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Maltby J, Norton WHJ, McElroy E, Cromby J, Halliwell M, Hall SS. Refining Anger: Summarizing the Self-Report Measurement of Anger. J Pers Assess 2023; 105:752-762. [PMID: 36480742 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2152345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current paper presents a five-factor measurement model of anger summarizing scores on public-domain self-report measures of anger. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of self-report measures of anger (UK, n = 500; USA, n = 625) suggest five replicable latent anger factors: anger-arousal, anger-rumination, frustration-discomfort, anger-regulation, and socially constituted anger. Findings suggested a 5-factor interpretation provided the best fit of the data. We also report evidence of measurement invariance for this 5-factor model of anger across gender, age, and ethnicity. The findings suggest a useful and parsimonious account of anger, summarizing over 50 years of research around the self-report measurement of anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maltby
- School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Will H J Norton
- School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin McElroy
- School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - John Cromby
- School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Halliwell
- School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie S Hall
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Georgaca E, Zissi A, Cromby J. Internalized stigma and self-presentation strategies of persons with psychotic and psychiatric experiences. J Community Psychol 2022; 50:2875-2891. [PMID: 35064968 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stigma is detrimental to persons experiencing mental distress, as it impacts on their social inclusion, quality of life, and recovery. In this article, we present the self-presentation strategies employed by persons with psychosis to manage internalized stigma. A study of the life trajectories of persons with psychosis analyzed 27 biographical interviews and identified five types of biographical trajectories. This article focuses on one biographical type, represented by six narratives. Participants placed in this biographical type struggle to portray a socially acceptable self through concealing experiences of distress and distancing the self from the psychiatric label they entail. This was achieved through several strategies, including the normalization of prior life, unwillingness to disclose psychotic experiences, unquestioning compliance with psychiatric medication, and presenting oneself as an ordinary person. Fostering more adaptive coping strategies to reduce internalized stigma may be a potential goal for psychosocial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Georgaca
- Department of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zissi
- Department of Sociology, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Lesvos, Greece
| | - John Cromby
- Department of Business School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurocognitive models of hallucinations posit theories of misattribution and deficits in the monitoring of mental or perceptual phenomena but cannot yet account for the subjective experience of hallucinations across individuals and diagnostic categories. Arts-based research methods (ABRM) have potential for advancing research, as art depicts experiences which cognitive neuropsychiatry seeks to explain. METHODS To examine how incorporating ABRM may advance hallucination research and theories, we explore data on the lived experiences of hallucinations in psychiatric and neurological populations. We present a multiple case study of two empirical ABRM studies, which used participant-generated artwork and artist collaborations alongside interviews. RESULTS ABRM combined with interviews illustrated that hallucinations were infused with sensory features, characterised by embodiment, and situated within lived circumstances. These findings advance neurocognitive models of hallucinations by nuancing their multimodal nature, illustrating their embodied feelings, and exploring their content and themes. The process of generating artworks aided in disclosing difficult to discuss hallucinations, promoted participant self-reflection, and clarified multimodal details that may have been misconstrued through interview alone. ABRM were relevant and acceptable for participants and researchers. CONCLUSION ABRM may contribute to the development of neurocognitive models of hallucinations by making hallucination experiences more visible, tangible, and accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Melvin
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.,Innovation, Technology and Operations Division, School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - John Cromby
- Innovation, Technology and Operations Division, School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jon Crossley
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Jane R Garrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Melvin K, Crossley J, Cromby J. The feeling, embodiment and emotion of hallucinations in first episode psychosis: A prospective phenomenological visual-ecological study using novel multimodal unusual sensory experience (MUSE) maps. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101153. [PMID: 34877510 PMCID: PMC8633969 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research and practice typically focus upon unimodal hallucinations, especially auditory verbal hallucinations. Contemporary research has however indicated that voice-hearing may co-occur within a broader milieu of feelings, and multimodal hallucinations may be more common than previously thought. METHODS An observational design asked participants to prospectively document the feeling and modality of hallucinations for one week prior to an interview. Novel visual diary methods involving drawing, writing and body-mapping generated 42 MUSE maps (multimodal unusual sensory experience), analysed with a participatory qualitative method. Twelve people took part: all experiencing hallucinations daily, accessing early intervention in psychosis services, given psychotic-spectrum diagnoses, and living in the community. The study took place during a seven-month period in 2018 at Leicestershire and Rutland's Psychosis Intervention and Early Recovery service (UK). FINDINGS All documented hallucinations co-occurred with bodily feelings. Feelings were localised to specific body areas, generalised across the body and extended beyond the body into peripersonal space. Co-occurring emotional feelings most commonly related to confusion, fear and frustration. INTERPRETATION Hallucinations were characterised by numerous feelings arising at once, often including multimodal, emotional, and embodied features. Within this study, the immediate feeling of hallucination experiences were readily communicated through prospective, visual, and ecological information gathering methods and particularly those which offer multiple modes of communication (e.g. body-map, visual, written, oral). Uptake of visual, ecological and prospective methods may enhance understandings of lived experiences of hallucinations.Funding: University of Leicester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Melvin
- University of Leicester, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, George Davies Centre, University of Leicester, 15 Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA
- Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service (NHS) Trust, George Davies Centre, University of Leicester, 15 Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA
- University of Leicester, Division of Innovation, Technology and Operations, Brookfield Campus, 266 London Road, Leicester, LE2 1RQ
- Corresponding Author
| | - Jon Crossley
- University of Leicester, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, George Davies Centre, University of Leicester, 15 Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA
- Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service (NHS) Trust, George Davies Centre, University of Leicester, 15 Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HA
| | - John Cromby
- University of Leicester, Division of Innovation, Technology and Operations, Brookfield Campus, 266 London Road, Leicester, LE2 1RQ
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Cromby J. Meaning in the Power Threat Meaning Framework. Journal of Constructivist Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2020.1773355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Cromby
- ULSB, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Harper DJ, Cromby J. From ‘What’s Wrong with You?’ to ‘What’s Happened to You?’: an Introduction to the Special Issue on the Power Threat Meaning Framework. Journal of Constructivist Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2020.1773362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harper
- Mental Health & Social Change Research Group, School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - John Cromby
- ULSB, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Abstract
Neuroscience and schizophrenia are densely entangled and mutually supporting, such that a critical evaluation of schizophrenia is, effectively, an evaluation of applied aspects of contemporary neuroscience. A critical historical account of the development of schizophrenia is therefore followed by an overview of current issues and debates. A summary of possible future research directions then identifies a range of extant research strategies which already undercut or exceed this diagnosis. It is concluded that the example of schizophrenia functions more generally to illustrate how neuroscience need not rely upon poorly supported psychiatric concepts of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Chung
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | | | - Chris Talbot
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Abstract
This paper contends that anti-realist claims regarding the `nature' of social constructionism and the world it describes are erroneous. Specifically, we argue that claims regarding the impossibility of referentiality and objectivity-often seen as defining characteristics of constructionism-mistake both the nature of the subject matter at hand and the consequences that follow from theoretical critiques of naive objectivism and realism. Drawing upon the (critical) realist philosophy of science, we illustrate, through the use of a particular case study, that the version of constructionism proposed here is more compelling, credible and has greater utility than others that have been offered.
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Abstract
Social constructionist psychology has no adequate notion of embodied subjectivity, a situation causing conceptual errors, raising methodological issues, and serving to entrench within constructionism the dualisms that structure mainstream psychology. The outline of a solution to this problem is offered, drawing on contemporary work in neuroscience. A framework from Harré of three ‘grammars’ of causality and influence (P, or persons; O or organisms; and M or molecules) is described and used to structure the integration of Shotter’s notion of subjectivity with two brain systems. Damasio’s ‘somatic marker’ hypothesis enables the feelingful, sensuous aspects of ‘joint action’, whilst Gazzaniga’s ‘interpreter’ enables their discursive aspects. The benefits of theorizing embodied subjectivity in this way are illustrated by a study of the phenomenon of ‘depression’, and it is concluded that such an integration makes constructionism more coherent, credible and critical.
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Moore K, Cromby J. Editorial: How Best to "Go On"? Prospects for a "Modern Synthesis" in the Sciences of Mind. Front Psychol 2016; 7:766. [PMID: 27303330 PMCID: PMC4885333 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Moore
- Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John Cromby
- School of Management, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
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Joiner R, Stewart C, Beaney C, Moon A, Maras P, Guiller J, Gregory H, Gavin J, Cromby J, Brosnan M. Publically different, privately the same: Gender differences and similarities in response to Facebook status updates. Computers in Human Behavior 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clarke NJ, Willis MEH, Barnes JS, Caddick N, Cromby J, McDermott H, Wiltshire G. Analytical Pluralism in Qualitative Research: A Meta-Study. Qualitative Research in Psychology 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14780887.2014.948980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to uphold and promote the human rights of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are being affected by the increasing emphasis on 'choice' in the delivery of social care services. While rights presume subjects or selves to whom they apply, there is a disconnect between the subjects presumed within human rights frameworks and the variable capacities of a heterogeneous ID population. This disconnect is amplified by choice discourses which characterise current service provision based upon neoliberal ideologies. METHOD Conceptual assumptions and theoretical positions associated with human rights in relation to people with ID are critically examined. RESULTS The analysis results in an argument that current conceptualisations of personhood in relation to human rights exclude people with ID. The adverse effects of this exclusion are exacerbated within services which emphasise the permissive rights associated with a neoliberal agenda of 'choice' over protective rights. CONCLUSIONS In order to ensure that the human rights of people with ID are upheld, neoliberal emphases on choice need to be tempered and a more nuanced and inclusive notion of personhood in relation to universal human rights needs to be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fyson
- School of Sociology & Social Policy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Joiner R, Gavin J, Brosnan M, Cromby J, Gregory H, Guiller J, Maras P, Moon A. Comparing first and second generation digital natives' Internet use, Internet anxiety, and Internet identification. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2013; 16:549-52. [PMID: 23675995 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare first and second generation Digital Natives' attitudes toward and use of the Internet. The sample of first generation Digital Natives consisted of 558 students who we surveyed in 2002 and who were born after 1980. The sample of second generation Digital Natives consisted of a sample of 458 students who we surveyed in 2012 and were born after 1993. They completed a questionnaire in the first semester of their first academic year, which consisted of a measure of Internet experience, an Internet anxiety scale, and an Internet identification scale. Second generation Digital Natives had more positive attitudes toward the Internet than first generation Digital Natives. They had higher scores on the Internet identification scale and lower scores on the Internet anxiety scale compared with first generation Digital Natives. Furthermore, we found that second generation Digital Natives used the Internet more than first generation Digital Natives. E-mail was the most popular activity for both generations, although second generation Digital Natives used it significantly more than first generation Digital Natives. Social networking sites emerged as very popular for second generation Digital Natives. Both generations reported low use of Web 2.0 technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Joiner
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
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Cromby J. Response to commentaries on ‘Beyond Belief’. J Health Psychol 2012; 17:982-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105312457144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of commentaries on Cromby (2012) are considered with respect to three themes: the relations between feeling and thinking, between theory and empirical research, and between health beliefs and beliefs in religion/spirituality. Clarifications of key issues are suggested, and the difference between health and other beliefs is briefly illustrated with reference to beliefs associated with smoking tobacco.
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Abstract
Psychology, including health psychology, frequently invokes the concept of belief but almost never defines it. Drawing upon scholarship associated with the ‘affective turn’, this article argues that belief might usefully be understood as a structure of socialized feeling, contingently allied to discursive practices and positions. This conceptualization is explained, and its implications for health psychology discussed with respect to research on religiosity and spirituality and debates about the value of social cognition models such as the theory of planned behaviour.
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Joiner R, Gavin J, Brosnan M, Cromby J, Gregory H, Guiller J, Maras P, Moon A. Gender, internet experience, Internet identification, and internet anxiety: a ten-year followup. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2012; 15:370-2. [PMID: 22690795 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In 2002, we found gender differences in the use of the Internet. Since then, however, the Internet has changed considerably. We therefore conducted a follow-up study in 2012. The study involved 501 students (389 females and 100 males, 12 participants unspecified gender) and we measured Internet use, Internet anxiety, and Internet identification. We found that males had a greater breadth of Internet use; they used the Internet more for games and entertainment than females. The differentiation between males and females in terms of Internet use is evident, and in some ways is even more distinct than 10 years ago. In our previous research we had found no gender differences in the use of the Internet for communication, whereas in the current study we have found that females use the Internet for communication than males and were using social network sites more than males. We also found, consistent with our previous study, that Internet identification and Internet anxiety were related to Internet use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Joiner
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
In this paper, we explore some of the tensions involved in the process of engaging with embodiment research. Although a significant volume of discursive work on “the body” and its role in social relations now exists, there is little in the way of empirical research that moves the focus away from discourse alone to concentrate on other modalities, such as embodied feelings, sensations, and engagements with the world. We begin by briefly reviewing the turn to embodiment across the social sciences and the manner in which this has been taken up in psychology. We then outline our attempts as a research collective to develop methodologies and research activities that can produce meaningful data on embodied experience. The outcomes of one of these tasks are then described in detail, along with reflections on the difficulties and limitations that emerged. Finally, we attempt to conceptualize the challenge of researching embodiment by returning to the late 19th century psychology of John Dewey, which, we argue, neatly summarizes some of the problems to be addressed by any researchers engaged in the “turn to the body.”
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Abstract
Evidence generated within the emotional disclosure paradigm (EDP) suggests that talking or writing about emotional experiences produces health benefits, but recent meta-analyses have questioned its efficacy. Studies within the EDP typically rely upon a unidimensional and relatively unsophisticated notion of emotional inhibition, and tend to use quantitative forms of content analysis to identify associations between percentages of word types and positive or negative health outcomes. In this article, we use a case study to show how a qualitative discourse analysis has the potential to identify more of the complexity linking the disclosure practices and styles that may be associated with emotional inhibition. This may illuminate the apparent lack of evidence for efficacy of the EDP by enabling more comprehensive theorisations of the variations within it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Ellis
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK.
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Patterson A, Cromby J, Brown SD, Gross H, Locke A. ‘It all boils down to respect doesn't it?’: Enacting a sense of community in a deprived inner-city area. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Both psychology and psychiatry are dominated by individualistic accounts of paranoia (and, indeed, other forms of distress). As a corrective to these, this paper provides a social account of paranoia grounded in a minimal notion of embodied subjectivity constituted from the interpenetration of feelings, perception and discourse. Paranoia is conceptualized as a mode or tendency within embodied subjectivity, co-constituted in the dialectical associations between subjectivity and relational, social and material influences. Relevant psychiatric and psychological literature is briefly reviewed; relational, social structural and material influences upon paranoia are described; and some implications of this account for research and intervention are highlighted.
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Cromby J. Reviews: The Politics of Experience NIAMH STEPHENSON AND DIMITRIS PAPADOPOULOS, Analysing Everyday Experience: Social Research and Political Change. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 218 pp. ISBN 1 4039 3558 0 (hbk). Theory & Psychology 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0959354308101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cromby J. Book Review: Where is the social body? Mark Johnson. The meaning of the body: aesthetics of human understanding. Chicago: Chicago University Press 2007, 326pp. $32.00 (hbk); ISBN-13: 978-0226401928 $22.50 (pbk); ISBN-13: 978-0226401935. J Health Psychol 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105308097974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Cromby
- Department of Human Sciences Loughborough University, UK
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Abstract
Although bullying has been shown to reduce quality of life in many spheres, anti-bullying strategies have yet to be incorporated into services for adults with severe intellectual disability (ID). The present study employed a survey of staff and parent concerns about 54 previously surveyed students who had left a school for pupils with severe ID. A content analysis of follow-up interviews was performed in 10 cases. Staff identified 19% of the survey sample as bullying others and 11% as being picked on. Neither gender nor communication ability had an impact. There was no significant change in bully or victim status over time, although some people did change. Parents or staff raised bully/victim problems in more than half of the interviews. There is sufficient evidence of bullying behaviour to warrant the adoption of anti-bullying strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sheard
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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