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Ou AC, Zimmerman LA, Alexander JP, Crowcroft NS, O’Connor PM, Knapp JK. Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination - Worldwide, 2012-2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024; 73:162-167. [PMID: 38421933 PMCID: PMC10907039 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7308a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Rubella virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects. Infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or a constellation of birth defects, including cataracts, deafness, heart defects, and developmental delay, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). A single dose of rubella-containing vaccine can provide lifelong protection against rubella. The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 included a target to achieve elimination of rubella in at least five of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions by 2020, and rubella elimination is a critical goal of the Immunization Agenda 2030. This report updates a previous report and describes progress toward rubella and CRS elimination during 2012-2022. During 2012-2022, among 194 WHO countries, the number that included rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) in their immunization schedules increased from 132 (68%) to 175 (90%) and the percentage of the world's infants vaccinated against rubella increased from 40% to 68%. Reported rubella cases declined 81%, from 93,816 in 2012 to 17,407 in 2022. Verification of rubella elimination was achieved in 98 (51%) of 194 countries by 2022, an increase from 84 (43%) countries in 2019. Despite significant progress in the introduction of RCV into routine immunization programs worldwide, approximately 25 million infants annually still do not have access to RCV. Nevertheless, even in complex settings, the increasing number of countries that have achieved and sustained rubella elimination demonstrates progress toward global rubella elimination.
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Vynnycky E, Knapp JK, Papadopoulos T, Cutts FT, Hachiya M, Miyano S, Reef SE. Estimates of the global burden of Congenital Rubella Syndrome, 1996-2019. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 137:149-156. [PMID: 37690575 PMCID: PMC10689248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many countries introduced rubella-containing vaccination (RCV) after 2011, following changes in recommended World Health Organization (WHO) vaccination strategies and external support. We evaluated the impact of these introductions. METHODS We estimated the country-specific, region-specific, and global Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) incidence during 1996-2019 using mathematical modeling, including routine and campaign vaccination coverage and seroprevalence data. RESULTS In 2019, WHO African and Eastern Mediterranean regions had the highest estimated CRS incidence (64 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 24-123] and 27 [95% CI: 4-67] per 100,000 live births respectively), where nearly half of births occur in countries that have introduced RCV. Other regions, where >95% of births occurred in countries that had introduced RCV, had a low estimated CRS incidence (<1 [95% CI: <1 to 8] and <1 [95% CI: <1 to 12] per 100,000 live births in South-East Asia [SEAR] and the Western Pacific [WPR] respectively, and similarly in Europe and the Americas). The estimated number of CRS births globally declined by approximately two-thirds during 2010-2019, from 100,000 (95% CI: 54,000-166,000) to 32,000 (95% CI: 13,000-60,000), representing a 73% reduction since 1996, largely following RCV introductions in WPR and SEAR, where the greatest reductions occurred. CONCLUSIONS Further reductions can occur by introducing RCV in remaining countries and maintaining high RCV coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Vynnycky
- Statistics Modelling and Economics Department, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; TB Modelling Group and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Jennifer K Knapp
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timos Papadopoulos
- Statistics Modelling and Economics Department, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Felicity T Cutts
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Masahiko Hachiya
- Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Miyano
- Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susan E Reef
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Winter AK, Lambert B, Klein D, Klepac P, Papadopoulos T, Truelove S, Burgess C, Santos H, Knapp JK, Reef SE, Kayembe LK, Shendale S, Kretsinger K, Lessler J, Vynnycky E, McCarthy K, Ferrari M, Jit M. Feasibility of measles and rubella vaccination programmes for disease elimination: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Health 2022; 10:e1412-e1422. [PMID: 36113527 PMCID: PMC9557212 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marked reductions in the incidence of measles and rubella have been observed since the widespread use of the measles and rubella vaccines. Although no global goal for measles eradication has been established, all six WHO regions have set measles elimination targets. However, a gap remains between current control levels and elimination targets, as shown by large measles outbreaks between 2017 and 2019. We aimed to model the potential for measles and rubella elimination globally to inform a WHO report to the 73rd World Health Assembly on the feasibility of measles and rubella eradication. Methods In this study, we modelled the probability of measles and rubella elimination between 2020 and 2100 under different vaccination scenarios in 93 countries of interest. We evaluated measles and rubella burden and elimination across two national transmission models each (Dynamic Measles Immunisation Calculation Engine [DynaMICE], Pennsylvania State University [PSU], Johns Hopkins University, and Public Health England models), and one subnational measles transmission model (Institute for Disease Modeling model). The vaccination scenarios included a so-called business as usual approach, which continues present vaccination coverage, and an intensified investment approach, which increases coverage into the future. The annual numbers of infections projected by each model, country, and vaccination scenario were used to explore if, when, and for how long the infections would be below a threshold for elimination. Findings The intensified investment scenario led to large reductions in measles and rubella incidence and burden. Rubella elimination is likely to be achievable in all countries and measles elimination is likely in some countries, but not all. The PSU and DynaMICE national measles models estimated that by 2050, the probability of elimination would exceed 75% in 14 (16%) and 36 (39%) of 93 modelled countries, respectively. The subnational model of measles transmission highlighted inequity in routine coverage as a likely driver of the continuance of endemic measles transmission in a subset of countries. Interpretation To reach regional elimination goals, it will be necessary to innovate vaccination strategies and technologies that increase spatial equity of routine vaccination, in addition to investing in existing surveillance and outbreak response programmes. Funding WHO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Zimmerman LA, Knapp JK, Antoni S, Grant GB, Reef SE. Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination - Worldwide, 2012-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:196-201. [PMID: 35143468 PMCID: PMC8830626 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7106a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Glynn-Robinson A, Knapp JK, Durrheim DN. How Australia's measles control activities have catalyzed rubella elimination. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 114:72-78. [PMID: 34749012 PMCID: PMC8791076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By 2017, rubella had been officially eliminated in Australia. This success was attributed to Australia's longstanding national immunization programme and two enhanced measles immunization activities using measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines - the Measles Control Campaign (MCC) and the Young Adult MMR Campaign (YAC). Our study describes the impact of these activities on rubella incidence, and its elimination in Australia. METHODS Aggregate national serological survey data were assigned to birth cohorts, and mean, median, and age-group estimates calculated and analyzed against MMR immunization coverage estimates (1998-2018) and rubella notifications (1993-2018). Three-year cumulative incidences were calculated by birth cohort. RESULTS The serological surveys revealed high and stable levels of rubella immunity among females, but estimates for three male cohorts were lower. Since 2007, MMR immunization coverage among children aged 24-27 months has remained above 90% for both doses. The 3-year cumulative incidence of rubella declined across all birth cohorts following the MCC and the YAC. DISCUSSION Using MMR vaccines to address measles immunity gaps had the additional benefit of controlling rubella in Australia. Both the MCC and YAC shifted rubella epidemiology, accelerating the interruption of endemic transmission. Countries should consider combined measles and rubella vaccines for all catch-up activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glynn-Robinson
- Epidemiologist and independent investigator, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2604, Australia.
| | - Jennifer K Knapp
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - David N Durrheim
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University Drive, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
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Knapp JK, Mariano KM, Pastore R, Grabovac V, Takashima Y, Alexander JP, Reef SE, Hagan JE. Progress Toward Rubella Elimination - Western Pacific Region, 2000-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:744-750. [PMID: 32555136 PMCID: PMC7302473 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6924a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rubella is the leading vaccine-preventable cause of birth defects. Rubella typically manifests as a mild febrile rash illness; however, infection during pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, fetal death, or a constellation of malformations known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), commonly including one or more visual, auditory, or cardiac defects (1). In 2012, the Regional Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region (WPR)* committed to accelerate rubella control, and in 2017, resolved that all countries or areas (countries) in WPR should aim for rubella elimination† as soon as possible (2,3). WPR countries are capitalizing on measles elimination activities, using a combined measles and rubella vaccine, case-based surveillance for febrile rash illness, and integrated diagnostic testing for measles and rubella. This report summarizes progress toward rubella elimination and CRS prevention in WPR during 2000-2019. Coverage with a first dose of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV1) increased from 11% in 2000 to 96% in 2019. During 1970-2019, approximately 84 million persons were vaccinated through 62 supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) conducted in 27 countries. Reported rubella incidence increased from 35.5 to 71.3 cases per million population among reporting countries during 2000-2008, decreased to 2.1 in 2017, and then increased to 18.4 in 2019 as a result of outbreaks in China and Japan. Strong sustainable immunization programs, closing of existing immunity gaps, and maintenance of high-quality surveillance to respond rapidly to and contain outbreaks are needed in every WPR country to achieve rubella elimination in the region.
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Funk S, Knapp JK, Lebo E, Reef SE, Dabbagh AJ, Kretsinger K, Jit M, Edmunds WJ, Strebel PM. Combining serological and contact data to derive target immunity levels for achieving and maintaining measles elimination. BMC Med 2019; 17:180. [PMID: 31551070 PMCID: PMC6760101 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination has reduced the global incidence of measles to the lowest rates in history. However, local interruption of measles virus transmission requires sustained high levels of population immunity that can be challenging to achieve and maintain. The herd immunity threshold for measles is typically stipulated at 90-95%. This figure does not easily translate into age-specific immunity levels required to interrupt transmission. Previous estimates of such levels were based on speculative contact patterns based on historical data from high-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine age-specific immunity levels that would ensure elimination of measles when taking into account empirically observed contact patterns. METHODS We combined estimated immunity levels from serological data in 17 countries with studies of age-specific mixing patterns to derive contact-adjusted immunity levels. We then compared these to case data from the 10 years following the seroprevalence studies to establish a contact-adjusted immunity threshold for elimination. We lastly combined a range of hypothetical immunity profiles with contact data from a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic settings to determine whether they would be sufficient for elimination. RESULTS We found that contact-adjusted immunity levels were able to predict whether countries would experience outbreaks in the decade following the serological studies in about 70% of countries. The corresponding threshold level of contact-adjusted immunity was found to be 93%, corresponding to an average basic reproduction number of approximately 14. Testing different scenarios of immunity with this threshold level using contact studies from around the world, we found that 95% immunity would have to be achieved by the age of five and maintained across older age groups to guarantee elimination. This reflects a greater level of immunity required in 5-9-year-olds than established previously. CONCLUSIONS The immunity levels we found necessary for measles elimination are higher than previous guidance. The importance of achieving high immunity levels in 5-9-year-olds presents both a challenge and an opportunity. While such high levels can be difficult to achieve, school entry provides an opportunity to ensure sufficient vaccination coverage. Combined with observations of contact patterns, further national and sub-national serological studies could serve to highlight key gaps in immunity that need to be filled in order to achieve national and regional measles elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Funk
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Jennifer K. Knapp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Emmaculate Lebo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Susan E. Reef
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Alya J. Dabbagh
- World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Jit
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infections Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Peter M. Strebel
- GAVI Alliance, Chemin du Pommier 40, Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland
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Knapp JK, Wilson ML, Murray S, Boulton ML. Evaluating the role of cough duration in the pertussis case definition among Michigan cases, 2000-2010. Prev Med Rep 2019; 16:100973. [PMID: 31485391 PMCID: PMC6715955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impressive reductions in pertussis have been achieved in the U.S. during the 20th century through childhood vaccination. Over the past two decades, increasing pertussis incidence has highlighted the need for accurate and timely reporting of cases to improve prevention and control efforts. We assessed components of the pertussis case definition, comparing use of clinical characteristics and laboratory results and their effects on internal validity, including an examination of the 2014 infant case definition. All reported pertussis cases in Michigan during 2000–2010 with data on cough length (N = 3310) were analyzed using multivariate statistics to internally validate reported cases, and calculate odds of meeting the clinical case definition, including a cough of at least 14 days. Cough duration of reported cases averaged 32 days and was longer with greater time interval between cough onset and initial presentation to a physician. Only about half of reported cases had positive laboratory results. Among cases seeking medical evaluation prior to meeting the cough duration required to fulfill the clinical case definition, the presence of positive lab results doubled the odds that the cough duration was not met compared to cases without a positive lab test. Clinical characteristics of pertussis are frequently ignored in applying the case classification. Relying solely on laboratory confirmation and disregarding clinical characteristics results in undiagnosed pertussis cases among those who are vaccinated, among adults, and among anyone who delays seeking care. This may prevent use of appropriate prevention and prophylaxis in contacts. Increasing incidence of pertussis in the U.S. makes accurate diagnosis and reporting of cases essential to control efforts. Many pertussis cases with positive laboratory tests sought medical evaluation prior to meeting the cough duration criterion. Clinical characteristics of pertussis are frequently ignored by public health and medical professionals in classifying cases. Laboratory confirmation without accompanying clinical characteristics may result in mis-diagnosis of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Knapp
- Dept. of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mark L. Wilson
- Dept. of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Susan Murray
- Dept. of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew L. Boulton
- Dept. of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Grant GB, Reef SE, Patel M, Knapp JK, Dabbagh A. Progress in Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination - Worldwide, 2000-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:1256-1260. [PMID: 29145358 PMCID: PMC5726242 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6645a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Knapp JK, Wilson ML, Murray S, Boulton ML. The impact of healthcare visit timing on reported pertussis cough duration: Selection bias and disease pattern from reported cases in Michigan, USA, 2000-2010. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:522. [PMID: 27682251 PMCID: PMC5041436 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pertussis is a potentially serious respiratory illness characterized by cough of exceptionally long duration of up to approximately100 days. While macrolide antibiotics are an effective treatment, there is an ongoing debate whether they also shorten the length of cough symptoms. We investigated whether public health surveillance data for pertussis, in which cases are identified at diagnosis, are potentially affected by selection bias and the possible consequences for reported cough duration. Methods Data on 4,794 pertussis cases reported during 2000–2010 were extracted from the Michigan Disease Surveillance System, a statewide, web-based communicable disease reporting system, to specifically investigate increased duration of cough observed in pertussis patients with delayed initial healthcare visit. A simulated population of cases was derived from the observed surveillance data and truncated week-by-week to evaluate the effects of bias associated with stratification on timing of antibiotics. Results Cases presenting for medical evaluation later in the clinical course were more likely to have experienced delayed antibiotic therapy and longer average cough duration. A comparable magnitude of increasing cough duration was also observed in the simulated data. By stratifying on initial medical visit, selection bias effects based on timing of healthcare visit were demonstrated. Conclusions Stratifying or controlling for the timing of the initial case identification and accompanying antibiotic treatment can create artificial patterns of observed cough duration. In surveillance data, differences in symptom duration may arise from selection bias and should not be presumed to be related to early antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Knapp
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark L Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan Murray
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew L Boulton
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA.
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Aiello AE, Malinis M, Knapp JK, Mody L. The influence of knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs, on hand hygiene practices in nursing homes. Am J Infect Control 2009; 37:164-7. [PMID: 18945512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.04.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are few studies that have assessed factors influencing infection control practices among health care workers (HCW) in nursing homes. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of HCWs (N = 392) in 4 nursing homes to assess whether knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions influence reported hand hygiene habits. Positive perceptions and beliefs regarding effectiveness of infection control in nursing homes were associated with reported appropriate glove use and fingernail characteristics, respectively, among HCWs. Further research on hand hygiene interventions, including targeted educational in-services should be conducted in the nursing home setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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Abstract
Twelve patients were seen with different injuries associated with break dancing. Analysis of the injuries indicated that they were all potentially preventable. All the injuries occurred during unsupervised activity and without the use of proper surfaces and techniques.
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