An integrated proteomics and metabolomics approach to assess graft quality and predict early allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) is a common complication after liver transplantation (LT) and is associated with poor prognosis. Graft itself plays a major role in the development of EAD. We aimed to reveal the EAD-specific molecular profiles to assess graft quality and establish EAD predictive models.

METHODS

A total of 223 patients who underwent LT were enrolled and divided into training (n=73) and validation (n=150) sets. In the training set, proteomics was performed on graft biopsies, together with metabolomics on paired perfusates. Differential expression, enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction network were used to identify the key molecules and pathways involved. EAD predictive models were constructed using machine learning and verified in the validation set.

RESULTS

A total of 335 proteins were differentially expressed between the EAD and non-EAD groups. These proteins were significantly enriched in triglyceride and glycerophospholipid metabolism, neutrophil degranulation, and the MET-related signaling pathway. The top 12 graft proteins involved in the aforementioned processes were identified, including GPAT1, LPIN3, TGFB1, CD59, and SOS1. Moreover, downstream metabolic products, such as lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-8, triglycerides, and the phosphatidylcholine/phosphorylethanolamine ratio in the paired perfusate displayed a close relationship with the graft proteins. To predict the occurrence of EAD, an integrated model using perfusate metabolic products and clinical parameters showed areas under the curve of 0.915 and 0.833 for the training and validation sets, respectively. It displayed superior predictive efficacy than that of currently existing models, including donor risk index and D-MELD scores.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified novel biomarkers in both grafts and perfusates that could be used to assess graft quality and provide new insights into the etiology of EAD. Herein, we also offer a valid tool for the early prediction of EAD.

[Different methods in predicting mortality of pediatric intensive care units sepsis in Southwest China]

Objective: To investigate the value of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), pediatric sequential organ failure assessment (pSOFA) and pediatric critical illness score (PCIS) in predicting mortality of pediatric sepsis in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) from Southwest China. Methods: This was a prospective multicenter observational study. A total of 447 children with sepsis admitted to 12 PICU in Southwest China from April 2022 to March 2023 were enrolled. Based on the prognosis, the patients were divided into survival group and non-survival group. The physiological parameters of SIRS, pSOFA and PCIS were recorded and scored within 24 h after PICU admission. The general clinical data and some laboratory results were recorded. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to compare the predictive value of SIRS, pSOFA and PCIS in mortality of pediatric sepsis. Results: Amongst 447 children with sepsis, 260 patients were male and 187 patients were female, aged 2.5 (0.8, 7.0) years, 405 patients were in the survival group and 42 patients were in the non-survival group. 418 patients (93.5%) met the criteria of SIRS, and 440 patients (98.4%) met the criteria of pSOFA≥2. There was no significant difference in the number of items meeting the SIRS criteria between the survival group and the non-survival group (3(2, 4) vs. 3(3, 4) points, Z=1.30, P=0.192). The pSOFA score of the non-survival group was significantly higher than that of the survival group (9(6, 12) vs. 4(3, 7) points, Z=6.56, P<0.001), and the PCIS score was significantly lower than that of the survival group (72(68, 81) vs. 82(76, 88) points, Z=5.90, P<0.001). The predictive value of pSOFA (AUC=0.82) and PCIS (AUC=0.78) for sepsis mortality was significantly higher than that of SIRS (AUC=0.56) (Z=6.59, 4.23, both P<0.001). There was no significant difference between pSOFA and PCIS (Z=1.35, P=0.176). Platelet count, procalcitonin, lactic acid, albumin, creatinine, total bilirubin, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and international normalized ratio were all able to predict mortality of sepsis to a certain degree (AUC=0.64, 0.68, 0.80, 0.64, 0.68, 0.60, 0.77, 0.75, 0.76, all P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with SIRS, both pSOFA and PCIS had better predictive value in the mortality of pediatric sepsis in PICU.

Changes in CO2 concentration drive a succession of toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis blooms

The dynamic changes between toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis blooms have always been a hot topic. Previous studies have found that low CO2 favors toxic strains, but how changing dissolved CO2 (CO2 [aq]) in water body influences the succession of toxic and non-toxic strains in Microcystis blooms remains uncertain. Here, we combined laboratory competition experiments, field observations, and a machine learning model to reveal the links between CO2 changes and the succession. Laboratory experiments showed that under low CO2 conditions (100-150 ppm), the toxic strains could make better use of CO2 (aq) and be dominant. The non-toxic strains demonstrated a growth advantage as CO2 concentration increased (400-1000 ppm). Field observations from June to November in Lake Taihu showed that the percentage of toxic strains increased as CO2 (aq) decreased. Machine learning highlighted links between the inorganic carbon concentration and the proportion of advantageous strains. Our findings provide new insights for cyanoHABs prediction and prevention.

Regio- and Enantioselective Construction of Tetrazole Hemiaminal Esters and Related Prodrugs via Biocatalytic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution

Enzyme-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution was applied to the one-pot regio- and enantioselective synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted tetrazole hemiaminal esters, among which 72% of the products were obtained in excellent enantiopurities (99% ees). Tunable stereoselectivity was achieved by using different types of enzymes during the synthesis of a key intermediate for a clinic drug candidate. Successful preparation of tetrazole ester prodrugs and high catalyst recyclability further demonstrated the potential practical application of this protocol.

Scoparone from Artemisia capillaris Thunb. induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via activation of both intracellular and extracellular pathways

Six separated compounds were identified from Artemisia capillaris Thunb., and they were 7-methoxycoumarin (1), 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (2), 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin (3), quercetin (4), chlorogenic acid (5) and caffeic acid (6). Among them, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, as known as scoparone, was the most effective on scavenging ABTS free radicals (IC50 = 0.97 μΜ) and was then tested by cytotoxic activity and pro-apoptotic activity against HepG2 cells. Scoparone dose-dependently and time-dependently inhibited the cell proliferation. Furthermore, scoparone induced the expression of Bax, concurrently suppressing the expression of Bcl-2, resulting in a noteworthy elevation in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to up-regulate Caspase-3 activity, thus inducing cell apoptosis via the intracellular pathway. Meanwhile, scoparone promoted the expression of Fas, FasL, FADD, Caspase-8 and Caspase-3, indicating that scoparone also triggered apoptosis via the extracellular pathway. In a word, scoparone demonstrated remarkable antitumor capability to induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells through both intracellular and extracellular pathways.

Effects of cadmium exposure on metabolism, antioxidant defense, immune function, and the hepatopancreas transcriptome of Cipangopaludina cathayensis

Cadmium (Cd) is a common contaminant in aquatic environments. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in the freshwater snail Cipangopaludina cathayensis (Heude, 1890). This study to investigate the toxic effects of Cd on the standard metabolism, antioxidant activities, immune function, and hepatopancreas transcriptome profiles of C. cathayensis. C. cathayensis was exposed to 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/L Cd for 3 h, with results showing that Cd significantly inhibited oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion and disrupted the respiratory metabolism of C. cathayensis. In addition, the O:N ratio dropped below 7, indicating that C. cathayensis may rely exclusively on proteins as an energy source under Cd stress. To understand how Cd impacts the antioxidant activities, immune function, and transcriptional profiles, C. cathayensis were exposed to 0.5 (low exposure, L14) or 1.5 (high exposure, H14) mg/L Cd for 14 days. Our results indicate that Cd exposure leads to oxidative stress and immunosuppression, with the latter effect being larger for exposure to higher Cd concentrations. A total of 2172 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by transcriptome analysis of the hepatopancreas, of which 885 were upregulated and 1287 were downregulated. Gene ontology and KEGG analyses revealed that the DEGs in the H14 group are enriched for energy generation terms and the "oxidative phosphorylation" pathway, respectively. Therefore, up-regulation of energy metabolism may be an adaptive strategy under Cd stress. Moreover, several genes involved in antioxidant activity were downregulated, whereas genes related to reactive oxygen species generation were upregulated. In addition, many immunity-related genes were identified within the DEGs, indicating that Cd toxicity may affect immune defense. Further, DEGs in the H14 group were enriched for disease-associated pathways. Taken together, our results indicate that Cd exposure leads to metabolic disorders, oxidative stress, and immunosuppression and thus may potentially contribute to disease outbreaks.

Combination of ultrasound and serological tests for detecting occult lateral lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid cancer

PURPOSE

To investigate the value of ultrasound and serum marker tests in detecting lateral lymph node metastasis in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).

METHODS

Data of 105 patients diagnosed with MTC and admitted to the Department of General Surgery in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from June 2010 to August 2020 were collected and retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

Ultrasound examination alone had a sensitivity of 89.36% and a specificity of 70.69%. For surveillance of postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen and calcitonin, cut-off values of 7.115 ng/mL and 13.185 pg/mL, respectively, were shown to discriminate the presence of cervical lymph node metastasis. Combining ultrasound and postoperative serum levels of both carcinoembryonic antigen and calcitonin as serial tests increased the specificity to 91.38% and 87.93%, with a sensitivity of 95.45%. Multivariate logistic analysis identified the following risk factors for lateral lymph node metastasis in MTC: suspicious lymph nodes detected by ultrasound and postoperative calcitonin above 13.185 pg/mL.

CONCLUSION

The combination of ultrasound and serological tests achieved higher sensitivity and specificity to identify MTC cases with potential occult lateral cervical lymph node metastasis compared with single tests.

Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation, can we harness the power of immune checkpoint inhibitors?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death globally and liver transplantation (LT) can serve as the best curative treatment option. However, HCC recurrence after LT remains the major obstacle to the long-term survival of recipients. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers and provided a new treatment strategy for post-LT HCC recurrence. Evidence has been accumulated with the real-world application of ICIs in patients with post-LT HCC recurrence. Notably, the use of these agents as immunity boosters in recipients treated with immunosuppressors is still controversial. In this review, we summarized the immunotherapy for post-LT HCC recurrence and conducted an efficacy and safety evaluation based on the current experience of ICIs for post-LT HCC recurrence. In addition, we further discussed the potential mechanism of ICIs and immunosuppressive agents in regulating the balance between immune immunosuppression and lasting anti-tumor immunity.

Evolution of Composition and Methane Occurrence of Bituminous Coal after Igneous Intrusion: A Case Study of Daxing Coal Mine, Tiefa Basin, China

Since 1987, there have been 10 coal and gas outbursts in Daxing Coal Mine, Tiefa Basin. It was reported that these outbursts were related to igneous intrusion. To study the influence of igneous intrusion into bituminous on coal bed methane (CBM) occurrence, eight coal samples were collected at different distances (0.2-10 m) from an intrusion in Daxing Coal Mine. The petrographic and chemical data, pore characteristics, and adsorption properties of unaltered and heat-affected coals were tested and compared. Approaching the dike, vitrinite reflectance (R _o) increases from 0.56 to 1.14%, while moisture decreases from 6.4 to 3.1%. According to R _o, with the thermal evolution of igneous rocks, the temperature of heat-affected coal seams generally increases from ∼78 to ∼169 °C. The bituminous coal contained high moisture content before the intrusion, and after the igneous intrusion, partial heat may be used for moisture gasification; the other heat was used to improve coal metamorphism, resulting in little increase in the coal metamorphism as expected. The synergistic effect of igneous thermal evolution and moisture content change improves the adsorption capacity of coal. Affected by the igneous intrusion, the gas content of the heat-affected coal seams No. 4 (above the sill) and No. 7 (below the sill) is higher than that of the unaltered No. 12 coal seam, and the gas content of No. 7 coal seam (beneath the sill) is higher than that of No. 4 coal seam. The low permeability sill has a sealing effect on the gas in No. 7 coal seam. Therefore, the evolution process of CBM occurrence in the Daxing Coal Mine can be speculated, that is, after magma intrusion, the temperature increased, the metamorphic degree of coal increased, and water gasification occurred at the same time. The original adsorption site occupied by moisture was vacated, which improved the methane adsorption capacity of the coal and provided favorable conditions for CBM occurrence.

The role of macrophage TAM receptor family in the acute-to-chronic progression of liver disease: From friend to foe?

Hepatic macrophages, the key cellular components of the liver, emerge as essential players in liver inflammation, tissue repair and subsequent fibrosis, as well as tumorigenesis. Recently, the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family, consisting of Tyro3, Axl and MerTK, was found to be a pivotal modulator of macrophages. Activation of macrophage TAM receptor signalling promotes the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells and skews the polarization of macrophages. After briefly reviewing the mechanisms of TAM receptor signalling in macrophage polarization, we focus on their role in liver diseases from acute injury to chronic inflammation, fibrosis and then to tumorigenesis. Notably, macrophage TAM receptor signalling seems to be a two-edged sword for liver diseases. On one hand, the activation of TAM receptor signalling inhibits inflammation and facilitates tissue repair during acute liver injury. On the other hand, continuous activation of the signalling contributes to the process of chronic inflammation into fibrosis and tumorigenesis by evoking hepatic stellate cells and inhibiting anti-tumour immunity. Therefore, targeting macrophage TAM receptors and clarifying its downstream pathways will be exciting prospects for the precaution and treatment of liver diseases, particularly at different stages or statuses.

Synergistic Hypolipidemic Effects and Mechanisms of Phytochemicals: A Review

Hyperlipidemia, a chronic disorder of abnormal lipid metabolism, can induce obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Increasing evidence indicates that phytochemicals may serve as a promising strategy for the prevention and management of hyperlipidemia and its complications. At the same time, the concept of synergistic hypolipidemic and its application in the food industry is rapidly increasing as a practical approach to preserve and improve the health-promoting effects of functional ingredients. The current review focuses on the effects of single phytochemicals on hyperlipidemia and its mechanisms. Due to the complexity of the lipid metabolism regulatory network, the synergistic regulation of different metabolic pathways or targets may be more effective than single pathways or targets in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. This review summarizes for the first time the synergistic hypolipidemic effects of different combinations of phytochemicals such as combinations of the same category of phytochemicals and combinations of different categories of phytochemicals. In addition, based on the different metabolic pathways or targets involved in synergistic effects, the possible mechanisms of synergistic hypolipidemic effects of the phytochemical combination are illustrated in this review. Hence, this review provides clues to boost more phytochemical synergistic hypolipidemic research and provides a theoretical basis for the development of phytochemicals with synergistic effects on hyperlipidemia and its complications.

Molecular structure characterization of bituminous coal in Northern China via XRD, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy

Bituminous coal is used widely for a variety of applications despite causing a range of problems within processes. The complexity and heterogeneity of the molecular structure of coal is one of the reasons for problems during use. Investigation into the molecular structure of the bituminous coal is reported from using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy experiments on four coal samples from coal mines in Northern China. The average lateral sizes (L_a), stacking heights (L_c) and interlayer spacing (d₀₀₂) of the coal samples' crystallite structures derived from the XRD ranged from 25.78 to 27.93 Å, 17.27 to 25.88 Å and 3.40 to 3.52 Å, respectively; and the G-D_1, I_D1/I_G and L_a of the samples ranged from 245.06 to 249.63 cm^-1, 2.18 to 2.48 and 18.16 to 20.64 Å, respectively. The FTIR spectra reveals that coal samples incorporate oxygen-containing functional groups, aliphatic functional groups, aromatic functional groups and hydroxyl functional groups. Results show these four coal samples contained a low degree of ordered microcrystalline units with a low degree of aromatic conformation. The samples have the largest proportion of oxygenated functional groups, followed by aromatic structures, aliphatic structures and hydroxyl groups. Results from this study could inform the ongoing study of molecular structural characteristics of bituminous coal as well as help our understanding of properties such as wettability and pore structure.

Electrospun Polymer-Free Nanofibers Incorporating Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/Difenoconazole via Supramolecular Assembly for Antifungal Activity

In this study, flexible and self-standing hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/difenoconazole inclusion complex (HPβCD/DZ-IC) nanofibers were prepared by polymer-free electrospinning, which exhibited potential to be a new fast-dissolving pesticide formulation. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were applied to evaluate the morphology of nanofibers, which showed that the resulting HPβCD/DZ-IC nanofibers were bead-free and uniform. In addition, the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectrum suggested a stoichiometric ratio of 1:0.9 (HPβCD/DZ). Other characterization methods, such as UV-vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were applied in this study. On the one hand, UV-vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, and TGA provided useful information for the successful formation of an inclusion complex; on the other hand, the results of TGA indicated the thermal stability of DZ was enhanced after the formation of inclusion complexes. Besides, the phase solubility test could explain the increased water solubility of the nanofibers of inclusion complexes formed by DZ and HPβCD. The results of molecular docking studies demonstrated the most favorable binding interactions when HPβCD combined with DZ. The dissolution test and the antifungal performance test exhibited the characteristics of fast dissolution and the excellent antifungal performance of HPβCD/DZ-IC nanofibers, respectively.

Thiram/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex electrospun nanofibers for a fast dissolving water-based drug delivery system

The electrospinning of thiram/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex nanofiber (thiram/HPβCD-IC-NF) was produced for establishing a quick dissolving water-based drug delivery system. As a dithiocarbamate broad-spectrum fungicide, thiram is insoluble in water. High-concentration HPβCD solutions (180 %, w/v) were applied in thiram/HPβCD systems to implement electrospinning with no extra polymer matrix added. The formation of thiram/HPβCD-IC-NF was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction as well as nuclear magnetic resonance. Phase solubility study proved HPβCD played a huge role in the improvement in solubility of thiram, and thiram/HPβCD-IC-NF showed an excellent dissolution rate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the configuration of surface of thiram/HPβCD-IC-NF, which exhibited that thiram/HPβCD-IC-NF was uniform and beadless. In addition, thiram/HPβCD-IC-NF exhibited better antifungal activity and thermal stability than pure thiram. In summary, thiram/HPβCD-IC-NF drug delivery system contributed to water solubility, thermal stability and antifungal activity of thiram. It could provide a new idea for the development of new formulations of rapidly dissolving green pesticides, and made efforts to promote the sustainable development of agriculture.

[Epidemic situation of malaria in Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2019]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of malaria and implementation of the "1-3-7" approach in malaria elimination in Yunnan Province, so as to provide the data support for the development of post-elimination surveillance interventions.

METHODS

All data pertaining to malaria cases in Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2019 were captured from the Notifiable Disease Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the changes in the epidemic situation of malaria were analyzed during the 5-year period. In addition, the core indexes regarding the "1-3-7" approach in malaria elimination of Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2019 were retrieved from the Malaria Control System in the Parasitic Disease Information Reporting System, and all changes in the indexes were descriptively analyzed.

RESULTS

During the period from 2014 to 2019, a total of 2 283 malaria cases were reported in Yunnan Province, including 1 927 cases with vivax malaria, 326 cases with plasmodium malaria, 29 cases with other species of malaria, and one case with unidentified species. There were 64 local cases, 2 219 overseas imported cases. Among the 2 283 malaria cases, the male/female ratio was 4.58∶1, and 80.25% of the cases were aged from 15 to 50 years. Farmer (70.00%) was the predominant occupation, and 76.70% (1 751/2 283) of the cases were identified in 25 border counties (districts). Malaria cases were reported in each month during the 5-year period, and the number of malaria cases increased from April, peaked on May to July, and started to decline on August. From 2014 to 2019, the reporting rate of malaria cases within 24 hours upon diagnosis was 100%, and the detection of malaria cases was 99.69% (2 276/ 2 283) in the laboratory, with a 99.65% (2 275/2 283) rate of definite diagnosis. In addition, the percentage of individual epidemiological investigations within 3 days was 100.00% (2 283/2 283), and the number of epidemic foci survey and treatment within 7 days was 576 during the 3-year period from 2017 to 2019. The goal of malaria elimination was achieved in Yunnan Province on June, 2020.

CONCLUSIONS

Malaria has been eliminated in Yunnan Province, and management of overseas imported malaria is the primary challenge to consolidate the malaria elimination achievements in the future. However, the approach in malaria elimination remains to be maintained, and the role of the Yunnan Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory requires to be strengthened.

Encapsulation of thiabendazole in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin nanofibers via polymer-free electrospinning and its characterization

BACKGROUND

Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a poorly water-soluble benzimidazole fungicide. However, the water solubility of TBZ can be significantly enhanced by inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins. In this study, a thiabendazole/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (TBZ/HPβCD) complex was synthesized and electrospinning was performed to produce a TBZ/HPβCD nanofibrous (TBZ/HPβCD-NF) complex that improved water solubility and antifungal activity.

RESULTS

The formation of TBZ/HPβCD-NF was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance. The morphology of TBZ/HPβCD-NF was studied by scanning electron microscopy. A phase solubility experiment showed that HPβCD exerted a great solubilization effect on TBZ, and TBZ/HPβCD-NF had better antifungal activity compared to that of TBZ alone.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, the solid fungicidal nanodispersion prepared in the present study is a new type of formulation that can enhance the water solubility of TBZ. This formulation, which demonstrated potential as a new fast dissolving formulation type with increased efficacy, is expected to be conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Research progress of decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel in regenerative medicine]

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has been widely used as a scaffold for regenerative medicine due to its high biomimetic and excellent biocompatibility. As a functional polymer material with high water content and controlled fluidity, hydrogel is very promising for some minimally invasive surgery in clinical practice. In recent years, with the rapid development of hydrogel theory and technology, dECM hydrogel has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of regenerative medicine. In this paper, the related researches in recent years are reviewed regarding the preparation of dECM hydrogel and its preclinical application. The future clinical use is also prospected.

[Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of early hydatidiform mole]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and diagnostic strategies of early hydatidiform mole. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 526 women with hydatidiform mole who underwent suction curettage and were confirmed by histopathology in Dalian Maternal and ChildHealth Care Hospital from Feb. 2013 to Feb. 2018, including 484 women with gestational age less than or equal to 12 weeks (the early group) and 42 women with gestational age greater than 12 weeks (the late group). The clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared, and the pathological diagnosis and pre-evacuation ultrasound examination of the early group were further discussed. Results: Compared with the late group, the clinical characteristics of the early group tended to be atypical, and the incidence of vaginal bleeding, excessive uterine size, theca lutein cysts (>6 cm) and pregnancy complications decreased significantly (all P<0.05). The serum level of β-hCG in the early group was significantly lower than that in the late group (Z=-2.382, P=0.017). While there was no significant difference in the pre-evacuation ultrasound detection rate between the two groups (53.5% vs 66.7%; χ(2)=2.697, P=0.101). Five hundred and fifteen patients completed the follow-up, and 38 patients with post-mole neoplasia were all cured. There was no significant difference in the malignant transformation rate of hydatidiform mole between the two groups (7.0% vs 11.9%; χ(2)=0.745, P=0.388). In the early group, 302 cases of complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), 179 cases of partial hydatidiform mole (PHM) and 3 cases of unclassified hydatidiform mole (UHM) were histologically diagnosed, according to pathological morphology combined with p57(KIP2) immunohistochemical staining. Compared with pathological diagnosis, the overall pre-evacuation ultrasound detection rate in the early hydatidiform mole was 53.5% (259/484), which was significantly better for complete (78.1%, 236/302) versus partial (11.7%, 21/179) hydatidiform moles (χ(2)=199.224, P<0.01). There was significantly weak negative correlation between the overall ultrasound detection rate and gestational age of hydatidiform mole (r=-0.211, P<0.01). The gestational age of early PHM was significantly longer than that of CHM (68.0 vs 58.5 days; Z=-8.048, P<0.01). Conclusions: The clinical presentations of early hydatidiform mole are not typical. Although ultrasound examination identifies only about half of hydatidiform moles, ultrasonography is still an important auxiliary examination method. Morphological examination combined with p57(K)IP2 immunohistochemical staining could effectively diagnose early hydatidiform mole, so as to reduce the missed diagnosis of hydatidiform mole.

Evaluation of robotic surgery skills using dynamic time warping

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

accompanied with the wide acceptance of robot assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS), the demand for efficient and objective surgical skills evaluation method is increased. Recently, with the development of medical engineering technology, several evaluation methods have been proposed. Among them, kinematic analysis, an unsupervised and data-based method, has been accepted by many researchers. However, this method is still limited by the number of metrics and unconvinced scoring system. This paper aims to propose a new evaluation method to assess surgical skills efficiently and objectively.

METHODS

this research proposed an efficient and effective surgical skills evaluation algorithm which used the trajectories of instrument tip and dynamic time warping (DTW) to provide trainees with real-time and summative feedback. The optimum trajectories based on 'Therbligs' theory was designed as a template. DTW algorithm was used to align actual trajectories to optimum trajectories with an evaluating indicator designed to emphasize the crucial motion features in surgical skills evaluation. The real-time feedback was obtained through a sliding time window to help trainees improve learning efficiency.

RESULTS

experts (n = 2) and novices (n = 8) were invited to complete the peg transfer tasks and 60 instrument tip trajectories were assessed by the proposed algorithm. Significant differences between different groups were observed (experts' right trajectories versus experts' left trajectories, p = 0.0002; experts' right trajectories versus novices' right trajectories, p = 0.0124). In addition, evaluation results of trajectories with operational mistakes were significantly different from those of others.

CONCLUSIONS

the proposed evaluation method showed its advantages in distinguishing and evaluating surgical performance. Given its ability to evaluate the performance based on kinematic information, the proposed evaluation method can be further developed in the future. Furthermore, because the proposed method can provide real-time feedback, it also has the potential to be a monitoring system in operation room.

[Radiographic assessment of vertebral artery injury in anterior cervical surgery in healthy adults]

Objectives: To study the relationship between the anatomical parameters of transverse foramen and intervertebral discs in the cross-section of the cervical spine in healthy adults, and to evaluate the risk of vertebral artery injury in the anterior cervical spine surgery. Methods: There were 24 healthy adults(12 male, 12 female) underwent neck CT angiography with clear vertebral artery and the adjacent structure imaging from June to December 2014 in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. The anatomical parameters of vertebral artery V2 segment with lower cervical vertebrae and intervertebral discs were measured by cross-sectional images of C(3-6). The corresponding parameters of different sex and both sides of the same segment were analyzed by independent samples t-test and paired t test, respectively. The least significant difference(LSD) t test was used to compare the corresponding data between different segments. Results: The vertebral artery was not walking in the middle of the transverse foramen in healthy individual, but partial medial, partial front walking. Transverse diameter of transverse foramen in male and female were 6.62-6.89 mm and 6.21-6.45 mm, and sagittal diameter was 5.41-6.48 mm and 5.40-6.10 mm, respectively.The transverse foramen were slightly oval. The distance between vertebral artery and midline in male and female were 14.23-16.12 mm and 13.60-15.04 mm, respectively, which was much larger than the width of cervical vertebral corpectomy. Compared with C(3-4), intervertebral disc, the transverse distance between the vertebral artery and the uncovertebral joint of C(4-5), C(5-6) was smaller, and the distance from the vertebral artery to the posterior margin of the uncovertebral joint was relatively small, the difference was statistically significant (t=2.449, P=0.022). The distance from vertebral artery to the posterior margin of uncinate process was 1/5-2/5 of the distance between the anterior and posterior edge of the corresponding segmental vertebra. Conclusion: Based on this anatomical study, the risk of vertebral artery injury in conventional anterior cervical decompression is small, and the risk of vertebral artery injury in different segments is slightly different.

Cloning and transcriptional expression of a novel gene during sex inversion of the rice field eel (Monopterus albus)

We performed annealing control primer (ACP)-based differential-display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) to isolate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the stage IV ovary and ovotestis of the rice field eel, Monopterus albus. Using 20 arbitrary ACP primers, 14 DEG expressed-sequence tags were identified and sequenced. The transcriptional expression of one DEG, G2, was significantly greater in the ovotestis than the stage IV ovary. To understand the role of G2 in sex inversion, G2 cDNA was cloned and semi-RT-PCR, real time PCR were performed during gonad development. The full-length G2 cDNA was 650 base pairs (bp) and it comprised a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of 82 bp, a 3′-UTR of 121 bp and an open reading frame of 444 bp that encoded a 148-amino acid protein. The expression of G2 was weak during early ovarian development until the stage IV ovary, but expression increased significantly with gonad development. We speculate that G2 may play an important function during sex inversion and testis development in the rice field eel, but the full details of the function of this gene requires further research.

Modal analysis and efficient coupling of TE₀₁ mode in small-core THz Bragg fibers

We report a design of low-loss THz Bragg fibers with a core size on the order of wavelength that operates near the cutoff frequency of its TE01 mode. We also propose a broadband Y-type mode converter based on branched rectangular metallic waveguides to facilitate coupling between the TE01 mode of the Bragg fiber and the TEM mode in free space with 60% efficiency. Our fiber holds strong promise to facilitate beam-wave interaction in gyrotron for high-efficiency THz generation.

Effect of Water Invasion on Outburst Predictive Index of Low Rank Coals in Dalong Mine

To improve the coal permeability and outburst prevention, coal seam water injection and a series of outburst prevention measures were tested in outburst coal mines. These methods have become important technologies used for coal and gas outburst prevention and control by increasing the external moisture of coal or decreasing the stress of coal seam and changing the coal pore structure and gas desorption speed. In addition, techniques have had a significant impact on the gas extraction and outburst prevention indicators of coal seams. Globally, low rank coals reservoirs account for nearly half of hidden coal reserves and the most obvious feature of low rank coal is the high natural moisture content. Moisture will restrain the gas desorption and will affect the gas extraction and accuracy of the outburst prediction of coals. To study the influence of injected water on methane desorption dynamic characteristics and the outburst predictive index of coal, coal samples were collected from the Dalong Mine. The methane adsorption/desorption test was conducted on coal samples under conditions of different injected water contents. Selective analysis assessed the variations of the gas desorption quantities and the outburst prediction index (coal cutting desorption index). Adsorption tests indicated that the Langmuir volume of the Dalong coal sample is ~40.26 m³/t, indicating a strong gas adsorption ability. With the increase of injected water content, the gas desorption amount of the coal samples decreased under the same pressure and temperature. Higher moisture content lowered the accumulation desorption quantity after 120 minutes. The gas desorption volumes and moisture content conformed to a logarithmic relationship. After moisture correction, we obtained the long-flame coal outburst prediction (cutting desorption) index critical value. This value can provide a theoretical basis for outburst prediction and prevention of low rank coal mines and similar occurrence conditions of coal seams.

The role of necroptosis in neurosurgical diseases

Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is an alternative form of cell death that is executed through a caspase-independent pathway. Necroptosis has been implicated in many pathological conditions. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of necroptotic signaling has been shown to confer neuroprotection after traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Therefore, the necroptotic pathway represents a potential target for neurological diseases that are managed by neurosurgeons. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of necroptotic signaling pathways and explore the role of necroptotic cell death in craniocerebral trauma, brain tumors, and cerebrovascular diseases.

Antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating effects of ethanol extract of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench roots

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Root of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (RSB) is an herbal medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine, still used in some rural areas in Central China as an alternative remedy to treat cough and asthma.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study was aimed at evaluating the antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating effects of ethanol extract of RSB, support its folk use with scientific evidence, and lay a foundation for its further researches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RSB was extracted with 80% ethanol aqueous in reflux conditions, solutions were concentrated in reduced pressure, and lyophilized in vacuum to yield the RSB extract. Antitussive evaluations were carried out with three different models including ammonia liquor induced mice cough, capsaicin induced mice cough, and citric acid induced guinea pigs cough; phenol red secretion experiments in mice were performed to evaluate the expectorant ability; bronchodilating effects were evaluated with a bronchoconstrictive challenge induced by acetylcholine chloride and histamine in guinea pigs.

RESULTS

In all the three antitussive tests, treatment of RSB significantly inhibited the frequency of cough, and prolonged the cough latent period in animals. And high dose of RSB (200mg/kg in mice and 100mg/kg in guinea pigs) created therapeutic activities as good as standard antitussive drug codeine phosphate (20mg/kg). In the expectorant evaluation, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg RSB treatment had significantly increased the amount of phenol red output for 0.39, 1.18, and 1.96 folds in mice tracheas. In the bronchodilating test, RSB treatment at 100mg/kg extended the preconvulsive time for 44.84% compared with that of before treatment in guinea pigs.

CONCLUSIONS

RSB is an effective alternative medicine for the treatment of cough with potent antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating activities.

Gene expression analysis of ruptured and un-ruptured saccular intracranial aneurysm

BACKGROUND

Although Saccular intracranial aneurysm (sIA) is the most common type abnormality of all intracranial aneurysms, the biological mechanisms of sIA are not fully understood.

METHODS

We downloaded microarray datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database which includes 11 ruptured intracranial aneurysm samples and 8 unruptured intracranial aneurysm samples. Significant Analysis of Microarray (SAM) was employed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

RESULTS

We found 2129 genes differentially expressed in rupture sIA, of which 1062 genes up-regulated and 1057 genes down-regulated. Functional analysis demonstrated these genes were significantly associated with inflammatory response, wounding response and defense response. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed that these genes may play important roles in the pathogenesis of sIAs. Results suggested that four transcription factors (TFs) could cooperated with each other, together with several microRNAs play roles in the pathonegensis of ruptured sIAs.

CONCLUSIONS

All of above results indicate the existence of DEGs between ruptured and unruptured sIAs, which regulating the pathogenesis of ruptured sIAs. TFs and microRNAs may also play key roles in ruptured sIAs. This research hints a new thought to the therapy of ruptured sIAs.

[FTY720 attenuates rat anti-Thy-1 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis by inhibition of transforming growth factor β1-connective tissue growth factor pathway]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether FTY720 inhibits rat mesangial proliferation and extracellular matrix expansion through suppression of transforming growth factor β1-connective tissue growth factor (TGFβ1-CTGF) pathway, and to explore experimental evidence for its effect on mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.

METHODS

A rat model of anti-Thy-1 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was established and FTY720 intervention was performed. Periphery blood lymphocyte count, urine protein excretion, glomerular mesangial proliferation, protein and gene expression of TGFβ1 and CTGF and extracellular matrix protein including fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV in isolated glomeruli were documented at 1, 3 and 7 days after injection of anti-Thy-1 antibody.

RESULTS

The model group developed proteinuria at 1, 3 and 7 days after injection of anti-Thy-1 antibody, which were significantly higher [(27.9 ± 7.3), (63.5 ± 18.8) and (52.4 ± 15.4)mg/d, respectively] than those in the control group [(8.4 ± 2.4), (8.4 ± 2.1) and (10.4 ± 3.2) mg/d; respectively, P < 0.01]. FTY720 intervention group showed significantly decreased proteinuria at 3 and 7 days after injection [(31.4 ± 7.0), (25.5 ± 7.7) mg/d, respectively] than model group (P < 0.01), although higher than the control group (P < 0.01). After intervention for 3 and 7 days, FTY720 significantly down-regulated both TGFβ1 and CTGF gene and protein expression in cultured glomeruli, and suppressed the production of glomerular extracellular matrix protein secretion, leading to attenuated mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix expansion in rat anti-Thy-1 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.

CONCLUSION

FTY720 significantly attenuates mesangial proliferation and extracellular matrix expansion through inhibition of TGFβ1-CTGF pathway in rat, and thus ameliorates the development of anti-Thy-1 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.

Development of a cell immobilization technique for the conversion of polysialogangliosides to monosialotetrahexosylganglioside

CONTEXT

Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM₁) prepared from the brain of pig or bovine is an effective clinical drug in the treatment of different nervous system diseases. Generally, polysialogangliosides are transformed into GM₁ by enzymic or chemical hydrolysis due to the very poor level of natural GM₁.

OBJECTIVE

To continuously obtain GM₁ by cell immobilization in a packed-bed reactor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Brevibacterium casei, which is Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the order Actinomyces and family Brevibacteriaceae, can produce high-activity sialidase, are encapsulated in silk fibroin hydrogel, and subsequently packed into a reactor. The crude ganglioside is pumped into the reactor and continuously turned to GM₁.

RESULTS

The optimal silk fibroin concentration for hydrogel preparation is 6.0% (w/v). The optimal initial biomass for immobilization is ~12% (wet weight). The optimal conversion conditions are 35 °C and 6  mL/min of flow rate. Under above conditions, the maximum GM₁ productive strength and conversion ratio can reach to 4.2 g/L·h and 313.5%, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Silk fibroin is a promising material for cell immobilization because it has predominant characteristics of higher permeability and intensity. Cell immobilization for continuous GM₁ transformation could eliminate the asialo GM₁ and decrease the foreign matter from transfer medium and metabolism product.

CONCLUSION

In the packed-bed reactor, continuous production of GM₁ had been under effective running at least for 15 days indicating a potential for industrial production. It is significant that this is a first report on cell immobilization for GM₁ production.

Adherence to lipid-lowering agents among 11,042 patients in clinical practice

AIMS

Dyslipidaemia is a poorly-controlled condition in clinical practice largely because of poor adherence to medication regimens by patients. This study evaluated the levels of and factors associated with adherence to lipid-lowering agents in a large Chinese population.

METHODS

From a validated clinical database, we included all patients who attended any public, primary care clinics in one large Territory of Hong Kong for medication refill at least twice during the study period January 2004 to June 2007. The major outcome variable was Medication Possession Ratio (MPR), an internationally-recognised metric to measure drug adherence. The factors associated with optimal drug adherence (MPR ≥ 0.8) were evaluated by multivariate regression analysis.

RESULTS

From 11,042 eligible patients, 90% were adherent. After adjusting for patients' age, gender, socioeconomic status, service type, district of residence, visit type (new visits vs. follow-up visits), the number of comorbidities and the drug class (statin vs. fibrates), older patients [aged 50-59 years; adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.30, p = 0.009; 60-69 years; AOR 1.53, p < 0.001; ≥ 70 years; AOR 1.72, p < 0.001], attendance in family medicine specialist clinics (FMSC; AOR 1.56, p < 0.001), follow-up visits (AOR 2.93, p < 0.001) and the presence of comorbidities (one comorbidity; AOR 1.45, p < 0.001; ≥ 2 comorbidities; AOR 1.56, p < 0.001) were associated with optimal drug adherence.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

These findings carry an implication that younger subjects, new patients, visitors in clinics other than FMSC and those without comorbidities should receive more meticulous monitoring of their medication-taking behaviour. Future studies should evaluate the major reasons for non-adherence among them.

Multiple primary primitive neuroectodermal tumours within the spinal epidural space with non-concurrent onset

A case of multiple primary primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNETs), which occurred at different levels of the spinal epidural space successively over a period of 8 months, is reported. A 24-year-old male, presenting with rapidly progressive paralysis, hyperthesia and a posterior epidural mass extending from T8 to T10 revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), exhibited a good recovery after initial emergency surgery. Lower back pain, chest pain and paralysis were subsequently reported. Spinal MRI in month 7 revealed a mass extending from T12 to L1 and another mass extending from T4 to T5 was detected epidurally in month 8. Additional operations were performed and radiotherapy was given. Pathological findings were consistent with PNETs and symptoms improved with treatment, particularly following each surgical excision.

High-speed, high-resolution optical coherence tomography retinal imaging with a frequency-swept laser at 850 nm

High-speed, high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the human retina is demonstrated using a frequency-swept laser at 850 nm. A compact external cavity semiconductor laser design, optimized for swept-source ophthalmic OCT, is described. The laser enables an effective 16 kHz sweep rate with >10 mm coherence length and a tuning range of approximately 35 nm full width at half-maximum, yielding an axial resolution of <7 micro m in tissue.

Prognostic factors of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. We tried to elucidate the possible prognostic factors.

METHODS

A retrospective review was conducted of ATC patients in National Taiwan University Hospital from 1978 to 2003. Their demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, laboratory data and treatment modalities were reviewed. Possible prognostic factors for survival were evaluated.

RESULTS

Forty-five patients (14 males and 31 females) of mean age 61.9 +/- 12.6 yr were included in this study. The median survival time was 94 days (range 6 to 776 days). The overall survival rate was 27% at 6 months and 10% at 1 yr. Thirty-two patients receiving intervention regimens had a median survival of 106 days, while 13 patients receiving palliative therapy had a median survival of 39 days. The difference in survival is statistically significant (logrank test, p = 0.017). Adjusted with sex and age, increment in white blood cell count (per 10(9)/l) and serum albumin (per 1.0 g/l) had a hazard ratio of 1.12 (Cox regression, p < 0.001) and 0.92 (p = 0.041), respectively. Patients with leukocytosis [white blood cell (WBC) count > 10(10)/l] or hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin < 35 g/l) had significant shorter survival than patients without leukocytosis or hypoalbuminemia (logrank test p = 0.008 and p = 0.032, respectively). Patients with serum T4 levels lower than 64.35 nmol/l had significantly shorter survival than patients without hypothyroxinemia (median survival 24 vs 128 days, logrank test, p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

ATC is an aggressive malignancy. Leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and hypothyroxinemia indicated poor prognosis. Survival time might be prolonged if intervention treatment is tolerable.

Three-dimensional and C-mode OCT imaging with a compact, frequency swept laser source at 1300 nm

We demonstrate high resolution, three-dimensional OCT imaging with a high speed, frequency swept 1300 nm laser source. A new external cavity semiconductor laser design, optimized for application to swept source OCT, is discussed. The design of the laser enables adjustment of an internal spectral filter to change the filter bandwidth and provides a robust bulk optics design. The laser generates ~30 mW instantaneous peak power at an effective 16 kHz sweep rate with a tuning range of ~133 nm full width. In frequency domain reflectometry and OCT applications, 109 dB sensitivity and ~10 microm axial resolution in tissue can be achieved with the swept laser. The high imaging speeds enable three-dimensional OCT imaging, including zone focusing or C-mode imaging and image fusion to acquire large depth of field data sets with high resolution. In addition, three-dimensional OCT data provides coherence gated en face images similar to optical coherence microscopy (OCM) and also enables the generation of images similar to confocal microscopy by summing signals in the axial direction. High speed, three-dimensional OCT imaging can provide comprehensive data which combines the advantages of optical coherence tomography and microscopy in a single system.

Capillary angiogenesis and degeneration in bovine ovarian antral follicles

Angiogenesis and capillary degeneration are both evident during ovarian follicle growth. However, the characteristics and distribution of thecal capillary proliferative and degenerative structures have not been fully defined. Indeed, the role of thecal microvasculature changes in follicular atresia is still a matter of debate. The present study examined the distribution of thecal capillary changes occurring during follicular growth and related the changes to capillary morphology (by scanning electron microscopy, SEM, on bovine ovarian corrosion casts) with the incidence of capillary apoptosis (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling, TUNEL) and follicular status (as confirmed by follicular fluid steroid concentrations). SEM demonstrated well-perfused vascular plexuses of small to large antral follicles with structural and functional changes to capillaries. Angiogenesis was evident mainly in the apical part of the inner capillary layer of medium follicles and the middle or basal part of the inner capillary layer of dominant follicles that exhibited high oestradiol:progesterone ratios. Degenerative capillaries were observed mainly in the outer vascular layers of small follicles, and in the inner and outer vascular layers of medium antral follicles. Although apoptotic structures were present only in the outer capillaries of the theca interna of morphologically healthy antral follicles, atretic follicles showed apoptotic structures in both the outer and inner thecal capillary layers. These results show that angiogenesis increases during bovine follicular growth and occurs unevenly in different inner theca regions of the follicles. The differential angiogenic and degenerative response of theca interna capillaries may reflect differences in the microenvironment of the follicles, which in turn determine the fate of the follicles (continued growth versus atresia).

Capillary angiogenesis and degeneration in bovine ovarian antral follicles

Angiogenesis and capillary degeneration are both evident during ovarian follicle growth. However, the characteristics and distribution of thecal capillary proliferative and degenerative structures have not been fully defined. Indeed, the role of thecal microvasculature changes in follicular atresia is still a matter of debate. The present study examined the distribution of thecal capillary changes occurring during follicular growth and related the changes to capillary morphology (by scanning electron microscopy, SEM, on bovine ovarian corrosion casts) with the incidence of capillary apoptosis (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling, TUNEL) and follicular status (as confirmed by follicular fluid steroid concentrations). SEM demonstrated well-perfused vascular plexuses of small to large antral follicles with structural and functional changes to capillaries. Angiogenesis was evident mainly in the apical part of the inner capillary layer of medium follicles and the middle or basal part of the inner capillary layer of dominant follicles that exhibited high oestradiol:progesterone ratios. Degenerative capillaries were observed mainly in the outer vascular layers of small follicles, and in the inner and outer vascular layers of medium antral follicles. Although apoptotic structures were present only in the outer capillaries of the theca interna of morphologically healthy antral follicles, atretic follicles showed apoptotic structures in both the outer and inner thecal capillary layers. These results show that angiogenesis increases during bovine follicular growth and occurs unevenly in different inner theca regions of the follicles. The differential angiogenic and degenerative response of theca interna capillaries may reflect differences in the microenvironment of the follicles, which in turn determine the fate of the follicles (continued growth versus atresia).

Follicular microvasculature in the porcine ovary

The microvasculature of porcine ovaries, with special regard to the follicles in the interstitial-stromal tissue, was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. Porcine ovaries displayed several coiled arteries in the hilus and many branches with small diameters and a tightly spiraling configuration in the cortical areas. However, small arterioles became straight before entering vascular complexes of follicles and finally divided into capillaries. Vascular baskets of various sizes (150-9,900 micro m in diameter) and architecture related to follicles in various developmental stages were observed in the ovarian cortex. Small follicles (150-300 micro m in diameter) began with a polygonal meshwork of a few large capillary meshes and developed to an obvious spherical microvascular network with a thin single layer of capillaries when reaching 500-700 micro m in diameter. The microvascular architecture of follicles 1,000-2,000 micro m in diameter developed further and had a three-layer vascular plexus. With a diameter of more than 2,000 micro m, the microvasculature of antral follicles was arranged as an inner vascular plexus of about 25 micro m, a middle plexus of about 100 micro m, and an outer capillary plexus of about 30 micro m in thickness. The present observations indicate that follicular vascular baskets of diverse sizes and architecture in various developmental stages support the gradual increase of follicular blood flow during follicle growth in the pig.

Follicular development and ovulation in hypothyroid rdw rats

In this paper, we summarized our recent studies on follicular development and ovulation in the presence or absence of thyroxine (T4) and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) treatment in infertile immature spontaneously hypothyroid rdw rats. T4 therapy once daily from postnatal day 21 to day 29 resulted in increases in ovarian weight on day 30 (P 0.01). Similar populations of both healthy and atretic antral follicles ranging in diameter from 101-400 microm were observed in control rdw and normal rats. T4 treatment markedly increased the numbers of healthy antral follicles of 101-400 microm or larger than 550 microm in diameter in the absence or presence of eCG, respectively, in rdw rats. On the other hand, T4 treatment did not affect the population of atretic antral follicles, but decreased the number of atretic large antral follicles (>400 microm) in the presence of eCG. Although a few (5+/-2) eggs were obtained from immature rdw rats treated with gonadotrophins alone, significantly more eggs (85+/-5) were ovulated from females treated with gonadotrophins and T4. As a control, normal littermates ovulated 45 eggs when treated with gonadotrophins only and 68 eggs when to them were also given T4. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that T4 treatment improved follicular development in the presence of eCG and significantly increased the number of ovulated eggs following hCG treatment in rdw rats.

Characteristics of infertility in female hypothyroid (hyt) mice

Female hypothyroid (hyt) mice are infertile, but the reason for this infertility is not yet known. The present study was conducted to determine whether hypothyroidism induced infertility in immature and mature hyt mice. Furthermore, animals were treated with thyroxine and gonadotrophins at different times to determine whether infertility was due to failure of follicular development, implantation or pregnancy. There were no significant differences in the numbers of ovulated eggs induced by gonadotrophin treatment or the percentages of eggs developed in vitro among immature normal controls, hyt and thyroxine-treated hyt mice. Mature hyt mice showed continuous dioestrus, and ovulated significantly fewer eggs after gonadotrophin treatment and failed to establish pregnancy after mating compared with mature control mice. Mature hyt mice had significantly fewer corpora lutea > 500 microm in diameter and significantly lower progesterone concentrations. Thyroxine treatment before mating in hyt mice resulted in well-developed corpora lutea, an increase in progesterone and normal pregnancy, regardless of subsequent thyroxine administration. In conclusion, infertility occurs in mature rather than immature hyt mice, is due to the failure of follicular development and pregnancy, and can be reversed by thyroxine treatment before mating.

Vitrification of large quantities of immature bovine oocytes using nylon mesh

Vitrification of oocytes and embryos has recently been improved using new physical supports such as electron microscope (EM) grids, open-pulled straws, and cryoloops. However, the number of samples per container was restricted in each of these methods. In the present study, to develop a novel simple technique for vitrification of large quantities of oocytes or embryos, we examined vitrification of large quantities of immature bovine oocytes using nylon mesh as a novel container. As many as 65 oocyte-cumulus cell complexes could be placed on nylon mesh for vitrification compared with 15 per EM grid. Recovery rates were higher when using nylon mesh than EM grids, while fertilization and development rates were not different. These results indicated that vitrification using nylon mesh is useful and offers a new way to cryopreserve large numbers of oocytes.