD, Garritano J, Sung S, Bajwa N, Bennett DB, Nowroozi B, Tewari P, Sayre J, Hubschman JP, Deng S, Brown ER, Grundfest WS. THz and mm-Wave Sensing of Corneal Tissue Water Content: Electromagnetic Modeling and Analysis. IEEE Trans Terahertz Sci Technol 2015; 5:170-183. [PMID: 26322247 PMCID: PMC4551413 DOI: 10.1109/tthz.2015.2392619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) spectral properties of human cornea are explored as a function of central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal water content, and the clinical utility of THz-based corneal water content sensing is discussed. Three candidate corneal tissue water content (CTWC) perturbations, based on corneal physiology, are investigated that affect the axial water distribution and total thickness. The THz frequency reflectivity properties of the three CTWC perturbations were simulated and explored with varying system center frequency and bandwidths (Q-factors). The modeling showed that at effective optical path lengths on the order of a wavelength the cornea presents a lossy etalon bordered by air at the anterior and the aqueous humor at the posterior. The simulated standing wave peak-to-valley ratio is pronounced at lower frequencies and its effect on acquired data can be modulated by adjusting the bandwidth of the sensing system. These observations are supported with experimental spectroscopic data. The results suggest that a priori knowledge of corneal thickness can be utilized for accurate assessments of corneal tissue water content. The physiologic variation of corneal thickness with respect to the wavelengths spanned by the THz band is extremely limited compared to all other structures in the body making CTWC sensing unique amongst all proposed applications of THz medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Shijun Sung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Neha Bajwa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - David B. Bennett
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. He is now with Fitbit, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
| | - Bryan Nowroozi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. He is now with Mimeo Labs Inc, Santa Monica, CA 90404 USA
| | - Priyamvada Tewari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. She is now with Elsevier Life Science solutions, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
| | - James Sayre
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Hubschman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sophie Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Elliott R. Brown
- Department. of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
| | - Warren S. Grundfest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA, and also with the Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Priester A, Natarajan S, Le JD, Garritano J, Radosavcev B, Grundfest W, Margolis DJA, Marks LS, Huang J. A system for evaluating magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer using patient-specific 3D printed molds. Am J Clin Exp Urol 2014; 2:127-135. [PMID: 25374914 PMCID: PMC4219304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a system for evaluating magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer, using patient-specific 3D printed molds to facilitate MR-histology correlation. Prior to radical prostatectomy a patient receives a multiparametric MRI, which an expert genitourinary radiologist uses to identify and contour regions suspicious for disease. The same MR series is used to generate a prostate contour, which is the basis for design of a patient-specific mold. The 3D printed mold contains a series of evenly spaced parallel slits, each of which corresponds to a known MRI slice. After surgery, the patient's specimen is enclosed within the mold, and all whole-mount levels are obtained simultaneously through use of a multi-bladed slicing device. The levels are then formalin fixed, processed, and delivered to an expert pathologist, who identifies and grades all lesions within the slides. Finally, the lesion contours are loaded into custom software, which elastically warps them to fit the MR prostate contour. The suspicious regions on MR can then be directly compared to lesions on histology. Furthermore, the false-negative and false-positive regions on MR can be retrospectively examined, with the ultimate goal of developing methods for improving the predictive accuracy of MRI. This work presents the details of our analysis method, following a patient from diagnosis through the MR-histology correlation process. For this patient MRI successfully predicted the presence of cancer, but true lesion volume and extent were underestimated. Most cancer-positive regions missed on MR were observed to have patterns of low T2 signal, suggesting that there is potential to improve sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Priester
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Shyam Natarajan
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of MedicineLos Angeles, USA
| | - Jesse D Le
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of MedicineLos Angeles, USA
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Bryan Radosavcev
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of MedicineLos Angeles, USA
| | - Warren Grundfest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los AngelesCA, USA
| | - Daniel JA Margolis
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of MedicineLos Angeles, USA
| | - Leonard S Marks
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of MedicineLos Angeles, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of MedicineLos Angeles, USA
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Maccabi A, Arshi A, Garritano J, Saddik G, Kohanbash E, Tajudeen BA, St John M, Grundfest WS, Taylor ZD. Ultrasound-stimulated vibro-acoustography for high-resolution differentiation based on viscoelastic properties of tissue mimicking phantoms. Stud Health Technol Inform 2014; 196:262-264. [PMID: 24732519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of an imaging technique that provides imagery of diseased tissue with high diagnostic accuracy and contrast, surgeons must often excise excess healthy tissue surrounding neoplasms to ensure complete removal of malignant tissues. Additional approaches that are commonly used in the detection of tumor regions include palpation and conventional ultrasound to locate the affected area. However, these techniques suffer from limitations such as minimal specificity and lack of depth penetration. Lack of specificity results in the production of unclear diseased tissue regions, and therefore fails to offer surgeons a reliable and accurate image guidance tool. The proposed work provides an alternative diagnostic modality termed ultrasound-stimulated vibro-acoustography (USVA) that aims to generate detailed images characterized by viscoelastic properties of tissues. We demonstrate selective imaging using phantom tissue samples of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that are altered and arranged into unique geometries of varying elastic topology. Determining the precision and sensitivity of the USVA imaging system in identifying boundary regions as well as intensity ranges associated with tissue phantom targets will provide additional important information to allow for a non-invasive tool to distinguish diseased tissues from normal tissues in an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Maccabi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Armin Arshi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - George Saddik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Bobby A Tajudeen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Maie St John
- Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology, Los Angeles
| | | | - Zachary D Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles
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Garritano J, Martinez C, Grossman K, Intemann P, Merritt K, Pfoff R, Smock T. The output of the hippocampus is inhibited during social behavior in the male rat. Exp Brain Res 1996; 111:35-40. [PMID: 8891634 DOI: 10.1007/bf00229553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During sexual behavior in the male rat, peptidergic cells in the medial amygdaloid nucleus become active and release a vasopressin-like peptide. The present experiments were designed to examine hippocampal changes as a result of this peptide's action during sexual behaviors. Chronic field-potential recordings from the hippocampus of male rats were acquired in a wide variety of social and nonsocial circumstances. Hippocampal responses that resemble the known action of the vasopressin-like peptide were seen only with social stimuli such as sexual stimuli and stimuli that led to aggressive behavior between males. The results show that the occasions of peptide action in the hippocampus correlate with the occasions of peptide release as determined by recording from the peptidergic cell bodies. The results are interpreted to indicate that the amygdala projection to the hippocampus has a special role to play in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garritano
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA
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25
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de Carvalho MG, Garritano J, Leslie CC. Regulation of lysophospholipase activity of the 85-kDa phospholipase A2 and activation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:20439-46. [PMID: 7657619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.35.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the lysophospholipase activity of the 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was studied in vitro and in stimulated macrophages. Bovine serum albumin was found to inhibit lysophospholipase activity of the recombinant 85-kDa PLA2 when assayed at a relatively low substrate concentration. Inhibition could be reversed if the substrate concentration was increased or if Ca2+ was present in the assay. Incubation of recombinant enzyme with macrophage membranes and lipid extracts from macrophage membranes resulted in the release of arachidonic acid, as well as, stearic acid, which is enriched at the sn-1 position of macrophage phospholipids. This suggests that with a bilayer substrate the PLA2 can sequentially deacylate the sn-2 then sn-1 acyl groups. This was verified by demonstrating that the phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, were hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoinositol by incubation with recombinant 85-kDa PLA2. The 85-kDa enzyme was identified as the main lysophospholipase activity in mouse peritoneal macrophage cytosols. Addition of Ca2+ to the assay enhanced activity, but this effect decreased as the substrate concentration was increased. Incubation of macrophages with zymosan increased the lysophospholipase activity of the 85-kDa PLA2 in cytosols. Phosphorylation of recombinant PLA2 with mitogen-activated protein kinase resulted in an increase in lysophospholipase, as well as, PLA2 activity. In macrophages stimulated with zymosan release of stearic acid (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) was observed in addition to arachidonic acid (20:4). These results are consistent with a role of the 85-kDa PLA2 in regulating lysophospholipid levels in macrophages during zymosan stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G de Carvalho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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Minerbo G, Albeck D, Goldberg E, Lindberg T, Nakari M, Martinez C, Garritano J, Smock T. Activity of peptidergic neurons in the amygdala during sexual behavior in the male rat. Exp Brain Res 1994; 97:444-50. [PMID: 8187855 DOI: 10.1007/bf00241538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The medial amygdaloid nucleus (AME) occupies a central position in the circuitry that organizes sexual behavior in the male rat. It receives a projection from olfactory structures that are activated by pheromonal cues indicating receptivity in the female and projects in turn to limbic and hypothalamic structures that are thought to organize aspects of coitus. Electrical stimulation of the AME elicits a behavioral state that is indistinguishable by several measures from the post-ejaculatory interval. We used chronic single-unit recording techniques to determine the behavioral conditions in which the AME is normally active. We found that the cells indeed fired selectively during the presence of a receptive female, but that the discharge considerably anticipated copulation in time. We propose that sexual behavior in the male rat is a reaction chain of fixed action patterns, each one acting as a releaser for the next. The AME mediates an early event in the reaction chain, namely recognition of the receptive female, but electrical activation of the AME causes the reaction chain to proceed to its culminating behavior, the post-ejaculatory interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Minerbo
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder 80309
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27
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Smock T, Arnold S, Albeck D, Emerson P, Garritano J, Burrows K, Derber W, Sanson C, Marrs K, Weatherly H. A peptidergic circuit for reproductive behavior. Brain Res 1992; 598:138-42. [PMID: 1486476 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90177-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A projection from the medial amygdaloid nucleus to the hippocampus and septum probably uses vasopressin as a transmitter. The nucleus synthesizes vasopressin and activation of the nucleus has a hippocampal effect that is completely blocked by a vasopressin antagonist. The afferent and efferent projections of this peptidergic nucleus suggest a possible role for the system in sexual behavior. Stimulation of the nucleus inhibits the output of the hippocampus in both genders and reorganizes behavior for a period of 15-20 min. In males, the effect of peptidergic activation is to produce a behavior that resembles the post-ejaculatory interval in coitus. This state is characterized by an EEG that resembles slow-wave sleep and by ultrasonic vocalizations at a characteristic frequency of 22 kHz. Castration in either gender causes depletion of the peptide from the target fields and eliminates the peptidergic signal in the hippocampus after about 15 weeks. The effects of castration in males can be reversed by testosterone replacement. The fluctuation of estrogen levels in rat plasma during the estrus cycle happens too quickly to impact the peptidergic system, and thus there is no significant change in the strength of the peptidergic signal among the proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus stages. This fact permits study of the physiology of the system without concern for stage of estrus but does not permit conclusions regarding its function in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Smock
- Howard Hughes Undergraduate Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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