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Gibbons S, Dexter F, Loftus RW, Brown JR, Wanta BT, Charnin JE. The relative efficacy of multiple syringe tip disinfection techniques against virulent staphylococcus contamination. J Hosp Infect 2024; 145:142-147. [PMID: 38272124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study confirmed significant contamination of syringe tips following routine anaesthesia practice of at least 6 h in duration. AIM We assessed the relative efficacy of clinically relevant syringe tip disinfection techniques following contamination with the hyper transmissible and more pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 5 (S. aureus ST5) strain characteristic associated with increased strength of biofilm formation and greater desiccation tolerance. METHODS Syringe tips (N=40) contaminated with S. aureus ST5 were randomized to 70% isopropyl pads with 10 or 60 s of drying time, scrubbing alcohol disinfection caps with 10 or 60 s of dwell time, or to non-scrubbing alcohol disinfection caps with 60 s of dwell time. The primary outcome was residual 24-h colony forming units (cfu) >10. RESULTS Scrubbing disinfection caps were more effective than alcohol pads (25% (12/48) <10 cfu for scrubbing caps (10- or 60-s dwell times) vs 0% (0/48) <10 cfu for alcohol pads (10 or 60 s of drying time), Holm-Sidak adjusted P=0.0016). Scrubbing disinfection caps were more effective than non-scrubbing alcohol disinfection caps (25% (12/48) <10 cfu for scrubbing alcohol caps (10- or 60-s dwell times) vs 2% (1/48) for non-scrubbing alcohol caps (60-s dwell time), adjusted P=0.0087). CONCLUSIONS Scrubbing alcohol caps are more effective than alcohol pads or non-scrubbing disinfecting caps for microbial reduction of syringe tips contaminated with the more pathogenic S. aureus ST5.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gibbons
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - F Dexter
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R W Loftus
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Dartmouth Center for Implementation Science, Departments of Epidemiology Biomedical Data Science, Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - B T Wanta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J E Charnin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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2
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Loftus RW, Brindeiro CT, Loftus CP, Brown JR, Charnin JE, Dexter F. Characterizing the molecular epidemiology of anaesthesia work area transmission of Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 5. J Hosp Infect 2024; 143:186-194. [PMID: 37451409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 5 (ST5) is an emerging global threat. AIM To characterize the epidemiology of ST5 transmission in the anaesthesia work area. METHODS The retrospective cohort study analysed transmitted, prophylactic antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates involving anaesthesia work area reservoirs. Using whole-genome analysis, the epidemiology of ST5 transmission was characterized by reservoir(s) of origin, transmission location(s), portal of entry, and mode(s) of transmission. All patients were followed for at least 30 days for surgical site infection (SSI) development. FINDINGS Forty-one percent (18/44; 95% confidence interval: 28-56%) of isolates were ST5. Provider hands were the reservoir of origin for 28% (5/18) of transmitted ST5 vs 4% (1/26) for other STs. Provider hands were the transmission location for 28% (5/18) of ST5 vs 7% (2/26) of other STs. Stopcock contamination occurred for 8% (1/13) of ST5 isolates vs 12% (3/25) of other STs. Sixty-three percent of transmission events occurring between cases on separate operative dates involved ST5. ST5 was more likely to harbour resistance traits (ST5 median (interquartile range) 3 (2-3) vs 2 (1-2) other STs; P < 0.001) and had greater resistance to cefazolin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and/or ciprofloxacin (ST5: 3 (2-3) vs 2 (1-3) other STs; P = 0.02). ST5 was associated with three of six SSIs. CONCLUSION ST5 is prevalent among transmitted, prophylactic antibiotic-resistant isolates in the anaesthesia work area. Transmission involves provider hands and one patient to another on future date(s). ST5 is associated with a greater number of resistance traits and reduced in-vitro susceptibility vs other intraoperative meticillin-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Loftus
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - C T Brindeiro
- RDB Bioinformatics, University of Iowa, Medical Laboratories Building, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C P Loftus
- RDB Bioinformatics, University of Iowa, Medical Laboratories Building, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- The Dartmouth Institute, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, NH, USA
| | | | - F Dexter
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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3
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Riis TS, Feldman DA, Vonesh LC, Brown JR, Solzbacher D, Kubanek J, Mickey BJ. Durable effects of deep brain ultrasonic neuromodulation on major depression: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:449. [PMID: 37891643 PMCID: PMC10612153 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-04194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe forms of depression have been linked to hyperactivity of the subcallosal cingulate cortex. The ability to stimulate the subcallosal cingulate cortex or associated circuits noninvasively and directly would maximize the number of patients who could receive treatment. To this end, we have developed an ultrasound-based device for effective noninvasive modulation of deep brain circuits. Here we describe an application of this tool to an individual with treatment-resistant depression. CASE PRESENTATION A 30-year-old Caucasian woman with severe treatment-resistant non-psychotic depression was recruited into a clinical study approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Utah. The patient had a history of electroconvulsive therapy with full remission but without sustained benefit. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to coregister the ultrasound device to the subject's brain anatomy and to evaluate neural responses to stimulation. Brief, 30-millisecond pulses of low-intensity ultrasound delivered into the subcallosal cingulate cortex target every 4 seconds caused a robust decrease in functional magnetic resonance imaging blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity within the target. Following repeated stimulation of three anterior cingulate targets, the patient's depressive symptoms resolved within 24 hours of the stimulation. The patient remained in remission for at least 44 days afterwards. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates the potential for ultrasonic neuromodulation to precisely engage deep neural circuits and to trigger a durable therapeutic reset of those circuits. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05301036. Registered 29 March 2022, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05301036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Riis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
| | - Daniel A Feldman
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Lily C Vonesh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Jefferson R Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Daniela Solzbacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Jan Kubanek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Brian J Mickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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4
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Loftus RW, Dexter F, Brown JR. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in the anaesthesia work area has greater risk of association with development of surgical site infection when resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic administered for surgery. J Hosp Infect 2023; 134:121-128. [PMID: 36693592 PMCID: PMC10066826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which the transmission of prophylactic-antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the anaesthesia work area increases the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) is unknown. It was hypothesized that the risk of SSI would increase progressively from no transmission to transmission of prophylactic-antibiotic-resistant isolates. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of archival samples collected in two previously published studies with similar inclusion criteria and sample collection methodology (observational study 2009-2010 and randomized trial 2018-2019). Archival isolates were linked by barcode to all patient demographic and procedural information, including the prophylactic antibiotic administered, transmission and development of SSI. For this study, all archival isolates underwent prophylactic antibiotic susceptibility testing, and the ordered association of transmission of Staphylococcus aureus (no transmission, transmission of prophylactic-antibiotic-susceptible isolates and transmission of prophylactic-antibiotic-resistant isolates) with SSI was assessed. RESULTS The risk of development of SSI was 2% (8/406) without S. aureus transmission, 11% (9/84) with transmission of S. aureus isolates that were susceptible to the prophylactic antibiotic used, and 18% (4/22) with transmission of prophylactic-antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates. The Cochrane-Armitage two-sided test for ordered association was P<0.0001. Treating these three groups as 0, 1 and 2, by exact logistic regression, the odds of SSI increased by 3.59 with each unit increase (95% confidence interval 1.92-6.64; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Transmission of S. aureus in the anaesthesia work area reliably increases the risk of SSI, especially when the isolates are resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic administered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Dexter
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
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5
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Hatcher J, Gil E, Storey N, Brown JR, Hartley JC, Breuer J, Lucchini G, Rao K, O'Connor D, Dunn H. Reactivation/relapse of SARS-CoV-2 in a child following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, confirmed by whole genome sequencing, following apparent viral clearance. J Infect 2022; 85:e56-e58. [PMID: 35724755 PMCID: PMC9212430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hatcher
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom.
| | - E Gil
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom
| | - N Storey
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom
| | - J C Hartley
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom
| | - J Breuer
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom
| | - G Lucchini
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom
| | - K Rao
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom
| | - D O'Connor
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Cancer Institute, United Kingdom
| | - H Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, United Kingdom
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6
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Watts DP, Bordes J, Brown JR, Cherlin A, Newton R, Allison J, Bashkanov M, Efthimiou N, Zachariou NA. Photon quantum entanglement in the MeV regime and its application in PET imaging. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2646. [PMID: 33976168 PMCID: PMC8113573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a widely-used imaging modality for medical research and clinical diagnosis. Imaging of the radiotracer is obtained from the detected hit positions of the two positron annihilation photons in a detector array. The image is degraded by backgrounds from random coincidences and in-patient scatter events which require correction. In addition to the geometric information, the two annihilation photons are predicted to be produced in a quantum-entangled state, resulting in enhanced correlations between their subsequent interaction processes. To explore this, the predicted entanglement in linear polarisation for the two photons was incorporated into a simulation and tested by comparison with experimental data from a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) PET demonstrator apparatus. Adapted apparati also enabled correlation measurements where one of the photons had undergone a prior scatter process. We show that the entangled simulation describes the measured correlations and, through simulation of a larger preclinical PET scanner, illustrate a simple method to quantify and remove the unwanted backgrounds in PET using the quantum entanglement information alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Watts
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
| | - J Bordes
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - A Cherlin
- Kromek Group, Sedgefield, County Durham, UK
| | - R Newton
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - J Allison
- Geant4 Associates International Ltd., Hebden Bridge, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Bashkanov
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - N Efthimiou
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
- PET Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - N A Zachariou
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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7
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Hedges DM, Hegman JC, Brown JR, Wilburn JT, Chapman BE, Butson CR. The International Neuromodulation Registry: An Informatics Framework Supporting Cohort Discovery and Analysis. Front Neuroinform 2020; 14:36. [PMID: 33071769 PMCID: PMC7531015 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromodulation therapies, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) are used to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions for patients who have failed to benefit from other treatment approaches. Although generally effective, seemingly similar cases often have very different levels of effectiveness. While there is ongoing interest in developing predictors, it can be difficult to aggregate the necessary data from limited cohorts of patients at individual treatment centers. Objective In order to increase the predictive power in neuromodulation studies, we created an informatics platform called the International Neuromodulation Registry (INR). The INR platform has a data flow process that will allow researchers to pool data across multiple centers to enable population health research. Methods This custom informatics platform has a Neo4j graph database and includes a harmonization process that allows data from different studies to be aggregated and compared. Users of the INR can download deidentified patient imaging, patient demographic data, device settings, and medical rating scales. The INR supports complex network analysis and patient timeline visualization. Results The INR currently houses and allows visualization of deidentified imaging and clinical data from hundreds of patients with a wide range of diagnoses and neuromodulation therapies. Conclusion Ultimately, we believe that widespread adoption of the INR platform will improve population health research in neuromodulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hedges
- Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - John C Hegman
- Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jefferson R Brown
- Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jack T Wilburn
- Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Brian E Chapman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Christopher R Butson
- Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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8
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Salem JE, Manouchehri A, arie Bretagne M, Lebrun Vignes B, Groarke JD, Johnson DB, Yang T, Reddy NM, Funck-Brentano C, Brown JR, Roden DM, Moslehi JJ. P1591Cardiovascular toxicity of ibrutinib: a pharmacovigilance study. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Importance
Ibrutinib, a first in class Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has revolutionized treatment for several B-cell malignancies. However, early data suggested that ibrutinib was associated with supra-ventricular arrhythmias (SVA) and bleeding. Other types of cardiovascular adverse drug reactions (CV-ADR) induced by ibrutinib have been sporadically reported.
Objective
To determine the full spectrum of CV-ADR associated with ibrutinib and provide data concerning their clinical characteristics.
Design
An observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study
Setting
VigiBase, the World Health Organization's pharmacovigilance database.
Main outcomes and measures
A disproportionality analysis using reporting odds-ratios (ROR) and information component (IC). IC compares observed and expected values to find associations between drugs and ADR using disproportionate Bayesian reporting; IC025 (lower end of the IC 95% credibility interval) >0 is considered statistically significant.
Exposures
Exposure to ibrutinib versus entire database.
Results
Ibrutinib was associated with higher reporting of supraventricular arrhythmias (SVA; ROR: 23.1 [21.6–24.7]; IC025:3.97), central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhagic events (ROR: 3.7 [3.4–4.1]; IC025:1.63), heart failure (HF; ROR: 3.5 [3.1–3.8]; IC025:1.46), ventricular arrhythmias (VA; ROR: 4.7 [3.7–5.9]; IC025:0.96), conduction disorders (CD; ROR: 3.5 [2.7–4.6]; IC025:0.76), CNS ischemic events (ROR: 2.2 [2.0–2.5]; IC025:0.73) and hypertension (ROR: 1.7 [1.5–1.9]; IC025:0.4). CV-ADR occurred early after ibrutinib administration, as soon as after the first dose, with a shorter median time to onset of 27.5 days (IQR: 1–138.5 days) for CD (p<0.01, Kruskal-Wallis), as compared to CNS ischemic events (51 days; IQR: 17.5–160 days, p: 0.05 vs. CD), CNS hemorrhagic events (53.5 days; IQR: 20.3–183.3 days, p: 0.03 vs. CD), HF (54 days; IQR: 20–142.8 days, p: 0.05 vs. CD), VA (70 days; IQR: 28.5–152.5 days, p: 0.03 vs. CD), SVA (74 days; (IQR: 29.5–196.5 days, p: 0.0004 vs. CD) and hypertension (164 days; IQR: 20–274 days, p: 0.04 vs. CD). CV-ADR were associated with fatalities, with rates ranging from ∼10% (SVA and VA) to ∼20% (CNS events, HF and CD). More deaths occurred when SVA cases were associated with CNS hemorrhagic and/or ischemic events compared to their absence (15/52, 28.8% vs. 88/907, 9.7%, p<0.0001, respectively).
Conclusions
Severe and occasionally fatal cardiac events related to cardiac SVA, VA, CD, HF, hypertension, CNS hemorrhagic and ischemic events occur in patients exposed to ibrutinib. These events should be considered in patient care and in clinical trial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Salem
- University Pierre & Marie Curie Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - A Manouchehri
- Vanderbilt University, clinical pharmacology, Nashville, United States of America
| | - M arie Bretagne
- Hospital Pitie-Salpetriere, CIC-Paris Est, pharmacologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - B Lebrun Vignes
- Hospital Pitie-Salpetriere, CIC-Paris Est, pharmacologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - J D Groarke
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiology, Boston, United States of America
| | - D B Johnson
- Vanderbilt University, clinical pharmacology, Nashville, United States of America
| | - T Yang
- Vanderbilt University, clinical pharmacology, Nashville, United States of America
| | - N M Reddy
- Vanderbilt University, clinical pharmacology, Nashville, United States of America
| | - C Funck-Brentano
- Hospital Pitie-Salpetriere, CIC-Paris Est, pharmacologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - J R Brown
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiology, Boston, United States of America
| | - D M Roden
- Vanderbilt University, clinical pharmacology, Nashville, United States of America
| | - J J Moslehi
- Vanderbilt University, clinical pharmacology, Nashville, United States of America
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9
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Dewan AK, Sowerby L, Jadeja S, Lian C, Wen P, Brown JR, Fisher DC, LeBoeuf NR. Pityriasis rubra pilaris-like erythroderma secondary to phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:890-894. [PMID: 29851132 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors are a class of small-molecule inhibitors approved for the treatment of certain leukaemias and lymphomas. Their dermatological adverse event profile is poorly described. AIM To characterize a rare cutaneous adverse event from PI3K inhibitors in order to help dermatologists and oncologists identify and effectively manage such eruptions. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of patients receiving PI3K inhibitors referred to the Skin Toxicities Program in The Center for Cutaneous Oncology. RESULTS Three patients on PI3K inhibitors for treatment of malignancy developed diffuse erythroderma and keratoderma. Clinical and histopathological findings were consistent with pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP)-like reactions. All patients improved with topical and oral corticosteroids, oral acitretin, and drug discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS PRP-like cutaneous eruptions may develop secondary to PI3K inhibition. Early dermatological evaluation of cutaneous toxicities to PI3K inhibitors as well as rapid initiation of disease-specific treatments may help keep patients on life-prolonging anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Dewan
- Department of Dermatology, The Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Sowerby
- Department of Dermatology, The Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Jadeja
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Wen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Center and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D C Fisher
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N R LeBoeuf
- Department of Dermatology, The Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Pelekanou V, Brown JR, Rimm DL. Abstract P4-03-04: Tumor infiltrating macrophages, lymphocytes and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p4-03-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Immune therapy has been highly successful in tumors with high lymphocytic infiltrate, but they only represent the minority of breast neoplasms. Macrophages rather than lymphocytes, are more prominent in mammary development and disease. Specific markers of breast tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) remain to be defined. Local interactions define their plasticity and activity, rendering in situ investigation important in their characterization. MMP-9 is an important regulator of breast cancer microenvironment that could mediate cross-talk between TAMs and tumor cells. Here we objectively measure CD68 and CD163 and also MMP-9 within each macrophage subtype to determine the relationship between macrophage expression, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and molecular subtypes in breast cancer.
Methods: Using a multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF)-based assay for simultaneous detection of DAPI (all cells), Cytokeratin (epithelial cells, clone CK8/CK18), CD163 (M2 Macrophages, clone CD163-L-U), CD68 (pan macrophage marker, clone PG-M1), and MMP-9 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, clone D6O3H XP). We measured the levels of protein expression in breast carcinomas on two sets of Yale tissue microarrays (TMA) [YTMA201 (all breast cases, n=399) and YTMA149 (Triple Negative, n=160)]. Markers were measured using the AQUA method of QIF on TMAs at two-fold redundancy. Linear regression coefficients (R2) were used to compare antibody QIF scores within cores from different areas of the tumors. Median cut-point was used to stratify patients for overall and disease specific survival (OS and DSS).
Results: Cases with high TILs, as shown by assessment of CD3, 8 and 20, generally show an inverse relationship with both CD68 and CD163, especially in ER+ cases. MMP-9 was then measured in both subtypes of macrophages. In ER+ tumors MMP-9 was expressed in CD163+ macrophages (p=0.007), while in TNBC it was found in CD68+/CD163- macrophages (p<0.001). In all cases MMP-9 was significantly higher in ER- cases (CD68+/CD163- p=0.0001), (CD163+ p=0.01). In ER+ cases high MMP-9 expression was associated with shorter OS (p<0.0001 in CD163+ cells). On the contrary, in TNBC high MMP-9 was associated improved DSS in the CD68 compartment (p=0.007).
Discussion: Using an objective, quantitative multiplex assay for synchronous measurement in tumor and microenvironment, we found an inverse relationship between TILs and macrophage infiltration, suggesting immune modulation by different cellular elements. Within the macrophage population, we found that MMP9 expression is a function of the breast cancer molecular phenotype. Most significantly, the ER status of the tumor is correlated with the macrophage subtypes that express MMP9. Efforts to determine the clinical value of these observations are underway to better determine the balance between pro- and antitumor immunity in breast cancer.
Citation Format: Pelekanou V, Brown JR, Rimm DL. Tumor infiltrating macrophages, lymphocytes and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-03-04.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pelekanou
- Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - JR Brown
- Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - DL Rimm
- Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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11
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Murphy EJ, Neuberg DS, Rassenti LZ, Hayes G, Redd R, Emson C, Li K, Brown JR, Wierda WG, Turner S, Greaves AW, Zent CS, Byrd JC, McConnel C, Barrientos J, Kay N, Hellerstein MK, Chiorazzi N, Kipps TJ, Rai KR. Leukemia-cell proliferation and disease progression in patients with early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 31:1348-1354. [PMID: 28115735 PMCID: PMC5462857 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The clinical course of patients with recently diagnosed early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is highly variable. We examined the relationship between CLL-cell birth rate and treatment-free survival (TFS) in 97 patients with recently diagnosed, Rai stage 0–II CLL in a blinded, prospective study, using in vivo2H2O labeling. Birth rates ranged from 0.07–1.31% new cells per day. With median follow-up of 4.0 years, 33 subjects (34%) required treatment by NCI criteria. High birth rate was observed in 44% of subjects and was significantly associated with shorter TFS, unmutated IGHV status, and expression of ZAP70 and of CD38. In multivariable modeling considering age, gender, Rai stage, expression of ZAP70 or CD38, IGHV mutation status and FISH cytogenetics, only CLL-cell birth rate and IGHV mutation status met criteria for inclusion. Hazard ratios were 3.51 (p=0.002) for high birth rate and 4.93 (p<0.001) for unmutated IGHV. The association between elevated birth rate and shorter TFS was observed in subjects with either mutated or unmutated IGHVs, and the use of both markers was a better predictor of TFS than either parameter alone. Thus, an increased CLL birth rate in early stage disease is a strong predictor of disease progression and earlier treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - D S Neuberg
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L Z Rassenti
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - G Hayes
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - R Redd
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Emson
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - K Li
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - W G Wierda
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Turner
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - A W Greaves
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - C S Zent
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J C Byrd
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - J Barrientos
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - N Kay
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M K Hellerstein
- KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA.,Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - N Chiorazzi
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - T J Kipps
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - K R Rai
- CLL Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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12
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Deng J, Isik E, Fernandes SM, Brown JR, Letai A, Davids MS. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition increases BCL-2 dependence and enhances sensitivity to venetoclax in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 31:2075-2084. [PMID: 28111464 PMCID: PMC5555835 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib has transformed the management of patients with CLL, it does not induce substantial apoptosis in vitro, and as such the mechanisms underlying its ability to kill CLL cells are not well understood. Acalabrutinib, a more specific BTK inhibitor now in development, also appears to be highly effective in CLL, but the connection of its mechanism with CLL cell death is also unclear. Using dynamic BH3 profiling, we analyzed alterations in the function of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway induced by ibrutinib and acalabrutinib. We studied CLL patient samples treated ex vivo with both drugs, as well as primary samples from CLL patients on clinical trials of both drugs. We found that BTK inhibition enhances mitochondrial BCL-2 dependence without significantly altering overall mitochondrial priming. Enhancement of BCL-2 dependence was accompanied by an increase in the pro-apoptotic protein BIM. In contrast, treatment with the selective BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax enhanced overall mitochondrial priming without increasing BCL-2 dependence. Pre-treatment of CLL cells with either BTK inhibitor, whether ex vivo or in vivo in patients, enhanced killing by venetoclax. Our data suggest that BTK inhibition enhances mitochondrial BCL2 dependence, supporting the ongoing development of clinical trials combining BTK and BCL-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Isik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M S Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Briske DD, Bestelmeyer BT, Brown JR, Brunson MW, Thurow TL, Tanaka JA. Assessment of USDA-NRCS rangeland conservation programs: recommendation for an evidence-based conservation platform. Ecol Appl 2017; 27:94-104. [PMID: 27870290 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) was created in response to a request from the Office of Management and Budget that the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) document the societal benefits anticipated to accrue from a major increase in conservation funding authorized by the 2002 Farm Bill. A comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of rangeland conservation practices cost-shared with private landowners was unable to evaluate conservation benefits because outcomes were seldom documented. Four interrelated suppositions are presented to examine the causes underlying minimal documentation of conservations outcomes. These suppositions are (1) the benefits of conservation practices are considered a certainty so that documentation in not required, (2) there is minimal knowledge exchange between the USDA-NRCS and research organizations, (3) and a paucity of conservation-relevant science, as well as (4) inadequate technical support for land owners following implementation of conservation practices. We then follow with recommendations to overcome potential barriers to documentation of conservation outcomes identified for each supposition. Collectively, this assessment indicates that the existing conservation practice standards are insufficient to effectively administer large conservation investments on rangelands and that modification of these standards alone will not achieve the goals explicitly stated by CEAP. We recommend that USDA-NRCS modify its conservation programs around a more comprehensive and integrative platform that is capable of implementing evidence-based conservation. Collaborative monitoring organized around landowner-agency-scientist partnerships would represent the focal point of a Conservation Program Assessment Network (CPAN). The primary network objective would be to establish missing information feedback loops between conservation practices and their agricultural and environmental outcomes to promote learning, adaptive management, and innovation. Network information would be archived and made available to guide other, related conservation programs in relevant ecoregions. Restructuring conservation programs as we recommend would (1) provide site specific information, learning, and accountability that has been requested by CEAP and (2) further advance balanced delivery of agricultural production and environmental quality goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Briske
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, 2138 TAMU, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - B T Bestelmeyer
- USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada Basin LTER, New Mexico State University, MSC 3JER, P.O. Box 3003, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003-0003, USA
| | - J R Brown
- USDA-NRCS, Jornada Experimental Range, MSC 3JER, P.O. Box 3003, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003-0003, USA
| | - M W Brunson
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, 5215 Old Main Hills, Logan, Utah, 84322-5212, USA
| | - T L Thurow
- Department of Ecosystems Science & Management, University of Wyoming, Agriculture Building 2013, Dept 3354, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - J A Tanaka
- Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wyoming, 1000E University Avenue, Dept 3354, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
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14
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Kasar S, Brown JR. Mutational landscape and underlying mutational processes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 3:e1157667. [PMID: 27652313 PMCID: PMC4972118 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1157667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing studies have been instrumental in understanding the genetic basis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Our recent whole-genome sequencing study focusing on lower cytogenetic risk CLL demonstrated that CLL mutations can be attributed to 3 key mutational processes—2 types of activation induced-cytidine deaminase (AID) signatures and an aging signature—that operate at different times throughout CLL evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Kasar S, Kim J, Improgo R, Tiao G, Polak P, Haradhvala N, Lawrence MS, Kiezun A, Fernandes SM, Bahl S, Sougnez C, Gabriel S, Lander ES, Kim HT, Getz G, Brown JR. Whole-genome sequencing reveals activation-induced cytidine deaminase signatures during indolent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia evolution. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8866. [PMID: 26638776 PMCID: PMC4686820 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chromosome 13q deletion or normal cytogenetics represent the majority of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cases, yet have relatively few driver mutations. To better understand their genomic landscape, here we perform whole-genome sequencing on a cohort of patients enriched with these cytogenetic characteristics. Mutations in known CLL drivers are seen in only 33% of this cohort, and associated with normal cytogenetics and unmutated IGHV. The most commonly mutated gene in our cohort, IGLL5, shows a mutational pattern suggestive of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) activity. Unsupervised analysis of mutational signatures demonstrates the activities of canonical AID (c-AID), leading to clustered mutations near active transcriptional start sites; non-canonical AID (nc-AID), leading to genome-wide non-clustered mutations, and an ageing signature responsible for most mutations. Using mutation clonality to infer time of onset, we find that while ageing and c-AID activities are ongoing, nc-AID-associated mutations likely occur earlier in tumour evolution. The oncogenic events driving indolent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia are relatively unknown. Here, the authors perform whole genome sequencing on 30 such tumours and identify recurrent mutations in IGLL5 and two activation induced cytidine deaminase signatures that are operative at different stages of CLL evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - J Kim
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - R Improgo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - G Tiao
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - P Polak
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - N Haradhvala
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - M S Lawrence
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - A Kiezun
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - S M Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - S Bahl
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - C Sougnez
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - S Gabriel
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - E S Lander
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - H T Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - G Getz
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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16
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Brown JR, Tang JW, Pankhurst L, Klein N, Gant V, Lai KM, McCauley J, Breuer J. Influenza virus survival in aerosols and estimates of viable virus loss resulting from aerosolization and air-sampling. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91:278-81. [PMID: 26412395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a Collison nebulizer, aerosols of influenza (A/Udorn/307/72 H3N2) were generated within a controlled experimental chamber, from known starting virus concentrations. Air samples collected after variable suspension times were tested quantitatively using both plaque and polymerase chain reaction assays, to compare the proportion of viable virus against the amount of detectable viral RNA. These experiments showed that whereas influenza RNA copies were well preserved, the number of viable viruses decreased by a factor of 10(4)-10(5). This suggests that air-sampling studies for assessing infection control risks that detect only influenza RNA may greatly overestimate the amount of viable virus available to cause infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - J W Tang
- University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - L Pankhurst
- University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - N Klein
- University College London, London, UK
| | - V Gant
- University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - K M Lai
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - J McCauley
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK
| | - J Breuer
- University College London, London, UK
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17
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Wu H, Hu C, Wang A, Weisberg EL, Chen Y, Yun CH, Wang W, Liu Y, Liu X, Tian B, Wang J, Zhao Z, Liang Y, Li B, Wang L, Wang B, Chen C, Buhrlage SJ, Qi Z, Zou F, Nonami A, Li Y, Fernandes SM, Adamia S, Stone RM, Galinsky IA, Wang X, Yang G, Griffin JD, Brown JR, Eck MJ, Liu J, Gray NS, Liu Q. Discovery of a BTK/MNK dual inhibitor for lymphoma and leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 30:173-81. [PMID: 26165234 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) kinase is a member of the TEC kinase family and is a key regulator of the B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling pathway. It is important for B-cell maturation, proliferation, survival and metastasis. Pharmacological inhibition of BTK is clinically effective against a variety of B-cell malignances, such as mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and activated B-cell-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. MNK kinase is one of the key downstream regulators in the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and controls protein synthesis via regulating the activity of eIF4E. Inhibition of MNK activity has been observed to moderately inhibit the proliferation of AML cells. Through a structure-based drug-design approach, we have discovered a selective and potent BTK/MNK dual kinase inhibitor (QL-X-138), which exhibits covalent binding to BTK and noncovalent binding to MNK. Compared with the BTK kinase inhibitor (PCI-32765) and the MNK kinase inhibitor (cercosporamide), QL-X-138 enhanced the antiproliferative efficacies in vitro against a variety of B-cell cancer cell lines, as well as AML and CLL primary patient cells, which respond moderately to BTK inhibitor in vitro. The agent can effectively arrest the growth of lymphoma and leukemia cells at the G0-G1 stage and can induce strong apoptotic cell death. These primary results demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of BTK and MNK kinase activity might be a new therapeutic strategy for B-cell malignances.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - C Hu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - A Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - E L Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Chen
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C-H Yun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - B Tian
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Zhao
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Li
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - B Wang
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Chen
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S J Buhrlage
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Qi
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - F Zou
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - A Nonami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Adamia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R M Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I A Galinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Wang
- Department of Lymphoma, Sino-US Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - G Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J D Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M J Eck
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - N S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Liu
- High Magnetic Field laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, P. R. China.,Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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18
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Paiva C, Godbersen JC, Berger A, Brown JR, Danilov AV. Targeting neddylation induces DNA damage and checkpoint activation and sensitizes chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells to alkylating agents. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1807. [PMID: 26158513 PMCID: PMC4650717 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironment-mediated upregulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in CLL cells resident in the lymph node and bone marrow promotes apoptosis evasion and clonal expansion. We recently reported that MLN4924 (pevonedistat), an investigational agent that inhibits the NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE), abrogates stromal-mediated NF-κB pathway activity and CLL cell survival. However, the NAE pathway also assists degradation of multiple other substrates. MLN4924 has been shown to induce DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, but the importance of this mechanism in primary neoplastic B cells has not been studied. Here we mimicked the lymph node microenvironment using CD40 ligand (CD40L)-expressing stroma and interleukin-21 (IL-21) to find that inducing proliferation of the primary CLL cells conferred enhanced sensitivity to NAE inhibition. Treatment of the CD40-stimulated CLL cells with MLN4924 resulted in deregulation of Cdt1, a DNA replication licensing factor, and cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. This led to DNA damage, checkpoint activation and G2 arrest. Alkylating agents bendamustine and chlorambucil enhanced MLN4924-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis. These events were more prominent in cells stimulated with IL-21 compared with CD40L alone, indicating that, following NAE inhibition, the culture conditions were able to direct CLL cell fate from an NF-κB inhibition to a Cdt1 induction program. Our data provide insight into the biological consequences of targeting NAE in CLL and serves as further rationale for studying the clinical activity of MLN4924 in CLL, particularly in combination with alkylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Paiva
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J C Godbersen
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - A Berger
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J R Brown
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A V Danilov
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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19
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Paunicka KJ, Mellon J, Robertson D, Petroll M, Brown JR, Niederkorn JY. Severing corneal nerves in one eye induces sympathetic loss of immune privilege and promotes rejection of future corneal allografts placed in either eye. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1490-501. [PMID: 25872977 PMCID: PMC4590984 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Less than 10% of corneal allografts undergo rejection even though HLA matching is not performed. However, second corneal transplants experience a threefold increase in rejection, which is not due to prior sensitization to histocompatibility antigens shared by the first and second transplants since corneal grafts are selected at random without histocompatibility matching. Using a mouse model of penetrating keratoplasty, we found that 50% of the initial corneal transplants survived, yet 100% of the subsequent corneal allografts (unrelated to the first graft) placed in the opposite eye underwent rejection. The severing of corneal nerves that occurs during surgery induced substance P (SP) secretion in both eyes, which disabled T regulatory cells that are required for allograft survival. Administration of an SP antagonist restored immune privilege and promoted graft survival. Thus, corneal surgery produces a sympathetic response that permanently abolishes immune privilege of subsequent corneal allografts, even those placed in the opposite eye and expressing a completely different array of foreign histocompatibility antigens from the first corneal graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Paunicka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - J Mellon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - D Robertson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - M Petroll
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - J Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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20
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Heldermon CD, Qin EY, Ohlemiller KK, Herzog ED, Brown JR, Vogler C, Hou W, Orrock JL, Crawford BE, Sands MS. Disease correction by combined neonatal intracranial AAV and systemic lentiviral gene therapy in Sanfilippo Syndrome type B mice. Gene Ther 2013; 20:913-21. [PMID: 23535899 PMCID: PMC3701029 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB) or Sanfilippo Syndrome type B is a lysosomal storage disease resulting from the deficiency of N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAGLU) activity. We previously showed that intracranial adeno-associated virus (AAV) -based gene therapy results in partial improvements of several aspects of the disease. In an attempt to further correct the disease, MPS IIIB mice were treated at 2–4 days of age with intracranial AAV2/5-NAGLU (IC-AAV), intravenous lentiviral-NAGLU (IV-LENTI) or the combination of both (BOTH). The BOTH group had the most complete biochemical and histological improvements of any treatment group. Compared to untreated MPS IIIB animals, all treatments resulted in significant improvements in motor function (rotarod) and hearing (auditory-evoked brainstem response). In addition, each treatment group had a significantly increased median life span compared to the untreated group (322 days). The combination arm had the greatest increase (612 days), followed by IC-AAV (463 days) and IV-LENTI (358 days). Finally, the BOTH group had nearly normal circadian rhythm measures with improvement in time to activity onset. In summary, targeting both the systemic and central nervous system disease of MPS IIIB early in life appears to be the most efficacious approach for this inherited metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Heldermon
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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21
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Brown JR, Archer S. Woody plant invasion of grasslands: establishment of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var.glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing history. Oecologia 2013; 80:19-26. [PMID: 23494340 DOI: 10.1007/bf00789926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1988] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Department of Range Science, Texas A&M University, 77843-2126, College Station, TX, USA
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22
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Saboo SS, Krajewski KM, O'Regan KN, Giardino A, Brown JR, Ramaiya N, Jagannathan JP. Spleen in haematological malignancies: spectrum of imaging findings. Br J Radiol 2011; 85:81-92. [PMID: 22096219 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/31542964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging morphology and metabolic activity of splenic lesions is of paramount importance in patients with haematological malignancies; it can alter tumour staging, treatment protocols and overall prognosis. CT, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT have been shown to be powerful tools for the non-invasive assessment of splenic involvement in various haematological malignancies. Since many haematological malignancies and non-neoplastic conditions can involve the spleen and imaging manifestations can overlap, imaging and clinical findings outside of the spleen should be looked for to narrow the differential diagnosis; confirmation can be obtained by pathological findings. Radiologists should be familiar with the cross-sectional imaging patterns of haematological malignancies involving the spleen as well as non-neoplastic splenic findings common in these patients to facilitate their care and follow-up. This pictorial review provides the common and uncommon imaging appearances and complications of various haematological malignancies involving the spleen on CT, MRI and PET/CT, and common pitfalls in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Saboo
- Department of Radiology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Hedlund BP, McDonald AI, Lam J, Dodsworth JA, Brown JR, Hungate BA. Potential role of Thermus thermophilus and T. oshimai in high rates of nitrous oxide (N2O) production in ∼80 °C hot springs in the US Great Basin. Geobiology 2011; 9:471-480. [PMID: 21951553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ambient nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from Great Boiling Spring (GBS) in the US Great Basin depended on temperature, with the highest flux, 67.8 ± 2.6 μmol N(2)O-N m(-2) day(-1) , occurring in the large source pool at 82 °C. This rate of N(2)O production contrasted with negligible production from nearby soils and was similar to rates from soils and sediments impacted with agricultural fertilizers. To investigate the source of N(2)O, a variety of approaches were used to enrich and isolate heterotrophic micro-organisms, and isolates were screened for nitrate reduction ability. Nitrate-respiring isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Thermus thermophilus (31 isolates) and T. oshimai (three isolates). All isolates reduced nitrate to N(2)O but not to dinitrogen and were unable to grow with N(2)O as a terminal electron acceptor. Representative T. thermophilus and T. oshimai strains contained genes with 96-98% and 93% DNA identity, respectively, to the nitrate reductase catalytic subunit gene (narG) of T. thermophilus HB8. These data implicate T. thermophilus and T. oshimai in high flux of N(2)O in GBS and raise questions about the genetic basis of the incomplete denitrification pathway in these organisms and on the fate of biogenic N(2)O in geothermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Hedlund
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Foong
- School of Pharmacy, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth PO1 2DT
| | - K L Green
- School of Pharmacy, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth PO1 2DT
| | - L H Patterson
- School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, Leicester LE1 9BH
| | - J E Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sunderland Polytechnic, Sunderland SR2 7EE
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sunderland Polytechnic, Sunderland SR2 7EE
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25
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Lavelle TJ, Basra J, Brown JR, Patterson LH. Doxorubicin Free Radical Formation and Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Hepatocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb14092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Lavelle
- School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, Leicester LE1 9BH
| | - J Basra
- School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, Leicester LE1 9BH
| | - J R Brown
- School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, Leicester LE1 9BH
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sunderland Polytechnic, Sunderland SR2 7EE
| | - L H Patterson
- School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, Leicester LE1 9BH
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, LE1 9BH
| | - L H Patterson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, LE1 9BH
| | - J Williamson
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA
| | - J R Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunderland Polytechnic, Sunderland, SR1 3SD
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27
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Golightly L, Mitchell JB, Brown JE, Brown JR. Effects of Daunorubucin and Daunorubucin-Bsa Conjugates on Trypanosomes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb14215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Golightly
- Tropical Diseases Chemotherapy Research Unit, Sunderland Polytechnic. SR2 7EE
| | - J B Mitchell
- Tropical Diseases Chemotherapy Research Unit, Sunderland Polytechnic. SR2 7EE
| | - J E Brown
- Tropical Diseases Chemotherapy Research Unit, Sunderland Polytechnic. SR2 7EE
| | - J R Brown
- Tropical Diseases Chemotherapy Research Unit, Sunderland Polytechnic. SR2 7EE
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28
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Brown JE, Patterson LH, Williamson J, Brown JR. Method for Analysis, and Distribution Profile, of Covalently-linked Ferritin-daunorubicin Conjugate in the Blood of Trypanosome-infected Mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:48-51. [PMID: 1350628 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb14362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Daunorubicin is a highly potent trypanocide in-vitro but is inactive in-vivo. When daunorubicin is conjugated to bovine serum albumin or horse spleen ferritin using Schiffs base linkages, the complex is trypanocidal in-vitro and in-vivo. We have developed novel analytical methods, using HPLC with fluorimetric detection, for the quantitation of daunorubicin and doxorubicin in biological samples, either as unconjugated drug, or when covalently linked to macromolecules or particles. Ferritin-daunorubicin conjugate (25 mg kg−1) was administered intraperitoneally to mice infected with monomorphic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; peak plasma levels occurred after 1·5 h, and were 5 times higher than those resulting from administration of an equivalent amount of unconjugated daunorubicin. Plasma levels then declined rapidly (t½ for 1–6 h period was 0·58 and 0·86 h respectively for conjugated and unconjugated daunorubicin). However, higher plasma levels were seen 24 h after treatment, suggesting the distribution profile of daunorubicin when conjugated to ferritin is multiphasic with resultant high levels of daunorubicin obtained for a prolonged time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Brown
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Life Sciences, Leicester Polytechnic, UK
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29
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Cederwall B, Moradi FG, Bäck T, Johnson A, Blomqvist J, Clément E, de France G, Wadsworth R, Andgren K, Lagergren K, Dijon A, Jaworski G, Liotta R, Qi C, Nyakó BM, Nyberg J, Palacz M, Al-Azri H, Algora A, de Angelis G, Ataç A, Bhattacharyya S, Brock T, Brown JR, Davies P, Di Nitto A, Dombrádi Z, Gadea A, Gál J, Hadinia B, Johnston-Theasby F, Joshi P, Juhász K, Julin R, Jungclaus A, Kalinka G, Kara SO, Khaplanov A, Kownacki J, La Rana G, Lenzi SM, Molnár J, Moro R, Napoli DR, Singh BSN, Persson A, Recchia F, Sandzelius M, Scheurer JN, Sletten G, Sohler D, Söderström PA, Taylor MJ, Timár J, Valiente-Dobón JJ, Vardaci E, Williams S. Evidence for a spin-aligned neutron-proton paired phase from the level structure of (92)Pd. Nature 2011; 469:68-71. [PMID: 21179086 DOI: 10.1038/nature09644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shell structure and magic numbers in atomic nuclei were generally explained by pioneering work that introduced a strong spin-orbit interaction to the nuclear shell model potential. However, knowledge of nuclear forces and the mechanisms governing the structure of nuclei, in particular far from stability, is still incomplete. In nuclei with equal neutron and proton numbers (N = Z), enhanced correlations arise between neutrons and protons (two distinct types of fermions) that occupy orbitals with the same quantum numbers. Such correlations have been predicted to favour an unusual type of nuclear superfluidity, termed isoscalar neutron-proton pairing, in addition to normal isovector pairing. Despite many experimental efforts, these predictions have not been confirmed. Here we report the experimental observation of excited states in the N = Z = 46 nucleus (92)Pd. Gamma rays emitted following the (58)Ni((36)Ar,2n)(92)Pd fusion-evaporation reaction were identified using a combination of state-of-the-art high-resolution γ-ray, charged-particle and neutron detector systems. Our results reveal evidence for a spin-aligned, isoscalar neutron-proton coupling scheme, different from the previous prediction. We suggest that this coupling scheme replaces normal superfluidity (characterized by seniority coupling) in the ground and low-lying excited states of the heaviest N = Z nuclei. Such strong, isoscalar neutron-proton correlations would have a considerable impact on the nuclear level structure and possibly influence the dynamics of rapid proton capture in stellar nucleosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cederwall
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Lepper C, Edwards PJB, Schuster E, Brown JR, Dykstra R, Callaghan PT, Williams MAK. Rheo-NMR studies of the behavior of a nematic liquid crystal in a low-shear-rate regime: the transition from director alignment to reorientation. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2010; 82:041712. [PMID: 21230300 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.041712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the director dynamics of the nematic liquid-crystal system cetyl trimethylammonium bromide/D2O under the action of applied viscous torques. Shear forces were applied using a custom-built Couette cell that was introduced into an NMR superconducting magnet, so that its rotational axis was parallel to the magnetic field direction, along which the liquid-crystal director originally aligned. Subsequently, the inner cylinder of the cell was rotated continuously at different rates using a stepper motor. The resulting time evolution and ultimate steady-state orientation of the director, governed by the competition between the applied viscous torque with elastic and magnetic terms, was measured via observed changes in the deuterium spectrum. Using a simple gearbox allowed unprecedented access to a low-shear-rate regime in which, above a threshold shear rate, the director of part of the sample was observed to reorient, while the remaining part still aligned with the magnetic field. Subsequent increases in the applied rotational rate were found to increase the relative proportion of the orienting fraction. Spatially resolved NMR spectra showed that the orienting and field-aligned fractions formed separated bands across the gap of the Couette cell, with director reorientation being initiated at the moving inner wall. The behavior was found to be consistent with the often ignored variation in velocity gradient manifest across the gap of a cylindrical cell, so that as the angular frequency of the inner cylinder was increased the radial location of the critical shear rate required for reorientation traversed the gap. Once the applied rotational rate was sufficient to reorient the director of the entire sample, the dependence of the exhibited steady-state orientation on the average applied shear rate was measured. These results could be fitted to an analytical solution of the force-balance equation, made tractable by the assumption that the elasticity term was of minor significance and could be ignored. Additionally, the use of a numerical solution of the full force-balance equation, which explicitly includes elasticity and secondary flow and additionally allows the time evolution of the director orientation to be calculated, was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lepper
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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31
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Sidhu MS, Brown JR, Malenka DJ, Kaplan AV, Devries JT, Friedman BJ, Hettleman BD, Niles NW, Robb JF, Thompson CA. Real-world percutaneous coronary intervention experience comparing Taxus paclitaxel-eluting with Cypher sirolimus-eluting stent platforms. Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bentley MA, Chandler C, Taylor MJ, Brown JR, Carpenter MP, Davids C, Ekman J, Freeman SJ, Garrett PE, Hammond G, Janssens RVF, Lenzi SM, Lister CJ, du Rietz R, Seweryniak D. Isospin symmetry of odd-odd mirror nuclei: identification of excited states in N=Z-2 48Mn. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:132501. [PMID: 17026028 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.132501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Excited states have been observed in the N=Z-2 odd-odd nucleus 48Mn for the first time. Through comparison with the structure of 48V, a first high-spin study of an odd-odd mirror pair has been achieved. Differences between the T=1 analogue states in this pair have been interpreted in terms of Coulomb effects, with the aid of shell-model calculations in the full pf valence space. Unlike other mirror pairs, the energy differences have been interpreted almost entirely as due to a monopole effect associated with smooth changes in radius (or deformation) as a function of angular momentum. In addition, the large energy shift between analogue negative-parity states is interpreted in terms of the electromagnetic spin-orbit interaction in nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bentley
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Brown JR, Mickle RE, Yates M, Zhai J. Optimizing an aerial spray for mosquito control. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2003; 19:243-250. [PMID: 14524546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of proper flight line positioning was demonstrated to be critical for maximizing product efficacy when spraying in crosswinds by small-droplet spray strategies. Characterization studies indicated clearly that aircraft height, small drop emission distribution, and the ambient winds combine to dilute the spray cloud before impacting surface targets. A 5-fold increase in mortality was achieved when we used optimization techniques to position the aircraft during a crosswind treatment test.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Navy Disease Vector Ecology and Control Center, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212-0043, USA
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Brown JR, McAuliffe DD, Smith KT, Beavers GM, Presley SM. A constant flow valve for hand-compression hydraulic sprayers. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2003; 19:91-93. [PMID: 12674545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A commercial inline constant flow valve for hand-compression hydraulic sprayers was tested to evaluate its capability to maintain constant pressure to the nozzle down to a preset cut-out pressure. The flow-control valve provided consistent flow rates when used with the H.D. Hudson X-Pert 9.5-liter hand-compression sprayers. This flow valve may have potential for use in vector control operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Navy Disease Vector Ecology and Control Center, PO Box 43, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212-0043, USA
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Brown JR, Collett JH, Attwood D, Ley RW, Sims EE. Influence of monocaprin on the permeability of a diacidic drug BTA-243 across Caco-2 cell monolayers and everted gut sacs. Int J Pharm 2002; 245:133-42. [PMID: 12270250 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the potential of the monoglyceride monocaprin as an enhancer of the epithelial permeability of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist BTA-243, as an approach to improving the bioavailability of this drug. The permeabilities of BTA-243 and mannitol (paracellular marker) in Caco-2 cell monolayer and everted gut sac models in aqueous buffer (pH 6.8) in the presence of 1.3 and 2.0 mM monocaprin were compared with control (monocaprin-free) solutions over a period of 1 h. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the Caco-2 cell monolayers was measured at regular time intervals throughout the experiment and after a recovery period of 30 h. Toxicological damage to the biological models associated with exposure to monocaprin was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and by the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from everted gut sacs. The permeability of BTA-243 in epithelial monolayers was enhanced in the presence of 1.3 and 2.0 mM monocaprin. Measurements of TEER and mannitol permeability showed partial recovery of barrier properties after a 30 h period following exposure to 1.3 mM monocaprin. No structural damage was evident in these monolayers. Enhancement of Caco-2 permeability to BTA-243 by 2.0 mM monocaprin was significantly greater than by 1.3 mM but was irreversible; monolayers failed to recover their barrier properties after 30 h and changes in their gross morphology were observed. The mucosal to serosal transfer of BTA-243 in everted gut sac was enhanced but to a lesser extent than in the Caco-2 model. LDH release from everted gut sacs exposed to monocaprin was significantly less than that after exposure to Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant known to cause membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
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Brown JR, Williams DC, Gwinn TA, Presley SH, Beavers GM. Operational note indoor low-volume spray trials: handheld equipment evaluation. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2002; 18:232-235. [PMID: 12322948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Four handheld aerosol-mist generators and 1 thermal fog generator were evaluated initially for their ability to deliver low flow rates (< or = 5 ml/min) of resmethrin insecticide. Two generators, the London Fog Eliminator and Clarke Pl, were then selected from that group to conduct a treatment of a block of 16 residences (4 x 4 grid) vs. direct treatment of individual residences to determine the most efficacious method of treating a group of small dwellings or a village. Data are presented on droplet density, volume median diameter, and mortality of caged mosquitoes treated with the P1 and Eliminator in residences treated as a group; and mortality for caged Aedes aegypti L. in residences treated individually with the P1 at various flow control settings and spray-on times.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Navy Disease Vector Ecology and Control Center, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212-0043, USA
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Dionisi HM, Layton AC, Robinson KG, Brown JR, Gregory IR, Parker JJ, Sayler GS. Quantification of Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrospira spp. using competitive polymerase chain reaction in bench-scale wastewater treatment reactors operating at different solids retention times. Water Environ Res 2002; 74:462-469. [PMID: 12469950 DOI: 10.2175/106143002x144815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of solids retention time (SRT) on ammonia-and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was measured by Nitrosomonas oligotropha-like ammonia monooxygenase A and Nitrospira 16S rDNA competitive polymerase chain reaction assays in a complete-mix, bench-scale, activated-sludge system. During steady-state operation, nitrification was complete in the 20- and 10-day SRT reactors, nearly complete in the 5-day SRT reactor, and incomplete in the 2-day SRT reactor (76% ammonia oxidation and 85% nitrite oxidation). Total microbes, measured by dot-blot hybridizations, ranged from 3 x 10(11) to 3 x 10(12) cells/L, and increased with increasing SRTs. The concentration of the ammonia-oxidizer N. oligotropha dropped 100-fold from the 20-day SRT (5 x 10(9) cells/L) to the 2-day SRT (< or = 4 x 10(7) cells/L). Thus, N. oligotropha became a much smaller fraction of the total biomass in the poorly performing 2-day SRT reactor. The concentration of Nitrospira cells also decreased (10-fold) as the SRT was reduced from 20 days to 2 days. However, the number of Nitrospira cells was always greater than the number of N. oligotropha cells measured in each reactor (10- to 60-fold). While Nitrospira comprised 1 to 2% of the biomass, N. oligotropha represented only 0.04 to 0.27% of the total population. This low percentage suggests that N. oligotropha was not a dominant ammonia oxidizer in the bench-scale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Dionisi
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA
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Bai X, Zhou D, Brown JR, Crawford BE, Hennet T, Esko JD. Biosynthesis of the linkage region of glycosaminoglycans: cloning and activity of galactosyltransferase II, the sixth member of the beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase family (beta 3GalT6). J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48189-95. [PMID: 11551958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107339200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of five beta1,3-galactosyltransferases has been characterized that catalyze the formation of Galbeta1,3GlcNAcbeta and Galbeta1,3GalNAcbeta linkages present in glycoproteins and glycolipids (beta3GalT1, -2, -3, -4, and -5). We now report a new member of the family (beta3GalT6), involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. The human and mouse genes were located on chromosomes 1p36.3 and 4E2, respectively, and homologs are found in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Unlike other members of the family, beta3GalT6 showed a broad mRNA expression pattern by Northern blot analysis. Although a high degree of homology across several subdomains exists among other members of the beta3-galactosyltransferase family, recombinant enzyme did not utilize glucosamine- or galactosamine-containing acceptors. Instead, the enzyme transferred galactose from UDP-galactose to acceptors containing a terminal beta-linked galactose residue. This product, Galbeta1,3Galbeta is found in the linkage region of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate (GlcAbeta1,3Galbeta1,3Galbeta1,4Xylbeta-O-Ser), indicating that beta3GalT6 is the so-called galactosyltransferase II involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Its identity was confirmed in vivo by siRNA-mediated inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in HeLa S3 cells. Its localization in the medial Golgi indicates that this is the major site for assembly of the linkage region.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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Cremers DA, Ebinger MH, Breshears DD, Unkefer PJ, Kammerdiener SA, Ferris MJ, Catlett KM, Brown JR. Measuring total soil carbon with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). J Environ Qual 2001; 30:2202-2206. [PMID: 11790033 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2001.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Improving estimates of carbon inventories in soils is currently hindered by lack of a rapid analysis method for total soil carbon. A rapid, accurate, and precise method that could be used in the field would be a significant benefit to researchers investigating carbon cycling in soils and dynamics of soil carbon in global change processes. We tested a new analysis method for predicting total soil carbon using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We determined appropriate spectral signatures and calibrated the method using measurements from dry combustion of a Mollisol from a cultivated plot. From this calibration curve we predicted carbon concentrations in additional samples from the same soil and from an Alfisol collected in a semiarid woodland and compared these predictions with additional dry combustion measurements. Our initial tests suggest that the LIBS method rapidly and efficiently measures soil carbon with excellent detection limits (approximately 300 mg/kg), precision (4-5%), and accuracy (3-14%). Initial testing shows that LIBS measurements and dry combustion analyses are highly correlated (adjusted r2 = 0.96) for soils of distinct morphology, and that a sample can be analyzed by LIBS in less than one minute. The LIBS method is readily adaptable to a field-portable instrument, and this attribute--in combination with rapid and accurate sample analysis--suggests that this new method offers promise for improving measurement of total soil carbon. Additional testing of LIBS is required to understand the effects of soil properties such as texture, moisture content, and mineralogical composition (i.e., silicon content) on LIBS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cremers
- Advanced Chemical Diagnostics and Instrumentation Group, Los Alamos National Lab., NM 87545, USA
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Brown JR, Simonetta KR, Sandberg LA, Stafford P, Langford GM. Recombinant globular tail fragment of myosin-V blocks vesicle transport in squid nerve cell extracts. Biol Bull 2001; 201:240-241. [PMID: 11687400 DOI: 10.2307/1543343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Ribas de Pouplana L, Brown JR, Schimmel P. Structure-based phylogeny of class IIa tRNA synthetases in relation to an unusual biochemistry. J Mol Evol 2001; 53:261-8. [PMID: 11675586 DOI: 10.1007/s002390010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2001] [Accepted: 04/02/2001] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The available three-dimensional information for class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases has been used to generate sequence alignments that strictly adhere to the structural equivalencies between members of subclass IIa of these enzymes. The resulting alignments were used to study their phylogenetic relationships. In particular, the entire set of available sequences of prolyl-tRNA synthetases was analyzed in this way. In contrast to recent reports, we conclude that the evolutionary pattern of prolyl-tRNA synthetases does not obviously conform to the canonical phylogenetic distribution. The pattern found for these enzymes may be related to their biochemical characteristics. Our results indicate a potential relationship between the evolutionary pattern of prolyl-tRNA synthetases and the emergence of two enzymatically distinct forms of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ribas de Pouplana
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Prokaryotes have been at the forefront of the genome sequencing revolution. Many genomes have been completely sequenced, revealing much about bacterial and archaeal genome content and organization. Yet, a meaningful evolutionary picture of prokaryotes still eludes us. Much of the problem lies in understanding the mode and tempo of genome evolution. Here phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase is used as an example of the complex interplay among lateral gene transfer, operon recombination, and gene recruitment in the evolution of some prokaryotic genes. Promising new approaches to genomic analyses, which could add to our understanding prokaryotic evolution and help in their classification, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Microbial Bioinformatics Department, Division of Bioinformatics, Glaxo SmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Road, P.O. Box 5089, UP1345, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA.
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Bai X, Brown JR, Varki A, Esko JD. Enhanced 3-O-sulfation of galactose in Asn-linked glycans and Maackia amurensis lectin binding in a new Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Glycobiology 2001; 11:621-32. [PMID: 11479273 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.8.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the characterization of two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that produce large amounts of sulfated N-linked oligosaccharides. Clones 26 and 489 were derived by stable transfection of the glycosaminoglycan-deficient cell mutant pgsA-745 with a cDNA library prepared from wild-type cells. Peptide:N-glycanase F released nearly all of the sulfate label, indicating that sulfation had occurred selectively on the Asn-linked glycans. Hydrazinolysis followed by nitrous acid treatment at pH 4 and borohydride reduction yielded reduced sulfated disaccharides that comigrated with standard Gal3SO4beta1-4anhydromannitol. The disaccharides were resistant to periodate oxidation but became sensitive after the sulfate group was removed by methanolysis, indicating that the sulfate was located at C3 of the galactose residues. Maackia amurensis lectin bound to the sulfated glycopeptides on the cell surface and in free form, even after sialidase treatment. This finding indicates that the lectin requires only a charged group at C3 of the galactose unit and not an intact sialic acid. Growth of cells with chlorate restored sialidase sensitivity to lectin binding, indicating that sulfation and sialylation occurred largely at the same sites. The enhanced sulfation was due to elevated sulfotransferase activity that catalyzed transfer of sulfate from phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to Galbeta1-4(3)GlcNAcbeta-O-naphthalenemethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, 9500 Gilman Drive, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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Abstract
Universal trees of life based on small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) support the separate mono/holophyly of the domains Archaea (archaebacteria), Bacteria (eubacteria) and Eucarya (eukaryotes) and the placement of extreme thermophiles at the base of the Bacteria. The concept of universal tree reconstruction recently has been upset by protein trees that show intermixing of species from different domains. Such tree topologies have been attributed to either extensive horizontal gene transfer or degradation of phylogenetic signals because of saturation for amino acid substitutions. Here we use large combined alignments of 23 orthologous proteins conserved across 45 species from all domains to construct highly robust universal trees. Although individual protein trees are variable in their support of domain integrity, trees based on combined protein data sets strongly support separate monophyletic domains. Within the Bacteria, we placed spirochaetes as the earliest derived bacterial group. However, elimination from the combined protein alignment of nine protein data sets, which were likely candidates for horizontal gene transfer, resulted in trees showing thermophiles as the earliest evolved bacterial lineage. Thus, combined protein universal trees are highly congruent with SSU rRNA trees in their strong support for the separate monophyly of domains as well as the early evolution of thermophilic Bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Anti-Microbial Bioinformatics Group, GlaxoSmithKline,1250 South Collegeville Road, UP1345 P.O. Box 5089, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA.
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Petit CM, Brown JR, Ingraham K, Bryant AP, Holmes DJ. Lipid modification of prelipoproteins is dispensable for growth in vitro but essential for virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 200:229-33. [PMID: 11425480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A Deltalgt (Lgt, lipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase) isogenic mutant was obtained which indicates that lgt is not essential for cell growth in vitro, like in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, but unlike in the proteobacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The mutation was transduced to a virulent strain. A 5 log attenuation was observed in a respiratory tract model of infection. Metabolic labeling by [U-14C]palmitate revealed the presence of eight to ten lipoproteins in the wild-type strain only, with molecular masses between 15 and 80 kDa. Our findings suggest a major difference in the role of lipoproteins in Gram-positive bacteria versus the proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Petit
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Anti-Microbial and Host Defense, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA.
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Stanhope MJ, Lupas A, Italia MJ, Koretke KK, Volker C, Brown JR. Phylogenetic analyses do not support horizontal gene transfers from bacteria to vertebrates. Nature 2001; 411:940-4. [PMID: 11418856 DOI: 10.1038/35082058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has long been recognized as a principal force in the evolution of genomes. Genome sequences of Archaea and Bacteria have revealed the existence of genes whose similarity to loci in distantly related organisms is explained most parsimoniously by HGT events. In most multicellular organisms, such genetic fixation can occur only in the germ line. Therefore, it is notable that the publication of the human genome reports 113 incidents of direct HGT between bacteria and vertebrates, without any apparent occurrence in evolutionary intermediates, that is, non-vertebrate eukaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis arguably provides the most objective approach for determining the occurrence and directionality of HGT. Here we report a phylogenetic analysis of 28 proposed HGT genes, whose presence in the human genome had been confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results indicate that most putative HGT genes are present in more anciently derived eukaryotes (many such sequences available in non-vertebrate EST databases) and can be explained in terms of descent through common ancestry. They are, therefore, unlikely to be examples of direct HGT from bacteria to vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stanhope
- Bioinformatics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Brown JR, Kuter DJ. The effect of unfractionated vs. low molecular weight heparin on tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels in hospital inpatients. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85:979-85. [PMID: 11434705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Although heparin is widely used as an antithrombotic agent, its multiple mechanisms of action are not fully defined. Recent work has suggested that tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) may contribute to the antithrombotic activity of heparin by inhibiting the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. We have investigated the effect of heparin on TFPI and have found that when unfractionated heparin is given by continuous intravenous infusion to hospitalized inpatients, TFPI levels increase 2.3-fold and remain high as long as heparin is continued, but return to baseline levels soon after the infusion is stopped. In contrast, therapeutic doses of the low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin, resulted in significantly less TFPI induction. Given the increasing number of studies establishing the clinical efficacy of low molecular weight heparins as antithrombotic agents, these results suggest that TFPI may not be a major contributor to the antithrombotic effect of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
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Savopoulos JW, Hibbs M, Jones EJ, Mensah L, Richardson C, Fosberry A, Downes R, Fox SG, Brown JR, Jenkins O. Identification, cloning, and expression of a functional phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (pheRS) from Staphylococcus aureus. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21:470-84. [PMID: 11281723 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (pheRS) is unique among aminoacyl tRNA synthetases in that it is a heterotetrameric enzyme composed of two alpha-subunits and two larger beta-subunits. In prokaryotes, the alpha- and beta-subunits of pheRS are encoded by the genes pheS and pheT, respectively. In this report we describe the isolation of a DNA fragment (3.52 kb) containing the pheS and pheT genes from a Staphylococcus aureus (WCUH29) genomic DNA library. Both genes, found as a part of transcriptional operon, were predicted to encode polypeptides which showed strong primary and structural similarity to prokaryotic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase alpha- and beta- subunits. We describe the high-level overexpression and purification of recombinant S. aureus pheRS using pheS and pheT genes as part of an artificial operon in Escherichia coli. For comparative analysis we also report a procedure for the purification of native pheRS from S. aureus (Oxford Strain) and demonstrate that Michaelis-Menten parameters for both recombinant and native enzyme, at least for phenylalanine tRNA aminoacylation are comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Savopoulos
- GlaxoSmithkline Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Coldharbour Road, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AD, United Kingdom
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