1
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Zimmerman EA, Irani I, Chen P, Gal-Yam A, Schulze S, Perley DA, Sollerman J, Filippenko AV, Shenar T, Yaron O, Shahaf S, Bruch RJ, Ofek EO, De Cia A, Brink TG, Yang Y, Vasylyev SS, Ben Ami S, Aubert M, Badash A, Bloom JS, Brown PJ, De K, Dimitriadis G, Fransson C, Fremling C, Hinds K, Horesh A, Johansson JP, Kasliwal MM, Kulkarni SR, Kushnir D, Martin C, Matuzewski M, McGurk RC, Miller AA, Morag J, Neil JD, Nugent PE, Post RS, Prusinski NZ, Qin Y, Raichoor A, Riddle R, Rowe M, Rusholme B, Sfaradi I, Sjoberg KM, Soumagnac M, Stein RD, Strotjohann NL, Terwel JH, Wasserman T, Wise J, Wold A, Yan L, Zhang K. The complex circumstellar environment of supernova 2023ixf. Nature 2024; 627:759-762. [PMID: 38538936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The early evolution of a supernova (SN) can reveal information about the environment and the progenitor star. When a star explodes in vacuum, the first photons to escape from its surface appear as a brief, hours-long shock-breakout flare1,2, followed by a cooling phase of emission. However, for stars exploding within a distribution of dense, optically thick circumstellar material (CSM), the first photons escape from the material beyond the stellar edge and the duration of the initial flare can extend to several days, during which the escaping emission indicates photospheric heating3. Early serendipitous observations2,4 that lacked ultraviolet (UV) data were unable to determine whether the early emission is heating or cooling and hence the nature of the early explosion event. Here we report UV spectra of the nearby SN 2023ixf in the galaxy Messier 101 (M101). Using the UV data as well as a comprehensive set of further multiwavelength observations, we temporally resolve the emergence of the explosion shock from a thick medium heated by the SN emission. We derive a reliable bolometric light curve that indicates that the shock breaks out from a dense layer with a radius substantially larger than typical supergiants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Zimmerman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - I Irani
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P Chen
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A V Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Shenar
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Shahaf
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R J Bruch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A De Cia
- European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - T G Brink
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics (THCA), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - S S Vasylyev
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Ben Ami
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Aubert
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Badash
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P J Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K De
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Dimitriadis
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C Fransson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Fremling
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K Hinds
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Horesh
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J P Johansson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D Kushnir
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Martin
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Matuzewski
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R C McGurk
- W. M. Keck Observatory, Kamuela, HI, USA
| | - A A Miller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Morag
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J D Neil
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - P E Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R S Post
- Post Observatory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - N Z Prusinski
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Qin
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A Raichoor
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Riddle
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Rowe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - B Rusholme
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - I Sfaradi
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - K M Sjoberg
- Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Isaac Newton Group (ING), Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M Soumagnac
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - R D Stein
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N L Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J H Terwel
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Isaac Newton Group (ING), Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - T Wasserman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Wise
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Wold
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - L Yan
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K Zhang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Chen P, Gal-Yam A, Sollerman J, Schulze S, Post RS, Liu C, Ofek EO, Das KK, Fremling C, Horesh A, Katz B, Kushnir D, Kasliwal MM, Kulkarni SR, Liu D, Liu X, Miller AA, Rose K, Waxman E, Yang S, Yao Y, Zackay B, Bellm EC, Dekany R, Drake AJ, Fang Y, Fynbo JPU, Groom SL, Helou G, Irani I, Jegou du Laz T, Liu X, Mazzali PA, Neill JD, Qin YJ, Riddle RL, Sharon A, Strotjohann NL, Wold A, Yan L. A 12.4-day periodicity in a close binary system after a supernova. Nature 2024; 625:253-258. [PMID: 38200292 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes are the remnants of massive star explosions1. Most massive stars reside in close binary systems2, and the interplay between the companion star and the newly formed compact object has been theoretically explored3, but signatures for binarity or evidence for the formation of a compact object during a supernova explosion are still lacking. Here we report a stripped-envelope supernova, SN 2022jli, which shows 12.4-day periodic undulations during the declining light curve. Narrow Hα emission is detected in late-time spectra with concordant periodic velocity shifts, probably arising from hydrogen gas stripped from a companion and accreted onto the compact remnant. A new Fermi-LAT γ-ray source is temporally and positionally consistent with SN 2022jli. The observed properties of SN 2022jli, including periodic undulations in the optical light curve, coherent Hα emission shifting and evidence for association with a γ-ray source, point to the explosion of a massive star in a binary system leaving behind a bound compact remnant. Mass accretion from the companion star onto the compact object powers the light curve of the supernova and generates the γ-ray emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Avishay Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jesper Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Eran O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kaustav K Das
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Christoffer Fremling
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Assaf Horesh
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boaz Katz
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Doron Kushnir
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mansi M Kasliwal
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Shri R Kulkarni
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dezi Liu
- South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangkun Liu
- South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Adam A Miller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kovi Rose
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eli Waxman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sheng Yang
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Yao
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Barak Zackay
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric C Bellm
- DIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Dekany
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Drake
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Johan P U Fynbo
- The Cosmic DAWN Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven L Groom
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - George Helou
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ido Irani
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Theophile Jegou du Laz
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Paolo A Mazzali
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Max-Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
| | - James D Neill
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jing Qin
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Reed L Riddle
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nora L Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avery Wold
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lin Yan
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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3
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Ho AYQ, Perley DA, Chen P, Schulze S, Dhillon V, Kumar H, Suresh A, Swain V, Bremer M, Smartt SJ, Anderson JP, Anupama GC, Awiphan S, Barway S, Bellm EC, Ben-Ami S, Bhalerao V, de Boer T, Brink TG, Burruss R, Chandra P, Chen TW, Chen WP, Cooke J, Coughlin MW, Das KK, Drake AJ, Filippenko AV, Freeburn J, Fremling C, Fulton MD, Gal-Yam A, Galbany L, Gao H, Graham MJ, Gromadzki M, Gutiérrez CP, Hinds KR, Inserra C, A J N, Karambelkar V, Kasliwal MM, Kulkarni S, Müller-Bravo TE, Magnier EA, Mahabal AA, Moore T, Ngeow CC, Nicholl M, Ofek EO, Omand CMB, Onori F, Pan YC, Pessi PJ, Petitpas G, Polishook D, Poshyachinda S, Pursiainen M, Riddle R, Rodriguez AC, Rusholme B, Segre E, Sharma Y, Smith KW, Sollerman J, Srivastav S, Strotjohann NL, Suhr M, Svinkin D, Wang Y, Wiseman P, Wold A, Yang S, Yang Y, Yao Y, Young DR, Zheng W. Minutes-duration optical flares with supernova luminosities. Nature 2023; 623:927-931. [PMID: 37968403 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, certain luminous extragalactic optical transients have been observed to last only a few days1. Their short observed duration implies a different powering mechanism from the most common luminous extragalactic transients (supernovae), whose timescale is weeks2. Some short-duration transients, most notably AT2018cow (ref. 3), show blue optical colours and bright radio and X-ray emission4. Several AT2018cow-like transients have shown hints of a long-lived embedded energy source5, such as X-ray variability6,7, prolonged ultraviolet emission8, a tentative X-ray quasiperiodic oscillation9,10 and large energies coupled to fast (but subrelativistic) radio-emitting ejecta11,12. Here we report observations of minutes-duration optical flares in the aftermath of an AT2018cow-like transient, AT2022tsd (the 'Tasmanian Devil'). The flares occur over a period of months, are highly energetic and are probably nonthermal, implying that they arise from a near-relativistic outflow or jet. Our observations confirm that, in some AT2018cow-like transients, the embedded energy source is a compact object, either a magnetar or an accreting black hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Q Ho
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steve Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vik Dhillon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Harsh Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Aswin Suresh
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Michael Bremer
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Stephen J Smartt
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Joseph P Anderson
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS), Santiago, Chile
| | - G C Anupama
- Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru, India
| | - Supachai Awiphan
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Eric C Bellm
- DiRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sagi Ben-Ami
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Varun Bhalerao
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Thomas de Boer
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Thomas G Brink
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rick Burruss
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Poonam Chandra
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ting-Wan Chen
- Physik-Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany
| | - Wen-Ping Chen
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeff Cooke
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), Stromlo, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael W Coughlin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kaustav K Das
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Drake
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexei V Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James Freeburn
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoffer Fremling
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Fulton
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Avishay Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lluís Galbany
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hua Gao
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Matthew J Graham
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Claudia P Gutiérrez
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - K-Ryan Hinds
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cosimo Inserra
- Cardiff Hub for Astrophysics Research and Technology, School of Physics & Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nayana A J
- Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru, India
| | - Viraj Karambelkar
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mansi M Kasliwal
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Shri Kulkarni
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tomás E Müller-Bravo
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugene A Magnier
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ashish A Mahabal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Moore
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Chow-Choong Ngeow
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Matt Nicholl
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Eran O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Conor M B Omand
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yen-Chen Pan
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Priscila J Pessi
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Glen Petitpas
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Polishook
- Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Saran Poshyachinda
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Miika Pursiainen
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Reed Riddle
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Antonio C Rodriguez
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ben Rusholme
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Enrico Segre
- Physics Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yashvi Sharma
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ken W Smith
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jesper Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shubham Srivastav
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Nora Linn Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mark Suhr
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), Stromlo, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philip Wiseman
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Avery Wold
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Yang
- Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yuhan Yao
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David R Young
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - WeiKang Zheng
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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4
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Goobar A, Johansson J, Schulze S, Arendse N, Carracedo AS, Dhawan S, Mörtsell E, Fremling C, Yan L, Perley D, Sollerman J, Joseph R, Hinds KR, Meynardie W, Andreoni I, Bellm E, Bloom J, Collett TE, Drake A, Graham M, Kasliwal M, Kulkarni SR, Lemon C, Miller AA, Neill JD, Nordin J, Pierel J, Richard J, Riddle R, Rigault M, Rusholme B, Sharma Y, Stein R, Stewart G, Townsend A, Vinko J, Wheeler JC, Wold A. Uncovering a population of gravitational lens galaxies with magnified standard candle SN Zwicky. Nat Astron 2023; 7:1098-1107. [PMID: 37736027 PMCID: PMC10509034 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-023-01981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Detecting gravitationally lensed supernovae is among the biggest challenges in astronomy. It involves a combination of two very rare phenomena: catching the transient signal of a stellar explosion in a distant galaxy and observing it through a nearly perfectly aligned foreground galaxy that deflects light towards the observer. Here we describe how high-cadence optical observations with the Zwicky Transient Facility, with its unparalleled large field of view, led to the detection of a multiply imaged type Ia supernova, SN Zwicky, also known as SN 2022qmx. Magnified nearly 25-fold, the system was found thanks to the standard candle nature of type Ia supernovae. High-spatial-resolution imaging with the Keck telescope resolved four images of the supernova with very small angular separation, corresponding to an Einstein radius of only θE = 0.167″ and almost identical arrival times. The small θE and faintness of the lensing galaxy are very unusual, highlighting the importance of supernovae to fully characterize the properties of galaxy-scale gravitational lenses, including the impact of galaxy substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Goobar
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joel Johansson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikki Arendse
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Sagués Carracedo
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suhail Dhawan
- Institute of Astronomy and Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edvard Mörtsell
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Fremling
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Lin Yan
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Daniel Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jesper Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rémy Joseph
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K-Ryan Hinds
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - William Meynardie
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Igor Andreoni
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - Eric Bellm
- DIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Josh Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Thomas E. Collett
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Andrew Drake
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Matthew Graham
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Mansi Kasliwal
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Shri R. Kulkarni
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Cameron Lemon
- Institute of Physics, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, Versoix, CH Switzerland
| | - Adam A. Miller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - James D. Neill
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Jakob Nordin
- Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justin Pierel
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Johan Richard
- Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Reed Riddle
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Mickael Rigault
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ben Rusholme
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Yashvi Sharma
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Robert Stein
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - Alice Townsend
- Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jozsef Vinko
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
- CSFK, Konkoly Observatory, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J. Craig Wheeler
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Avery Wold
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
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5
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Kool EC, Johansson J, Sollerman J, Moldón J, Moriya TJ, Mattila S, Schulze S, Chomiuk L, Pérez-Torres M, Harris C, Lundqvist P, Graham M, Yang S, Perley DA, Strotjohann NL, Fremling C, Gal-Yam A, Lezmy J, Maguire K, Omand C, Smith M, Andreoni I, Bellm EC, Bloom JS, De K, Groom SL, Kasliwal MM, Masci FJ, Medford MS, Park S, Purdum J, Reynolds TM, Riddle R, Robert E, Ryder SD, Sharma Y, Stern D. A radio-detected type Ia supernova with helium-rich circumstellar material. Nature 2023; 617:477-482. [PMID: 37198310 PMCID: PMC10191849 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are thermonuclear explosions of degenerate white dwarf stars destabilized by mass accretion from a companion star1, but the nature of their progenitors remains poorly understood. A way to discriminate between progenitor systems is through radio observations; a non-degenerate companion star is expected to lose material through winds2 or binary interaction3 before explosion, and the supernova ejecta crashing into this nearby circumstellar material should result in radio synchrotron emission. However, despite extensive efforts, no type Ia supernova (SN Ia) has ever been detected at radio wavelengths, which suggests a clean environment and a companion star that is itself a degenerate white dwarf star4,5. Here we report on the study of SN 2020eyj, a SN Ia showing helium-rich circumstellar material, as demonstrated by its spectral features, infrared emission and, for the first time in a SN Ia to our knowledge, a radio counterpart. On the basis of our modelling, we conclude that the circumstellar material probably originates from a single-degenerate binary system in which a white dwarf accretes material from a helium donor star, an often proposed formation channel for SNe Ia (refs. 6,7). We describe how comprehensive radio follow-up of SN 2020eyj-like SNe Ia can improve the constraints on their progenitor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Kool
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Joel Johansson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Moldón
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Takashi J Moriya
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Mitaka, Japan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seppo Mattila
- Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Steve Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Chomiuk
- Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Miguel Pérez-Torres
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chelsea Harris
- Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Peter Lundqvist
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Graham
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Yang
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
- Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daniel A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nora Linn Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christoffer Fremling
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Avishay Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jeremy Lezmy
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kate Maguire
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Omand
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathew Smith
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Igor Andreoni
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Eric C Bellm
- DIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kishalay De
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven L Groom
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mansi M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Frank J Masci
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Medford
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sungmin Park
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Josiah Purdum
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Reynolds
- The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reed Riddle
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Estelle Robert
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stuart D Ryder
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Astrophotonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yashvi Sharma
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Stern
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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6
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Reusch S, Stein R, Kowalski M, van Velzen S, Franckowiak A, Lunardini C, Murase K, Winter W, Miller-Jones JCA, Kasliwal MM, Gilfanov M, Garrappa S, Paliya VS, Ahumada T, Anand S, Barbarino C, Bellm EC, Brinnel V, Buson S, Cenko SB, Coughlin MW, De K, Dekany R, Frederick S, Gal-Yam A, Gezari S, Giroletti M, Graham MJ, Karambelkar V, Kimura SS, Kong AKH, Kool EC, Laher RR, Medvedev P, Necker J, Nordin J, Perley DA, Rigault M, Rusholme B, Schulze S, Schweyer T, Singer LP, Sollerman J, Strotjohann NL, Sunyaev R, van Santen J, Walters R, Zhang BT, Zimmerman E. Candidate Tidal Disruption Event AT2019fdr Coincident with a High-Energy Neutrino. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:221101. [PMID: 35714251 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.221101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The origins of the high-energy cosmic neutrino flux remain largely unknown. Recently, one high-energy neutrino was associated with a tidal disruption event (TDE). Here we present AT2019fdr, an exceptionally luminous TDE candidate, coincident with another high-energy neutrino. Our observations, including a bright dust echo and soft late-time x-ray emission, further support a TDE origin of this flare. The probability of finding two such bright events by chance is just 0.034%. We evaluate several models for neutrino production and show that AT2019fdr is capable of producing the observed high-energy neutrino, reinforcing the case for TDEs as neutrino sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Reusch
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Stein
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Marek Kowalski
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sjoert van Velzen
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anna Franckowiak
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Cecilia Lunardini
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA
| | - Kohta Murase
- Department of Physics; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics; Center for Multimessenger Astrophysics, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Center for Gravitational Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Walter Winter
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - James C A Miller-Jones
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Washington 6845, Australia
| | - Mansi M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Marat Gilfanov
- Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Simone Garrappa
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vaidehi S Paliya
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital-263001 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tomás Ahumada
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Shreya Anand
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Cristina Barbarino
- Department of Astronomy, The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric C Bellm
- DIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Valéry Brinnel
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Buson
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Bradley Cenko
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Michael W Coughlin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kishalay De
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Richard Dekany
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Sara Frederick
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Avishay Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Suvi Gezari
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Marcello Giroletti
- INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Gobetti 93/3, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthew J Graham
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Viraj Karambelkar
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Shigeo S Kimura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences; Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Albert K H Kong
- Institute of Astronomy, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101 Section 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Erik C Kool
- Department of Astronomy, The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Russ R Laher
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Pavel Medvedev
- Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Jannis Necker
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Nordin
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Rigault
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ben Rusholme
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Steve Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Physics Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tassilo Schweyer
- Department of Astronomy, The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo P Singer
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Jesper Sollerman
- Department of Astronomy, The Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Linn Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rashid Sunyaev
- Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Jakob van Santen
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Richard Walters
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - B Theodore Zhang
- Center for Gravitational Physics, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Erez Zimmerman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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7
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Gal-Yam A, Bruch R, Schulze S, Yang Y, Perley DA, Irani I, Sollerman J, Kool EC, Soumagnac MT, Yaron O, Strotjohann NL, Zimmerman E, Barbarino C, Kulkarni SR, Kasliwal MM, De K, Yao Y, Fremling C, Yan L, Ofek EO, Fransson C, Filippenko AV, Zheng W, Brink TG, Copperwheat CM, Foley RJ, Brown J, Siebert M, Leloudas G, Cabrera-Lavers AL, Garcia-Alvarez D, Marante-Barreto A, Frederick S, Hung T, Wheeler JC, Vinkó J, Thomas BP, Graham MJ, Duev DA, Drake AJ, Dekany R, Bellm EC, Rusholme B, Shupe DL, Andreoni I, Sharma Y, Riddle R, van Roestel J, Knezevic N. A WC/WO star exploding within an expanding carbon-oxygen-neon nebula. Nature 2022; 601:201-204. [PMID: 35022591 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The final fate of massive stars, and the nature of the compact remnants they leave behind (black holes and neutron stars), are open questions in astrophysics. Many massive stars are stripped of their outer hydrogen envelopes as they evolve. Such Wolf-Rayet stars1 emit strong and rapidly expanding winds with speeds greater than 1,000 kilometres per second. A fraction of this population is also helium-depleted, with spectra dominated by highly ionized emission lines of carbon and oxygen (types WC/WO). Evidence indicates that the most commonly observed supernova explosions that lack hydrogen and helium (types Ib/Ic) cannot result from massive WC/WO stars2,3, leading some to suggest that most such stars collapse directly into black holes without a visible supernova explosion4. Here we report observations of SN 2019hgp, beginning about a day after the explosion. Its short rise time and rapid decline place it among an emerging population of rapidly evolving transients5-8. Spectroscopy reveals a rich set of emission lines indicating that the explosion occurred within a nebula composed of carbon, oxygen and neon. Narrow absorption features show that this material is expanding at high velocities (greater than 1,500 kilometres per second), requiring a compact progenitor. Our observations are consistent with an explosion of a massive WC/WO star, and suggest that massive Wolf-Rayet stars may be the progenitors of some rapidly evolving transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - R Bruch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Schulze
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - I Irani
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E C Kool
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M T Soumagnac
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - O Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N L Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Zimmerman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Barbarino
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K De
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Yao
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C Fremling
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - L Yan
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Fransson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A V Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - W Zheng
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T G Brink
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C M Copperwheat
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - R J Foley
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - J Brown
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - M Siebert
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - G Leloudas
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - S Frederick
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - T Hung
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - J C Wheeler
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J Vinkó
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Konkoly Observatory, ELKH CSFK, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,ELTE Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B P Thomas
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M J Graham
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D A Duev
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A J Drake
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R Dekany
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - E C Bellm
- DIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B Rusholme
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D L Shupe
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - I Andreoni
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Sharma
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R Riddle
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J van Roestel
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N Knezevic
- Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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De K, Kasliwal MM, Ofek EO, Moriya TJ, Burke J, Cao Y, Cenko SB, Doran GB, Duggan GE, Fender RP, Fransson C, Gal-Yam A, Horesh A, Kulkarni SR, Laher RR, Lunnan R, Manulis I, Masci F, Mazzali PA, Nugent PE, Perley DA, Petrushevska T, Piro AL, Rumsey C, Sollerman J, Sullivan M, Taddia F. A hot and fast ultra-stripped supernova that likely formed a compact neutron star binary. Science 2018; 362:201-206. [PMID: 30309948 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Compact neutron star binary systems are produced from binary massive stars through stellar evolution involving up to two supernova explosions. The final stages in the formation of these systems have not been directly observed. We report the discovery of iPTF 14gqr (SN 2014ft), a type Ic supernova with a fast-evolving light curve indicating an extremely low ejecta mass (≈0.2 solar masses) and low kinetic energy (≈2 × 1050 ergs). Early photometry and spectroscopy reveal evidence of shock cooling of an extended helium-rich envelope, likely ejected in an intense pre-explosion mass-loss episode of the progenitor. Taken together, we interpret iPTF 14gqr as evidence for ultra-stripped supernovae that form neutron stars in compact binary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K De
- Cahill Centre for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - M M Kasliwal
- Cahill Centre for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - T J Moriya
- Division of Theoretical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
| | - J Burke
- Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Y Cao
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - S B Cenko
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.,Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - G B Doran
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - G E Duggan
- Cahill Centre for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R P Fender
- Department of Physics, Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - C Fransson
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A Horesh
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Cahill Centre for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R R Laher
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R Lunnan
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Manulis
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - F Masci
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - P A Mazzali
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.,Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - P E Nugent
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - T Petrushevska
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - A L Piro
- The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - C Rumsey
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - J Sollerman
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - F Taddia
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Arcavi I, Howell DA, Kasen D, Bildsten L, Hosseinzadeh G, McCully C, Wong ZC, Katz SR, Gal-Yam A, Sollerman J, Taddia F, Leloudas G, Fremling C, Nugent PE, Horesh A, Mooley K, Rumsey C, Cenko SB, Graham ML, Perley DA, Nakar E, Shaviv NJ, Bromberg O, Shen KJ, Ofek EO, Cao Y, Wang X, Huang F, Rui L, Zhang T, Li W, Li Z, Zhang J, Valenti S, Guevel D, Shappee B, Kochanek CS, Holoien TWS, Filippenko AV, Fender R, Nyholm A, Yaron O, Kasliwal MM, Sullivan M, Blagorodnova N, Walters RS, Lunnan R, Khazov D, Andreoni I, Laher RR, Konidaris N, Wozniak P, Bue B. Energetic eruptions leading to a peculiar hydrogen-rich explosion of a massive star. Nature 2017; 551:210-213. [PMID: 29120417 DOI: 10.1038/nature24030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Every supernova so far observed has been considered to be the terminal explosion of a star. Moreover, all supernovae with absorption lines in their spectra show those lines decreasing in velocity over time, as the ejecta expand and thin, revealing slower-moving material that was previously hidden. In addition, every supernova that exhibits the absorption lines of hydrogen has one main light-curve peak, or a plateau in luminosity, lasting approximately 100 days before declining. Here we report observations of iPTF14hls, an event that has spectra identical to a hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernova, but characteristics that differ extensively from those of known supernovae. The light curve has at least five peaks and remains bright for more than 600 days; the absorption lines show little to no decrease in velocity; and the radius of the line-forming region is more than an order of magnitude bigger than the radius of the photosphere derived from the continuum emission. These characteristics are consistent with a shell of several tens of solar masses ejected by the progenitor star at supernova-level energies a few hundred days before a terminal explosion. Another possible eruption was recorded at the same position in 1954. Multiple energetic pre-supernova eruptions are expected to occur in stars of 95 to 130 solar masses, which experience the pulsational pair instability. That model, however, does not account for the continued presence of hydrogen, or the energetics observed here. Another mechanism for the violent ejection of mass in massive stars may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iair Arcavi
- Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, California 93117, USA.,Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - D Andrew Howell
- Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, California 93117, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Daniel Kasen
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, USA
| | - Lars Bildsten
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Griffin Hosseinzadeh
- Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, California 93117, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Curtis McCully
- Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, California 93117, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Zheng Chuen Wong
- Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, California 93117, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Sarah Rebekah Katz
- Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, California 93117, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Avishay Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jesper Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Taddia
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgos Leloudas
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Fremling
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter E Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, USA.,Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Assaf Horesh
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Kunal Mooley
- Department of Physics, Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - Clare Rumsey
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - S Bradley Cenko
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 661, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.,Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Melissa L Graham
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, USA.,Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, Washington 98195-1580, USA
| | - Daniel A Perley
- Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Ehud Nakar
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nir J Shaviv
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Omer Bromberg
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ken J Shen
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, USA
| | - Eran O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, Washington 98195-1580, USA.,eScience Institute, University of Washington, Box 351570, Seattle, Washington 98195-1580, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liming Rui
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianmeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.,School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Wenxiong Li
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhitong Li
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jujia Zhang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650011, China.,Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Phoenix Mountain, East District, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
| | - Stefano Valenti
- Department of Physics, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - David Guevel
- Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, California 93117, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Benjamin Shappee
- Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, California 91101, USA
| | - Christopher S Kochanek
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP), The Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thomas W-S Holoien
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP), The Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alexei V Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, USA.,Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rob Fender
- Department of Physics, Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - Anders Nyholm
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ofer Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mansi M Kasliwal
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Mark Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nadja Blagorodnova
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Richard S Walters
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ragnhild Lunnan
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Danny Khazov
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Igor Andreoni
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Victoria 3122, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Australia.,Australian Astronomical Observatory. PO Box 915, North Ryde, New South Wales 1670, Australia
| | - Russ R Laher
- Spitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, MS 314-6, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nick Konidaris
- Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, California 91101, USA
| | - Przemek Wozniak
- Space and Atmospheric Sciences Group, Mail Stop D466, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Brian Bue
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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10
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Kasliwal MM, Nakar E, Singer LP, Kaplan DL, Cook DO, Van Sistine A, Lau RM, Fremling C, Gottlieb O, Jencson JE, Adams SM, Feindt U, Hotokezaka K, Ghosh S, Perley DA, Yu PC, Piran T, Allison JR, Anupama GC, Balasubramanian A, Bannister KW, Bally J, Barnes J, Barway S, Bellm E, Bhalerao V, Bhattacharya D, Blagorodnova N, Bloom JS, Brady PR, Cannella C, Chatterjee D, Cenko SB, Cobb BE, Copperwheat C, Corsi A, De K, Dobie D, Emery SWK, Evans PA, Fox OD, Frail DA, Frohmaier C, Goobar A, Hallinan G, Harrison F, Helou G, Hinderer T, Ho AYQ, Horesh A, Ip WH, Itoh R, Kasen D, Kim H, Kuin NPM, Kupfer T, Lynch C, Madsen K, Mazzali PA, Miller AA, Mooley K, Murphy T, Ngeow CC, Nichols D, Nissanke S, Nugent P, Ofek EO, Qi H, Quimby RM, Rosswog S, Rusu F, Sadler EM, Schmidt P, Sollerman J, Steele I, Williamson AR, Xu Y, Yan L, Yatsu Y, Zhang C, Zhao W. Illuminating gravitational waves: A concordant picture of photons from a neutron star merger. Science 2017; 358:1559-1565. [PMID: 29038373 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Merging neutron stars offer an excellent laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an electromagnetic counterpart (EM170817) with gravitational waves (GW170817) detected from merging neutron stars. By synthesizing a panchromatic data set, we demonstrate that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis. The weak gamma rays seen in EM170817 are dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultrarelativistic jets. Instead, we suggest that breakout of a wide-angle, mildly relativistic cocoon engulfing the jet explains the low-luminosity gamma rays, the high-luminosity ultraviolet-optical-infrared, and the delayed radio and x-ray emission. We posit that all neutron star mergers may lead to a wide-angle cocoon breakout, sometimes accompanied by a successful jet and sometimes by a choked jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - E Nakar
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - L P Singer
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.,Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - D L Kaplan
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - D O Cook
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Van Sistine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - R M Lau
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - C Fremling
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - O Gottlieb
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - J E Jencson
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S M Adams
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - U Feindt
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hotokezaka
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Simons Foundation, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA.,Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Browlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - P-C Yu
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Road, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - T Piran
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - J R Allison
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions, Australia
| | - G C Anupama
- Indian Institute of Astrophysics, II Block Koramangala, Bangalore 560034, India
| | - A Balasubramanian
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - K W Bannister
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Post Office Box 76, Epping, New South Wales 1710, Australia
| | - J Bally
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - J Barnes
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - S Barway
- South African Astronomical Observatory, Post Office Box 9, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - E Bellm
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - V Bhalerao
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - D Bhattacharya
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Office Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - N Blagorodnova
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 50B-4206, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P R Brady
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - C Cannella
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Chatterjee
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - S B Cenko
- Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.,Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - B E Cobb
- Department of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - C Copperwheat
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Browlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - A Corsi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Box 41051, Lubbock, TX 79409-1051, USA
| | - K De
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Dobie
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia.,Australia Telescope National Facility, Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Post Office Box 76, Epping, New South Wales 1710, Australia
| | - S W K Emery
- University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P A Evans
- X-ray and Observational Astronomy Research Group, Leicester Institute for Space and Earth Observation, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - O D Fox
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D A Frail
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87825, USA
| | - C Frohmaier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.,Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, Dennis Sciama Building, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
| | - A Goobar
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Hallinan
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - F Harrison
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - G Helou
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - T Hinderer
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A Y Q Ho
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Horesh
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - W-H Ip
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - R Itoh
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - D Kasen
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - H Kim
- Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - N P M Kuin
- University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - T Kupfer
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - C Lynch
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia
| | - K Madsen
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - P A Mazzali
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Browlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.,Max-Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
| | - A A Miller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,The Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - K Mooley
- Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - T Murphy
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia
| | - C-C Ngeow
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Road, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - D Nichols
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - S Nissanke
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - P Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 50B-4206, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - H Qi
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - R M Quimby
- Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - S Rosswog
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Rusu
- School of Engineering (EECS), University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - E M Sadler
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia
| | - P Schmidt
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Steele
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Browlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - A R Williamson
- Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Y Xu
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - L Yan
- Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Y Yatsu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - W Zhao
- School of Engineering (EECS), University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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11
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Goobar A, Amanullah R, Kulkarni SR, Nugent PE, Johansson J, Steidel C, Law D, Mörtsell E, Quimby R, Blagorodnova N, Brandeker A, Cao Y, Cooray A, Ferretti R, Fremling C, Hangard L, Kasliwal M, Kupfer T, Lunnan R, Masci F, Miller AA, Nayyeri H, Neill JD, Ofek EO, Papadogiannakis S, Petrushevska T, Ravi V, Sollerman J, Sullivan M, Taddia F, Walters R, Wilson D, Yan L, Yaron O. iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova. Science 2017; 356:291-295. [PMID: 28428419 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova, iPTF16geu (SN 2016geu), at redshift z = 0.409. This phenomenon was identified because the light from the stellar explosion was magnified more than 50 times by the curvature of space around matter in an intervening galaxy. We used high-spatial-resolution observations to resolve four images of the lensed supernova, approximately 0.3 arc seconds from the center of the foreground galaxy. The observations probe a physical scale of ~1 kiloparsec, smaller than is typical in other studies of extragalactic gravitational lensing. The large magnification and symmetric image configuration imply close alignment between the lines of sight to the supernova and to the lens. The relative magnifications of the four images provide evidence for substructures in the lensing galaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goobar
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - R Amanullah
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - P E Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,MS 50B-4206, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J Johansson
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - C Steidel
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Law
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - E Mörtsell
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Quimby
- Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Kavli IPMU (WPI), University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - N Blagorodnova
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Brandeker
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Cao
- eScience Institute and Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - A Cooray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - R Ferretti
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Fremling
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Hangard
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Kasliwal
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - T Kupfer
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R Lunnan
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Masci
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A A Miller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - H Nayyeri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - J D Neill
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - S Papadogiannakis
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Petrushevska
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Ravi
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Sollerman
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - F Taddia
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Walters
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - L Yan
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - O Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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12
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Vreeswijk PM, Savaglio S, Gal-Yam A, De Cia A, Quimby RM, Sullivan M, Cenko SB, Perley DA, Filippenko AV, Clubb KI, Taddia F, Sollerman J, Leloudas G, Arcavi I, Rubin A, Kasliwal MM, Cao Y, Yaron O, Tal D, Ofek EO, Capone J, Kutyrev AS, Toy V, Nugent PE, Laher R, Surace J, Kulkarni SR. THE HYDROGEN-POOR SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA iPTF 13ajg AND ITS HOST GALAXY IN ABSORPTION AND EMISSION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/797/1/24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Nicholl M, Smartt SJ, Jerkstrand A, Inserra C, McCrum M, Kotak R, Fraser M, Wright D, Chen TW, Smith K, Young DR, Sim SA, Valenti S, Howell DA, Bresolin F, Kudritzki RP, Tonry JL, Huber ME, Rest A, Pastorello A, Tomasella L, Cappellaro E, Benetti S, Mattila S, Kankare E, Kangas T, Leloudas G, Sollerman J, Taddia F, Berger E, Chornock R, Narayan G, Stubbs CW, Foley RJ, Lunnan R, Soderberg A, Sanders N, Milisavljevic D, Margutti R, Kirshner RP, Elias-Rosa N, Morales-Garoffolo A, Taubenberger S, Botticella MT, Gezari S, Urata Y, Rodney S, Riess AG, Scolnic D, Wood-Vasey WM, Burgett WS, Chambers K, Flewelling HA, Magnier EA, Kaiser N, Metcalfe N, Morgan J, Price PA, Sweeney W, Waters C. Slowly fading super-luminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions. Nature 2013; 502:346-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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France K, McCray R, Heng K, Kirshner RP, Challis P, Bouchet P, Crotts A, Dwek E, Fransson C, Garnavich PM, Larsson J, Lawrence SS, Lundqvist P, Panagia N, Pun CSJ, Smith N, Sollerman J, Sonneborn G, Stocke JT, Wang L, Wheeler JC. Observing supernova 1987A with the refurbished Hubble Space Telescope. Science 2010; 329:1624-7. [PMID: 20813921 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), conducted since 1990, now offer an unprecedented glimpse into fast astrophysical shocks in the young remnant of supernova 1987A. Comparing observations taken in 2010 with the use of the refurbished instruments on HST with data taken in 2004, just before the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph failed, we find that the Lyα and Hα lines from shock emission continue to brighten, whereas their maximum velocities continue to decrease. We observe broad, blueshifted Lyα, which we attribute to resonant scattering of photons emitted from hot spots on the equatorial ring. We also detect N v λλ1239, 1243 angstrom line emission, but only to the red of Lyα. The profiles of the N v lines differ markedly from that of Hα, suggesting that the N4+ ions are scattered and accelerated by turbulent electromagnetic fields that isotropize the ions in the collisionless shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin France
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0389, USA
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15
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Watson D, Fynbo JPU, Thöne CC, Sollerman J. No supernovae detected in two long-duration gamma-ray bursts. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2007; 365:1269-75. [PMID: 17296596 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the collapse of a massive star. In the standard version of the collapsar model, a broad-lined and luminous Type Ic core-collapse supernova (SN) accompanies the GRB. This association has been confirmed in observations of several nearby GRBs. Recent observations show that some long-duration GRBs are different. No SN emission accompanied the long-duration GRBs 060505 and 060614 down to limits fainter than any known Type Ic SN and hundreds of times fainter than the archetypal SN 1998bw that accompanied GRB 980425. Multi-band observations of the early afterglows, as well as spectroscopy of the host galaxies, exclude the possibility of significant dust obscuration. Furthermore, the bursts originated in star-forming galaxies, and in the case of GRB 060505, the burst was localized to a compact star-forming knot in a spiral arm of its host galaxy. We find that the properties of the host galaxies, the long duration of the bursts and, in the case of GRB 060505, the location of the burst within its host, all imply a massive stellar origin. The absence of an SN to such deep limits therefore suggests a new phenomenological type of massive stellar death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Watson
- Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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16
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Fynbo JPU, Watson D, Thöne CC, Sollerman J, Bloom JS, Davis TM, Hjorth J, Jakobsson P, Jørgensen UG, Graham JF, Fruchter AS, Bersier D, Kewley L, Cassan A, Cerón JMC, Foley S, Gorosabel J, Hinse TC, Horne KD, Jensen BL, Klose S, Kocevski D, Marquette JB, Perley D, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Stritzinger MD, Vreeswijk PM, Wijers RAM, Woller KG, Xu D, Zub M. No supernovae associated with two long-duration γ-ray bursts. Nature 2006; 444:1047-9. [PMID: 17183316 DOI: 10.1038/nature05375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is now accepted that long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the collapse of a massive star. The standard 'collapsar' model predicts that a broad-lined and luminous type Ic core-collapse supernova accompanies every long-duration GRB. This association has been confirmed in observations of several nearby GRBs. Here we report that GRB 060505 (ref. 10) and GRB 060614 (ref. 11) were not accompanied by supernova emission down to limits hundreds of times fainter than the archetypal supernova SN 1998bw that accompanied GRB 980425, and fainter than any type Ic supernova ever observed. Multi-band observations of the early afterglows, as well as spectroscopy of the host galaxies, exclude the possibility of significant dust obscuration and show that the bursts originated in actively star-forming regions. The absence of a supernova to such deep limits is qualitatively different from all previous nearby long-duration GRBs and suggests a new phenomenological type of massive stellar death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan P U Fynbo
- Dark Cosmology Centre, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Pian E, Mazzali PA, Masetti N, Ferrero P, Klose S, Palazzi E, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Woosley SE, Kouveliotou C, Deng J, Filippenko AV, Foley RJ, Fynbo JPU, Kann DA, Li W, Hjorth J, Nomoto K, Patat F, Sauer DN, Sollerman J, Vreeswijk PM, Guenther EW, Levan A, O'Brien P, Tanvir NR, Wijers RAMJ, Dumas C, Hainaut O, Wong DS, Baade D, Wang L, Amati L, Cappellaro E, Castro-Tirado AJ, Ellison S, Frontera F, Fruchter AS, Greiner J, Kawabata K, Ledoux C, Maeda K, Møller P, Nicastro L, Rol E, Starling R. An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218. Nature 2006; 442:1011-3. [PMID: 16943831 DOI: 10.1038/nature05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae that are more luminous than average and that eject material at very high velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated with GRBs, and therefore GRB-supernovae were thought to be rare events. Whether X-ray flashes--analogues of GRBs, but with lower luminosities and fewer gamma-rays--can also be associated with supernovae, and whether they are intrinsically 'weak' events or typical GRBs viewed off the axis of the burst, is unclear. Here we report the optical discovery and follow-up observations of the type Ic supernova SN 2006aj associated with X-ray flash XRF 060218. Supernova 2006aj is intrinsically less luminous than the GRB-supernovae, but more luminous than many supernovae not accompanied by a GRB. The ejecta velocities derived from our spectra are intermediate between these two groups, which is consistent with the weakness of both the GRB output and the supernova radio flux. Our data, combined with radio and X-ray observations, suggest that XRF 060218 is an intrinsically weak and soft event, rather than a classical GRB observed off-axis. This extends the GRB-supernova connection to X-ray flashes and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin. Events such as XRF 060218 are probably more numerous than GRB-supernovae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pian
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Trieste Astronomical Observatory, via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
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18
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Hjorth J, Watson D, Fynbo JPU, Price PA, Jensen BL, Jørgensen UG, Kubas D, Gorosabel J, Jakobsson P, Sollerman J, Pedersen K, Kouveliotou C. The optical afterglow of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 050709. Nature 2005; 437:859-61. [PMID: 16208365 DOI: 10.1038/nature04174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that there are two classes of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), mainly distinguished by their durations. The breakthrough in our understanding of long-duration GRBs (those lasting more than approximately 2 s), which ultimately linked them with energetic type Ic supernovae, came from the discovery of their long-lived X-ray and optical 'afterglows', when precise and rapid localizations of the sources could finally be obtained. X-ray localizations have recently become available for short (duration <2 s) GRBs, which have evaded optical detection for more than 30 years. Here we report the first discovery of transient optical emission (R-band magnitude approximately 23) associated with a short burst: GRB 050709. The optical afterglow was localized with subarcsecond accuracy, and lies in the outskirts of a blue dwarf galaxy. The optical and X-ray afterglow properties 34 h after the GRB are reminiscent of the afterglows of long GRBs, which are attributable to synchrotron emission from ultrarelativistic ejecta. We did not, however, detect a supernova, as found in most nearby long GRB afterglows, which suggests a different origin for the short GRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hjorth
- Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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19
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Gehrels N, Sarazin CL, O'Brien PT, Zhang B, Barbier L, Barthelmy SD, Blustin A, Burrows DN, Cannizzo J, Cummings JR, Goad M, Holland ST, Hurkett CP, Kennea JA, Levan A, Markwardt CB, Mason KO, Meszaros P, Page M, Palmer DM, Rol E, Sakamoto T, Willingale R, Angelini L, Beardmore A, Boyd PT, Breeveld A, Campana S, Chester MM, Chincarini G, Cominsky LR, Cusumano G, de Pasquale M, Fenimore EE, Giommi P, Gronwall C, Grupe D, Hill JE, Hinshaw D, Hjorth J, Hullinger D, Hurley KC, Klose S, Kobayashi S, Kouveliotou C, Krimm HA, Mangano V, Marshall FE, McGowan K, Moretti A, Mushotzky RF, Nakazawa K, Norris JP, Nousek JA, Osborne JP, Page K, Parsons AM, Patel S, Perri M, Poole T, Romano P, Roming PWA, Rosen S, Sato G, Schady P, Smale AP, Sollerman J, Starling R, Still M, Suzuki M, Tagliaferri G, Takahashi T, Tashiro M, Tueller J, Wells AA, White NE, Wijers RAMJ. A short γ-ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z = 0.225. Nature 2005; 437:851-4. [PMID: 16208363 DOI: 10.1038/nature04142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) come in two classes: long (> 2 s), soft-spectrum bursts and short, hard events. Most progress has been made on understanding the long GRBs, which are typically observed at high redshift (z approximately 1) and found in subluminous star-forming host galaxies. They are likely to be produced in core-collapse explosions of massive stars. In contrast, no short GRB had been accurately (< 10'') and rapidly (minutes) located. Here we report the detection of the X-ray afterglow from--and the localization of--the short burst GRB 050509B. Its position on the sky is near a luminous, non-star-forming elliptical galaxy at a redshift of 0.225, which is the location one would expect if the origin of this GRB is through the merger of neutron-star or black-hole binaries. The X-ray afterglow was weak and faded below the detection limit within a few hours; no optical afterglow was detected to stringent limits, explaining the past difficulty in localizing short GRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gehrels
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
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20
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Hjorth J, Sollerman J, Møller P, Fynbo JPU, Woosley SE, Kouveliotou C, Tanvir NR, Greiner J, Andersen MI, Castro-Tirado AJ, Castro Cerón JM, Fruchter AS, Gorosabel J, Jakobsson P, Kaper L, Klose S, Masetti N, Pedersen H, Pedersen K, Pian E, Palazzi E, Rhoads JE, Rol E, van den Heuvel EPJ, Vreeswijk PM, Watson D, Wijers RAMJ. A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003. Nature 2003; 423:847-50. [PMID: 12815425 DOI: 10.1038/nature01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1127] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Accepted: 05/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past five years evidence has mounted that long-duration (>2 s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)-the most luminous of all astronomical explosions-signal the collapse of massive stars in our Universe. This evidence was originally based on the probable association of one unusual GRB with a supernova, but now includes the association of GRBs with regions of massive star formation in distant galaxies, the appearance of supernova-like 'bumps' in the optical afterglow light curves of several bursts and lines of freshly synthesized elements in the spectra of a few X-ray afterglows. These observations support, but do not yet conclusively demonstrate, the idea that long-duration GRBs are associated with the deaths of massive stars, presumably arising from core collapse. Here we report evidence that a very energetic supernova (a hypernova) was temporally and spatially coincident with a GRB at redshift z = 0.1685. The timing of the supernova indicates that it exploded within a few days of the GRB, strongly suggesting that core-collapse events can give rise to GRBs, thereby favouring the 'collapsar' model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hjorth
- Astronomical Observatory, NBIfAFG, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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