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Zhu L, Glick J, Flarakos J. Bioanalytical Challenges in Support of Complex Modalities of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. AAPS J 2020; 22:130. [PMID: 33037499 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutic classes are evolving from monoclonal antibodies to antibody derivatives with complex structures to achieve advanced therapeutic effect. These antibody derivatives may contain multiple functional domains and are often vulnerable to in vivo biotransformation. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of these antibody derivatives requires a sophisticated bioanalytical approach to carefully characterize the whole drug and each functional domain with respect to quantity, functionality enabled by biotransformation, and corresponding immune responses. Ligand binding assays and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assays are predominantly used in bioanalytical support of monoclonal antibodies and are continuously used for antibody derivatives such as antibody drug conjugate and bispecific antibodies. However, they become increasingly cumbersome in coping with increased complexity of drug modality and associated biotransformation. In this mini-review, we examined the current pharmacokinetic assays in the literature for antibody drug conjugate and bispecific antibodies, and presented our view of promising bioanalytical technologies to address the distinct bioanalytical needs of complex modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
| | - Jim Glick
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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2
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Li W, Dugyala R, Devine PJ, Jardel M, Doherty J, Kubek K, Lapadula D, Flarakos J. Application of tail vein serial microsampling for plasma or dried plasma spots in toxicokinetic assessment in rats using acetaminophen as the model compound. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4917. [PMID: 32543724 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, two groups of rats (five per group) were administered a single oral dose of 500 mg/kg acetaminophen. For toxicokinetic assessment, the Group 1 animals were bled via conventional sparse (two animals/time point) sublingual vein bleeding (~0.5 ml) with anesthesia, while the Group 2 animals were bled via serial tail vein microsampling (~0.075 ml) without anesthesia. All collected blood was processed for plasma. Each Group 2 plasma sample (~30 μl) was divided into 'wet' and 'dried' (dried plasma spots). All plasma samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for acetaminophen and its major metabolites acetaminophen glucuronide and acetaminophen sulfate. In addition, plasma and urine samples were collected for analysis of corticosterone and creatinine to assess stress levels. Comparable plasma exposure to acetaminophen and its two metabolites was observed in the plasma obtained via conventional sparse sublingual vein bleeding and serial tail vein microsampling and between the 'wet' and 'dried' plasma obtained by the latter. Furthermore, comparable corticosterone levels or corticosterone/creatinine ratios between the two groups suggested that serial microsampling without anesthesia did not increase the levels of stress as compared with conventional sampling with anesthesia, confirming the utility of microsampling for plasma or dried plasma spots in rodent toxicokinetic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Ravi Dugyala
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Patrick J Devine
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Jardel
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - John Doherty
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Katie Kubek
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Lapadula
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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3
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Heudi O, Plaud N, Aumonier C, Wu S, Hatsis P, Hurtado FK, Picard F, Winter S, Flarakos J. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative analysis of the adenosine A2a receptor antagonist NIR178 and its monohydroxy metabolite in human plasma: Application to clinical pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4909. [PMID: 32485782 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a selective LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantitative determinations of the adenosine A2a receptor antagonist NIR178 (NIR178) and its major metabolite NJI765 in human plasma. Sample preparation steps involved protein precipitation, sample evaporation and reconstitution using a plasma sample volume of 0.1 ml plasma. Separation was achieved in 10 min on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm column heated at 60°C with a gradient elution at 0.6 ml/min mobile phase made of water and acetonitrile both acidified with 0.1% formic acid. The detection was performed in positive ion mode and quantification based on multiple reaction monitoring. The linear response range was 1.00-1,000 ng/ml using a 1/x2 weighting factor. The intra- and inter-day accuracies (bias %) and intra- and inter-day precisions (CV, %) obtained for NIR178 and NJI765 were within the acceptance criteria. The normalized NIR178 and NJI765 matrix factor calculated from six lots of normal, lipemic and hemolyzed plasmas ranged from 0.97 to 1.05. The normalized recoveries of both NIR178 and NJI765 compared with their internal standards were consistent and reproducible with a CV ≤8.0. This method was successfully applied to support pharmacokinetic studies in adult patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Heudi
- Novartis Pharma AG, PK Sciences/Bioanalytics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Shari Wu
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences-Safety & ADME Bioanalysis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Panos Hatsis
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences-Safety & ADME Bioanalysis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Felipe K Hurtado
- Oncology Clinical Pharmacology, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Franck Picard
- Novartis Pharma AG, PK Sciences/Bioanalytics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Winter
- Novartis Pharma AG, PK Sciences/Bioanalytics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences-Safety & ADME Bioanalysis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V, Orcutt M, Bentley A, Glick J, Flarakos J. Combined Falling Drop/Open Port Sampling Interface System for Automated Flow Injection Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12578-12586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Van Berkel
- Mass
Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Mass
Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matt Orcutt
- Resolution Labs, New Haven, Indiana 46745, United States
| | - Adam Bentley
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Sciences Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Jim Glick
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Sciences Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Sciences Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
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Li W, Doherty J, Fu Y, Flarakos J. Quantitative analysis of clofazimine (Lamprene®), an antileprosy agent, in human dried blood spots using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 28833263 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for bioanalysis of clofazimine in human dried blood spot (DBS) samples in support of a clinical study on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in developing countries. The validated assay dynamic range was from 10.0 to 2000 ng/mL using a 1/8 inch DBS punch. The accuracy and precision of the assay were ±11.0% (bias) and ≤13.5% (CV) for the LLOQs (10.0 ng/mL) and ±15% (bias) and ≤15% (CV) for all other QC levels. The assay was proved to be free from the possible impact owing to spot size and storage temperature (e.g. at 60°C, ≤ - 60°C). The validated assay is well suited for the intended clinical study where conventional pharmacokinetic sample collection is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - John Doherty
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yunlin Fu
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Department of Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Li W, Lin H, Fu Y, Flarakos J. LC–MS/MS determination of a human mAb drug candidate in rat serum using an isotopically labeled universal mAb internal standard. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1044-1045:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Chen X, Hatsis P, Judge J, Argikar UA, Ren X, Sarber J, Mansfield K, Liang G, Amaral A, Catoire A, Bentley A, Ramos L, Moench P, Hintermann S, Carcache D, Glick J, Flarakos J. Compound Property Optimization in Drug Discovery Using Quantitative Surface Sampling Micro Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11813-11820. [PMID: 27797491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface sampling micro liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SSμLC-MS/MS) was explored as a quantitative tissue distribution technique for probing compound properties in drug discovery. A method was developed for creating standard curves using surrogate tissue sections from blank tissue homogenate spiked with compounds. The resulting standard curves showed good linearity and high sensitivity. The accuracy and precision of standards met acceptance criteria of ±30%. A new approach was proposed based on an experimental and mathematical method for tissue extraction efficiency evaluation by means of consecutively sampling a location on tissue twice by SSμLC-MS/MS. The observed extraction efficiency ranged from 69% to 82% with acceptable variation for the test compounds. Good agreement in extraction efficiency was observed between surrogate tissue sections and incurred tissue sections. This method was successfully applied to two case studies in which tissue distribution was instrumental in advancing project teams' understanding of compound properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panos Hatsis
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936 United States
| | | | | | - Xiaojun Ren
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936 United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Catoire
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936 United States
| | - Adam Bentley
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936 United States
| | - Luis Ramos
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936 United States
| | - Paul Moench
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936 United States
| | - Samuel Hintermann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Carcache
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jim Glick
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936 United States
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936 United States
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Flarakos J, Du Y, Gu H, Wang L, Einolf HJ, Chun DY, Zhu B, Alexander N, Natrillo A, Hanna I, Ting L, Zhou W, Dole K, Sun H, Kovacs SJ, Stein DS, Tanaka SK, Villano S, Mangold JB. Clinical disposition, metabolism and in vitro drug–drug interaction properties of omadacycline. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:682-696. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1213465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yancy Du
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and
| | - Helen Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and
| | - Lai Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and
| | | | | | - Bing Zhu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and
| | | | | | - Imad Hanna
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and
| | - Lillian Ting
- Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and
| | - Kiran Dole
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, DMPK, East Hanover, NJ, USA,
| | | | - Steven J. Kovacs
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, DMPK, East Hanover, NJ, USA,
| | - Daniel S. Stein
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, DMPK, East Hanover, NJ, USA,
| | - S. Ken Tanaka
- Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Clinical and Medical Affairs, King of Prussia, PA, USA, and
| | - Stephen Villano
- Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Clinical and Medical Affairs, King of Prussia, PA, USA, and
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Huskey SEW, Forseth RR, Li H, Jian Z, Catoire A, Zhang J, Ray T, He H, Flarakos J, Mangold JB. Utilization of Stable Isotope Labeling to Facilitate the Identification of Polar Metabolites of KAF156, an Antimalarial Agent. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1697-708. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Fu Y, Xia YQ, Flarakos J, Tse FL, Miller JD, Jones EB, Li W. Differential Mobility Spectrometry Coupled with Multiple Ion Monitoring in Regulated LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis of a Therapeutic Cyclic Peptide in Human Plasma. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3655-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlin Fu
- Early
Bioanalytics and Technology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Yuan-Qing Xia
- Sciex, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Early
Bioanalytics and Technology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Francis L.S. Tse
- Early
Bioanalytics and Technology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Miller
- Sciex, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Elliott B. Jones
- Sciex, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Wenkui Li
- Early
Bioanalytics and Technology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
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Flarakos J, Du Y, Bedman T, Al-Share Q, Jordaan P, Chandra P, Albrecht D, Wang L, Gu H, Einolf HJ, Huskey SE, Mangold JB. Disposition and metabolism of [14C] Sacubitril/Valsartan (formerly LCZ696) an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:986-1000. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1014944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yancy Du
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
| | | | | | - Pierre Jordaan
- Department of Drug Safety & Epidemiology Clinical Development, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma, East Hanover, NJ, USA, and
| | - Priya Chandra
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
| | - Helen Gu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
| | | | - Su-Er Huskey
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,
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Moench PA, Catoire A, Glick J, Flarakos J. Determination of tissue-specific ion suppression by liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:340-342. [PMID: 26689162 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Moench
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Alexandre Catoire
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - James Glick
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
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Fu Y, Li W, Flarakos J, Tse FL. Quantitative analysis of pasireotide (SOM230), a cyclic peptide, in monkey plasma using liquid chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:242-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Li W, Doherty J, Moench P, Flarakos J, Tse FL. LC–MS/MS bioanalysis of loratadine (Claritin) in dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected by subjects in a clinical research study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 983-984:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Li W, Luo S, Rebello S, Flarakos J, Tse FLS. A semi-automated LC-MS/MS method for the determination of LCI699, a steroid 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor, in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 960:182-93. [PMID: 24814004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of LCI699 was developed and validated with dynamic ranges of 0.0500-50.0 ng/mL and 1.00-1,000 ng/mL using 0.0500 mL and 0.100mL, respectively, of human plasma. LCI699 and the internal standard, [M+6]LCI699, were extracted from fortified human plasma via protein precipitation. After transfer or dilution of the supernatant followed by solvent evaporation and/or reconstitution, the extract was injected onto the LC-MS/MS system. Optimal chromatographic separation was achieved on an ACE C18 (50 mm × 4.6mm, 3 μm) column with 30% aqueous methanol (containing 0.5% acetic acid and 0.05% TFA) as the mobile phase run in isocratic at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The total analysis cycle time is approximately 3.5 min per injection. The addition of an ion-pair reagent, TFA (0.05%, v/v), to the mobile phases significantly improved the chromatographic retention and resolution of the analyte on silica based reversed-phase column. Although addition of TFA to the mobile phase suppresses the ESI signals of the analyte due to its ion-pairing characteristics in the gas phase of MS source, this negative impact was effectively alleviated by adding 0.5% acetic acid to the mobile phase. The current method was validated for sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, reproducibility, stability and recovery. For the low curve range (0.0500-50.0 ng/mL), the accuracy and precision for the LLOQs (0.0500 ng/mL) were -13.0 to 2.0% bias and 3.4-19.2% CV, respectively. For other QC samples (0.100, 6.00, 20.0 and 40.0 ng/mL), the precision ranged from 1.2 to 9.0% and from 3.8 to 8.8% CV, respectively, in the intra-day and inter-day evaluations. The accuracy ranged from -11.3 to 8.0% and -7.2 to 1.6% bias, respectively, in the intra-day and inter-day batches. For the high curve range (1.00-1,000 ng/mL), the accuracy and precision for the LLOQs (1.00 ng/mL) were 1.0-15.0% bias and 7.4-9.2% CV, respectively. For the other QC samples (3.00, 20.0, 200 and 750 ng/mL), the precision ranged from 0.8 to 7.0% and from 1.9 to 5.2% CV, respectively, in the intra-day and inter-day evaluations. The accuracy ranged from -2.5 to 4.0% and 0.7-1.0% bias, respectively, in the intra-day and inter-day batches. Additional assessments of incurred sample stability (ISS) and incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) were conducted to demonstrate the ruggedness and robustness of the assay method. The absence of adverse matrix effect and carryover was also demonstrated. The validated method was successfully used to support rapid turnaround human pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA.
| | - Suyi Luo
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Sam Rebello
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Francis L S Tse
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
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Sunkara G, Bende G, Mendonza AE, Solar-Yohay S, Biswal S, Neelakantham S, Wagner R, Flarakos J, Zhang Y, Jarugula V. Bioavailability of valsartan oral dosage forms. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2013; 3:132-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Girish Bende
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Hyderabad India
| | | | | | - Shibadas Biswal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Hyderabad India
| | | | - Robert Wagner
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; East Hanover NJ USA
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; East Hanover NJ USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; East Hanover NJ USA
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Lin TH, Hu K, Flarakos J, Sharr-McMahon M, Mangold JB, He H, Wang Y. Assessment of the absorption, metabolism and excretion of [14C]pasireotide in healthy volunteers using accelerator mass spectrometry. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:181-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
Incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) is an important step in assuring the quality of an LC-MS/MS bioanalytical assay and the integrity of bioanalysis conduct. A conventional ISR involves analysis of at least 20 samples taken from an in vivo study a second time using the method that was described in prestudy validation and employed in generating the initial study sample results. However, this practice is sometimes inadequate to confirm bioanalytical results that are unexpected. The present report discusses several additional exploratory activities that were performed to confirm the unexpected plasma concentration-time results of NVP-1, an investigational drug candidate, observed in the plasma samples collected from patients in a phase II trial. These approaches include (1) LC-MS/MS reanalysis of the study samples after multiple freeze/thaw cycles followed by a short-term benchtop storage, (2) evaluation of additional MS/MS transitions in LC-MS/MS, (3) employment of a different sample preparation procedure in LC-MS/MS, and (4) study sample dilution using plasma samples from healthy volunteers. These procedures are practical and can be readily implemented in the confirmatory LC-MS/MS bioanalysis of other small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States.
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Flarakos J, Ting LSL, Du Y, Stein DS, Reynolds CV, Patel M, Roy S, Mangold JB. Disposition and metabolism of [¹⁴C]PTZ601 in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:283-92. [PMID: 22931187 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.715696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Six healthy male subjects were given a single dose of 500 mg of [14C]PTZ601 (mean radioactivity 79.2 μCi) by intravenous (IV) infusion over 1 h, and observed for 5 days post-dose during which pharmacokinetic (PK) samples were collected. Plasma PTZ601 concentrations and metabolite identification were determined using LC-MS/MS; PK parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. Excretion and mass balance were determined with liquid scintillation analysis and metabolites profiling was characterized by HPLC online radiochemical detection. 2. The disposition of PTZ601 was best described by a fast absorption, followed by a biphasic elimination phase. Peak PTZ601 plasma concentrations were reached within 0.5-1 h. The mean elimination half-life was 1.6 h and clearance was 13 L/h. 3. Recovery of the radioactivity dose was complete (mean 92%). The main route of excretion (parent and metabolites) was the renal route, as urine accounted for 69-77%, while feces only 13-22%, of the total radioactivity. 4. The majority of the drug was excreted in urine as multiple open ring metabolites: M17.3 (oxidative ring-opened product) and M22.2 (di-cysteine conjugate of 17.3); unchanged PTZ601 in urine contributed to 15% of radioactivity. The major metabolites detected in plasma were M17.3, M12.8 (acetylated M17.3), M22.2, and M41.4 (methylated M17.3). 5. PTZ601 was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flarakos
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA.
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McKeage M, Fong P, Hong K, Flarakos J, Mangold J, Du Y, Tanaka C, Schran H. Abstract 751: Mass balance, excretion and metabolism of [14C] ASA404 in cancer patients in a phase I trial. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the mass balance, excretion and metabolism of the small molecule flavonoid tumor vascular disrupting agent ASA404 in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: Seven cancer patients were given a single dose of 3000 mg [14C] ASA404 by intravenous infusion over 20 minutes prior to collection of samples of plasma, urine and faeces. Pharmacokinetic samples were analysed by HPLC, liquid scintillation counting, mass spectrometry, glusulase treatment and comparison to authentic standards. Descriptive pharmacokinetic parameters were generated by non-compartmental analysis. Results: Mass balance was achieved (mean recovery of radioactivity in excreta = 86.9% of the dose) with balanced excretion between urine (mean recovery of radioactivity in urine = 53.9% of dose) and faeces (mean recovery of radioactivity in faeces = 33.3% of dose). ASA404 was eliminated as parent drug, three known metabolites (6-hydroxy-ASA404, ASA404 acyl glucuronide and 6-hydroxy-ASA404 acyl glucuronide) and as two novel metabolites (an ASA404 dimer and an ASA404 dimer glucuronide conjugate). Unchanged ASA404 was the major radioactivity component detected in plasma within the first 24 hours after dosing. At later time-points, irreversibly protein bound ASA404 and all of the metabolites that had been detected in excreta, contributed to total plasma radioactivity. Conclusion: This study defined the substantial excretion of ASA404, mainly as metabolites, in both urine (over half of the dose) and faeces (about one third of the dose) after intravenous administration. Two novel metabolites were identified that were not reported by previous studies using nonradioactive techniques.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 751. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-751
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Fong
- 1University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Hong
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Oncology, East Hanover, NJ
| | | | - James Mangold
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Oncology, East Hanover, NJ
| | - Yancy Du
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Oncology, East Hanover, NJ
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Oncology, East Hanover, NJ
| | - Horst Schran
- 2Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Oncology, East Hanover, NJ
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Flarakos J, Liberman RG, Tannenbaum SR, Skipper PL. Integration of continuous-flow accelerator mass spectrometry with chromatography and mass-selective detection. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5079-85. [PMID: 18494504 DOI: 10.1021/ac800286g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical combination of an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) instrument with a conventional gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) is described. The resulting hybrid instrument (GC/MS/AMS) was used to monitor mass chromatograms and radiochromatograms simultaneously when (14)C-labeled compounds were injected into the gas chromatograph. Combination of the two instruments was achieved by splitting the column effluent and directing half to the mass spectrometer and half to a flow-through CuO reactor in line with the gas-accepting AMS ion source. The reactor converts compounds in the GC effluent to CO2 as required for function of the ion source. With cholesterol as test compound, the limits of quantitation were 175 pg and 0.00175 dpm injected. The accuracy achieved in analysis of five nonzero calibration standards and three quality control standards, using cholesterol-2,2,3,4,4,6-d6 as injection standard, was 100 +/- 11.8% with selected ion monitoring and 100 +/- 16% for radiochromatography. Respective values for interday precision were 1.0-3.2 and 22-32%. Application of GC/MS/AMS to a current topic of interest was demonstrated in a model metabolomic study in which cultured primary hepatocytes were given [(14)C]glucose and organic acids excreted into the culture medium were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Flarakos
- Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Prakash C, Shaffer CL, Tremaine LM, Liberman RG, Skipper PL, Flarakos J, Tannenbaum SR. Application of liquid chromatography-accelerator mass spectrometry (LC-AMS) to evaluate the metabolic profiles of a drug candidate in human urine and plasma. Drug Metab Lett 2007; 1:226-231. [PMID: 19356047 DOI: 10.2174/187231207781369735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite profiling of 100- and 1,000-fold diluted urine and plasma samples from a conventional radiolabeled human ADME study is described using a highly sensitive LC-AMS technique. The concentration of radioactivity and the metabolic profiles in urine and plasma determined using this technique were similar to those employing standard off-line (i.e. LSC) or in-line (i.e. beta-RAM or LC-ARC dynamic-flow) radioactivity monitoring techniques. The results indicate that at a simulated ca. 100 nCi clinical dose, plasma and urine concentrations of (14)C, as well as their metabolic profiles, may be determined routinely by LC-AMS. This approach opens the possibility of using LC-AMS for both the high-throughput quantitation of biological samples and the generation of high-resolution chromatographic profiles of complex mixtures at a lower cost than current AMS analyses that require the conversion of sample carbon to graphite, a laborious and time consuming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Abstract
We have developed a novel LC-UV-MS derivatization method for the analysis of deoxyguanosine monophosphate adducts that demonstrates enhanced signal intensities relative to underivatized analytes in positive ion mode electrospray ionization MS. Detection of DNA nucleotide adducts is normally conducted in negative ion mode, which requires basic mobile phases that make chromatographic separations difficult and reduce MS sensitivity. Utilizing coupling reagents typically employed in peptide synthesis, several different deoxyguanosine nucleotide phosphoramidates and phosphomonoesters were synthesized in high conversion yield and under mild reaction conditions. The derivatives were characterized by MS/MS and reaction conversion yields determined from the DAD-UV traces. The derivatives were evaluated for ionization efficiencies, fragmentation patterns, and reversed-phase chromatographic properties by LC/ESI-MS/MS. Overall, the hydrophobic derivatives showed increases in ionization efficiency and improved peak shape. Rank ordering of the derivatizing agents was initially established using the dGp-modified derivatives. The best derivatizing agent, hexamethyleneimine, showed a 3-4-fold signal enhancement compared to underivatized dGp and was selected for additional evaluation. A model system using the carcinogen, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAAF), was used to synthesize a N-acetyl-(2-aminofluorenyl)-guanosine 5'-monophosphate (dGpAAF) adduct, which was subsequently derivatized with hexamethyleneimine. Detection limits for dGphex and dGpAAFhex, purified by HPLC, were 10- and 3-fold higher (S/N) than their respective underivatized analogues. Practical applicability, with similar improvements in sensitivity, was established by derivatizing adducts isolated from calf thymus DNA exposed to AAAF. Our results demonstrate the utility of simple reactions for the enhanced detection of a mononucleotide in positive ion mode ESI MS and the application of this technique for the detection of dGp-DNA adducts at the low-femtomole level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Flarakos
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
High-throughput screening of combinatorial libraries has evolved from studying large diverse libraries to analyzing small, structurally similar, focused libraries. This paradigm shift has generated a need for rapid screening technologies to screen both diverse and focused libraries in a simple, efficient, and inexpensive manner. We have proactively addressed these needs by developing a high-throughput, solution-based method combining size exclusion (SEC), two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2-D LC), and mass spectrometry (MS) for determining the relative binding of drug candidates in small, focused medicinal libraries against human serum albumin (HSA). Two types of libraries were used to evaluate the performance of the system. The first consisted of five diverse ligands with a wide range of hydrophobicities and whose association constants to HSA cover 3 orders of magnitude. A beta-lactam library composed of structurally similar compounds was used to further confirm the validity of the methodology. The ability to distinguish site-specific interactions of drugs competing for individual domains of the HSA receptor is also demonstrated. Comparison of chromatographic profiles of the library components before and after incubation with the receptor using multiple reaction monitoring allowed a ranking of the ligands according to their relative binding affinities. The observed rankings correlate closely with literature values of the association constants between the respective ligands and HSA. This simple, rugged methodology can screen a wide spectrum of chemical entities from combinatorial mixtures in less than 6 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Flarakos
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Rozen S, Cudkowicz ME, Bogdanov M, Matson WR, Kristal BS, Beecher C, Harrison S, Vouros P, Flarakos J, Vigneau-Callahan K, Matson TD, Newhall KM, Beal MF, Brown RH, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Metabolomic analysis and signatures in motor neuron disease. Metabolomics 2005; 1:101-108. [PMID: 18820733 PMCID: PMC2553219 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-005-4810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MND) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that includes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and result in death of motor neurons. These diseases may produce characteristic perturbations of the metabolome, the collection of small-molecules (metabolites) present in a cell, tissue, or organism. To test this hypothesis, we used high performance liquid chromatography followed by electrochemical detection to profile blood plasma from 28 patients with MND and 30 healthy controls. Of 317 metabolites, 50 were elevated in MNDpatients and more than 70 were decreased (p < 0.05). Among the compounds elevated, 12 were associated with the drug Riluzole. In a subsequent study of 19 subjects with MND who were not taking Riluzole and 33 healthy control subjects, six compounds were significantly elevated in MND, while the number of compounds with decreased concentration was similar to study 1. Our data also revealed a distinctive signature of highly correlated metabolites in a set of four patients, three of whom had lower motor neuron (LMN) disease. In both datasets we were able to separate MND patients from controls using multivariate regression techniques. These results suggest that metabolomic studies can be used to ascertain metabolic signatures of disease in a non-invasive fashion. Elucidation of the structures of signature molecules in ALS and other forms of MND should provide insight into aberrant biochemical pathways and may provide diagnostic markers and targets for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Rozen
- Metabolon Inc., 800 Capitola Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- Whitehead Inst. for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Merit E. Cudkowicz
- MGH, Neurology Clinical Trial Unit, Charlestown Navy Yard, Building 149, 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Mikhail Bogdanov
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68 St., New York, NY 10021
| | | | - Bruce S. Kristal
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68 St., New York, NY 10021
- Dementia Research Service, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, NY 10605
| | - Chris Beecher
- Metabolon Inc., 800 Capitola Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Scott Harrison
- Metabolon Inc., 800 Capitola Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Paul Vouros
- Department of Chemistry and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jimmy Flarakos
- Department of Chemistry and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Theodore D. Matson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Kristyn M. Newhall
- MGH, Neurology Clinical Trial Unit, Charlestown Navy Yard, Building 149, 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - M. Flint Beal
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68 St., New York, NY 10021
| | - Robert H. Brown
- MGH, Neurology, MGH East, Charlestown Navy Yard, Building 114, 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Metabolon Inc., 800 Capitola Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- To whom corrsepondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Flarakos J, Luo W, Aman M, Svinarov D, Gerber N, Vouros P. Quantification of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in plasma and saliva from adult and pediatric patients by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1026:175-83. [PMID: 14763744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A robust and validated LC-MS-MS quantitative method, using column switching and mutiple reaction monitoring was developed for the analysis of risperidone (RIS) and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human plasma and saliva. The analytical range was 1-100 ng/ml. The method used 25 microl of sample precipitated with 75 microl of acetonitrile containing internal standard (R068808). Analyses were conducted on a PE Sciex API-III + triple quadrupole mass spectrometer fitted with a Turbo IonSpray source. The method was validated for human plasma using EDTA as the anticoagulant and cross-validated to heparinized human plasma and saliva. The recoveries of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone were 90-93 and 89-93%, respectively. The validated method was applied to clinical samples to study risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations in plasma and saliva. Risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone appear in the saliva of patients treated with risperidone. Their detection/quantification in saliva provides evidence for recent adherence with therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flarakos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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