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Zhang Z, Counsell JR. Non-canonical capsid engineering highlights new possibilities for AAV vectorology. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101221. [PMID: 38487107 PMCID: PMC10937956 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zehan Zhang
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, London, UK
| | - John R. Counsell
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, London, UK
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2
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Micalet A, Tappouni LJ, Peszko K, Karagianni D, Lam A, Counsell JR, Quezada SA, Moeendarbary E, Cheema U. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) regulates invasion and matrix remodelling in colorectal cancer. Matrix Biol Plus 2023; 19-20:100137. [PMID: 38020586 PMCID: PMC10667746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2023.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells remodel their local physical environment through processes of matrix reorganisation, deposition, stiffening and degradation. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which is encoded by the PLAU gene, is an extracellular proteolytic enzyme known to be involved in cancer progression and tumour microenvironment (TME) remodelling. Perturbing uPA therefore has a strong potential as a mechano-based cancer therapy. This work is a bioengineering investigation to validate whether 1) uPA is involved in matrix degradation and 2) preventing matrix degradation by targeting uPA can reduce cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Methods To this aim, we used an engineered 3D in vitro model, termed the tumouroid, that appropriately mimics the tumour's native biophysical environment (3 kPa). A CRISPR-Cas9 mediated uPA knockout was performed to introduce a loss of function mutation in the gene coding sequence. Subsequently, to validate the translational potential of blocking uPA action, we tested a pharmacological inhibitor, UK-371,801. The changes in matrix stiffness were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Invasion was quantified using images of the tumouroid, obtained after 21 days of culture. Results We showed that uPA is highly expressed in invasive breast and colorectal cancers, and these invasive cancer cells locally degrade their TME. PLAU (uPA) gene knock-out (KO) completely stopped matrix remodelling and significantly reduced cancer invasion. Many invasive cancer gene markers were also downregulated in the PLAU KO tumouroids. Pharmacological inhibition of uPA showed similarly promising results, where matrix degradation was reduced and so was the cancer invasion. Conclusion This work supports the role of uPA in matrix degradation. It demonstrates that the invasion of cancer cells was significantly reduced when enzymatic breakdown of the TME matrix was prevented. Collectively, this provides strong evidence of the effectiveness of targeting uPA as a mechano-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auxtine Micalet
- UCL Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J. Tappouni
- UCL Centre for Targeted Cancer Therapies, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Peszko
- UCL Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Karagianni
- Immune Regulation and Tumour Immunotherapy Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Lam
- UCL Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Counsell
- UCL Centre for Targeted Cancer Therapies, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio A. Quezada
- Immune Regulation and Tumour Immunotherapy Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- 199 Biotechnologies Ltd., Gloucester Road, London W2 6LD, United Kingdom
| | - Umber Cheema
- UCL Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom
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3
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Asgarian Z, Siam A, Counsell JR. One transgene, two myopathies: an MTM1 'cross gene therapy' for BIN1 deficiency? Brain 2023; 146:3966-3968. [PMID: 37738144 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to ‘MTM1 overexpression prevents and reverts BIN1-related centronuclear myopathy’ by Giraud et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad251).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Asgarian
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, London, UK
| | - Ala'a Siam
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, London, UK
| | - John R Counsell
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, London, UK
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4
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Morfopoulou S, Buddle S, Torres Montaguth OE, Atkinson L, Guerra-Assunção JA, Moradi Marjaneh M, Zennezini Chiozzi R, Storey N, Campos L, Hutchinson JC, Counsell JR, Pollara G, Roy S, Venturini C, Antinao Diaz JF, Siam A, Tappouni LJ, Asgarian Z, Ng J, Hanlon KS, Lennon A, McArdle A, Czap A, Rosenheim J, Andrade C, Anderson G, Lee JCD, Williams R, Williams CA, Tutill H, Bayzid N, Martin Bernal LM, Macpherson H, Montgomery KA, Moore C, Templeton K, Neill C, Holden M, Gunson R, Shepherd SJ, Shah P, Cooray S, Voice M, Steele M, Fink C, Whittaker TE, Santilli G, Gissen P, Kaufer BB, Reich J, Andreani J, Simmonds P, Alrabiah DK, Castellano S, Chikowore P, Odam M, Rampling T, Houlihan C, Hoschler K, Talts T, Celma C, Gonzalez S, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Watson C, Mandal S, Zambon M, Chand M, Hatcher J, De S, Baillie K, Semple MG, Martin J, Ushiro-Lumb I, Noursadeghi M, Deheragoda M, Hadzic N, Grammatikopoulos T, Brown R, Kelgeri C, Thalassinos K, Waddington SN, Jacques TS, Thomson E, Levin M, Brown JR, Breuer J. Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children. Nature 2023; 617:564-573. [PMID: 36996872 PMCID: PMC10170458 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06003-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Morfopoulou
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Buddle
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oscar Enrique Torres Montaguth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - José Afonso Guerra-Assunção
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahdi Moradi Marjaneh
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Riccardo Zennezini Chiozzi
- University College London Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathaniel Storey
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Luis Campos
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Ciaran Hutchinson
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John R Counsell
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Pollara
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sunando Roy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Juan F Antinao Diaz
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ala'a Siam
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luke J Tappouni
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zeinab Asgarian
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Ng
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Killian S Hanlon
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Lennon
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew McArdle
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Agata Czap
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Rosenheim
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catarina Andrade
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Glenn Anderson
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jack C D Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachel Williams
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte A Williams
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Tutill
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nadua Bayzid
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luz Marina Martin Bernal
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Macpherson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kylie-Ann Montgomery
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Moore
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Templeton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Neill
- Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
| | - Matt Holden
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rory Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Priyen Shah
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samantha Cooray
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Voice
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Steele
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Colin Fink
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Thomas E Whittaker
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jana Reich
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Andreani
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dimah K Alrabiah
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergi Castellano
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Genomics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Miranda Odam
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tommy Rampling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Catherine Houlihan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James Hatcher
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Surjo De
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Malcolm Gracie Semple
- Pandemic Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Martin
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Brown
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chayarani Kelgeri
- Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- University College London Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Thomson
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael Levin
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julianne R Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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5
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Pinton L, Khedr M, Lionello VM, Sarcar S, Maffioletti SM, Dastidar S, Negroni E, Choi S, Khokhar N, Bigot A, Counsell JR, Bernardo AS, Zammit PS, Tedesco FS. 3D human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived bioengineered skeletal muscles for tissue, disease and therapy modeling. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1337-1376. [PMID: 36792780 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a complex tissue composed of multinucleated myofibers responsible for force generation that are supported by multiple cell types. Many severe and lethal disorders affect skeletal muscle; therefore, engineering models to reproduce such cellular complexity and function are instrumental for investigating muscle pathophysiology and developing therapies. Here, we detail the modular 3D bioengineering of multilineage skeletal muscles from human induced pluripotent stem cells, which are first differentiated into myogenic, neural and vascular progenitor cells and then combined within 3D hydrogels under tension to generate an aligned myofiber scaffold containing vascular networks and motor neurons. 3D bioengineered muscles recapitulate morphological and functional features of human skeletal muscle, including establishment of a pool of cells expressing muscle stem cell markers. Importantly, bioengineered muscles provide a high-fidelity platform to study muscle pathology, such as emergence of dysmorphic nuclei in muscular dystrophies caused by mutant lamins. The protocol is easy to follow for operators with cell culture experience and takes between 9 and 30 d, depending on the number of cell lineages in the construct. We also provide examples of applications of this advanced platform for testing gene and cell therapies in vitro, as well as for in vivo studies, providing proof of principle of its potential as a tool to develop next-generation neuromuscular or musculoskeletal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pinton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Moustafa Khedr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Valentina M Lionello
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Shilpita Sarcar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sara M Maffioletti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
| | - Sumitava Dastidar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Elisa Negroni
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Center for Research in Myology UMRS974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Myology Institute AIM, Paris, France
| | - SungWoo Choi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Noreen Khokhar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Bigot
- Center for Research in Myology UMRS974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Myology Institute AIM, Paris, France
| | - John R Counsell
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Andreia Sofia Bernardo
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Saverio Tedesco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
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6
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Betts CA, Jagannath A, van Westering TLE, Bowerman M, Banerjee S, Meng J, Falzarano MS, Cravo L, McClorey G, Meijboom KE, Bhomra A, Lim WF, Rinaldi C, Counsell JR, Chwalenia K, O'Donovan E, Saleh AF, Gait MJ, Morgan JE, Ferlini A, Foster RG, Wood MJ. Dystrophin involvement in peripheral circadian SRF signalling. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/10/e202101014. [PMID: 34389686 PMCID: PMC8363758 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of dystrophin, an essential sarcolemmal protein required for muscle contraction, leads to the devastating muscle-wasting disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin has an actin-binding domain, which binds and stabilises filamentous-(F)-actin, an integral component of the RhoA-actin-serum-response-factor-(SRF) pathway. This pathway plays a crucial role in circadian signalling, whereby the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) transmits cues to peripheral tissues, activating SRF and transcription of clock-target genes. Given dystrophin binds F-actin and disturbed SRF-signalling disrupts clock entrainment, we hypothesised dystrophin loss causes circadian deficits. We show for the first time alterations in the RhoA-actin-SRF-signalling pathway, in dystrophin-deficient myotubes and dystrophic mouse models. Specifically, we demonstrate reduced F/G-actin ratios, altered MRTF levels, dysregulated core-clock and downstream target-genes, and down-regulation of key circadian genes in muscle biopsies from Duchenne patients harbouring an array of mutations. Furthermore, we show dystrophin is absent in the SCN of dystrophic mice which display disrupted circadian locomotor behaviour, indicative of disrupted SCN signalling. Therefore, dystrophin is an important component of the RhoA-actin-SRF pathway and novel mediator of circadian signalling in peripheral tissues, loss of which leads to circadian dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A Betts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Melissa Bowerman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.,School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Jinhong Meng
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Maria Sofia Falzarano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lara Cravo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham McClorey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Amarjit Bhomra
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Wooi Fang Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.,Muscular Dystrophy UK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John R Counsell
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Katarzyna Chwalenia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amer F Saleh
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.,Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Gait
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer E Morgan
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Ja Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.,Muscular Dystrophy UK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Bates EA, Counsell JR, Alizert S, Baker AT, Suff N, Boyle A, Bradshaw AC, Waddington SN, Nicklin SA, Baker AH, Parker AL. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Human Adenovirus Type 49 as a Vector for Therapeutic Applications. Viruses 2021; 13:1483. [PMID: 34452348 PMCID: PMC8402785 DOI: 10.3390/v13081483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus phylogenetic tree is split across seven species (A-G). Species D adenoviruses offer potential advantages for gene therapy applications, with low rates of pre-existing immunity detected across screened populations. However, many aspects of the basic virology of species D-such as their cellular tropism, receptor usage, and in vivo biodistribution profile-remain unknown. Here, we have characterized human adenovirus type 49 (HAdV-D49)-a relatively understudied species D member. We report that HAdV-D49 does not appear to use a single pathway to gain cell entry, but appears able to interact with various surface molecules for entry. As such, HAdV-D49 can transduce a broad range of cell types in vitro, with variable engagement of blood coagulation FX. Interestingly, when comparing in vivo biodistribution to adenovirus type 5, HAdV-D49 vectors show reduced liver targeting, whilst maintaining transduction of lung and spleen. Overall, this presents HAdV-D49 as a robust viral vector platform for ex vivo manipulation of human cells, and for in vivo applications where the therapeutic goal is to target the lung or gain access to immune cells in the spleen, whilst avoiding liver interactions, such as intravascular vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (E.A.B.); (A.T.B.)
| | - John R. Counsell
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sophie Alizert
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.C.B.); (S.A.N.)
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (E.A.B.); (A.T.B.)
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Natalie Suff
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK;
| | - Ashley Boyle
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (A.B.); (S.N.W.)
| | - Angela C. Bradshaw
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.C.B.); (S.A.N.)
| | - Simon N. Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (A.B.); (S.N.W.)
- MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Stuart A. Nicklin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.C.B.); (S.A.N.)
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.C.B.); (S.A.N.)
- Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (E.A.B.); (A.T.B.)
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8
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Ng J, Barral S, De La Fuente Barrigon C, Lignani G, Erdem FA, Wallings R, Privolizzi R, Rossignoli G, Alrashidi H, Heasman S, Meyer E, Ngoh A, Pope S, Karda R, Perocheau D, Baruteau J, Suff N, Antinao Diaz J, Schorge S, Vowles J, Marshall LR, Cowley SA, Sucic S, Freissmuth M, Counsell JR, Wade-Martins R, Heales SJR, Rahim AA, Bencze M, Waddington SN, Kurian MA. Gene therapy restores dopamine transporter expression and ameliorates pathology in iPSC and mouse models of infantile parkinsonism. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eaaw1564. [PMID: 34011628 PMCID: PMC7612279 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most inherited neurodegenerative disorders are incurable, and often only palliative treatment is available. Precision medicine has great potential to address this unmet clinical need. We explored this paradigm in dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS), caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in SLC6A3, encoding the dopamine transporter (DAT). Patients present with early infantile hyperkinesia, severe progressive childhood parkinsonism, and raised cerebrospinal fluid dopamine metabolites. The absence of effective treatments and relentless disease course frequently leads to death in childhood. Using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we generated a midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron model of DTDS that exhibited marked impairment of DAT activity, apoptotic neurodegeneration associated with TNFα-mediated inflammation, and dopamine toxicity. Partial restoration of DAT activity by the pharmacochaperone pifithrin-μ was mutation-specific. In contrast, lentiviral gene transfer of wild-type human SLC6A3 complementary DNA restored DAT activity and prevented neurodegeneration in all patient-derived mDA lines. To progress toward clinical translation, we used the knockout mouse model of DTDS that recapitulates human disease, exhibiting parkinsonism features, including tremor, bradykinesia, and premature death. Neonatal intracerebroventricular injection of human SLC6A3 using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector provided neuronal expression of human DAT, which ameliorated motor phenotype, life span, and neuronal survival in the substantia nigra and striatum, although off-target neurotoxic effects were seen at higher dosage. These were avoided with stereotactic delivery of AAV2.SLC6A3 gene therapy targeted to the midbrain of adult knockout mice, which rescued both motor phenotype and neurodegeneration, suggesting that targeted AAV gene therapy might be effective for patients with DTDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ng
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Serena Barral
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK.
| | | | - Gabriele Lignani
- Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Fatma A Erdem
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Institute of Pharmacology and Gaston H. Glock Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Wallings
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Riccardo Privolizzi
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Giada Rossignoli
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Haya Alrashidi
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sonja Heasman
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Esther Meyer
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Adeline Ngoh
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Simon Pope
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rajvinder Karda
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Dany Perocheau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Natalie Suff
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Juan Antinao Diaz
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Stephanie Schorge
- Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Lucy R Marshall
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sonja Sucic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Gaston H. Glock Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Gaston H. Glock Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - John R Counsell
- Developmental Neurosciences, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Simon J R Heales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Maximilien Bencze
- Developmental Neurosciences, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
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9
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Counsell JR, De Brabandere G, Karda R, Moore M, Greco A, Bray A, Diaz JA, Perocheau DP, Mock U, Waddington SN. Re-structuring lentiviral vectors to express genomic RNA via cap-dependent translation. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 20:357-365. [PMID: 33553484 PMCID: PMC7838728 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral (LV) vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) package two copies of their single-stranded RNA into vector particles. Normally, this RNA genome is reverse transcribed into a double-stranded DNA provirus that integrates into the cell genome, providing permanent gene transfer and long-term expression. Integration-deficient LV vectors have been developed to reduce the frequency of genomic integration and thereby limit their persistence in dividing cells. Here, we describe optimization of a reverse-transcriptase-deficient LV vector, which enables direct translation of LV RNA genomes upon cell entry, for transient expression of vector payloads as mRNA without a DNA intermediate. We have engineered a novel LV genome arrangement in which HIV-1 sequences are removed from the 5' end, to enable ribosomal entry from the 5' 7-methylguanylate cap for efficient translation of the vector payload. We have shown that this LV-mediated mRNA delivery platform provides transient transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. This has a potential application in gene and cell therapy scenarios requiring temporary payload expression in cells and tissues that can be targeted with pseudotyped LV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Counsell
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Guillaume De Brabandere
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rajvinder Karda
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK
| | - Marc Moore
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Antonio Greco
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alysha Bray
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Juan Antinao Diaz
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK
| | - Dany P Perocheau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Mock
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK.,MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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Lorvellec M, Pellegata AF, Maestri A, Turchetta C, Alvarez Mediavilla E, Shibuya S, Jones B, Scottoni F, Perocheau DP, Cozmescu AC, Delhove JM, Kysh D, Gjinovci A, Counsell JR, Heywood WE, Mills K, McKay TR, De Coppi P, Gissen P. An In Vitro Whole-Organ Liver Engineering for Testing of Genetic Therapies. iScience 2020; 23:101808. [PMID: 33305175 PMCID: PMC7708813 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosion of gene therapy approaches for treating rare monogenic and common liver disorders created an urgent need for disease models able to replicate human liver cellular environment. Available models lack 3D liver structure or are unable to survive in long-term culture. We aimed to generate and test a 3D culture system that allows long-term maintenance of human liver cell characteristics. The in vitro whole-organ "Bioreactor grown Artificial Liver Model" (BALM) employs a custom-designed bioreactor for long-term 3D culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hiHEPs) in a mouse decellularized liver scaffold. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) and lentiviral (LV) vectors were introduced by intravascular injection. Substantial AAV and LV transgene expression in the BALM-grown hiHEPs was detected. Measurement of secreted proteins in the media allowed non-invasive monitoring of the system. We demonstrated that humanized whole-organ BALM is a valuable tool to generate pre-clinical data for investigational medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Lorvellec
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessandro Filippo Pellegata
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alice Maestri
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Chiara Turchetta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Elena Alvarez Mediavilla
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Soichi Shibuya
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Brendan Jones
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Federico Scottoni
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dany P. Perocheau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrei Claudiu Cozmescu
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Juliette M. Delhove
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Daniel Kysh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Asllan Gjinovci
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John R. Counsell
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Wendy E. Heywood
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tristan R. McKay
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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11
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Karda R, Rahim AA, Wong AMS, Suff N, Diaz JA, Perocheau DP, Tijani M, Ng J, Baruteau J, Martin NP, Hughes M, Delhove JMKM, Counsell JR, Cooper JD, Henckaerts E, Mckay TR, Buckley SMK, Waddington SN. Generation of light-producing somatic-transgenic mice using adeno-associated virus vectors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2121. [PMID: 32034258 PMCID: PMC7005886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously designed a library of lentiviral vectors to generate somatic-transgenic rodents to monitor signalling pathways in diseased organs using whole-body bioluminescence imaging, in conscious, freely moving rodents. We have now expanded this technology to adeno-associated viral vectors. We first explored bio-distribution by assessing GFP expression after neonatal intravenous delivery of AAV8. We observed widespread gene expression in, central and peripheral nervous system, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle. Next, we selected a constitutive SFFV promoter and NFκB binding sequence for bioluminescence and biosensor evaluation. An intravenous injection of AAV8 containing firefly luciferase and eGFP under transcriptional control of either element resulted in strong and persistent widespread luciferase expression. A single dose of LPS-induced a 10-fold increase in luciferase expression in AAV8-NFκB mice and immunohistochemistry revealed GFP expression in cells of astrocytic and neuronal morphology. Importantly, whole-body bioluminescence persisted up to 240 days. We have validated a novel biosensor technology in an AAV system by using an NFκB response element and revealed its potential to monitor signalling pathway in a non-invasive manner in a model of LPS-induced inflammation. This technology complements existing germline-transgenic models and may be applicable to other rodent disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajvinder Karda
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew M S Wong
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie Suff
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Juan Antinao Diaz
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dany P Perocheau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maha Tijani
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Ng
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nuria Palomar Martin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Hughes
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - John R Counsell
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Els Henckaerts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Laboratory of Viral Cell Signalling and Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tristan R Mckay
- Centre for Biomedicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Suzanne M K Buckley
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Counsell JR, Karda R, Diaz JA, Carey L, Wiktorowicz T, Buckley SMK, Ameri S, Ng J, Baruteau J, Almeida F, de Silva R, Simone R, Lugarà E, Lignani G, Lindemann D, Rethwilm A, Rahim AA, Waddington SN, Howe SJ. Foamy Virus Vectors Transduce Visceral Organs and Hippocampal Structures following In Vivo Delivery to Neonatal Mice. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2018; 12:626-634. [PMID: 30081233 PMCID: PMC6082918 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors are rapidly being developed for a range of applications in research and gene therapy. Prototype foamy virus (PFV) vectors have been described for gene therapy, although their use has mainly been restricted to ex vivo stem cell modification. Here we report direct in vivo transgene delivery with PFV vectors carrying reporter gene constructs. In our investigations, systemic PFV vector delivery to neonatal mice gave transgene expression in the heart, xiphisternum, liver, pancreas, and gut, whereas intracranial administration produced brain expression until animals were euthanized 49 days post-transduction. Immunostaining and confocal microscopy analysis of injected brains showed that transgene expression was highly localized to hippocampal architecture despite vector delivery being administered to the lateral ventricle. This was compared with intracranial biodistribution of lentiviral vectors and adeno-associated virus vectors, which gave a broad, non-specific spread through the neonatal mouse brain without regional localization, even when administered at lower copy numbers. Our work demonstrates that PFV can be used for neonatal gene delivery with an intracranial expression profile that localizes to hippocampal neurons, potentially because of the mitotic status of the targeted cells, which could be of use for research applications and gene therapy of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Counsell
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rajvinder Karda
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Juan Antinao Diaz
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Louise Carey
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Tatiana Wiktorowicz
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Suzanne M K Buckley
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Shima Ameri
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Joanne Ng
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Filipa Almeida
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Roberto Simone
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Eleonora Lugarà
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square House, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gabriele Lignani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square House, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Rethwilm
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK; Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Steven J Howe
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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13
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Counsell JR, Asgarian Z, Meng J, Ferrer V, Vink CA, Howe SJ, Waddington SN, Thrasher AJ, Muntoni F, Morgan JE, Danos O. Erratum: Lentiviral vectors can be used for full-length dystrophin gene therapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46880. [PMID: 28849794 PMCID: PMC7365309 DOI: 10.1038/srep46880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Vink CA, Counsell JR, Perocheau DP, Karda R, Buckley SMK, Brugman MH, Galla M, Schambach A, McKay TR, Waddington SN, Howe SJ. Eliminating HIV-1 Packaging Sequences from Lentiviral Vector Proviruses Enhances Safety and Expedites Gene Transfer for Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1790-1804. [PMID: 28550974 PMCID: PMC5542766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vector genomic RNA requires sequences that partially overlap wild-type HIV-1 gag and env genes for packaging into vector particles. These HIV-1 packaging sequences constitute 19.6% of the wild-type HIV-1 genome and contain functional cis elements that potentially compromise clinical safety. Here, we describe the development of a novel lentiviral vector (LTR1) with a unique genomic structure designed to prevent transfer of HIV-1 packaging sequences to patient cells, thus reducing the total HIV-1 content to just 4.8% of the wild-type genome. This has been achieved by reconfiguring the vector to mediate reverse-transcription with a single strand transfer, instead of the usual two, and in which HIV-1 packaging sequences are not copied. We show that LTR1 vectors offer improved safety in their resistance to remobilization in HIV-1 particles and reduced frequency of splicing into human genes. Following intravenous luciferase vector administration to neonatal mice, LTR1 sustained a higher level of liver transgene expression than an equivalent dose of a standard lentivirus. LTR1 vectors produce reverse-transcription products earlier and start to express transgenes significantly quicker than standard lentiviruses after transduction. Finally, we show that LTR1 is an effective lentiviral gene therapy vector as demonstrated by correction of a mouse hemophilia B model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad A Vink
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John R Counsell
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
| | - Dany P Perocheau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Rajvinder Karda
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Suzanne M K Buckley
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tristan R McKay
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK; MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Steven J Howe
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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15
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Karda R, Counsell JR, Vink CA, Perocheau DP, Buckley SM, Ng J, Waddington SN, Howe SJ. 609. Transduction of the Central Nervous System with the LTR1 Lentiviral Backbone. Mol Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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16
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Meng J, Counsell JR, Reza M, Laval SH, Danos O, Thrasher A, Lochmüller H, Muntoni F, Morgan JE. Autologous skeletal muscle derived cells expressing a novel functional dystrophin provide a potential therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19750. [PMID: 26813695 PMCID: PMC4728433 DOI: 10.1038/srep19750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous stem cells that have been genetically modified to express dystrophin are a possible means of treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). To maximize the therapeutic effect, dystrophin construct needs to contain as many functional motifs as possible, within the packaging capacity of the viral vector. Existing dystrophin constructs used for transduction of muscle stem cells do not contain the nNOS binding site, an important functional motif within the dystrophin gene. In this proof-of-concept study, using stem cells derived from skeletal muscle of a DMD patient (mdcs) transplanted into an immunodeficient mouse model of DMD, we report that two novel dystrophin constructs, C1 (ΔR3-R13) and C2 (ΔH2-R23), can be lentivirally transduced into mdcs and produce dystrophin. These dystrophin proteins were functional in vivo, as members of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex were restored in muscle fibres containing donor-derived dystrophin. In muscle fibres derived from cells that had been transduced with construct C1, the largest dystrophin construct packaged into a lentiviral system, nNOS was restored. The combination of autologous stem cells and a lentivirus expressing a novel dystrophin construct which optimally restores proteins of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex may have therapeutic application for all DMD patients, regardless of their dystrophin mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Meng
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK, WC1N 1EH
| | - John R Counsell
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK, WC1N 1EH.,UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, UK, WC1E 6BT.,Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK, WC1N 1EH
| | - Mojgan Reza
- John Walton Centre for Muscular Dystrophy Research, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 3BZ
| | - Steven H Laval
- John Walton Centre for Muscular Dystrophy Research, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 3BZ
| | - Olivier Danos
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, UK, WC1E 6BT
| | - Adrian Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK, WC1N 1EH
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- John Walton Centre for Muscular Dystrophy Research, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 3BZ
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK, WC1N 1EH
| | - Jennifer E Morgan
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK, WC1N 1EH
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17
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Counsell JR, Vink CA, Perocheau DP, Karda R, Ng J, Buckley SM, Hubank M, McKay TR, Delhove JM, Brugman MH, Waddington SN, Howe SJ. 529. Novel LTR-1 Lentiviral Vectors Are Fully Functional Following the Removal of HIV-1 Gag-RRE Sequences. Mol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)34138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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