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Inthawong M, Sunyakumthorn P, Wongwairot S, Anantatat T, Dunachie SJ, Im-Erbsin R, Jones JW, Mason CJ, Lugo LA, Blacksell SD, Day NPJ, Sonthayanon P, Richards AL, Paris DH. Correction: A time-course comparative clinical and immune response evaluation study between the human pathogenic Orientia tsutsugamushi strains: Karp and Gilliam in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011277. [PMID: 37043432 PMCID: PMC10096177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010611.].
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Inthawong M, Sunyakumthorn P, Wongwairot S, Anantatat T, Dunachie SJ, Im-Erbsin R, Jones JW, Mason CJ, Lugo LA, Blacksell SD, Day NPJ, Sonthayanon P, Richards AL, Paris DH. A time-course comparative clinical and immune response evaluation study between the human pathogenic Orientia tsutsugamushi strains: Karp and Gilliam in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010611. [PMID: 35925895 PMCID: PMC9352090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrub typhus is a vector-borne febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi transmitted by the bite of Trombiculid mites. O. tsutsugamushi has a high genetic diversity and is increasingly recognized to have a wider global distribution than previously assumed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We evaluated the clinical outcomes and host immune responses of the two most relevant human pathogenic strains of O. tsutsugamushi; Karp (n = 4) and Gilliam (n = 4) in a time-course study over 80 days post infection (dpi) in a standardized scrub typhus non-human primate rhesus macaque model. We observed distinct features in clinical progression and immune response between the two strains; Gilliam-infected macaques developed more pronounced systemic infection characterized by an earlier onset of bacteremia, lymph node enlargement, eschar lesions and higher inflammatory markers during the acute phase of infection, when compared to the Karp strain. C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma levels, interferon gamma (IFN-γ, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-15 serum concentrations, CRP/IL10- and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios correlated positively with bacterial load in blood, implying activation of the innate immune response and preferential development of a T helper-type 1 immune response. The O. tsutsugamushi-specific immune memory responses in cells isolated from skin and lymph nodes at 80 dpi were more markedly elevated in the Gilliam-infected macaques than in the Karp-infected group. The comparative cytokine response dynamics of both strains revealed significant up-regulation of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-15, IL-6, IL-18, regulatory IL-1ra, IL-10, IL-8 and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). These data suggest that the clinical outcomes and host immune responses to scrub typhus could be associated with counter balancing effects of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine-mediated responses. Currently, no data on characterized time-course comparisons of O. tsutsugamushi strains regarding measures of disease severity and immune response is available. Our study provides evidence for the strain-specificity of host responses in scrub typhus, which supports our understanding of processes at the initial inoculation site (eschar), systemic disease progression, protective and/or pathogenic host immune mechanisms and cellular immune memory function. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study characterised an improved intradermal rhesus macaque challenge model for scrub typhus, whereby the Gilliam strain infection associated with higher disease severity in the rhesus macaque model than the previous Karp strain infection. Difficulties associated with inoculum quantitation for obligate-intracellular bacteria were overcome by using functional inoculum titrations in outbred mice. The Gilliam-based rhesus macaque model provides improved endpoint measurements and contributes towards the identification of correlates of protection for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manutsanun Inthawong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyanate Sunyakumthorn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirima Wongwairot
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Anantatat
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rawiwan Im-Erbsin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James W. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Luis A. Lugo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piengchan Sonthayanon
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Allen L. Richards
- Viral & Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Paris
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Vallejos CE, Jones JW, Bhakta MS, Gezan SA, Correll MJ. Dynamic QTL-based ecophysiological models to predict phenotype from genotype and environment data. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:275. [PMID: 35658831 PMCID: PMC9169398 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting the phenotype from the genotype is one of the major contemporary challenges in biology. This challenge is greater in plants because their development occurs mostly post-embryonically under diurnal and seasonal environmental fluctuations. Most current crop simulation models are physiology-based models capable of capturing environmental fluctuations but cannot adequately capture genotypic effects because they were not constructed within a genetics framework. RESULTS We describe the construction of a mixed-effects dynamic model to predict time-to-flowering in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). This prediction model applies the developmental approach used by traditional crop simulation models, uses direct observational data, and captures the Genotype, Environment, and Genotype-by-Environment effects to predict progress towards time-to-flowering in real time. Comparisons to a traditional crop simulation model and to a previously developed static model shows the advantages of the new dynamic model. CONCLUSIONS The dynamic model can be applied to other species and to different plant processes. These types of models can, in modular form, gradually replace plant processes in existing crop models as has been implemented in BeanGro, a crop simulation model within the DSSAT Cropping Systems Model. Gene-based dynamic models can accelerate precision breeding of diverse crop species, particularly with the prospects of climate change. Finally, a gene-based simulation model can assist policy decision makers in matters pertaining to prediction of food supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eduardo Vallejos
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - James W Jones
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mehul S Bhakta
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Present Address: Bayer Crop Science, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, West Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Salvador A Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Present Address: VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK
| | - Melanie J Correll
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Gonwong S, Mason CJ, Chuenchitra T, Khanijou P, Islam D, Ruamsap N, Kana K, Tabprasit S, Vesely BA, Demons ST, Waters NC, Swierczewski BE, Crawford JM, Jones JW. Nationwide Seroprevalence of Scrub Typhus, Typhus, and Spotted Fever in Young Thai Men. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:tpmd201512. [PMID: 35378507 PMCID: PMC9128670 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus group (STG), typhus group (TG), and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae are pathogens distributed worldwide and are important causes of febrile illnesses in southeast Asia. The levels of rickettsioses burden and distribution in Thai communities are still unclear. Nonspecific symptoms, limit diagnostic capacity and underdiagnoses contribute to the absence of clarity. The objective of this study was to determine the nationwide IgG seroprevalence of STG, TG, and SFG by ELISA in repository sera from the Royal Thai Army recruits collected during 2007-2008 and 2012 to estimate rickettsiae exposure in young Thai men to better understand rickettsiae exposure distribution in the Thai population. IgG seroprevalence of STG, Orientia tsutsugamushi; TG, Rickettsia typhi; and SFG, R. rickettsii was 12.4%, 6.8%, and 3.3% in 2007-2008 and 31.8%, 4.2%, and 4.5% in 2012, respectively. The STG had the highest seroprevalence of Rickettsia assessed, with the highest regional seroprevalence found in southern Thailand. The STG seroprevalence changed significantly from 2007 to 2008 (P value < 0.05), which corresponds with morbidity rate of scrub typhus from the last decade in Thailand. We were unable to determine the causality for seroprevalence changes between the two periods due to the limitation in sample numbers for intervening years and limited information available for archived specimens. Additional research would be required to determine agency. However, study results do confirm Rickettsia endemicity in Thailand lends weight to reports of increasing STG seroprevalence. It also corroborates the need to raise rickettsial disease awareness and educate the general public in prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriphan Gonwong
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Dilara Islam
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Ruamsap
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khunakorn Kana
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Brian A. Vesely
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Norman C. Waters
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - John M. Crawford
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James W. Jones
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Rice CW, Schoen R, Aristidou A, Burgess SC, Capalbo S, Czarnecki-Maulden G, Dunham B, Ejeta G, Famigilietti JS, Gould F, Hamer J, Jackson-Smith DB, Jones JW, Kebreab E, Kelley SS, Leach JE, Lougee R, McCluskey JJ, Plaut KI, Salvador RJ, Sample VA. Keeping up with the fast-moving world of crisis management. Agric Human Values 2020; 37:531-533. [PMID: 32427201 PMCID: PMC7232933 DOI: 10.1007/s10460-020-10045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Rice
- Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, and Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Robin Schoen
- Board on Agriculture, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC USA
| | - Aristos Aristidou
- Biotechnology Research and Development, Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Shane C. Burgess
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Susan Capalbo
- Office of the Provost, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA
| | | | - Bernadette Dunham
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Gibesa Ejeta
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Jay S. Famigilietti
- Global Institute for Water Security, Institute of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Fred Gould
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - John Hamer
- Data Collective, DCVC Bio, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Douglas B. Jackson-Smith
- College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - James W. Jones
- Agriculture and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science and World Food Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Stephen S. Kelley
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jan E. Leach
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Robin Lougee
- Consumer Products, Business Solutions, and Mathematical Sciences, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY USA
| | - Jill J. McCluskey
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Richland, WA USA
| | - Karen I. Plaut
- College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Ricardo J. Salvador
- Food and Environment Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington, DC USA
| | - V. Alaric Sample
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA USA
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Peng B, Guan K, Tang J, Ainsworth EA, Asseng S, Bernacchi CJ, Cooper M, Delucia EH, Elliott JW, Ewert F, Grant RF, Gustafson DI, Hammer GL, Jin Z, Jones JW, Kimm H, Lawrence DM, Li Y, Lombardozzi DL, Marshall-Colon A, Messina CD, Ort DR, Schnable JC, Vallejos CE, Wu A, Yin X, Zhou W. Towards a multiscale crop modelling framework for climate change adaptation assessment. Nat Plants 2020; 6:338-348. [PMID: 32296143 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the consequences of manipulating genotype (G) and agronomic management (M) on agricultural ecosystem performances under future environmental (E) conditions remains a challenge. Crop modelling has the potential to enable society to assess the efficacy of G × M technologies to mitigate and adapt crop production systems to climate change. Despite recent achievements, dedicated research to develop and improve modelling capabilities from gene to global scales is needed to provide guidance on designing G × M adaptation strategies with full consideration of their impacts on both crop productivity and ecosystem sustainability under varying climatic conditions. Opportunities to advance the multiscale crop modelling framework include representing crop genetic traits, interfacing crop models with large-scale models, improving the representation of physiological responses to climate change and management practices, closing data gaps and harnessing multisource data to improve model predictability and enable identification of emergent relationships. A fundamental challenge in multiscale prediction is the balance between process details required to assess the intervention and predictability of the system at the scales feasible to measure the impact. An advanced multiscale crop modelling framework will enable a gene-to-farm design of resilient and sustainable crop production systems under a changing climate at regional-to-global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Jinyun Tang
- Climate Sciences Department, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Senthold Asseng
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mark Cooper
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Evan H Delucia
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joshua W Elliott
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank Ewert
- Crop Science Group, INRES, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Robert F Grant
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Graeme L Hammer
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhenong Jin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - James W Jones
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hyungsuk Kimm
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Amy Marshall-Colon
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Donald R Ort
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - James C Schnable
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - C Eduardo Vallejos
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alex Wu
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wang Zhou
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Hoogenboom G, Porter CH, Boote KJ, Shelia V, Wilkens PW, Singh U, White JW, Asseng S, Lizaso JI, Moreno LP, Pavan W, Ogoshi R, Hunt LA, Tsuji GY, Jones JW. The DSSAT crop modeling ecosystem. Advances in crop modelling for a sustainable agriculture 2019. [DOI: 10.19103/as.2019.0061.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Le L, Tran LK, Le-Ha TD, Tran BP, Le-Vo HN, Nguyen YN, Nguyen HL, Hoang-Ngoc KQ, Matsumoto Y, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Jones JW, Iida T, Cao V. Coexistence Of Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1 And bla NDM-4 Genes In A Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Strain In Vietnam. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3703-3707. [PMID: 31819552 PMCID: PMC6885539 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s226612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the first clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae strain co- harboring mcr-1 and blaNDM-4 genes in Vietnam, which was recovered from a patient admitted to hospital in 2015. This strain demonstrated nonsusceptible to all tested antibiotics, including last-line antibiotics such as carbapenems (MICs ≥128 μg/mL) and colistin (MIC =32 μg/mL), except tigecycline (MIC =1 μg/mL). Whole-genome analysis using both MinION and MiSeq data revealed that the strain carried 29 resistance genes. Particularly, mcr-1 and blaNDM-4 genes were carried by different self-conjugative plasmids and able to be transferred to a recipient by conjugation. The colistin resistance of this strain was conferred by mcr-1 and additional chromosomal resistance determinants. Eight amino acid substitutions found in PmrA, PmrB, PmrC, PmrI, and PmrJ, all proteins that are involved in lipopolysaccharide modifications, may be associated with chromosomal colistin resistance. The accumulation of multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms in this clinical isolate raises alarm on potential spread of extensively drug-resistant K. pneumoniae in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Le
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Linh Khanh Tran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tam-Duong Le-Ha
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bich-Phuong Tran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hong-Ngoc Le-Vo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yen-Nhi Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hanh-Lan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khanh-Quynh Hoang-Ngoc
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - James W Jones
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Van Cao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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9
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Le-Vo HN, Tran PTB, Le L, Matsumoto Y, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Jones JW, Iida T, Cao V. Complex Class 1 Integron in a Clinical Escherichia coli Strain From Vietnam Carrying Both mcr-1 and bla NDM-1. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2472. [PMID: 31736911 PMCID: PMC6834847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-production of MCR and carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae has been previously reported. Here, we describe a clinical strain of Escherichia coli from Vietnam carrying both mcr-1 and bla NDM-1. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the genome of this strain consists of a 4,975,832-bp chromosome and four plasmids. The mcr-1 and bla NDM-1 genes are located on IncI2 and IncA/C2-type plasmids, respectively. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of a multidrug-resistant region with the structure of a novel complex class 1 integron including a class 1 integron region bearing two 5' conserved segments and one 3' conserved segment and two complete structures of ISCR1. The complex integron contains aminoglycoside resistance genes aadA2, aadB, strA, strB, and aphA6, quinolone resistance gene qnrA1, extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene bla OXA- 4, and a Tn125-like transposon bearing bla NDM-1. In addition, the dfrA12-gcuF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH gene cassette array belonging to the sul3-type integron was also identified, but the region found downstream of the gene cassette array is the IS440-tet(M)-IS26 element instead of the sul3 gene. The results further support that Enterobacteriaceae isolates co-harboring mcr and bla NDM are widely being distributed. The structural characteristics of the complex integron reveal that ISCR1 elements play an important role in the mobilization of bla NDM-1 and the development of multidrug-resistant regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ngoc Le-Vo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thi-Bich Tran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lien Le
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - James W Jones
- Department of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Van Cao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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10
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Sishodia RP, Shukla S, Wani SP, Graham WD, Jones JW. Future irrigation expansion outweigh groundwater recharge gains from climate change in semi-arid India. Sci Total Environ 2018; 635:725-740. [PMID: 29680763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous effects of future climate and irrigation intensification on surface and groundwater systems are not well understood. Efforts are needed to understand the future groundwater availability and associated surface flows under business-as-usual management to formulate policy changes to improve water sustainability. We combine measurements with integrated modeling (MIKE SHE/MIKE11) to evaluate the effects of future climate (2040-2069), with and without irrigation expansion, on water levels and flows in an agricultural watershed in low-storage crystalline aquifer region of south India. Demand and supply management changes, including improved efficiency of irrigation water as well as energy uses, were evaluated. Increased future rainfall (7-43%, from 5 Global Climate Models) with no further expansion of irrigation wells increased the groundwater recharge (10-55%); however, most of the recharge moved out of watershed as increased baseflow (17-154%) with a small increase in net recharge (+0.2mm/year). When increased rainfall was considered with projected increase in irrigation withdrawals, both hydrologic extremes of well drying and flooding were predicted. A 100-year flow event was predicted to be a 5-year event in the future. If irrigation expansion follows the historical trends, earlier and more frequent well drying, a source of farmers' distress in India, was predicted to worsen in the future despite the recharge gains from increased rainfall. Storage and use of excess flows, improved irrigation efficiency with flood to drip conversion in 25% of irrigated area, and reduced energy subsidy (free electricity for 3.5h compared to 7h/day; $1 billion savings) provided sufficient water savings to support future expansion in irrigated areas while mitigating well drying as well as flooding. Reductions in energy subsidy to fund the implementation of economically desirable (high benefit-cost ratio) demand (drip irrigation) and supply (water capture and storage) management was recommended to achieve a sustainable food-water-energy nexus in semi-arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Sishodia
- International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana 502324, India; Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ABE) Department, SWFREC, University of Florida (UF), Immokalee, FL 34142, United States
| | - Sanjay Shukla
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ABE) Department, SWFREC, University of Florida (UF), Immokalee, FL 34142, United States.
| | - Suhas P Wani
- International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana 502324, India.
| | - Wendy D Graham
- Water Institute, ABE Department, UF, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - James W Jones
- Florida Climate Institute, ABE Department, UF, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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11
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Sunyakumthorn P, Somponpun SJ, Im-erbsin R, Anantatat T, Jenjaroen K, Dunachie SJ, Lombardini ED, Burke RL, Blacksell SD, Jones JW, Mason CJ, Richards AL, Day NPJ, Paris DH. Characterization of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) scrub typhus model: Susceptibility to intradermal challenge with the human pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018. [PMID: 29522521 PMCID: PMC5862536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrub typhus is an important endemic disease in tropical Asia caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi for which no effective broadly protective vaccine is available. The successful evaluation of vaccine candidates requires well-characterized animal models and a better understanding of the immune response against O. tsutsugamushi. While many animal species have been used to study host immunity and vaccine responses in scrub typhus, only limited data exists in non-human primate (NHP) models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS In this study we evaluated a NHP scrub typhus disease model based on intradermal inoculation of O. tsutsugamushi Karp strain in rhesus macaques (n = 7). After an intradermal inoculation with 106 murine LD50 of O. tsutsugamushi at the anterior thigh (n = 4) or mock inoculum (n = 3), a series of time course investigations involving hematological, biochemical, molecular and immunological assays were performed, until day 28, when tissues were collected for pathology and immunohistochemistry. In all NHPs with O. tsutsugamushi inoculation, but not with mock inoculation, the development of a classic eschar with central necrosis, regional lymphadenopathy, and elevation of body temperature was observed on days 7-21 post inoculation (pi); bacteremia was detected by qPCR on days 6-18 pi; and alteration of liver enzyme function and increase of white blood cells on day 14 pi. Immune assays demonstrated raised serum levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules, anti-O. tsutsugamushi-specific antibody responses (IgM and IgG) and pathogen-specific cell-mediated immune responses in inoculated macaques. The qPCR assays detected O. tsutsugamushi in eschar, spleen, draining and non-draining lymph nodes, and immuno-double staining demonstrated intracellular O. tsutsugamushi in antigen presenting cells of eschars and lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data show the potential of using rhesus macaques as a scrub typhus model, for evaluation of correlates of protection in both natural and vaccine induced immunity, and support the evaluation of future vaccine candidates against scrub typhus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanate Sunyakumthorn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwit J. Somponpun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Im-erbsin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Anantatat
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kemajittra Jenjaroen
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eric D. Lombardini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robin L. Burke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Allen L. Richards
- Viral & Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H. Paris
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Kelly AL, Gough T, Isreb M, Dhumal R, Jones JW, Nicholson S, Dennis AB, Paradkar A. In-process rheometry as a PAT tool for hot melt extrusion. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:670-676. [PMID: 29161918 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1408641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Real time measurement of melt rheology has been investigated as a Process Analytical Technology (PAT) to monitor hot melt extrusion of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in a polymer matrix. A developmental API was melt mixed with a commercial copolymer using a heated twin screw extruder at different API loadings and set temperatures. The extruder was equipped with an instrumented rheological slit die which incorporated three pressure transducers flush mounted to the die surface. Pressure drop measurements within the die at a range of extrusion throughputs were used to calculate rheological parameters, such as shear viscosity and exit pressure, related to shear and elastic melt flow properties, respectively. Results showed that the melt exhibited shear thinning behavior whereby viscosity decreased with increasing flow rate. Increase in drug loading and set extrusion temperature resulted in a reduction in melt viscosity. Shear viscosity and exit pressure measurements were found to be sensitive to API loading. These findings suggest that this technique could be used as a simple tool to measure material attributes in-line, to build better overall process understanding for hot melt extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kelly
- a Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
| | - T Gough
- a Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
| | - M Isreb
- a Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
| | - R Dhumal
- a Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
| | - J W Jones
- b Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Moreton , UK
| | - S Nicholson
- b Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Moreton , UK
| | - A B Dennis
- b Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Moreton , UK
| | - A Paradkar
- a Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science , University of Bradford , Bradford , UK
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13
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Ruane AC, Rosenzweig C, Asseng S, Boote KJ, Elliott J, Ewert F, Jones JW, Martre P, McDermid SP, Müller C, Snyder A, Thorburn PJ. An AgMIP framework for improved agricultural representation in IAMs. Environ Res Lett 2017; 12:125003. [PMID: 30881482 PMCID: PMC6417889 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa8da6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrated assessment models (IAMs) hold great potential to assess how future agricultural systems will be shaped by socioeconomic development, technological innovation, and changing climate conditions. By coupling with climate and crop model emulators, IAMs have the potential to resolve important agricultural feedback loops and identify unintended consequences of socioeconomic development for agricultural systems. Here we propose a framework to develop robust representation of agricultural system responses within IAMs, linking downstream applications with model development and the coordinated evaluation of key climate responses from local to global scales. We survey the strengths and weaknesses of protocol-based assessments linked to the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP), each utilizing multiple sites and models to evaluate crop response to core climate changes including shifts in carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and water availability, with some studies further exploring how climate responses are affected by nitrogen levels and adaptation in farm systems. Site-based studies with carefully calibrated models encompass the largest number of activities; however they are limited in their ability to capture the full range of global agricultural system diversity. Representative site networks provide more targeted response information than broadly-sampled networks, with limitations stemming from difficulties in covering the diversity of farming systems. Global gridded crop models provide comprehensive coverage, although with large challenges for calibration and quality control of inputs. Diversity in climate responses underscores that crop model emulators must distinguish between regions and farming system while recognizing model uncertainty. Finally, to bridge the gap between bottom-up and top-down approaches we recommend the deployment of a hybrid climate response system employing a representative network of sites to bias-correct comprehensive gridded simulations, opening the door to accelerated development and a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Ruane
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Senthold Asseng
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth J Boote
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joshua Elliott
- University of Chicago, Computation Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank Ewert
- University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Center of Agricultural landscape Research (ZALF), Muencheberg, Germany
| | - James W Jones
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA
- National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Pierre Martre
- UMR LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Abigail Snyder
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Thorburn
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Sumonwiriya M, Paris DH, Sunyakumthorn P, Anantatat T, Jenjaroen K, Chumseng S, Im-erbsin R, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Jintaworn S, Blacksell SD, Chowdhury FR, Kronsteiner B, Teparrukkul P, Burke RL, Lombardini ED, Richards AL, Mason CJ, Jones JW, Day NPJ, Dunachie SJ. Strong interferon-gamma mediated cellular immunity to scrub typhus demonstrated using a novel whole cell antigen ELISpot assay in rhesus macaques and humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005846. [PMID: 28892515 PMCID: PMC5608426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus is a febrile infection caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, which causes significant morbidity and mortality across the Asia-Pacific region. The control of this vector-borne disease is challenging due to humans being dead-end hosts, vertical maintenance of the pathogen in the vector itself, and a potentially large rodent reservoir of unclear significance, coupled with a lack of accurate diagnostic tests. Development of an effective vaccine is highly desirable. This however requires better characterization of the natural immune response of this neglected but important disease. Here we implement a novel IFN-γ ELISpot assay as a tool for studying O. tsutsugamushi induced cellular immune responses in an experimental scrub typhus rhesus macaque model and human populations. Whole cell antigen for O. tsutsugamushi (OT-WCA) was prepared by heat inactivation of Karp-strain bacteria. Rhesus macaques were infected intradermally with O. tsutsugamushi. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from infected (n = 10) and uninfected animals (n = 5) were stimulated with OT-WCA, and IFN-γ secreting cells quantitated by ELISpot assay at five time points over 28 days. PBMC were then assayed from people in a scrub typhus-endemic region of Thailand (n = 105) and responses compared to those from a partially exposed population in a non-endemic region (n = 14), and to a naïve population in UK (n = 12). Mean results at Day 0 prior to O. tsutsugamushi infection were 12 (95% CI 0–25) and 15 (2–27) spot-forming cells (SFC)/106 PBMC for infected and control macaques respectively. Strong O. tsutsugamushi-specific IFN-γ responses were seen post infection, with ELISpot responses 20-fold higher than baseline at Day 7 (mean 235, 95% CI 200–270 SFC/106 PBMC), 105-fold higher at Day 14 (mean 1261, 95% CI 1,097–1,425 SFC/106 PBMC), 125-fold higher at Day 21 (mean 1,498, 95% CI 1,496–1,500 SFC/106 PBMC) and 118-fold higher at Day 28 (mean 1,416, 95% CI 1,306–1,527 SFC/106 PBMC). No significant change was found in the control group at any time point compared to baseline. Humans from a scrub typhus endemic region of Thailand had mean responses of 189 (95% CI 88–290) SFC/106 PBMC compared to mean responses of 40 (95% CI 9–71) SFC/106 PBMC in people from a non-endemic region and 3 (95% CI 0–7) SFC/106 PBMC in naïve controls. In summary, this highly sensitive assay will enable field immunogenicity studies and further characterization of the host response to O. tsutsugamushi, and provides a link between human and animal models to accelerate vaccine development. Scrub typhus is a disease caused by bacteria that invade cells in our immune system and blood vessels. It is transmitted by mites and is treatable with antibiotics. Unfortunately diagnosis is difficult and requires techniques that are not easily accessible everywhere. Currently, there is no scrub typhus vaccine available. In order to improve diagnostics and vaccine development in future, we need to better understand our immune response against these bacteria. In this study, we developed a test where these bacteria were killed and prepared by a new purification method to stimulate the immune cells in our blood -not antibodies. We evaluated this test in hospitalized patients with scrub typhus disease and also in non-human primates to study the responses over time. The test proved to be very accurate and useful to study natural immune responses, and we found differences in responses in areas where scrub typhus is common, compared to areas where it is not common. This test will allow us to investigate the immune response to scrub typhus more in-depth in the future, and will support the development of better diagnostic tests and vaccines against scrub typhus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel H. Paris
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Piyanate Sunyakumthorn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Anantatat
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kemajittra Jenjaroen
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchintana Chumseng
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Im-erbsin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Suthatip Jintaworn
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fazle R. Chowdhury
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Prapit Teparrukkul
- Department of Medicine, Sappasithiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Robin L. Burke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eric D. Lombardini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Allen L. Richards
- Department of Viral & Rickettsial Diseases, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James W. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Janssen SJ, Porter CH, Moore AD, Athanasiadis IN, Foster I, Jones JW, Antle JM. Towards a new generation of agricultural system data, models and knowledge products: Information and communication technology. Agric Syst 2017; 155:200-212. [PMID: 28701813 PMCID: PMC5485661 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural modeling has long suffered from fragmentation in model implementation. Many models are developed, there is much redundancy, models are often poorly coupled, model component re-use is rare, and it is frequently difficult to apply models to generate real solutions for the agricultural sector. To improve this situation, we argue that an open, self-sustained, and committed community is required to co-develop agricultural models and associated data and tools as a common resource. Such a community can benefit from recent developments in information and communications technology (ICT). We examine how such developments can be leveraged to design and implement the next generation of data, models, and decision support tools for agricultural production systems. Our objective is to assess relevant technologies for their maturity, expected development, and potential to benefit the agricultural modeling community. The technologies considered encompass methods for collaborative development and for involving stakeholders and users in development in a transdisciplinary manner. Our qualitative evaluation suggests that as an overall research challenge, the interoperability of data sources, modular granular open models, reference data sets for applications and specific user requirements analysis methodologies need to be addressed to allow agricultural modeling to enter in the big data era. This will enable much higher analytical capacities and the integrated use of new data sources. Overall agricultural systems modeling needs to rapidly adopt and absorb state-of-the-art data and ICT technologies with a focus on the needs of beneficiaries and on facilitating those who develop applications of their models. This adoption requires the widespread uptake of a set of best practices as standard operating procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander J.C. Janssen
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Postbus 47, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Cheryl H. Porter
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 110570, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrew D. Moore
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - Ian Foster
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James W. Jones
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 110570, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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16
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Jones JW, Antle JM, Basso B, Boote KJ, Conant RT, Foster I, Godfray HCJ, Herrero M, Howitt RE, Janssen S, Keating BA, Munoz-Carpena R, Porter CH, Rosenzweig C, Wheeler TR. Brief history of agricultural systems modeling. Agric Syst 2017; 155:240-254. [PMID: 28701816 PMCID: PMC5485640 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural systems science generates knowledge that allows researchers to consider complex problems or take informed agricultural decisions. The rich history of this science exemplifies the diversity of systems and scales over which they operate and have been studied. Modeling, an essential tool in agricultural systems science, has been accomplished by scientists from a wide range of disciplines, who have contributed concepts and tools over more than six decades. As agricultural scientists now consider the "next generation" models, data, and knowledge products needed to meet the increasingly complex systems problems faced by society, it is important to take stock of this history and its lessons to ensure that we avoid re-invention and strive to consider all dimensions of associated challenges. To this end, we summarize here the history of agricultural systems modeling and identify lessons learned that can help guide the design and development of next generation of agricultural system tools and methods. A number of past events combined with overall technological progress in other fields have strongly contributed to the evolution of agricultural system modeling, including development of process-based bio-physical models of crops and livestock, statistical models based on historical observations, and economic optimization and simulation models at household and regional to global scales. Characteristics of agricultural systems models have varied widely depending on the systems involved, their scales, and the wide range of purposes that motivated their development and use by researchers in different disciplines. Recent trends in broader collaboration across institutions, across disciplines, and between the public and private sectors suggest that the stage is set for the major advances in agricultural systems science that are needed for the next generation of models, databases, knowledge products and decision support systems. The lessons from history should be considered to help avoid roadblocks and pitfalls as the community develops this next generation of agricultural systems models.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Jones
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Corresponding author at: University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.University of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth J. Boote
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | | | - H. Charles J. Godfray
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food, University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Munoz-Carpena
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Cheryl H. Porter
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Antle JM, Basso B, Conant RT, Godfray HCJ, Jones JW, Herrero M, Howitt RE, Keating BA, Munoz-Carpena R, Rosenzweig C, Tittonell P, Wheeler TR. Towards a new generation of agricultural system data, models and knowledge products: Design and improvement. Agric Syst 2017; 155:255-268. [PMID: 28701817 PMCID: PMC5485644 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents ideas for a new generation of agricultural system models that could meet the needs of a growing community of end-users exemplified by a set of Use Cases. We envision new data, models and knowledge products that could accelerate the innovation process that is needed to achieve the goal of achieving sustainable local, regional and global food security. We identify desirable features for models, and describe some of the potential advances that we envisage for model components and their integration. We propose an implementation strategy that would link a "pre-competitive" space for model development to a "competitive space" for knowledge product development and through private-public partnerships for new data infrastructure. Specific model improvements would be based on further testing and evaluation of existing models, the development and testing of modular model components and integration, and linkages of model integration platforms to new data management and visualization tools.
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Jones JW, Antle JM, Basso B, Boote KJ, Conant RT, Foster I, Godfray HCJ, Herrero M, Howitt RE, Janssen S, Keating BA, Munoz-Carpena R, Porter CH, Rosenzweig C, Wheeler TR. Toward a new generation of agricultural system data, models, and knowledge products: State of agricultural systems science. Agric Syst 2017; 155:269-288. [PMID: 28701818 PMCID: PMC5485672 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We review the current state of agricultural systems science, focusing in particular on the capabilities and limitations of agricultural systems models. We discuss the state of models relative to five different Use Cases spanning field, farm, landscape, regional, and global spatial scales and engaging questions in past, current, and future time periods. Contributions from multiple disciplines have made major advances relevant to a wide range of agricultural system model applications at various spatial and temporal scales. Although current agricultural systems models have features that are needed for the Use Cases, we found that all of them have limitations and need to be improved. We identified common limitations across all Use Cases, namely 1) a scarcity of data for developing, evaluating, and applying agricultural system models and 2) inadequate knowledge systems that effectively communicate model results to society. We argue that these limitations are greater obstacles to progress than gaps in conceptual theory or available methods for using system models. New initiatives on open data show promise for addressing the data problem, but there also needs to be a cultural change among agricultural researchers to ensure that data for addressing the range of Use Cases are available for future model improvements and applications. We conclude that multiple platforms and multiple models are needed for model applications for different purposes. The Use Cases provide a useful framework for considering capabilities and limitations of existing models and data.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Jones
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth J. Boote
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Ian Foster
- University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | - H. Charles J. Godfray
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food, University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Munoz-Carpena
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Cheryl H. Porter
- University of Florida, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract
Agricultural system models have become important tools to provide predictive and assessment capability to a growing array of decision-makers in the private and public sectors. Despite ongoing research and model improvements, many of the agricultural models today are direct descendants of research investments initially made 30-40 years ago, and many of the major advances in data, information and communication technology (ICT) of the past decade have not been fully exploited. The purpose of this Special Issue of Agricultural Systems is to lay the foundation for the next generation of agricultural systems data, models and knowledge products. The Special Issue is based on a "NextGen" study led by the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Abstract
The purpose of this Special Issue of Agricultural Systems is to lay the foundation for the next generation of agricultural systems data, models and knowledge products. In the Introduction to this Special Issue, we described a vision for accelerating the rate of agricultural innovation and meeting the growing global need for food and fiber. In this concluding article of the NextGen Special Issue we synthesize insights and formulate a strategy to advance data, models, and knowledge products that are consistent with this vision. This strategy is designed to facilitate a transition from the current, primarily supply-driven approach toward a more demand-driven approach that would address key Use Cases where better data, models and knowledge products are seen by end-users as essential to meet their needs.
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Zhang L, Gezan SA, Eduardo Vallejos C, Jones JW, Boote KJ, Clavijo-Michelangeli JA, Bhakta M, Osorno JM, Rao I, Beebe S, Roman-Paoli E, Gonzalez A, Beaver J, Ricaurte J, Colbert R, Correll MJ. Development of a QTL-environment-based predictive model for node addition rate in common bean. Theor Appl Genet 2017; 130:1065-1079. [PMID: 28343247 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the effects of the genetic makeup, the environment and the genotype by environment interactions for node addition rate in an RIL population of common bean. This information was used to build a predictive model for node addition rate. To select a plant genotype that will thrive in targeted environments it is critical to understand the genotype by environment interaction (GEI). In this study, multi-environment QTL analysis was used to characterize node addition rate (NAR, node day- 1) on the main stem of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). This analysis was carried out with field data of 171 recombinant inbred lines that were grown at five sites (Florida, Puerto Rico, 2 sites in Colombia, and North Dakota). Four QTLs (Nar1, Nar2, Nar3 and Nar4) were identified, one of which had significant QTL by environment interactions (QEI), that is, Nar2 with temperature. Temperature was identified as the main environmental factor affecting NAR while day length and solar radiation played a minor role. Integration of sites as covariates into a QTL mixed site-effect model, and further replacing the site component with explanatory environmental covariates (i.e., temperature, day length and solar radiation) yielded a model that explained 73% of the phenotypic variation for NAR with root mean square error of 16.25% of the mean. The QTL consistency and stability was examined through a tenfold cross validation with different sets of genotypes and these four QTLs were always detected with 50-90% probability. The final model was evaluated using leave-one-site-out method to assess the influence of site on node addition rate. These analyses provided a quantitative measure of the effects on NAR of common beans exerted by the genetic makeup, the environment and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Salvador A Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - C Eduardo Vallejos
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - James W Jones
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kenneth J Boote
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | - Mehul Bhakta
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Juan M Osorno
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James Beaver
- University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, 00682, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Raphael Colbert
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Melanie J Correll
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Boote KJ, Porter C, Jones JW, Thorburn PJ, Kersebaum K, Hoogenboom G, White J, Hatfield J. Sentinel Site Data for Crop Model Improvement-Definition and Characterization. Improving Modeling Tools to Assess Climate Change Effects on Crop Response 2016. [DOI: 10.2134/advagricsystmodel7.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Boote
- University of Florida, Agronomy Dep.; 3105 McCarty Hall Gainesville FL 32611-0500
| | - Cheryl Porter
- Agric. and Biol. Eng. Dep.; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - James W. Jones
- Agric. and Biol. Eng. Dep.; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - Peter J. Thorburn
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship; 306 Carmody Rd. St. Lucia QLD 4067 Australia
| | - K.C. Kersebaum
- Inst. of Landscape Systems Analysis; Muencheberg Germany
| | | | - J.W. White
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agric. Res. Center; Maricopa AZ 85138
| | - J.L. Hatfield
- USDA-ARS Natl. Soil Tilth Lab for Agric. and the Environment; Ames IA 50011
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Jones JW, McCullough LB. Fiduciary disparity clarity: Ethics of divided allegiances. J Vasc Surg 2016; 63:546-7. [PMID: 26804222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An experienced senior vascular surgeon, Dr H. O. Nest, at a university medical center is asked to evaluate a patient with a rare complex vascular problem. The patient is a high-ranking university official, Mr N. Otable, well known to all in the university setting. Dr Nest has had very limited experience with the condition. He has viewed presentations about it but is aware of a world expert at another institution. He discusses transfer with the patient, who agrees on that approach. Later that day, when Dr Nest receives a visit from the Chief-of-Staff and the hospital CEO asking about Mr Otable, they are very concerned that transfer will reflect badly on the medical center's reputation. Dr Nest is strongly requested to reconsider his recommendation--almost at gunpoint. What should he do? A. If he believes that the outcome will be satisfactory, he should schedule the operation. B. He should explain the situation to the patient and let him choose where he wishes to have his surgery. C. He should continue with the plan to refer the patient to another center. D. He must understand his limits and base his decision accordingly. E. He should arrange a conference with the surgeons in the vascular division and the administrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Laurence B McCullough
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Abstract
Dr U. Nique is internationally known for contributions in vascular surgery. An elderly man, a top governmental leader in his country, is in Dr Nique's clinic for evaluation of a recurrent complex thoracoabdominal aneurysm. It was treated inadequately by a vascular surgeon in another country and was redone without success. It still poses a threat to the man's life. Because of the unusual reconstructions, a one-of-a-kind repair is needed. Dr Nique has never done such a repair and, if someone else has, they have not published their results. What considerations should apply to this case?
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Laurence B McCullough
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Jones JW, McCullough LB. To treat or not to treat: On what should surgical therapy be based? J Vasc Surg 2015; 62:1658-9. [PMID: 26598122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dr C. Autious has just returned from the most prestigious vascular surgery meeting in America. At the meeting, one of the most prominent complex aneurysm surgeons arose to discuss a paper concerning a procedure he had developed and popularized over the last decade. Dr L. Uminous stunned the audience with his declaration that he no longer recommends that his namesake procedure be performed. Instead, he proclaimed that a new, radically different procedure be adopted immediately. He showed slides detailing the novel proposal but did not give data concerning results obtained. The recommended procedure is technically possible but seems to require a different skill set. Dr Autious has a patient scheduled for elective surgery that he had planned to use the Uminous procedure to treat. What should he do? A. Do the recommended procedure as best you can. B. Refer the patient to Dr Uminous. C. Offer the recommended procedure with full disclosure. D. Give full disclosure and let the patient decide which procedure to use. E. Put the procedure on hold until more information becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Laurence B McCullough
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Jones JW, He J, Boote KJ, Wilkens P, Porter C, Hu Z. Estimating DSSAT Cropping System Cultivar-Specific Parameters Using Bayesian Techniques. Methods of Introducing System Models into Agricultural Research 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/advagricsystmodel2.c13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianqiang He
- INRA, UMR1095, Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales; F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | | | - Paul Wilkens
- International Fertilizer Development Center; Muscle Shoals AL 35662
| | - C.H. Porter
- Dep. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
| | - Z. Hu
- Dep. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
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Boote KJ, Sau F, Hoogenboom G, Jones JW. Experience with Water Balance, Evapotranspiration, and Predictions of Water Stress Effects in the CROPGRO Model. Response of Crops to Limited Water 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/advagricsystmodel1.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Boote
- Agronomy Department; University of Florida; Gainesville
| | - Federico Sau
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal; Universidad Politecnica de Madrid; Spain
| | - Gerrit Hoogenboom
- Dep. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; University of Georgia; Griffin
| | - James W. Jones
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Dep.; University of Florida; Gainesville
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Antle JM, Valdivia RO, Boote KJ, Janssen S, Jones JW, Porter CH, Rosenzweig C, Ruane AC, Thorburn PJ. AgMIP's Transdisciplinary Agricultural Systems Approach to Regional Integrated Assessment of Climate Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation. Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/9781783265640_0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia Rosenzweig
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter J. Thorburn
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Brisbane, Australia
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Martre P, Wallach D, Asseng S, Ewert F, Jones JW, Rötter RP, Boote KJ, Ruane AC, Thorburn PJ, Cammarano D, Hatfield JL, Rosenzweig C, Aggarwal PK, Angulo C, Basso B, Bertuzzi P, Biernath C, Brisson N, Challinor AJ, Doltra J, Gayler S, Goldberg R, Grant RF, Heng L, Hooker J, Hunt LA, Ingwersen J, Izaurralde RC, Kersebaum KC, Müller C, Kumar SN, Nendel C, O'leary G, Olesen JE, Osborne TM, Palosuo T, Priesack E, Ripoche D, Semenov MA, Shcherbak I, Steduto P, Stöckle CO, Stratonovitch P, Streck T, Supit I, Tao F, Travasso M, Waha K, White JW, Wolf J. Multimodel ensembles of wheat growth: many models are better than one. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:911-25. [PMID: 25330243 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Crop models of crop growth are increasingly used to quantify the impact of global changes due to climate or crop management. Therefore, accuracy of simulation results is a major concern. Studies with ensembles of crop models can give valuable information about model accuracy and uncertainty, but such studies are difficult to organize and have only recently begun. We report on the largest ensemble study to date, of 27 wheat models tested in four contrasting locations for their accuracy in simulating multiple crop growth and yield variables. The relative error averaged over models was 24-38% for the different end-of-season variables including grain yield (GY) and grain protein concentration (GPC). There was little relation between error of a model for GY or GPC and error for in-season variables. Thus, most models did not arrive at accurate simulations of GY and GPC by accurately simulating preceding growth dynamics. Ensemble simulations, taking either the mean (e-mean) or median (e-median) of simulated values, gave better estimates than any individual model when all variables were considered. Compared to individual models, e-median ranked first in simulating measured GY and third in GPC. The error of e-mean and e-median declined with an increasing number of ensemble members, with little decrease beyond 10 models. We conclude that multimodel ensembles can be used to create new estimators with improved accuracy and consistency in simulating growth dynamics. We argue that these results are applicable to other crop species, and hypothesize that they apply more generally to ecological system models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Martre
- INRA, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals (GDEC), 5 chemin de Beaulieu, F-63 100, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Blaise Pascal University, UMR1095 GDEC, F-63 170, Aubière, France
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Abstract
An experienced vascular surgeon, Dr Al Wright, specializing in venous disease, often sees self-referred patients seeking second opinions primarily for ablation therapy and is deeply disturbed at what he finds. Some patients have no reflux on ultrasound examination and, thus, no treatment is indicated. Others were told they need a ludicrous three to seven ablations in each leg where only one or at most two are needed. Several advertise their services in the media. Dr Wright asked esteemed colleagues from the American Venous Forum what they recommended and they suggested sending a copy of his consultation to the first consultant with the goal of shaming him. He also notified the state medical board 2 years ago about one egregious repeat offender, without action. What should he do? A. Do as suggested, send your consult along with a harsh letter. B. Do nothing. It is none of your business. C. Notify the state medical board, again. D. Notify the insurance companies and regulators. E. There is no good venue to deal with the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Laurence B McCullough
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Laurence B McCullough
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Abstract
An elderly gentleman, from Scandinavia, Mr. K. R. Plunk, with a soon-to-be lethal disease, has come to see you because you are the world's expert in complex aneurysm surgery and his is a case for the books. He has multiple comorbidities; the most concerning is his cardiopulmonary functioning. You have only operated on a few patients who are at this level of risk. He has been told repeatedly you are his only hope, which is literally true. A cure would pair one of the "biggest operations" with one of the frailest patients. You have been on an invincible roll and have decided to give it a shot, if he agrees. What is the most ethical informed consent in this case?
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Laurence B McCullough
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Jones JW, Novick WM, Sade RM. Should a medical center deny employment to a physician because he smokes tobacco products? Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:799-805. [PMID: 25193184 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Ethics, The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - William M Novick
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, and International Children's Heart Foundation, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert M Sade
- Department of Surgery and Institute of Human Values in Health Care, South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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Harrington LC, Fleisher A, Ruiz-Moreno D, Vermeylen F, Wa CV, Poulson RL, Edman JD, Clark JM, Jones JW, Kitthawee S, Scott TW. Heterogeneous feeding patterns of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, on individual human hosts in rural Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3048. [PMID: 25102306 PMCID: PMC4125296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito biting frequency and how bites are distributed among different people can have significant epidemiologic effects. An improved understanding of mosquito vector-human interactions would refine knowledge of the entomological processes supporting pathogen transmission and could reveal targets for minimizing risk and breaking pathogen transmission cycles. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used human DNA blood meal profiling of the dengue virus (DENV) vector, Aedes aegypti, to quantify its contact with human hosts and to infer epidemiologic implications of its blood feeding behavior. We determined the number of different people bitten, biting frequency by host age, size, mosquito age, and the number of times each person was bitten. Of 3,677 engorged mosquitoes collected and 1,186 complete DNA profiles, only 420 meals matched people from the study area, indicating that Ae. aegypti feed on people moving transiently through communities to conduct daily business. 10-13% of engorged mosquitoes fed on more than one person. No biting rate differences were detected between high- and low-dengue transmission seasons. We estimate that 43-46% of engorged mosquitoes bit more than one person within each gonotrophic cycle. Most multiple meals were from residents of the mosquito collection house or neighbors. People ≤ 25 years old were bitten less often than older people. Some hosts were fed on frequently, with three hosts bitten nine times. Interaction networks for mosquitoes and humans revealed biologically significant blood feeding hotspots, including community marketplaces. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE High multiple-feeding rates and feeding on community visitors are likely important features in the efficient transmission and rapid spread of DENV. These results help explain why reducing vector populations alone is difficult for dengue prevention and support the argument for additional studies of mosquito feeding behavior, which when integrated with a greater understanding of human behavior will refine estimates of risk and strategies for dengue control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Fleisher
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Diego Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Francoise Vermeylen
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Chrystal V. Wa
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - John D. Edman
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - John M. Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James W. Jones
- Department of Enteric Diseases, USAMC-AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sangvorn Kitthawee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Bassu S, Brisson N, Durand JL, Boote K, Lizaso J, Jones JW, Rosenzweig C, Ruane AC, Adam M, Baron C, Basso B, Biernath C, Boogaard H, Conijn S, Corbeels M, Deryng D, De Sanctis G, Gayler S, Grassini P, Hatfield J, Hoek S, Izaurralde C, Jongschaap R, Kemanian AR, Kersebaum KC, Kim SH, Kumar NS, Makowski D, Müller C, Nendel C, Priesack E, Pravia MV, Sau F, Shcherbak I, Tao F, Teixeira E, Timlin D, Waha K. How do various maize crop models vary in their responses to climate change factors? Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:2301-20. [PMID: 24395589 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Potential consequences of climate change on crop production can be studied using mechanistic crop simulation models. While a broad variety of maize simulation models exist, it is not known whether different models diverge on grain yield responses to changes in climatic factors, or whether they agree in their general trends related to phenology, growth, and yield. With the goal of analyzing the sensitivity of simulated yields to changes in temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2 ], we present the largest maize crop model intercomparison to date, including 23 different models. These models were evaluated for four locations representing a wide range of maize production conditions in the world: Lusignan (France), Ames (USA), Rio Verde (Brazil) and Morogoro (Tanzania). While individual models differed considerably in absolute yield simulation at the four sites, an ensemble of a minimum number of models was able to simulate absolute yields accurately at the four sites even with low data for calibration, thus suggesting that using an ensemble of models has merit. Temperature increase had strong negative influence on modeled yield response of roughly -0.5 Mg ha(-1) per °C. Doubling [CO2 ] from 360 to 720 μmol mol(-1) increased grain yield by 7.5% on average across models and the sites. That would therefore make temperature the main factor altering maize yields at the end of this century. Furthermore, there was a large uncertainty in the yield response to [CO2 ] among models. Model responses to temperature and [CO2 ] did not differ whether models were simulated with low calibration information or, simulated with high level of calibration information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bassu
- Unité d'Agronomie, INRA-AgroParisTech, BP 01, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
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Jones JW, McCullough LB. Ethics of administrative guidance: how much is too much? J Vasc Surg 2014; 59:1737-8. [PMID: 24836772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A younger vascular surgeon has been recruited to start a new program at a suburban hospital outside of a large city hosting a world-class medical center. The new program will provide state-of-the-art equipment, including robotics, free office space, and a generous salary guarantee. Dr Ready obtained a license in the state where he is relocating and is preparing to move. He is an excellent technical surgeon but is uncomfortable with complex aneurysm surgery. This morning he went to sign a contract with the hospital and found that a clause that prevents him from referring patients to physicians outside the hospital in strong legalese is included. How should he proceed?
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Laurence B McCullough
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Jones JW, McCullough LB. Defining, aligning, or declining do not resuscitate during surgery. J Vasc Surg 2014; 59:1152-3. [PMID: 24661898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A Professor A. Droit, 93 years of age, formerly your college ethics teacher, developed a painful ischemic foot from distal aortic blockage. A daughter, who is a nurse, brought him to the hospital. He has multiple comorbidities, including leukemia for which he is getting chemotherapy. He agrees to surgery but hands you a completed do not resuscitate (DNR) form and insists it be honored throughout his care. As the operative wound is being closed, he has a slow ventricular tachycardia, which does not respond to intravenous therapy. You should:
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Laurence B McCullough
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Ruane AC, McDermid S, Rosenzweig C, Baigorria GA, Jones JW, Romero CC, Dewayne Cecil L. Carbon-temperature-water change analysis for peanut production under climate change: a prototype for the AgMIP coordinated climate-crop modeling project (C3MP). Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:394-407. [PMID: 24115520 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is projected to push the limits of cropping systems and has the potential to disrupt the agricultural sector from local to global scales. This article introduces the Coordinated Climate-Crop Modeling Project (C3MP), an initiative of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) to engage a global network of crop modelers to explore the impacts of climate change via an investigation of crop responses to changes in carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]), temperature, and water. As a demonstration of the C3MP protocols and enabled analyses, we apply the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) CROPGRO-Peanut crop model for Henry County, Alabama, to evaluate responses to the range of plausible [CO2 ], temperature changes, and precipitation changes projected by climate models out to the end of the 21st century. These sensitivity tests are used to derive crop model emulators that estimate changes in mean yield and the coefficient of variation for seasonal yields across a broad range of climate conditions, reproducing mean yields from sensitivity test simulations with deviations of ca. 2% for rain-fed conditions. We apply these statistical emulators to investigate how peanuts respond to projections from various global climate models, time periods, and emissions scenarios, finding a robust projection of modest (<10%) median yield losses in the middle of the 21st century accelerating to more severe (>20%) losses and larger uncertainty at the end of the century under the more severe representative concentration pathway (RCP8.5). This projection is not substantially altered by the selection of the AgMERRA global gridded climate dataset rather than the local historical observations, differences between the Third and Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5), or the use of the delta method of climate impacts analysis rather than the C3MP impacts response surface and emulator approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Ruane
- Climate Impacts Group, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
During your preoperative visit, a very wealthy patient, Gill Bates, who donated a wing to the large teaching hospital in which you practice, has an unusual request: He does not want any residents involved with his care. He is scheduled for an open infrarenal aneurysmectomy. He explains that his decision is based on the experience of a relative many years ago who was harmed by a resident's error. You clarify that you will do the procedure but that this is a teaching hospital and residents provide excellent assistance and postoperative care. He is resolute in demanding that only grown-up surgeons provide his care.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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O'Guinn ML, Turell MJ, Kengluecha A, Jaichapor B, Kankaew P, Miller RS, Endy TP, Jones JW, Coleman RE, Lee JS. Field detection of Tembusu virus in western Thailand by rt-PCR and vector competence determination of select culex mosquitoes for transmission of the virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:1023-8. [PMID: 24043687 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tembusu virus (TMUV; Ntaya serocomplex) was detected in two pools of mosquitoes captured near Sangkhlaburi, Thailand, as well as from sera from sentinel ducks from the same area. Although TMUV has been isolated from several mosquito species in Asia, no studies have ever shown competent vectors for this virus. Therefore, we allowed mosquitoes captured near Sangkhlaburi to feed on young chickens that had been infected with TMUV. These mosquitoes were tested approximately 2 weeks later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. Culex vishnui developed high viral titers after feeding on TMUV-infected chicks and readily transmitted virus to naïve chickens. In contrast, Cx. fuscocephala seemed less susceptible to infection, and more importantly, zero of five fuscocephala with a disseminated infection transmitted virus by bite, indicating a salivary gland barrier. These results provide evidence for the involvement of Culex mosquitoes in the transmission of TMUV in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L O'Guinn
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Boote KJ, Jones JW, White JW, Asseng S, Lizaso JI. Putting mechanisms into crop production models. Plant Cell Environ 2013; 36:1658-1672. [PMID: 23600481 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Crop growth models dynamically simulate processes of C, N and water balance on daily or hourly time-steps to predict crop growth and development and at season-end, final yield. Their ability to integrate effects of genetics, environment and crop management have led to applications ranging from understanding gene function to predicting potential impacts of climate change. The history of crop models is reviewed briefly, and their level of mechanistic detail for assimilation and respiration, ranging from hourly leaf-to-canopy assimilation to daily radiation-use efficiency is discussed. Crop models have improved steadily over the past 30-40 years, but much work remains. Improvements are needed for the prediction of transpiration response to elevated CO₂ and high temperature effects on phenology and reproductive fertility, and simulation of root growth and nutrient uptake under stressful edaphic conditions. Mechanistic improvements are needed to better connect crop growth to genetics and to soil fertility, soil waterlogging and pest damage. Because crop models integrate multiple processes and consider impacts of environment and management, they have excellent potential for linking research from genomics and allied disciplines to crop responses at the field scale, thus providing a valuable tool for deciphering genotype by environment by management effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Boote
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Jones JW, McCullough LB. The ethics of imposing healthy professional lifestyles on professionals. J Vasc Surg 2013; 57:1693-4. [PMID: 23719042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As chief of surgery at Salubrus, a large for-profit group practice, you received notification from the board of trustees that you cannot hire a surgeon you wanted to hire because she chain-smokes cigarettes. No other physician at Salubrus smokes. At the last board meeting, you presented your objections to the healthy lifestyle policy. It is the establishment of a policy of forcing healthy lifestyles on employees, especially those involved in direct patient care. The candidate has outstanding credentials and has initiated a new revolutionary treatment for vascular disease. Your ethical stance should be?
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex, USA.
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Abstract
The chief of surgery at a large academic medical center is approached by a vascular surgical faculty member. After a repair of an aortic dissection, an elderly man has remained comatose and has worsened over several weeks, developing multiple system organ failure. Statistically, his chance of leaving the hospital alive is <1%. The family is deeply religious, and the minister and various elders, deacons, and members of their church have been vigilant in constant prayerful attendance. The attending's tactful suggestions that the time is coming when nature should be allowed to take its course was not well received. The family and their support group are convinced that their fervor will summon a miracle. A large group complained to patient affairs and was taken to the medical center director's office. Today, the director told the attending that the hospital would absorb the overall cost until the patient dies and that the unfavorable press from stopping care is unacceptable. The chief of surgery should:
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- The Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77356, USA.
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Jones JW. Cartoons and AIDS: safer sex, HIV, and AIDS in Ralf König's comics. J Homosex 2013; 60:1096-1116. [PMID: 23844880 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2013.776422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ralf König is the best-selling author of comic book novels, and his stories of gay men coming to terms with contemporary society have resonated with hundreds of thousands of German readers and film-goers. König's characters, like the author himself, have great difficulty adhering to the demand that condoms be used. The article describes how König develops this theme through a variety of works from 1985 through 1999, and analyzes the intertwined relationships among the author, his characters, and the society that is both portrayed in his works and that reads his works.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jones
- Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures, & Cultures, Central Michigan University, 1200 S. Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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