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Cénat JM, Mukunzi JN, Amédée LM, Clorméus LA, Dalexis RD, Lafontaine MF, Guerrier M, Michel G, Hébert M. Prevalence and factors related to dating violence victimization and perpetration among a representative sample of adolescents and young adults in Haiti. Child Abuse Negl 2022; 128:105597. [PMID: 35339796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies examining both victimization and perpetration of dating violence among both women and men are virtually non-existent in Haiti. This study aimed to document the prevalence and factors associated with victimization and perpetration of dating violence (DV) among adolescents and young adults aged 15-24 years in Haiti. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 3586 participants (47.6% women; mean age = 19.37; SD = 2.71) were sampled in the 10 geographical departments according to residence areas (urban/rural), age group (15-19/20-24 years old), and gender (men/women). METHOD Participants completed questionnaires assessing DV victimization and perpetration, witnessing interparental violence, parental violence, violence acceptance, social desirability, and self-esteem. RESULTS Overall, 1538 participants (56% women) were in a romantic relationship in the past year. Results showed that men were more likely to experience both psychological (49.4% of women and 57% of men, X2 = 8.17, p = .004), and physical violence (11.1% of women and 18.8% of men, X2 = 8.13, p = .004). There were marginally significant differences for sexual violence between gender for adolescents aged 15 to 19 (26.5% of girls and 20.5% of boys, X2 = 3.25, p = .07), and not for young adults (21.8% of women and 24.0% of men, X2 = 0.49, p = .48). No significant difference was observed for any forms of DV perpetration. DV perpetration was positively associated with victimization (b = 0.5, p = .002), however victimization was not associated with perpetration. Results also showed different associations between violence perpetration and victimization, gender, social desirability, acceptance of violence, parental violence, and witnessing interparental violence. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights avenues for prevention and intervention that must begin at an early age, engage teachers, train peer-educators, promote healthy, non-violent and egalitarian romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience & Culture Research Laborattory (V-TRaC Lab), School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Joana N Mukunzi
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience & Culture Research Laborattory (V-TRaC Lab), School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mireille Guerrier
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience & Culture Research Laborattory (V-TRaC Lab), School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Martine Hébert
- Canada Research Chair in Interpersonal Trauma and Resilience, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Cénat JM, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Mukunzi JN, Dalexis RD, Noorishad PG, Rousseau C, Derivois D, Bukaka J, Balayulu-Makila O, Guerrier M. Ebola virus disease, stigmatization, peritraumatic distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A moderated mediation model. J Affect Disord 2021; 293:214-221. [PMID: 34217958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms worsening the development of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among individuals affected by high-mortality epidemics are unclear. This study examined the prevalence of PTSD and related risk factors among populations affected by the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, and investigated whether peritraumatic distress mediates the impact of exposure level to EVD on PTSD symptoms, and the moderation role of stigmatization. METHODS The sample included 1614 participants (50% women) affected by EVD in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Participants completed the PTSD Check-List for DSM-5, Peritraumatic Distress Inventory, and measures evaluating levels of exposure and stigmatization related to EVD. Descriptive analyses and a moderated mediation model were computed. RESULTS A total of 58.81% participants (95% CI: 56.41%; 61.21%) met PTSD diagnostic criteria. Participants living in rural areas presented greater risk, while there is no significant difference between men and women. Peritraumatic distress mediated partially the association between exposure to EVD and PTSD symptoms. Moreover, this relationship was moderated by stigmatization related to EVD. LIMITATIONS As the design was cross-sectional, this study could not examine the causality of PTSD symptoms among communities affected by EVD. CONCLUSIONS This study shows high prevalence rates and important risk factors associated with PTSD in populations affected by EVD. It indicates elements that could help to develop and implement prevention and intervention programs in affected communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Derivois
- Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jacqueline Bukaka
- Department of psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR of Congo
| | - Oléa Balayulu-Makila
- Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France; Department of psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR of Congo
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Cénat JM, Harerimana B, Michel G, McIntee SE, Mukunzi JN, Hajizadeh S, Dalexis RD. The global challenge of providing mental health services in poverty: the situation of Northern Haiti. BJPsych Int 2021. [DOI: 10.1192/bji.2021.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When people living in poverty are asked to describe their living conditions, mental health issues quickly come to mind (grief, sadness, anger, fear, bitterness, frustration, discontent, anxiety, and emotional damage consisting of low mood and depression, fatigue, hypersensitivity, sleep difficulties and physical pain). Although the association between poverty and mental health have been widely demonstrated in the literature, care must be taken to avoid the psychiatrization of poverty. However, how can healthcare be provided to people living in poverty when basic needs are not met? This article explores the global challenge of providing mental health services in impoverished populations, using the example of the poorest country in America: Haiti. It examines the availability of services offered through the Mental Health Centre at Morne Pelé, and the necessity for innovative and comprehensive approaches to provide culturally appropriate care that meets the real needs of populations. It highlights effective measures that policy makers should implement to develop an efficient mental healthcare system based on the lessons of the Mental Health Centre at Morne Pelé.
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Cénat JM, Blais-Rochette C, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Noorishad PG, Mukunzi JN, McIntee SE, Dalexis RD, Goulet MA, Labelle PR. Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113599. [PMID: 33285346 PMCID: PMC7689353 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and Psychological distress (PD) related to COVID-19 among affected populations. METHODS We searched articles in Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Random-effects meta-analyses on the proportions of individuals with symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and PD were generated and between-group differences for gender, healthcare workers (HCWs), and regions where studies were conducted. RESULTS A total of 2189 articles were screened, 136 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis (N=189,159). The prevalence of depression (k=46) was 15.97% (95%CI, 13.24-19.13). The prevalence of anxiety (k=54) was 15.15% (95%CI, 12.29-18.54). The prevalence of insomnia (k=14) was 23.87% (95%CI, 15.74-34.48). The prevalence of PTSD (k=13) was 21.94% (95%CI, 9.37-43.31). Finally, the prevalence of psychological distress (k=19) was 13.29% (95%CI, 8.80-19.57). Between-group differences were only found in HCWs (z=2.69, p < 0.05) who had a higher prevalence of insomnia than others. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the short-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 are equally high across affected countries, and across gender. However, reports of insomnia are significantly higher among HCWs than the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cénat JM, Noorishad PG, Czechowski K, McIntee SE, Mukunzi JN. Racial disparities in child welfare in Ontario (Canada) and training on ethnocultural diversity: An innovative mixed-methods study. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 108:104659. [PMID: 32858480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite continuous reports showing the overrepresentation of Black children in the child welfare system in Ontario, Canada's most populous and ethnically diverse province, knowledge in the factors contributing to this issue remain scarce. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore questions relating to caseworker's training on ethnocultural diversity in connection with racial disparities and overrepresentation of Black children in child welfare services. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS This two-fold mixed-methods study included (1) a qualitative methodology based on four focus groups with child welfare caseworkers from a Children's Aid Society (CAS) in Ontario and community facilitators (N = 24), and (2) an analysis of academic curriculums from all 36 Ontarian colleges and universities offering social work programs. METHODS We used an innovative and complementary mixed-method design based on grounded theory. RESULTS Results from categorical content analyses with NVivo revealed that community facilitators perceived a lack of ethnocultural competency amongst CAS caseworkers. Similarly, CAS caseworkers reported inadequate training on ethnocultural diversity during and following their post-secondary education (college or university). Corroborating these findings, results from documentary analyses of Ontarian university and college curriculums in social work revealed that barely one in two programs had a mandatory course on cultural issues. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a need for additional efforts to provide adequate training to child welfare caseworkers on ethnocultural diversity, starting with undergraduate training programs, in order to understand and tackle the overrepresentation of Black children in child welfare services. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Cénat JM, Dalexis RD, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Mukunzi JN, Rousseau C. Social inequalities and collateral damages of the COVID-19 pandemic: when basic needs challenge mental health care. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:717-718. [PMID: 32651593 PMCID: PMC7348102 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology (Clinical), University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, 4085, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | | | | | - Joana N Mukunzi
- School of Psychology (Clinical), University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, 4085, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Cénat JM, Noorishad PG, Blais-Rochette C, McIntee SE, Mukunzi JN, Darius WP, Broussard C, Morse C, Ukwu G, Auguste E, Menelas K. Together for Hope and Resilience: A Humanistic Experience by the Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience and Culture Lab Members during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2020.1774704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gloria Ukwu
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Kerry Menelas
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Cénat JM, Mukunzi JN, Noorishad PG, Rousseau C, Derivois D, Bukaka J. A systematic review of mental health programs among populations affected by the Ebola virus disease. J Psychosom Res 2020; 131:109966. [PMID: 32087433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Ebola virus disease (EVD) is associated with major mental health consequences (e.g., depression, anxiety, PTSD). Studies have shown a need for relevant and effective programs to address mental health consequences associated to EVD. This systematic review aimed to describe programs implemented following EVD outbreaks and to evaluate their effectiveness and relevance in order to provide evidence-based data to improve mental health services. METHODS We first searched EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, PILOTS, Cochrane Library and MEDLINE for a systematic review on EVD and on MHPSS programs. Then, we searched the grey literature. The search generated 2827 publications. Eleven studies were retained according to the PRISMA statement. RESULTS This systematic review revealed that most programs were implemented by international organizations in collaboration with local partners. Many of them were implemented following WHO mhGAP and Psychological First Aid guidelines. Programs were implemented in hospitals, Ebola treatment centres, communities among different categories of individuals exposed to EVD (survivors, health workers and volunteers, other frontline workers, children, adults, etc.). Only two of the identified programs which integrated cultural factors were empirically evaluated. Results from the evaluations showed mental health improvement for both children and adults. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first systematic review on MHPSS programs among communities affected by EVD. This study shows the need to increase efforts to systematically document and evaluate the implemented programs. Results also provide preliminary evidence about the value of culturally sensitive MHPSS programs and of the implication of local mental health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Derivois
- Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jacqueline Bukaka
- Department of psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Cénat JM, Balayulu-Makila O, Derivois D, Felix N, Mukunzi JN, Bukaka J, Birangui JP, Rousseau C. The mental health professional at the feet of the Ebola virus: individual treatment and global mental challenges. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 215:1-2. [PMID: 31142389 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryMental health professionals form an important component of the response teams currently working in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to treat what is historically the second-largest Ebola outbreak. They provide psychological treatment to patients under extraordinary conditions, helping them cope with anxiety and the daily death of other patients.Declaration of interestNone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- Professor,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa;and Director,Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience and Culture Research Laboratory,University of Ottawa,Canada
| | - Oléa Balayulu-Makila
- PhD Student,Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI,University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté,France;and Lecturer,Department of Psychology,University of Kinshasa,Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Daniel Derivois
- Professor,Department of Psychology,University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté;and Assistant Director,Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI (EA458),France
| | - Nereah Felix
- MA Student,Department of Education,University of Ottawa,Canada
| | - Joana N Mukunzi
- Research Assistant,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa,Canada
| | - Jacqueline Bukaka
- Professor,Department of Psychology,University of Kinshasa,Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Pierre Birangui
- Professor,Department of Psychology,University of Lubumbashi,Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Cécile Rousseau
- Professor,Division of Social and Cultural Psychiatry,McGill University,Canada
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