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Bangma J, Barry KM, Fisher CM, Genualdi S, Guillette TC, Huset CA, McCord J, Ng B, Place BJ, Reiner JL, Robuck A, Rodowa AE. PFAS ghosts: how to identify, evaluate, and exorcise new and existing analytical interference. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1777-1785. [PMID: 38280017 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
With increasing public awareness of PFAS, and their presence in biological and environmental media across the globe, comes a matching increase in the number of PFAS monitoring studies. As more matrices and sample cohorts are examined, there are more opportunities for matrix interferents to appear as PFAS where there are none (i.e., "seeing ghosts"), impacting subsequent reports. Addressing these ghosts is vital for the research community, as proper analytical measurements are necessary for decision-makers to understand the presence, levels, and potential risks associated with PFAS and protect human and environmental health. To date, PFAS interference has been identified in several matrices (e.g., food, shellfish, blood, tissue); however, additional unidentified interferents are likely to be observed as PFAS research continues to expand. Therefore, the aim of this commentary is several fold: (1) to create and support a publicly available dataset of all currently known PFAS analytical interferents, (2) to allow for the expansion of that dataset as more sources of interference are identified, and (3) to advise the wider scientific community on how to both identify and eliminate current or new analytical interference in PFAS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bangma
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, USA.
| | | | - Christine M Fisher
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, USA
| | - Susan Genualdi
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, USA
| | | | | | - James McCord
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, USA
| | - Brian Ng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, USA
| | - Benjamin J Place
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Anna Robuck
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, USA
| | - Alix E Rodowa
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA
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2
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Tanabe P, Key PB, Chung KW, Pisarski EC, Reiner JL, Rodowa AE, Magnuson JT, DeLorenzo ME. Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows ( Cyprinodon variegatus). Toxics 2024; 12:91. [PMID: 38276726 PMCID: PMC10819493 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two PFAS that are commonly found at high concentrations in aquatic environments. Both chemicals have previously been shown to be toxic to fish, as well as having complex and largely uncharacterized mixture effects. However, limited information is available on marine and estuarine species. In this study, embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed to several PFAS mixtures to assess lethal and sublethal effects. PFOS alone was acutely toxic to larvae, with a 96 h LC50 of 1.97 mg/L (1.64-2.16). PFOS + PFOA resulted in a larval LC50 of 3.10 (2.62-3.79) mg/L, suggesting an antagonistic effect. These observations were supported by significant reductions in malondialdehyde (105% ± 3.25) and increases in reduced glutathione concentrations (43.8% ± 1.78) in PFOS + PFOA exposures compared to PFOS-only treatments, indicating reduced oxidative stress. While PFOA reduced PFOS-induced mortality (97.0% ± 3.03), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) did not. PFOS alone did not affect expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparα) but significantly upregulated apolipoprotein A4 (apoa4) (112.4% ± 17.8), a downstream product of pparα, while none of the other individually tested PFAS affected apoa4 expression. These findings suggest that there are antagonistic interactions between PFOA and PFOS that may reduce mixture toxicity in larval sheepshead minnows through reduced oxidative stress. Elucidating mechanisms of toxicity and interactions between PFAS will aid environmental regulation and management of these ubiquitous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tanabe
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; (P.B.K.); (K.W.C.); (E.C.P.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Peter B. Key
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; (P.B.K.); (K.W.C.); (E.C.P.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Katy W. Chung
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; (P.B.K.); (K.W.C.); (E.C.P.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Emily C. Pisarski
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; (P.B.K.); (K.W.C.); (E.C.P.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Jessica L. Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;
| | - Alix E. Rodowa
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Jason T. Magnuson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | - Marie E. DeLorenzo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; (P.B.K.); (K.W.C.); (E.C.P.); (M.E.D.)
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Hong SH, Reiner JL, Jang M, Schuur SS, Han GM, Kucklick JR, Shim WJ. Levels and profiles of perfluorinated alkyl acids in liver tissues of birds with different habitat types and trophic levels from an urbanized coastal region of South Korea. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:151263. [PMID: 34715217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination status and characteristics of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) including perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) was examined using liver tissue of birds - black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris), domestic pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica), pacific loons (Gavia pacifica), herons (Ardea cinerea), and egrets (Egretta garzetta and Ardea alba) - with different trophic levels, habitat types and migratory behaviors from an industrialized coastal region of South Korea. A wide range of PFAAs (1.09 ng/g to 1060 ng/g; median = 52.6 ng/g) were detected in bird livers from the Korean coasts with high detection frequency. Accumulation features of PFAAs in birds indicated that primarily trophic position and secondly habitat type influence the levels and composition of PFAAs, e.g., relatively high PFAA levels and high composition of odd-numbered long carbon chain PFCAs (perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTriDA)) and PFOS in higher trophic and marine birds. The prevalence of long carbon chain (≥14) PFCAs likely implies a wide use of fluorotelomer-based substances in Korea. Interspecies comparison in the accumulation profile of persistent organic pollutants (including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), and PFAAs) reveals relatively high load of PFAAs in inland (pigeons) and estuarine (egrets/herons) species compared to marine bird species, indicating wide use of PFAAs in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Mi Jang
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Stacy S Schuur
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Gi Myung Han
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Bangma J, Guillette TC, Bommarito PA, Ng C, Reiner JL, Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ. Understanding the dynamics of physiological changes, protein expression, and PFAS in wildlife. Environ Int 2022; 159:107037. [PMID: 34896671 PMCID: PMC8802192 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) accumulation and elimination in both wildlife and humans is largely attributed to PFAS interactions with proteins, including but not limited to organic anion transporters (OATs), fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), and serum proteins such as albumin. In wildlife, changes in the biotic and abiotic environment (e.g. salinity, temperature, reproductive stage, and health status) often lead to dynamic and responsive physiological changes that alter the prevalence and location of many proteins, including PFAS-related proteins. Therefore, we hypothesize that if key PFAS-related proteins are impacted as a result of environmentally induced as well as biologically programmed physiological changes (e.g. reproduction), then PFAS that associate with those proteins will also be impacted. Changes in tissue distribution across tissues of PFAS due to these dynamics may have implications for wildlife studies where these chemicals are measured in biological matrices (e.g., serum, feathers, eggs). For example, failure to account for factors contributing to PFAS variability in a tissue may result in exposure misclassification as measured concentrations may not reflect average exposure levels. The goal of this review is to share general information with the PFAS research community on what biotic and abiotic changes might be important to consider when designing and interpreting a biomonitoring or an ecotoxicity based wildlife study. This review will also draw on parallels from the epidemiological discipline to improve study design in wildlife research. Overall, understanding these connections between biotic and abiotic environments, dynamic protein levels, PFAS levels measured in wildlife, and epidemiology serves to strengthen study design and study interpretation and thus strengthen conclusions derived from wildlife studies for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T C Guillette
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paige A Bommarito
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carla Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Strynar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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5
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Rodowa AE, Reiner JL. Utilization of a NIST SRM: a case study for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in NIST SRM 1957 organic contaminants in non-fortified human serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2295-2301. [PMID: 33651119 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) generates and maintains thousands of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) to serve commerce worldwide. Many SRMs contain metrologically traceable mass fractions of known organic chemicals and are commercially available to aid the analytical chemistry community. One such material, NIST SRM 1957 Organic Contaminants in Non-Fortified Human Serum, was one of the first materials issued by NIST with measurements for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) listed on the Certificate of Analysis and was commercially available in 2009. Since the release of SRM 1957, nearly 400 units have been sold to date, and over 50 publications related to PFAS measurements have included this material for multiple analytical purposes, such as a quality control material, for interlaboratory comparison, as an in-house comparison tool, for inter- and intra-day measurement accuracy, as an indicator of isomeric patterns of PFAS, and for other uses. This perspective details the ways SRM 1957 is utilized by the analytical community and how data have been reported in the literature. A discussion on accurately comparing SRM data to generated data is included. Furthermore, we conducted an in-depth investigation around additional applications for NIST SRMs, such as a matrix-matched reference material, and for the identification of targeted compounds during high-resolution mass spectrometry data collection. Ultimately, this manuscript illustratively describes the ways to utilize a NIST SRMs for chemicals of emerging concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix E Rodowa
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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6
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Wenzel AG, Reiner JL, Kohno S, Wolf BJ, Brock JW, Cruze L, Newman RB, Kucklick JR. Biomonitoring of emerging DINCH metabolites in pregnant women in charleston, SC: 2011-2014. Chemosphere 2021; 262:128369. [PMID: 33182099 PMCID: PMC7670082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the mounting evidence that phthalates, specifically di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate, produce adverse endocrine effects in humans and wildlife, the use of other chemicals as replacements has increased. One of the most commonly encountered phthalate replacements is di(isononyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). Currently, little is known about the prevalence of human exposure, bioactivity, and endocrine disrupting potential of DINCH. We sampled urine from 100 pregnant women during the second trimester of pregnancy living in Charleston, SC between 2011 and 2014 and measured the following DINCH metabolites by LC-MS/MS: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester (OH-MINCH), cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester (oxo-MINCH), and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-monocarboxy isooctyl ester (cx-MINCH). These metabolites were also tested on human estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor beta transactivation assays in vitro. OH-MINCH was detected in 98% of urine samples. The specific gravity-adjusted median (interquartile range) OH-MINCH concentration was 0.20 (0.25) ng/mL, and concentrations were significantly higher in African American women compared to Caucasian women (p = 0.01). DINCH metabolite concentrations were consistent between years, and they did not exhibit estrogenic or progestogenic activity in vitro. Human exposure to these emerging compounds should continue to be monitored, especially in vulnerable populations, to ensure the replacement of phthalates by DINCH is not a case of regrettable substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby G Wenzel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - Satomi Kohno
- Department of Biology, St. Cloud State University, 720 4thAvenue South, St. Cloud, MN, 56301, USA
| | - Bethany J Wolf
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, MSC 835, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - John W Brock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, CPO #2010, One University Heights, Asheville, NC, 28804, USA
| | - Lori Cruze
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC, 29303, USA
| | - Roger B Newman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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7
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Aquilina-Beck AA, Reiner JL, Chung KW, DeLise MJ, Key PB, DeLorenzo ME. Uptake and Biological Effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure in the Adult Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 79:333-342. [PMID: 33057757 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a legacy contaminant that has been detected globally within the environment and throughout numerous species, including humans. Despite an international ban on its use, this unique contaminant continues to persist in organisms and their surroundings due to PFOS's inability to breakdown into nontoxic forms resulting in bioaccumulation. In this study, we analyzed the effects of a technical mixture of PFOS (linear and branched isomers) in the adult Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, at 2 days and 7 days exposure. Biomarker analysis (lysosomal destabilization, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione assays) in oyster tissue along with chemical analysis (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) of PFOS in oyster tissue and water samples revealed the oysters' ability to overcome exposures without significant damage to lipid membranes or the glutathione phase II enzyme system; however, significant cellular lysosomal damage was observed. The oysters were able to eliminate up to 96% of PFOS at 0.3 mg/L and 3 mg/L exposures when allowed to depurate for 2 days in clean seawater. Chemical analysis showed the linear isomer to be the prevailing fraction of the residual PFOS contained in oyster tissue. Results provide insight into possible detrimental cellular effects of PFOS exposure in addition to offering insight into contaminant persistence in oyster tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisan A Aquilina-Beck
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katy W Chung
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Meaghan J DeLise
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter B Key
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marie E DeLorenzo
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, SC, USA
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8
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Bangma J, Eaves LA, Oldenburg K, Reiner JL, Manuck T, Fry RC. Identifying Risk Factors for Levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Placenta in a High-Risk Pregnancy Cohort in North Carolina. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:8158-8166. [PMID: 32469207 PMCID: PMC7723450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a ubiquitous class of chemicals, is associated with adverse outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, low infant birth weight, and later-life adiposity. The objectives of this study were to examine PFAS levels in the placenta and identify sociodemographic risk factors in a high-risk pregnancy cohort (n = 122) in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Of concern, PFOS, PFHxS, PFHpS, and PFUnA were detected above the reporting limit in 99, 75, 55, and 49% of placentas, respectively. Maternal race/ethnicity was associated with significant differences in PFUnA levels. While the data from this high-risk cohort did not provide evidence for an association with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, fetal growth, or gestational age, the prevalence of detectable PFAS in the placenta suggests a need to biomonitor for exposure to PFAS during pregnancy. Future research should investigate factors underlying the differences in PFAS levels in association with a mother's race/ethnicity, as well as potential effects on pregnancy and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bangma
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Lauren A Eaves
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Kirsi Oldenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Tracy Manuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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9
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Kurtz AE, Reiner JL, West KL, Jensen BA. Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Hawaiian Cetaceans and Potential Biomarkers of Effect: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha and Cytochrome P450 4A. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:2830-2839. [PMID: 30681325 PMCID: PMC7240808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent in marine biota and are toxic to many species, including marine mammals. We measured the concentrations of 15 PFAAs in liver and kidney samples of 16 species of stranded cetaceans from Hawai'i and other tropical North Pacific regions utilizing high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Eleven PFAAs in liver and nine PFAAs in kidney were detected, including substantial perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). Regression models indicated that phylogenetic family and age class significantly influenced concentrations of certain PFAAs. PFAAs can activate transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), which induces transcription of cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A). Relative expression of PPARα and CYP4A mRNA was quantified using real-time PCR (qPCR) and CYP4A protein expression, using Western blot and then compared to PFAA concentrations in liver and kidney. Concentrations of four PFAA congeners, summation of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (ΣPFCAs), and ΣPFAAs correlated significantly with PPARα mRNA expression and CYP4A protein expression in kidney, suggesting either may be biomarkers of PFAA exposure in cetaceans. This is the first study to quantify PFAAs in marine mammals from this region and the first observation of a direct relationship between PFAA exposure and PPARα and CYP4A expression in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E. Kurtz
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawai‘i Pacific University, 45-045 Kamehameha Highway, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, United States
| | - Jessica L. Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kristi L. West
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawai‘i Pacific University, 45-045 Kamehameha Highway, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, United States
| | - Brenda A. Jensen
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawai‘i Pacific University, 45-045 Kamehameha Highway, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, United States
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Palmer K, Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Bonde RK, Korte JE, Boggs ASP, Bowden JA. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plasma of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 140:610-615. [PMID: 30803684 PMCID: PMC6529203 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kady Palmer
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
| | - Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
| | - Robert K Bonde
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States.
| | - Jeffrey E Korte
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Ashley S P Boggs
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32601, United States.
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11
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Bangma JT, Ragland JM, Rainwater TR, Bowden JA, Gibbons JW, Reiner JL. Perfluoroalkyl substances in diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) in coastal South Carolina. Chemosphere 2019; 215:305-312. [PMID: 30321810 PMCID: PMC6530576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on an estuarine wildlife species exhibiting high site fidelity and ubiquitous distribution in coastal environments along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States to monitor per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). A total of 75 diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) plasma samples were collected from five creeks associated with Kiawah (Oyster Creek, Fiddler Creek, Sandy Creek, Gnat Creek) and Edisto (Townsend Creek) islands in Charleston County, South Carolina and investigated for 15 legacy PFAS. Of those, PFHxS was the only PFAS found in all terrapin plasma samples. Four additional PFAS were routinely detected (greater than 90% of the samples) and were included in statistical analyses: PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnA. Sex-differences were observed for two creeks with male plasma containing higher PFAS than female plasma (PFHxS at Townsend Creek, PFOS at Oyster Creek). Sex-specific site differences in PFAS concentrations were observed primarily for males, suggesting male terrapins may be more sensitive indicators of localized contaminant profiles than females. Three PFAS were observed to have negative correlations with body mass: PFOS in males (p = 0.045, tau = -0.220), PFNA in males (p = 0.016, tau = -0.269), and PFHxS in both males (p = 0.007, tau = -0.302) and females (p = 0.001, tau = -0.379). No relationships for body mass and PFDA and PFUnA were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jared M Ragland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Thomas R Rainwater
- Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center & Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, P.O. Box 596, Georgetown, SC, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Whitfield Gibbons
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA
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12
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Lynch JM, Ragland JM, Reagen WK, Wolf ST, Malinsky MD, Ellisor MB, Moors AJ, Pugh RS, Reiner JL. Feasibility of using the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank for retrospective exploratory studies of perfluorinated alkyl acids. Sci Total Environ 2018; 624:781-789. [PMID: 29272847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) have been used for 50+ years in materials such as stain-resistant treatments for paper and clothing, lubricants, and foam fire extinguishers. PFAAs are characterized by a fully fluorinated alkyl chain with a terminal acid group. Their long half-lives and ubiquitous environmental distribution create considerable concern for wildlife and human exposure. There is interest in examining temporal trends of PFAAs using the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (NMMTB), but NMMTB tissues are frozen and cryohomogenized in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based materials. Because PTFE supplies may leach PFAAs into samples, this study mimicked collection, processing and storage steps of NMMTB samples and measured PFAA leaching to determine the feasibility of using this sample archive for PFAA temporal trends. We also explored concentrations in Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus, WSDs) and rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis, RTDs) blubber (n=3 and 0) and liver (n=48 and 12, respectively). The materials used in NMMTB protocols may add up to 0.968ng/g perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 0.090ng/g perfluorononanoic acid (PNFA), and 0.221ng/g perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to each archived sample. Leaching of PFNA and PFOS from supplies compared to dolphin levels was negligible, but PFOA contributions were substantially higher than levels found in most dolphin liver samples. Therefore, monitoring PFOA temporal trends from the NMMTB would require careful consideration. RTDs had significantly higher levels of PFOS and PFNA than WSDs. Both species have similar life history, trophic status, and foraging behaviors in deep pelagic waters, so differences could be from latitudinal variation in contamination. RTDs stranded in Florida; WSDs stranded farther north mostly in Massachusetts. Juveniles had significantly higher levels of PFOS and PFNA than adults in both species, suggesting growth dilution as they approach maturity. PFOS significantly decreased after 2001 in both species as expected based on changes in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Lynch
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - Jared M Ragland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael B Ellisor
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Amanda J Moors
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Rebecca S Pugh
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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13
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Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Lowers RH, Cantu TM, Scott J, Korte JE, Scheidt DM, McDonough C, Tucker J, Back B, Adams DH, Bowden JA. Perfluorinated alkyl acids and fecundity assessment in striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) at Merritt Island national wildlife refuge. Sci Total Environ 2018; 619-620:740-747. [PMID: 29161599 PMCID: PMC7707152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated wild caught striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR) for levels of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) in tandem with individual fecundity measurements (Oocyte sub-stage 2 late, n=42) and oocyte reproductive stages (Stages 1-5, n=128). PFAA measurements were quantified in striped mullet liver (n=128), muscle (n=49), and gonad (n=10). No significant negative impacts of liver PFAA burden on wild-caught, mullet fecundity endpoints were observed in this study; however, changes in PFAA were observed in the liver as mullet progressed through different sub-stages of oocyte development. Of the PFAA with significant changes by sub-stage of oocyte development, the carboxylic acids (perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, and perfluorotridecanoic acid) increased in the liver with increasing sub-stage while the sulfonic acid and its precursor (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide, respectively) decreased in the liver with increasing sub-stage of oocyte development. This is a unique find and suggests PFAA change location of compartmentalization as mullet progress towards spawning. Investigations also revealed higher than expected median muscle and gonad levels of PFOS in striped mullet collected at MINWR (9.01ng/g and 80.2ng/g, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Russell H Lowers
- Integrated Mission Support Service (IMSS), Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Theresa M Cantu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jacob Scott
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Korte
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Department of Public Health Sciences, 135 Cannon Street, SC 29412, USA
| | - Doug M Scheidt
- Integrated Mission Support Service (IMSS), Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Chris McDonough
- Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jonathan Tucker
- Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brenton Back
- Integrated Mission Support Service (IMSS), Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish & Wildlife Research Institute, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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14
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Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Botha H, Cantu TM, Gouws MA, Guillette MP, Koelmel JP, Luus-Powell WJ, Myburgh J, Rynders O, Sara JR, Smit WJ, Bowden JA. Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:59-67. [PMID: 29191316 PMCID: PMC6584947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value<0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Hannes Botha
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa; Scientific Services, Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Theresa M Cantu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Marco A Gouws
- Department of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Matthew P Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | | | - Jan Myburgh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Olivia Rynders
- Department of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Joseph R Sara
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Willem J Smit
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
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15
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Tipton JJ, Guillette LJ, Lovelace S, Parrott BB, Rainwater TR, Reiner JL. Analysis of PFAAs in American alligators part 1: Concentrations in alligators harvested for consumption during South Carolina public hunts. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:24-30. [PMID: 29191311 PMCID: PMC6582648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination resulting from the production or release of harmful chemicals can lead to negative consequences for wildlife and human health. Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) were historically produced as protective coatings for many household items and currently persist in the environment, wildlife, and humans. PFAAs have been linked to immune suppression, endocrine disruption, and developmental toxicity in wildlife and laboratory studies. This study examines the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, as an important indicator of ecosystem contamination and a potential pathway for PFAA exposure in humans. Alligator meat harvested in the 2015 South Carolina (SC) public hunt season and prepared for human consumption was collected and analyzed for PFAAs to determine meat concentrations and relationships with animal body size (total length), sex, and location of harvest. Of the 15 PFAAs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found in all alligator meat samples and at the highest concentrations (median 6.73ng/g). No relationship was found between PFAA concentrations and total length or sex. Concentrations of one or all compounds varied significantly across sampling locations, with alligators harvested in the Middle Coastal hunt unit having the highest PFOS concentrations (median 16.0ng/g; p=0.0001). Alligators harvested specifically from Berkley County, SC (located in the Middle Coastal hunt unit) had the highest PFOS concentrations and the greatest number of PFAAs detected (p<0.0001). The site-specific nature of PFAA concentrations in alligator meat observed in this study suggests a source of PFAA contamination in Berkley County, SC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Benjamin B Parrott
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Jackson, SC 29831, USA
| | - Thomas R Rainwater
- Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center & Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, P.O. Box 596, Georgetown, SC 29442, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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16
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Tipton JJ, Guillette LJ, Lovelace S, Parrott BB, Rainwater TR, Reiner JL. Analysis of PFAAs in American alligators part 2: Potential dietary exposure of South Carolina hunters from recreationally harvested alligator meat. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:31-38. [PMID: 29191313 PMCID: PMC6526952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) has been linked to many harmful health effects including reproductive disorders, developmental delays, and altered liver and kidney function. Most human exposure to environmental contaminants, including PFAAs, occurs through consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. This study uses PFAA data from meat samples collected from recreationally harvested American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in South Carolina to assess potential dietary exposure of hunters and their families to PFAAs. Consumption patterns were investigated using intercept surveys of 23 hunters at a wild game meat processor. An exposure scenario using the average consumption frequency, portion size, and median perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) concentration in alligator meat from all hunt units found the daily dietary exposure to be 2.11ng/kg body weight per day for an adult human. Dietary PFOS exposure scenarios based on location of harvest suggested the highest daily exposure occurs with alligator meat from the Middle Coastal hunt unit in South Carolina. Although no samples were found to exceed the recommended threshold for no consumption of PFOS found in Minnesota state guidelines, exposure to a mixture of PFAAs found in alligator meat and site-specific exposures based on harvest location should be considered in determining an appropriate guideline for vulnerable populations potentially exposed to PFAAs through consumption of wild alligator meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Benjamin B Parrott
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Jackson, SC 29831, USA
| | - Thomas R Rainwater
- Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center & Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, P.O. Box 596, Georgetown, SC 29442, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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17
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Bangma JT, Bowden JA, Brunell AM, Christie I, Finnell B, Guillette MP, Jones M, Lowers RH, Rainwater TR, Reiner JL, Wilkinson PM, Guillette LJ. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in plasma of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Florida and South Carolina. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:917-925. [PMID: 27543836 PMCID: PMC5494598 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to quantitate 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in 125 adult American alligators at 12 sites across the southeastern United States. Of those 15 PFAAs, 9 were detected in 65% to 100% of samples: perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTriA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Males (across all sites) showed significantly higher concentrations of 4 PFAAs: PFOS (p = 0.01), PFDA (p = 0.0003), PFUnA (p = 0.021), and PFTriA (p = 0.021). Concentrations of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFDA in plasma were significantly different among the sites in each sex. Alligators at both Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (FL, USA) and Kiawah Nature Conservancy (SC, USA) exhibited some of the highest PFOS concentrations (medians of 99.5 ng/g and 55.8 ng/g, respectively) in plasma measured to date in a crocodilian species. A number of positive correlations between PFAAs and snout-vent length were observed in both sexes, suggesting that PFAA body burdens increase with increasing size. In addition, several significant correlations among PFAAs in alligator plasma may suggest conserved sources of PFAAs at each site throughout the greater study area. The present study is the first to report PFAAs in American alligators, to reveal potential PFAA hot spots in Florida and South Carolina, and to provide a contaminant of concern when assessing anthropogenic impacts on ecosystem health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:917-925. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T. Bangma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - John A. Bowden
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Arnold M. Brunell
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Eustis, Florida, USA
| | - Ian Christie
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Matthew P. Guillette
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Martin Jones
- Department of Mathematics, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Russell H. Lowers
- Integrated Mission Support Service, Kennedy Space Center, Titusville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas R. Rainwater
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica L. Reiner
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to
| | | | - Louis J. Guillette
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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18
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Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Jones M, Lowers RH, Nilsen F, Rainwater TR, Somerville S, Guillette LJ, Bowden JA. Variation in perfluoroalkyl acids in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. Chemosphere 2017; 166:72-79. [PMID: 27689886 PMCID: PMC5548459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify concentrations of fifteen perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the plasma of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) inhabiting wetlands surrounding the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida, USA located at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR). Approximately 10 male and 10 female alligators (ntotal = 229) were sampled each month during 2008 and 2009 to determine if seasonal or spatial trends existed with PFAA burden. PFOS represented the highest plasma burden (median 185 ng/g) and PFHxS the second highest (median 7.96 ng/g). While no significant seasonal trends were observed, unique spatial trends emerged. Many of the measured PFAAs co-varied strongly together and similar trends were observed for PFOS, PFDA, PFUnA, and PFDoA, as well as for PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFTriA, and PFTA, suggesting more than one source of PFAAs at MINWR. Higher concentrations of PFOS and the PFAAs that co-varied with PFOS were collected from animals around sites that included the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) fire house and the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout (O&C) retention pond, while higher concentrations of PFOA and the PFAA that co-varied with PFOA were sampled from animals near the gun range and the old fire training facility. Sex-based differences and snout-vent length (SVL) correlations with PFAA burden were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technoclogy, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Martin Jones
- College of Charleston, Department of Mathematics, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Russell H Lowers
- Integrated Mission Support Service (IMSS), Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
| | - Frances Nilsen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; National Institute of Standards and Technoclogy, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Thomas R Rainwater
- Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center & Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, P.O. Box 596, Georgetown, SC 29442, USA
| | - Stephen Somerville
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technoclogy, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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19
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Bost PC, Strynar MJ, Reiner JL, Zweigenbaum JA, Secoura PL, Lindstrom AB, Dye JA. U.S. domestic cats as sentinels for perfluoroalkyl substances: Possible linkages with housing, obesity, and disease. Environ Res 2016; 151:145-153. [PMID: 27479711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are persistent, globally distributed, anthropogenic compounds. The primary source(s) for human exposure are not well understood although within home exposure is likely important since many consumer products have been treated with different PFAS, and people spend much of their lives indoors. Herein, domestic cats were used as sentinels to investigate potential exposure and health linkages. PFAS in serum samples of 72 pet and feral cats, including 11 healthy and 61 with one or more primary disease diagnoses, were quantitated using high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. All but one sample had detectable PFAS, with PFOS and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) ranging from <LOQ to 121 and <LOQ to 235ng/mL, respectively. PFAS prevalence and geometric means in cats were very similar to contemporary NHANES reports of human sera in the U. S. POPULATION The highest PFAS serum concentrations detected were in indoor cats due to disproportionately elevated PFHxS levels. Ranked by quartile, contingency testing indicated that total PFAS levels were positively associated with living indoors and with higher body weight and body condition scores. Individual PFAS quartile rankings suggested positive associations with respiratory effusion, thyroid, liver, and possibly chronic kidney disease. Domestic cats appear to be useful sentinels for assessing primary PFAS exposure routes, especially indoor sources of relevance to children. Additional case-control studies in pet cats are warranted to better define the potential health associations observed herein. A "One Health" approach assessing humans, pets, and their common environment may improve our understanding of chronic low-level, largely indoor, PFAS exposure and effects in humans and animals alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C Bost
- Student Contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, United States
| | - Mark J Strynar
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | | | - Patricia L Secoura
- North Carolina State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Janice A Dye
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Public Health Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
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20
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Christie I, Reiner JL, Bowden JA, Botha H, Cantu TM, Govender D, Guillette MP, Lowers RH, Luus-Powell WJ, Pienaar D, Smit WJ, Guillette LJ. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in the plasma of South African crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). Chemosphere 2016; 154:72-78. [PMID: 27038902 PMCID: PMC4921786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are environmental contaminants that have been used in many products for over 50 years. Interest and concern has grown since 2000 on the widespread presence of PFAAs, when it was discovered that PFAAs were present in wildlife samples around the northern hemisphere. Since then, several studies have reported PFAAs in wildlife from many locations, including the remote regions of Antarctica and the Arctic. Although there are a multitude of studies, few have reported PFAA concentrations in reptiles and wildlife in the Southern Hemisphere. This study investigated the presence of PFAAs in the plasma of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from South Africa. Crocodiles were captured from five sites in and around the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and plasma samples examined for PFAAs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most frequent PFAA detected; with median values of 13.5 ng/g wet mass in crocodiles. In addition to PFOS, long chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids were also detected. Correlations between total length and PFAA load were investigated, as were differences in PFAA accumulation between sexes. No correlations were seen between crocodile size, nor were there sex-related differences. Spatial differences were examined and significant differences were observed in samples collected from the different sites (p < 0.05). Flag Boshielo Dam had the highest PFOS measurements, with a median concentration of 50.3 ng/g wet mass, when compared to the other sites (median concentrations at other sites below 14.0 ng/g wet mass). This suggests a point source of PFOS in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Christie
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hannes Botha
- Scientific Services, Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Theresa M Cantu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Danny Govender
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | - Matthew P Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Russell H Lowers
- InoMedic Health Applications (IHA), Ecological Program, Kennedy Space Center, IHA 300, FL 32899, USA
| | | | - Danie Pienaar
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | - Willem J Smit
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA
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21
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Reiner JL, Blaine AC, Higgins CP, Huset C, Jenkins TM, Kwadijk CJAF, Lange CC, Muir DCG, Reagen WK, Rich C, Small JM, Strynar MJ, Washington JW, Yoo H, Keller JM. Polyfluorinated substances in abiotic standard reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 407:2975-83. [PMID: 26005739 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a wide range of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) which have values assigned for legacy organic pollutants and toxic elements. Existing SRMs serve as homogenous materials that can be used for method development, method validation, and measurement for contaminants that are now of concern. NIST and multiple groups have been measuring the mass fraction of a group of emerging contaminants, polyfluorinated substances (PFASs), in a variety of SRMs. Here we report levels determined in an interlaboratory comparison of up to 23 PFASs determined in five SRMs: sediment (SRMs 1941b and 1944), house dust (SRM 2585), soil (SRM 2586), and sludge (SRM 2781). Measurements presented show an array of PFASs, with perfluorooctane sulfonate being the most frequently detected. SRMs 1941b, 1944, and 2586 had relatively low concentrations of most PFASs measured while 23 PFASs were at detectable levels in SRM 2585 and most of the PFASs measured were at detectable levels in SRM 2781. The measurements made in this study were used to add values to the Certificates of Analysis for SRMs 2585 and 2781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Mail Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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22
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Reiner JL, Becker PR, Gribble MO, Lynch JM, Moors AJ, Ness J, Peterson D, Pugh RS, Ragland T, Rimmer C, Rhoderick J, Schantz MM, Trevillian J, Kucklick JR. Organohalogen Contaminants and Vitamins in Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus ursinus) Collected During Subsistence Hunts in Alaska. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2016; 70:96-105. [PMID: 26142120 PMCID: PMC4817544 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
During native subsistence hunts from 1987 to 2007, blubber and liver samples from 50 subadult male northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) were collected on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Samples were analyzed for legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), recently phased-out/current-use POPs, and vitamins. The legacy POPs measured from blubber samples included polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, DDT (and its metabolites), chlorobenzenes, chlordanes, and mirex. Recently phased-out/current-use POPs included in the blubber analysis were the flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and hexabromocyclododecanes. The chemical surfactants, perfluorinated alkyl acids, and vitamins A and E were assessed in the liver samples. Overall, concentrations of legacy POPs are similar to levels seen in seal samples from other areas of the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Statistically significant correlations were seen between compounds with similar functions (pesticides, flame retardants, vitamins). With sample collection spanning two decades, the temporal trends in the concentrations of POPs and vitamins were assessed. For these animals, the concentrations of the legacy POPs tend to decrease or stay the same with sampling year; however, the concentrations of the current-use POPs increased with sampling year. Vitamin concentrations tended to stay the same across the sampling years. With the population of northern fur seals from St. Paul Island on the decline, a detailed assessment of exposure to contaminants and the correlations with vitamins fills a critical gap for identifying potential population risk factors that might be associated with health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - Paul R Becker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lynch
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Amanda J Moors
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Jennifer Ness
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Danielle Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Rebecca S Pugh
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Tamika Ragland
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Catherine Rimmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jody Rhoderick
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Michele M Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jennifer Trevillian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - John R Kucklick
- Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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23
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Brent LC, Reiner JL, Dickerson RR, Sander LC. Method for characterization of low molecular weight organic acids in atmospheric aerosols using ion chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7328-36. [PMID: 24967907 DOI: 10.1021/ac403937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structural composition of PM2.5 monitored in the atmosphere is usually divided by the analysis of organic carbon, black (also called elemental) carbon, and inorganic salts. The characterization of the chemical composition of aerosols represents a significant challenge to analysts, and studies are frequently limited to determination of aerosol bulk properties. To better understand the potential health effects and combined interactions of components in aerosols, a variety of measurement techniques for individual analytes in PM2.5 need to be implemented. The method developed here for the measurement of organic acids achieves class separation of aliphatic monoacids, aliphatic diacids, aromatic acids, and polyacids. The selective ion monitoring capability of a triple quadropole mass analyzer was frequently capable of overcoming instances of incomplete separations. Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1649b Urban Dust was characterized; 34 organic acids were qualitatively identified, and 6 organic acids were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey C Brent
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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24
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Phinney KW, Ballihaut G, Bedner M, Benford BS, Camara JE, Christopher SJ, Davis WC, Dodder NG, Eppe G, Lang BE, Long SE, Lowenthal MS, McGaw EA, Murphy KE, Nelson BC, Prendergast JL, Reiner JL, Rimmer CA, Sander LC, Schantz MM, Sharpless KE, Sniegoski LT, Tai SSC, Thomas JB, Vetter TW, Welch MJ, Wise SA, Wood LJ, Guthrie WF, Hagwood CR, Leigh SD, Yen JH, Zhang NF, Chaudhary-Webb M, Chen H, Fazili Z, LaVoie DJ, McCoy LF, Momin SS, Paladugula N, Pendergrast EC, Pfeiffer CM, Powers CD, Rabinowitz D, Rybak ME, Schleicher RL, Toombs BMH, Xu M, Zhang M, Castle AL. Development of a Standard Reference Material for metabolomics research. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11732-8. [PMID: 24187941 PMCID: PMC4823010 DOI: 10.1021/ac402689t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has developed a Standard Reference Material (SRM) to support technology development in metabolomics research. SRM 1950 Metabolites in Human Plasma is intended to have metabolite concentrations that are representative of those found in adult human plasma. The plasma used in the preparation of SRM 1950 was collected from both male and female donors, and donor ethnicity targets were selected based upon the ethnic makeup of the U.S. population. Metabolomics research is diverse in terms of both instrumentation and scientific goals. This SRM was designed to apply broadly to the field, not toward specific applications. Therefore, concentrations of approximately 100 analytes, including amino acids, fatty acids, trace elements, vitamins, hormones, selenoproteins, clinical markers, and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), were determined. Value assignment measurements were performed by NIST and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). SRM 1950 is the first reference material developed specifically for metabolomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W. Phinney
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Guillaume Ballihaut
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Mary Bedner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Brandi S. Benford
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Johanna E. Camara
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Steven J. Christopher
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - W. Clay Davis
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Nathan G. Dodder
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Brian E. Lang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Stephen E. Long
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Mark S. Lowenthal
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. McGaw
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Karen E. Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Bryant C. Nelson
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jocelyn L. Prendergast
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jessica L. Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Catherine A. Rimmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lane C. Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Michele M. Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Katherine E. Sharpless
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lorna T. Sniegoski
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Susan S.-C. Tai
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jeanice B. Thomas
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Thomas W. Vetter
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Michael J. Welch
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Stephen A. Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Laura J. Wood
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - William F. Guthrie
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Charles R. Hagwood
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Stefan D. Leigh
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - James H. Yen
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Nien-Fan Zhang
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Madhu Chaudhary-Webb
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Huiping Chen
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Zia Fazili
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Donna J. LaVoie
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Leslie F. McCoy
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Shahzad S. Momin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Neelima Paladugula
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Pendergrast
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Christine M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Carissa D. Powers
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Daniel Rabinowitz
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Michael E. Rybak
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Rosemary L. Schleicher
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Bridgette M. H. Toombs
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Mary Xu
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Mindy Zhang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Arthur L. Castle
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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25
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Hoguet J, Keller JM, Reiner JL, Kucklick JR, Bryan CE, Moors AJ, Pugh RS, Becker PR. Spatial and temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants and mercury in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Alaska. Sci Total Environ 2013; 449:285-294. [PMID: 23435060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Remote locations, such as the Arctic, are often sinks for persistent contaminants which can ultimately bioaccumulate in local wildlife. Assessing temporal contaminant trends in the Arctic is important in understanding whether restrictions on legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have led to concentration declines. Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) tissue samples were collected from two subpopulations (Cook Inlet, Alaska and the eastern Chukchi Sea) between 1989 and 2006. Several POPs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and related compounds (DDTs), chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlorobenzenes, mirex, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and semi-quantitatively hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)) were measured in 70 blubber samples, and total mercury (Hg) was measured in 67 liver samples from a similar set of individuals. Legacy POPs (PCBs, chlordanes, DDTs, and HCHs) were the predominant organic compound classes in both subpopulations, with median concentrations of 2360ng/g lipid for Σ80PCBs and 1890 ng/g lipid for Σ6DDTs. Backward stepwise multiple regressions showed that at least one of the four independent variables (subpopulation, sampling year, sex, and animal length) influenced the POP and Hg concentrations. ΣPCBs, ΣDDTs, Σchlordanes, Σchlorobenzenes, mirex, and Hg were significantly higher in belugas from the eastern Chukchi Sea than from the Cook Inlet (p≤0.0001). In contrast, Σ8PBDE and α-HBCD concentrations were significantly lower in belugas from the eastern Chukchi Sea than from the Cook Inlet (p<0.0001). Significant temporal increases in concentrations of Σ8PBDE and α-HBCD were observed for both subpopulations (p≤0.0003), and temporal declines were seen for ΣHCHs and Σchlorobenzenes in eastern Chukchi Sea belugas only (p≤0.0107). All other POP and Hg concentrations were stable, indicating either a lagging response of the Arctic to source reductions or the maintenance of concentrations by unregulated sources. Sex and length also significantly influenced some concentrations, and these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hoguet
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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26
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Reiner JL, O'Connell SG, Butt CM, Mabury SA, Small JM, De Silva AO, Muir DCG, Delinsky AD, Strynar MJ, Lindstrom AB, Reagen WK, Malinsky M, Schäfer S, Kwadijk CJAF, Schantz MM, Keller JM. Determination of perfluorinated alkyl acid concentrations in biological standard reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2683-92. [PMID: 22476786 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Standard reference materials (SRMs) are homogeneous, well-characterized materials used to validate measurements and improve the quality of analytical data. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a wide range of SRMs that have mass fraction values assigned for legacy pollutants. These SRMs can also serve as test materials for method development, method validation, and measurement for contaminants of emerging concern. Because inter-laboratory comparison studies have revealed substantial variability of measurements of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), future analytical measurements will benefit from determination of consensus values for PFAAs in SRMs to provide a means to demonstrate method-specific performance. To that end, NIST, in collaboration with other groups, has been measuring concentrations of PFAAs in a variety of SRMs. Here we report levels of PFAAs and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) determined in four biological SRMs: fish tissue (SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue, SRM 1947 Lake Michigan Fish Tissue), bovine liver (SRM 1577c), and mussel tissue (SRM 2974a). We also report concentrations for three in-house quality-control materials: beluga whale liver, pygmy sperm whale liver, and white-sided dolphin liver. Measurements in SRMs show an array of PFAAs, with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) being the most frequently detected. Reference and information values are reported for PFAAs measured in these biological SRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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27
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Reiner JL, O'Connell SG, Moors AJ, Kucklick JR, Becker PR, Keller JM. Spatial and temporal trends of perfluorinated compounds in Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Alaska. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:8129-8136. [PMID: 21309595 DOI: 10.1021/es103560q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife from remote locations have been shown to bioaccumulate perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in their tissues. Twelve PFCs, consisting of perfluorinated carboxylic (PFCA) and sulfonic (PFSA) acids as well as the perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) precursor perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), were measured in livers of 68 beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) collected from two subpopulations, Cook Inlet and eastern Chukchi Sea, in Alaska between 1989 and 2006. PFOS and PFOSA were the dominant compounds measured in both beluga stock populations, with overall median concentrations of 10.8 ng/g and 22.8 ng/g, respectively. Long-chain perfluorocarboxylates, PFCAs (9 to 14 carbons), were detected in more than 80% of the samples. Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTriA) made up a large percentage of the PFCAs measured with median concentrations of 8.49 ng/g and 4.38 ng/g, respectively. To compare differences in location, year, sex, and length, backward stepwise multiple regression models of the individual and total PFC concentrations were used. Spatially, the Cook Inlet belugas had higher concentrations of most PFCAs and PFOS (p < 0.05); however, these belugas had a lower median concentration of PFOSA when compared to belugas from the eastern Chukchi Sea (p < 0.05). Temporal trends indicated most PFCAs, PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOSA concentrations increased from 1989 to 2006 (p < 0.05). Males had significantly higher concentrations of PFTriA, ΣPFCA, and PFOS (p < 0.05). Perfluorononanic acid (PFNA) and PFOS showed a significant decrease in concentration with increasing animal length (p < 0.05). These observations suggest the accumulation of PFCs in belugas is influenced by year, location, sex, and length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States.
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Reiner JL, Nakayama SF, Delinsky AD, Strynar MJ, Lindstrom AB. Retraction. Method development and measurement of perfluorinated compounds in U.S. chicken eggs. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:7949. [PMID: 21910498 DOI: 10.1021/es800770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Reiner JL, Phinney KW, Keller JM. Determination of perfluorinated compounds in human plasma and serum Standard Reference Materials using independent analytical methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2899-907. [PMID: 21912833 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in three National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) (SRMs 1950 Metabolites in Human Plasma, SRM 1957 Organic Contaminants in Non-fortified Human Serum, and SRM 1958 Organic Contaminants in Fortified Human Serum) using two analytical approaches. The methods offer some independence, with two extraction types and two liquid chromatographic separation methods. The first extraction method investigated the acidification of the sample followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange cartridge. The second method used an acetonitrile extraction followed by SPE using a graphitized non-porous carbon cartridge. The extracts were separated using a reversed-phase C(8) stationary phase and a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) stationary phase. Measured values from both methods for the two human serum SRMs, 1957 and 1958, agreed with reference values on the Certificates of Analysis. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) values were obtained for the first time in human plasma SRM 1950 with good reproducibility among the methods (below 5% relative standard deviation). The nominal mass interference from taurodeoxycholic acid, which has caused over estimation of the amount of PFOS in biological samples, was separated from PFOS using the PFP stationary phase. Other PFCs were also detected in SRM 1950 and are reported. SRM 1950 can be used as a control material for human biomonitoring studies and as an aid to develop new measurement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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Nakayama SF, Strynar MJ, Reiner JL, Delinsky AD, Lindstrom AB. Determination of perfluorinated compounds in the upper Mississippi river basin. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:4103-9. [PMID: 20441143 DOI: 10.1021/es100382z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite ongoing efforts to develop robust analytical methods for the determination of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in surface water, comparatively little has been published on method performance, and the environmental distribution of these materials remains poorly described worldwide. In this study, an existing method was improved and applied in a large-scale evaluation of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, one of the largest watersheds in the world. Samples were collected in 2008 in an effort that involved multiple sample sites and collection teams, long-range transport, and storage of up to 4 weeks before analysis. Ninety-four percent of the resulting 177 samples had quantifiable PFC concentrations, with 80% of the individual target compounds below 10 ng/L. The most abundant PFCs were perfluorobutanoic acid (C4; 77% above the limit of quantitation, LOQ), perfluorooctanoic acid (C8; 73%), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS; 71%), perfluorohexanoic acid (C6; 70%), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (C7; 69%), with the remaining target compounds occurring above the LOQ in less than 50% of the samples. The highest concentrations recorded include C4 at 458 ng/L, PFOS at 245 ng/L, and C8 at 125 ng/L, suggesting various point source inputs within the Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji F Nakayama
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA
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Fenton SE, Reiner JL, Nakayama SF, Delinsky AD, Stanko JP, Hines EP, White SS, Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Petropoulou SSE. Analysis of PFOA in dosed CD-1 mice. Part 2. Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 27:365-372. [PMID: 19429407 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in mice with multiple gestational exposures to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) demonstrate numerous dose dependent growth and developmental effects which appeared to worsen if offspring exposed in utero nursed from PFOA-exposed dams. To evaluate the disposition of PFOA in the pregnant and lactating dam and her offspring, time-pregnant CD-1 mice received a single 0, 0.1, 1, or 5mg PFOA/kg BW dose (n=25/dose group) by gavage on gestation day 17. Maternal and pup fluids and tissues were collected over time. Pups exhibited significantly higher serum PFOA concentrations than their respective dams, and their body burden increased after birth until at least postnatal day 8, regardless of dose. The distribution of milk:serum PFOA varied by dose and time, but was typically in excess of 0.20. These data suggest that milk is a substantial PFOA exposure route in mice and should be considered in risk assessment modeling designs for this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Fenton
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, MD-67, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- Oakridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participant, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Oakridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participant, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Amy D Delinsky
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jason P Stanko
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, MD-67, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Erin P Hines
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, MD-67, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Sally S White
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, MD-67, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Mark J Strynar
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Syrago-Styliani E Petropoulou
- Oakridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participant, Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Horii Y, Reiner JL, Loganathan BG, Senthil Kumar K, Sajwan K, Kannan K. Occurrence and fate of polycyclic musks in wastewater treatment plants in Kentucky and Georgia, USA. Chemosphere 2007; 68:2011-20. [PMID: 17553543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a potential of source of polycyclic musks in the aquatic environment. In this study, contamination profiles and mass flow of polycyclic musks, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[gamma]-2-benzopyran (HHCB), 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), and HHCB-lactone (oxidation product of HHCB), in two WWTPs, one located in Kentucky (Plant A, rural area) and the other in Georgia (Plant B, urban), USA, were determined. HHCB, AHTN and HHCB-lactone were detected in the influent, effluent, and sludge samples analyzed. The concentrations in wastewater samples varied widely, from 10 to 7,030 ng/l, 13 to 5,400 ng/l, and 66 to 790 ng/l, for HHCB, AHTN, and HHCB-lactone, respectively. Sludge samples contained HHCB at <0.02-36 microg/g dry weight, AHTN at <0.02-7.2 microg/g dry weight, and HHCB-lactone at <0.05-17 microg/g dry weight. Based on the daily flow rates and mean concentrations of polycyclic musks, the estimated discharge of total polycyclic musks to the rivers was 21 g/day from Plant A and 31 g/day from Plant B. Mass balance analysis suggested that only 30% of HHCB and AHTN entering the plants was accounted for in the effluent and the sludge. Removal efficiencies of HHCB and AHTN in the two WWTPs ranged from 72% to 98%. In contrast, HHCB-lactone concentrations increased following the treatment. Concentrations of polycyclic musks in sludge were on the order of several parts per million. Incineration of sludge at one plant reduced the concentration of polycyclic musks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Horii
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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Abstract
Synthetic musk compounds are used as additives in many consumer products, including perfumes, deodorants, and detergents. Earlier studies have reported the occurrence of synthetic musks in environmental and wildlife samples collected in the United States. In this study, human breast milk samples collected from Massachusetts, were analyzed for the determination of concentrations of synthetic musks such as musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone), HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[gamma]-2-benzopyran), AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), and HHCB-lactone, the oxidation product of HHCB. In addition, we estimated the daily intake of synthetic musks by infants based on the ingestion rate of breast milk. Synthetic musks were found in most of the samples analyzed, and the concentrations ranged from < 2 to 150 ng musk xylene/g, < 2 to 238 ng musk ketone/ g, < 5 to 917 ng HHCB/g, < 5 to 144 ng AHTN/g, and < 10 to 88.0 ng HHCB-lactone/g, on a lipid weight basis. The concentrations of HHCB were higher than the concentrations of other synthetic musks in breast milk samples. The mean concentration of HHCB (220 ng/g, lipid weight) was 5 times greater than the concentrations reported 10 years ago for breast milk samples collected in Germany and Denmark. Maternal age was not correlated with the concentrations of musk xylene, musk ketone, HHCB, or AHTN. There was a trend of decreasing concentrations of musk xylene, musk ketone, HHCB, and AHTN, with the number of children previously breast-fed, although the correlation was not significant. Based on average daily ingestion rate of breast milk, an infant is estimated to ingest 297 +/- 229 ng musk xylene, 780 +/- 805 ng musk ketone, 1830 +/- 1170 ng HHCB, 565 +/- 614 ng AHTN, and 649 +/- 598 ng HHCB-lactone per day. The ingestion rate of synthetic musks by infants in the United States is lower than that estimated for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Based on the residue patterns and accumulation features, it can be concluded that the exposure characteristics for synthetic musks are different from those of POPs, and that the major source of exposure to synthetic musks is probably via dermal absorption or inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA
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Reiner JL, Berset JD, Kannan K. Mass flow of polycyclic musks in two wastewater treatment plants. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007; 52:451-7. [PMID: 17354035 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic musks are found in varying amounts in many consumer products. After use, synthetic musks go down the drain into the sewer system and then reach wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, mass flows of two synthetic polycyclic musks, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[gamma]-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), along with HHCB-lactone (the oxidation product of HHCB) were examined in two WWTPs. Wastewater and sludge samples were collected at various stages of the treatment process for analysis. HHCB, AHTN, and HHCB-lactone were found in all wastewater samples at concentrations in the ranges of 1780 to 12700, 304 to 2590, and 146 to 4000 ng/L, respectively. The highest concentrations for all compounds were found in sludge samples. Sludge samples contained HHCB at 7.23 to 108 mg/kg dry weight, AHTN at 0.809 to 16.8 mg/kg dry weight, and HHCB-lactone at 3.16 to 22.0 mg/kg dry weight. This is the first study to report HHCB-lactone in wastewater and HHCB, HHCB-lactone, and AHTN in sludge in WWTPs from the United States. HHCB and AHTN concentrations decreased during treatment. However, the concentrations of HHCB-lactone increased in water after treatment. Based on the daily flow rates and mean concentrations of the three compounds in effluent, a WWTP representative of those studied here is expected to release 288 g HHCB, 60.4 g AHTN, and 158 g HHCB-lactone/100,000 people/d. Partitioning HHCB, AHTN, and HHCB-lactone to sludge is the major removal mechanism for polycyclic musks in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Reiner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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Reiner JL, Kannan K. A survey of polycyclic musks in selected household commodities from the United States. Chemosphere 2006; 62:867-73. [PMID: 16309730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of the polycyclic musks, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN), in wastewater influent and effluent, as well as in surface waters, has been reported. HHCB and AHTN were also reported to occur in human and wildlife tissues. The major sources for HHCB and AHTN to wastewater are thought to be consumer products such as shampoos, deodorants, laundry detergents, and household surface cleaners. However, the levels of HHCB and AHTN in consumer products are not known. For evaluation of the sources of human and environmental exposures, characterization of levels of HHCB and AHTN in consumer products is needed. In this study, we measured concentrations of HHCB (Galaxolide), AHTN (Tonalide), and HHCB-lactone (Galaxolidone) from a variety of consumer products, including perfumes, body lotions, and deodorants. Concentrations of HHCB, AHTN, and HHCB-lactone in consumer products ranged from <5 ng/g to over 4000 microg/g, <5 ng/g to 451 microg/g, and <5 ng/g to 217 microg/g, respectively. The highest concentrations were found in perfumes, body creams and lotions, and deodorants. The results suggest that a wide variety of source materials exist for HHCB and AHTN, and that these materials are used on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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Kannan K, Reiner JL, Yun SH, Perrotta EE, Tao L, Johnson-Restrepo B, Rodan BD. Polycyclic musk compounds in higher trophic level aquatic organisms and humans from the United States. Chemosphere 2005; 61:693-700. [PMID: 16219504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic musks, 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), are used as fragrance ingredients in numerous consumer products such as cleaning agents and personal care products. Studies have reported the widespread occurrence of these musks in surface waters and fish from western European countries. Nevertheless, little is known about their accumulation in humans and wildlife in the United States. In this study, we measured concentrations of HHCB and AHTN in human adipose fat collected from New York City. Furthermore, tissues from marine mammals, water birds, and fish collected from US waters were analyzed to determine the concentrations of HHCB and AHTN. Concentrations of HHCB and AHTN in human adipose fat samples ranged from 12 to 798 and from <5 to 134 ng/g, on a lipid weight basis, respectively. A significant correlation existed between the concentrations of HHCB and AHTN in human adipose fat. Concentrations of HHCB and AHTN were not positively correlated with age or gender of the donors. HHCB was found in tissues of several wildlife species, but not in the livers of polar bear from the Alaskan Arctic. Among wildlife species analyzed, spinner and bottlenose dolphins collected from Florida coastal waters contained measurable concentrations of HHCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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