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Wise JK, Alford AI, Goldstein SA, Stegemann JP. Synergistic enhancement of ectopic bone formation by supplementation of freshly isolated marrow cells with purified MSC in collagen-chitosan hydrogel microbeads. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:516-525. [PMID: 26337827 PMCID: PMC4864208 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1072519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can differentiate osteogenic lineages, but their tissue regeneration ability is inconsistent. The bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) fraction of adult bone marrow contains a variety of progenitor cells that may potentiate tissue regeneration. This study examined the utility of BMMC, both alone and in combination with purified MSC, as a cell source for bone regeneration. METHODS Fresh BMMC, culture-expanded MSC, and a combination of BMMC and MSC were encapsulated in collagen-chitosan hydrogel microbeads for pre-culture and minimally invasive delivery. Microbeads were cultured in growth medium for 3 days, and then in either growth or osteogenic medium for 17 days prior to subcutaneous injection in the rat dorsum. RESULTS MSC remained viable in microbeads over 17 days in pre-culture, while some of the BMMC fraction were nonviable. After 5 weeks of implantation, microCT and histology showed that supplementation of BMMC with MSC produced a strong synergistic effect on the volume of ectopic bone formation, compared to either cell source alone. Microbeads containing only fresh BMMC or only cultured MSC maintained in osteogenic medium resulted in more bone formation than their counterparts cultured in growth medium. Histological staining showed evidence of residual microbead matrix in undifferentiated samples and indications of more advanced tissue remodeling in differentiated samples. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that components of the BMMC fraction can act synergistically with predifferentiated MSC to potentiate ectopic bone formation. The microbead system may have utility in delivering desired cell populations in bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel K. Wise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea I. Alford
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven A. Goldstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jan P. Stegemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Arakaki RF, Blevins TC, Wise JK, Liljenquist DR, Jiang HH, Jacobson JG, Martin SA, Jackson JA. Comparison of insulin lispro protamine suspension versus insulin glargine once daily added to oral antihyperglycaemic medications and exenatide in type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized open-label trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:510-8. [PMID: 24298995 PMCID: PMC4237556 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare efficacy and safety of two, once-daily basal insulin formulations [insulin lispro protamine suspension (ILPS) vs. insulin glargine (glargine)] added to oral antihyperglycaemic medications (OAMs) and exenatide BID in suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. METHODS This 24-week, open-label, multicentre trial randomized patients to bedtime ILPS (n = 171) or glargine (n = 168). Non-inferiority of ILPS versus glargine was assessed by comparing the upper limit of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from baseline to week 24 (adjusted for baseline HbA1c) with non-inferiority margin 0.4%. RESULTS Non-inferiority of ILPS versus glargine was demonstrated: least-squares mean between-treatment difference (ILPS minus glargine) (95% CI) was 0.22% (0.06, 0.38). Mean HbA1c reduction was less for ILPS- versus glargine-treated patients (-1.16 ± 0.84 vs. -1.40 ± 0.97%, p = 0.008). Endpoint HbA1c < 7.0% was achieved by 53.7% (ILPS) and 61.7% (glargine) (p = NS). Overall hypoglycaemia rates (p = NS) and severe hypoglycaemia incidence (p = NS) were similar. Nocturnal hypoglycaemia rate was higher in patients treated with ILPS versus glargine (p = 0.004). Weight gain was similar between groups (ILPS: 0.27 ± 3.38 kg; glargine: 0.66 ± 3.93 kg, p = NS). Endpoint total insulin doses were lower in patients treated with ILPS versus glargine (0.30 ± 0.17 vs. 0.37 ± 0.17 IU/kg/day, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ILPS was non-inferior to glargine for HbA1c change over 24 weeks, but was associated with less HbA1c reduction and more nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Treat-to-target basal insulin therapy improves glycaemic control and is associated with minimal weight gain when added to OAMs and exenatide BID for suboptimally controlled T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Arakaki
- School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Wise JK, Alford AI, Goldstein SA, Stegemann JP. Comparison of uncultured marrow mononuclear cells and culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells in 3D collagen-chitosan microbeads for orthopedic tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:210-24. [PMID: 23879621 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies have shown promise in enhancing repair of bone and cartilage. Marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are typically expanded in vitro to increase cell number, but this process is lengthy, costly, and there is a risk of contamination and altered cellular properties. Potential advantages of using fresh uncultured bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) include heterotypic cell and paracrine interactions between MSC and other marrow-derived cells including hematopoietic, endothelial, and other progenitor cells. In the present study, we compared the osteogenic and chondrogenic potential of freshly isolated BMMC to that of cultured-expanded MSC, when encapsulated in three-dimensional (3D) collagen-chitosan microbeads. The effect of low and high oxygen tension on cell function and differentiation into orthopedic lineages was also examined. Freshly isolated rat BMMC (25 × 10(6) cells/mL, containing an estimated 5 × 10(4) MSC/mL) or purified and culture-expanded rat bone marrow-derived MSC (2 × 10(5) cells/mL) were added to a 65-35 wt% collagen-chitosan hydrogel mixture and fabricated into 3D microbeads by emulsification and thermal gelation. Microbeads were cultured in control MSC growth media in either 20% O2 (normoxia) or 5% O2 (hypoxia) for an initial 3 days, and then in control, osteogenic, or chondrogenic media for an additional 21 days. Microbead preparations were evaluated for viability, total DNA content, calcium deposition, and osteocalcin and sulfated glycosaminoglycan expression, and they were examined histologically. Hypoxia enhanced initial progenitor cell survival in fresh BMMC-microbeads, but it did not enhance osteogenic potential. Fresh uncultured BMMC-microbeads showed a similar degree of osteogenesis as culture-expanded MSC-microbeads, even though they initially contained only 1/10th the number of MSC. Chondrogenic differentiation was not strongly supported in any of the microbead formulations. This study demonstrates the microbead-based approach to culturing and delivering cells for tissue regeneration, and suggests that fresh BMMC may be an alternative to using culture-expanded MSC for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel K Wise
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Wise JK, Sumner DR, Virdi AS. Modulation of stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine receptor 4 axis enhances rhBMP-2-induced ectopic bone formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:860-9. [PMID: 22035136 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of in vivo mobilization and homing of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to an injury site is an innovative strategy for improvement of bone tissue engineering and repair. The present study was designed to determine whether mobilization by AMD3100 and/or local homing by delivery of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) enhances recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) induced ectopic bone formation in an established rat model. Rats received an injection of either saline or AMD3100 treatment 1 h before harvesting of bone marrow for in vitro colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-F) culture or the in vivo subcutaneous implantation of absorbable collagen sponges (ACSs) loaded with saline, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), SDF-1, or the combination of SDF-1 and rhBMP-2. AMD3100 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in CFU-F number, compared with saline, which confirmed that a single systemic AMD3100 treatment rapidly mobilized MSCs from the bone marrow. At 28 and 56 days, bone formation in the explanted ACS was assessed by microcomputed tomography (μCT) and histology. At 28 days, AMD3100 and/or SDF-1 had no statistically significant effect on bone volume (BV) or bone mineral content (BMC), but histology revealed more active bone formation with treatment of AMD3100, loading of SDF-1, or the combination of both AMD3100 and SDF-1, compared with saline-treated rhBMP-2 loaded ACS. At 56 days, the addition of AMD3100 treatment, loading of SDF-1, or the combination of both resulted in a statistically significant stimulatory effect on BV and BMC, compared with the saline-treated rhBMP-2 loaded ACS. Histology of the 56-day ACS were consistent with the μCT analysis, exhibiting more mature and mineralized bone formation with AMD3100 treatment, SDF-1 loading, or the combination of both, compared with the saline-treated rhBMP-2 loaded ACS. The present study is the first that provides evidence of the efficacy of AMD3100 and SDF-1 treatment to stimulate trafficking of MSCs to an ectopic implant site, in order to ultimately enhance rhBMP-2 induced long-term bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel K Wise
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Wise JK, Yarin AL, Megaridis CM, Cho M. Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on oriented nanofibrous scaffolds: engineering the superficial zone of articular cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:913-21. [PMID: 18767972 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation, adhesion, and orientation are known to influence the functionality of both natural and engineered tissues, such as articular cartilage. Several attempts have been devised to regulate these important cellular behaviors, including application of inexpensive but efficient electrospinning that can produce patterned extracellular matrix (ECM) features. Electrospun and oriented polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds (500 or 3000 nm fiber diameter) were created, and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured on these scaffolds. Cell viability, morphology, and orientation on the fibrous scaffolds were quantitatively determined as a function of time. While the fiber-guided initial cell orientation was maintained even after 5 weeks, cells cultured in the chondrogenic media proliferated and differentiated into the chondrogenic lineage, suggesting that cell orientation is controlled by the physical cues and minimally influenced by the soluble factors. Based on assessment by the chondrogenic markers, use of the nanofibrous scaffold (500 nm) appears to enhance the chondrogenic differentiation. These findings indicate that hMSCs seeded on a controllable PCL scaffold may lead to an alternate methodology to mimic the cell and ECM organization that is found, for example, in the superficial zone of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel K Wise
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Wise JK, Gonzalez ML. Veterinary practice expenses and financial ratios. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:1546-8. [PMID: 11759990 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Wise
- AVMA Membership and Field Services Division, USA
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Wise JK, Gonzalez ML. 1999 income of US veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:454-6. [PMID: 11518170 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Wise
- AVMA Membership and Field Services Division, USA
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Wise JK, Adams CL. Veterinary income per hour, 1997. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:1228-9. [PMID: 10767956 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wise JK, Adams CL. Employment, starting salaries and educational indebtedness of 1999 graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:1783-4. [PMID: 10681206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Wise JK, Adams CL. Fringe benefits received by veterinarians, 1997. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:1436-8. [PMID: 10579037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Wise JK, Adams CL. Geographic distribution of female and male veterinarians in the United States, 1998. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:478-80. [PMID: 10461629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Wise JK, Adams CL. Veterinary practice expenses and financial ratios. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:196-7. [PMID: 10416471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Wise JK, Adams CL. Revenue, expense, and returns on resources for US veterinary practices, 1995 and 1997. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214:1778-80. [PMID: 10382017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Wise JK, Adams CL. 1997 income of US veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214:1489-91. [PMID: 10340074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Wise JK, Adams CL. Employment of male and female graduates of US veterinary medical colleges, 1998. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214:788-9. [PMID: 10101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Wise JK, Adams CL. Employment, starting salaries, and educational indebtedness of 1998 graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214:488-90. [PMID: 10029849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Wise JK, Gehrke BC. Employment, starting salaries, and educational indebtedness of 1994 graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 205:1687-8. [PMID: 7744641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wise JK, Gehrke BC. Professional incomes of US veterinarians, 1993. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 205:1405-8. [PMID: 7698919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wise JK, Gehrke BC. Veterinary medical degree enrollment, 1993-1994. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 205:1127-8. [PMID: 7890568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Dog and cat veterinary service market, 1991-1998. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 204:1570. [PMID: 8050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Wise
- AVMA Center for Information Management
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Dog and cat ownership, 1991-1998. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 204:1166-7. [PMID: 8014085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Veterinary issues survey--Part I: Professional association activities. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 204:726-7. [PMID: 8175465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Employment of 1993 male and female graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 204:217-8. [PMID: 8144380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Distribution of US veterinarians by gender, 1990 and 1992. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:1411-2. [PMID: 8276699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Demographic and employment shifts of US veterinarians, 1990 and 1992. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:1132-4. [PMID: 8244858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Selected employment characteristics in public or corporate sectors of the veterinary medical profession. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:806-8. [PMID: 8226233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Veterinary practice financial loans. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:513-4. [PMID: 8407506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Veterinary-practice client volume. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:230-1. [PMID: 8407481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Veterinary medical degree enrollment, 1992-1993. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202:1954-6. [PMID: 8360085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Size and organization of private veterinary practices. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202:1584-5. [PMID: 8514561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Trends in veterinarians' professional incomes, 1983 to 1991. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202:1226-7. [PMID: 8496075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. 1991 US veterinary practice revenue and expenses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202:858-61. [PMID: 8468204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. 1991 professional incomes of US veterinarians by years since graduation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202:530-1. [PMID: 8449795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. 1991 professional incomes of US veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202:210-2. [PMID: 8428824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Employment of 1992 male and female graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1834-5. [PMID: 1483898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Employment, starting salaries, and educational indebtedness of 1992 graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1685-6. [PMID: 1293105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Use of computer telecommunications in veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1519-20. [PMID: 1289327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Computer use and applications in veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1352-4. [PMID: 1429177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Veterinary service market for companion animals, 1992. Part II: Veterinary service use and expenditures. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1174-6. [PMID: 1429152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Veterinary service market for companion animals, 1992. Part I: Companion animal ownership and demographics. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:990-2. [PMID: 1429146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Distribution of US veterinarians by gender, 1980 to 1990. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:846-7. [PMID: 1399789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wise JK, Yang JJ. Demographic and employment shifts of US veterinarians, 1980 to 1990. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:684-7. [PMID: 1399766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wise JK. Employment of 1991 male and female graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200:218-9. [PMID: 1559881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wise JK. Employment, starting salaries, and educational indebtedness of 1991 graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 199:1777-8. [PMID: 1813475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wise JK. Fringe benefits received by veterinarians, 1989. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 199:497-8. [PMID: 1917666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wise JK. 1989 gross practice income attributable to veterinary service and product categories. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 199:252. [PMID: 1890038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wise JK. Trends in veterinarians' professional incomes, 1980 to 1989. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 198:2119-20. [PMID: 1885316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Wise
- AVMA Center for Information Management
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Wise JK. 1989 US veterinary practice income, expenses, and financial ratios. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 198:1792-7. [PMID: 2071484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wise JK. 1989 professional incomes of US veterinarians, by hours worked and years since graduation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 198:1432-4. [PMID: 2061165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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