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Capello M, Rault J, Deneubourg JL, Dagorn L. Schooling in habitats with aggregative sites: the case of tropical tuna and floating objects. J Theor Biol 2022; 547:111163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Neffati R, Judeinstein P, Rault J. Supercooled nano-droplets of water confined in hydrophobic rubber. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25347-25355. [PMID: 34750601 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic elastomers are capable of absorbing a small amount of water that forms droplets around hydrophilic sites. These systems allow the study of confinement effects by a hydrophobic environment on the dynamics and thermodynamic behaviour of water molecules. The freezing-melting properties and the dynamics of water inside nano-droplets in butyl rubber are affected, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR). Upon cooling down, all water crystalizes with a bimodal droplet population (da = 3.4 nm and db = 4.4 nm) in a temperature range associated with the droplet size distribution. However, the melting temperature is not shifted according to the Gibbs-Thomson equation. The relative decrease of the 2H-NMR longitudinal magnetization is not a single exponential and, by inverse Laplace transformation, it was deduced to be bimodal in agreement with the DSC measurements (T1,a ∼ 10 ms and T1,b ∼ 200 ms). The deduced correlation time of molecular reorientation is longer than that of bulk water and the behaviour with temperature follows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equations with a changing fragility as the droplet size is reduced when reducing hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neffati
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia. .,Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - P Judeinstein
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405, Orsay, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Rault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405, Orsay, France
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Tittensor DP, Novaglio C, Harrison CS, Heneghan RF, Barrier N, Bianchi D, Bopp L, Bryndum-Buchholz A, Britten GL, Büchner M, Cheung WWL, Christensen V, Coll M, Dunne JP, Eddy TD, Everett JD, Fernandes-Salvador JA, Fulton EA, Galbraith ED, Gascuel D, Guiet J, John JG, Link JS, Lotze HK, Maury O, Ortega-Cisneros K, Palacios-Abrantes J, Petrik CM, du Pontavice H, Rault J, Richardson AJ, Shannon L, Shin YJ, Steenbeek J, Stock CA, Blanchard JL. Next-generation ensemble projections reveal higher climate risks for marine ecosystems. Nat Clim Chang 2021; 11:973-981. [PMID: 34745348 PMCID: PMC8556156 DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-01173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Projections of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems have revealed long-term declines in global marine animal biomass and unevenly distributed impacts on fisheries. Here we apply an enhanced suite of global marine ecosystem models from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (Fish-MIP), forced by new-generation Earth system model outputs from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), to provide insights into how projected climate change will affect future ocean ecosystems. Compared with the previous generation CMIP5-forced Fish-MIP ensemble, the new ensemble ecosystem simulations show a greater decline in mean global ocean animal biomass under both strong-mitigation and high-emissions scenarios due to elevated warming, despite greater uncertainty in net primary production in the high-emissions scenario. Regional shifts in the direction of biomass changes highlight the continued and urgent need to reduce uncertainty in the projected responses of marine ecosystems to climate change to help support adaptation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P. Tittensor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camilla Novaglio
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
- Center for Marine Socio-ecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Cheryl S. Harrison
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Port Isabel, TX USA
- Department of Ocean and Coastal Science and Centre for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Ryan F. Heneghan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Nicolas Barrier
- MARBEC, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, CNRS, Sète/Montpellier, France
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Laurent Bopp
- LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France
| | | | - Gregory L. Britten
- Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Matthias Büchner
- Potsdam-Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Villy Christensen
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Marta Coll
- Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Ecopath International Initiative Research Association, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John P. Dunne
- NOAA/OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Tyler D. Eddy
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
| | - Jason D. Everett
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Fulton
- Center for Marine Socio-ecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Eric D. Galbraith
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Didier Gascuel
- UMR Ecology and Ecosystems Health (ESE), Institut Agro, Inrae, Rennes, France
| | - Jerome Guiet
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jasmin G. John
- NOAA/OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ USA
| | | | - Heike K. Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Olivier Maury
- MARBEC, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, CNRS, Sète/Montpellier, France
| | | | - Juliano Palacios-Abrantes
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Colleen M. Petrik
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Hubert du Pontavice
- UMR Ecology and Ecosystems Health (ESE), Institut Agro, Inrae, Rennes, France
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Jonathan Rault
- MARBEC, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, CNRS, Sète/Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Lynne Shannon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yunne-Jai Shin
- MARBEC, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, CNRS, Sète/Montpellier, France
| | - Jeroen Steenbeek
- Ecopath International Initiative Research Association, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charles A. Stock
- NOAA/OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Julia L. Blanchard
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
- Center for Marine Socio-ecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
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Neffati R, Judeinstein P, Rault J. Freezing, melting and dynamics of supercooled water confined in porous glass. J Phys Condens Matter 2020; 32:465101. [PMID: 32841209 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abaddd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The freezing, melting and dynamics of supercooled water at different hydration of controlled porous glass with mean pore sizes 10 nm, 30 nm, 50 nm and 70 nm are studied using differential scanning calorimetry and deuteruim nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR). For saturated samples, the melting temperature follows the Gibbs-Thomson relation despite a clear linear decrease of the melting enthalpy when the transition is shifted due to confinement. For partially filled porous glasses the crystallization and melting temperatures as well as enthalpies are lower than for the saturated samples. 2H-NMR confirms the existence of a non-crystallizable part of water adsorbed on the surface of pores. At room temperature, spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T 1) is proportional to the inverse of the mean pore size indicating that the relaxation is governed by a surface limited process. At low temperature relaxation rate follows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neffati
- Department of Physics, King Khalid University, PO Box 9032, Abha 61413-Saudi Arabia. IPEIN, University of Carthage, Campus of El Mrazga, PO Box 62, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia
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Issac P, Robert M, Le Bris H, Rault J, Pawlowski L, Kopp D. Investigating feeding ecology of two anglerfish species, Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa in the Celtic Sea using gut content and isotopic analyses. Food Webs 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rault J, Le Bris H, Robert M, Pawlowski L, Denamiel M, Kopp D. Diets and trophic niches of the main commercial fish species from the Celtic Sea. J Fish Biol 2017; 91:1449-1474. [PMID: 29110303 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characterization and quantification of diets of nine commercially important Celtic Sea fish species (black-bellied angler Lophius budegassa, blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou, Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, European hake Merluccius merluccius, megrim Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis, European plaice Pleuronectes platessa, common sole Solea solea and whiting Merlangius merlangus) was undertaken November 2014 and November 2015 to gain a better understanding of fish feeding strategies, prey preferences, competition for resources and, more generally, increases knowledge of marine ecosystem functioning. Prey were classified into 39 taxonomic groups. A feeding overlap index and multivariate analyses were used to classify the fishes into four main trophic groups where interspecific competition for resources may be important: piscivorous species, omnivorous species, planktivorous species and invertebrate benthic feeders. Ontogenetic changes in diet were also considered for L. budegassa, G. morhua, M. aeglefinus, M. merluccius and M. merlangus through partitioning into size classes. This revealed an important shift in the diet of M. merluccius from omnivory to piscivory, whereas M. aeglefinus exhibited no significant ontogenetic change in diet, remaining an invertebrate benthic feeder. Feeding strategies of these species were also investigated using the Shannon niche-breadth index and other descriptors, such as the total number of taxonomic groups of prey and the mean number of prey in gut contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rault
- Ifremer, Unité de Sciences et Technologies halieutiques, Laboratoire de Technologie et Biologie Halieutique, 8 rue François Toullec, F-56325, Lorient Cedex, France
| | - H Le Bris
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - M Robert
- Ifremer, Unité de Sciences et Technologies halieutiques, Laboratoire de Technologie et Biologie Halieutique, 8 rue François Toullec, F-56325, Lorient Cedex, France
| | - L Pawlowski
- Ifremer, Unité de Sciences et Technologies halieutiques, Laboratoire de Technologie et Biologie Halieutique, 8 rue François Toullec, F-56325, Lorient Cedex, France
| | - M Denamiel
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, F-62321, Boulogne-Sur-Mer, France
| | - D Kopp
- Ifremer, Unité de Sciences et Technologies halieutiques, Laboratoire de Technologie et Biologie Halieutique, 8 rue François Toullec, F-56325, Lorient Cedex, France
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Sauterey B, Ward B, Rault J, Bowler C, Claessen D. The Implications of Eco-Evolutionary Processes for the Emergence of Marine Plankton Community Biogeography. Am Nat 2017; 190:116-130. [PMID: 28617645 DOI: 10.1086/692067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Models of community assembly have been used to illustrate how the many functionally diverse species that compose plankton food webs can coexist. However, the evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of plankton food webs and their interplay with migratory processes and spatial heterogeneity are yet to be explored. We study the eco-evolutionary dynamics of a modeled plankton community structured in both size and space and physiologically constrained by empirical data. We demonstrate that a complex yet ecologically and evolutionarily stable size-structured food web can emerge from an initial set of two monomorphic phytoplankton and zooplankton populations. We also show that the coupling of spatial heterogeneity and migration results in the emergence of specific biogeographic patterns: (i) the emergence of a source-sink structure of the plankton metacommunities, (ii) changes in size diversity dependent on migratory intensity and on the scale at which diversity is considered (local vs. global), and (iii) the emergence of eco-evolutionary provinces (i.e., a spatial unit characterized by some level of abiotic heterogeneity but of homogenous size composition due to horizontal movements) at spatial scales that increase with the strength of the migratory processes.
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Ward BA, Marañón E, Sauterey B, Rault J, Claessen D. The Size Dependence of Phytoplankton Growth Rates: A Trade-Off between Nutrient Uptake and Metabolism. Am Nat 2016; 189:170-177. [PMID: 28107051 DOI: 10.1086/689992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Rates of metabolism and population growth are often assumed to decrease universally with increasing organism size. Recent observations have shown, however, that maximum population growth rates among phytoplankton smaller than ∼6 μm in diameter tend to increase with organism size. Here we bring together observations and theory to demonstrate that the observed change in slope is attributable to a trade-off between nutrient uptake and the potential rate of internal metabolism. Specifically, we apply an established model of phytoplankton growth to explore a trade-off between the ability of cells to replenish their internal quota (which increases with size) and their ability to synthesize new biomass (which decreases with size). Contrary to the metabolic theory of ecology, these results demonstrate that rates of resource acquisition (rather than metabolism) provide the primary physiological constraint on the growth rates of some of the smallest and most numerically abundant photosynthetic organisms on Earth.
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Aroca AS, Pradas MM, Ribelles JG, Rault J. Thermal analysis of water in reinforced plasma-polymerised poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
In this paper we build a prey-predator model with discrete weight structure for the predator. This model will conserve the number of individuals and the biomass and both growth and reproduction of the predator will depend on the food ingested. Moreover the model allows cannibalism which means that the predator can eat the prey but also other predators. We will focus on a simple version with two weight classes or stage (larvae and adults) and present some general mathematical results. In the last part, we will assume that the dynamics of the prey is fast compared to the predator's one to go further in the results and eventually conclude that under some conditions, cannibalism can stabilize the system: more precisely, an unstable equilibrium without cannibalism will become almost globally stable with some cannibalism. Some numerical simulations are done to illustrate this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rault
- INRIA BIOCORE, 2004 Route des Lucioles B.P. 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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Rault J. Glass: Kohlrausch exponent, fragility, anharmonicity. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2012; 35:9703. [PMID: 22526977 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamical and mechanical properties of (fragile and strong) glass are modeled based on a generalised activation energy relationship log( τ ) = ΔG ( β )/RTn(T') process of glass-forming liquids. This cooperative process involves 1/n(T') elementary β motions of activation Gibbs energy ΔG ( β ) dependent on the equivalent temperature T', the temperature of the liquid in equilibrium having the volume of the glass, function of temperature and aging conditions. From this modified VFT law the relaxation of any properties (V , H , stress, creep) can be calculated and approximated by the Kohlrausch function. This model predicts consistency relationships for: a) the temperature (and aging time) variation of the Kohlrausch exponent; b) the temperature dependence of the stabilisation time domain of strong and fragile glass; c) the linear relation between the activation parameters (E (*) energy, S (*) entropy, V (*) volume) of the α and β transition. The Lawson and Keyes (LK) relations are recalled and it is shown that these relations (somewhat equivalant to the compensation law or Meyer-Neldel rule) are observed generally in glass. Morever the (macroscopic) ratios ΔH/ΔV observed during aging or after a temperature jump and the (microscopic) ratio E (*)/V (*) are found equal to κγ (κ compressibily, γ Grüneisen parameter), in agreement with the LK predictions. From various experiments and in agreement with predictions of this model we conclude that the Grüneisen parameter γ ( B ) (pressure derivative of the bulk modulus) and the Mean Square Displacement (MSD) characterising the anharmonicity of solids (and liquids) are the main parameters which govern the relaxation properties of the glass state. Linear relations between the parameters γ ( B ), the fragility m, and the Kohlrausch exponent n ( g ) at T ( g ) are explained. These correlations underscore a strong relationship between the fragilty of glass formers and the extent of the anharmonicity in the interatomic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rault
- Physique des Solides, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
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Abstract
ABSTRACTThe dynamical properties of hybrid materials obtained from mixtures of
silicon alkoxides and polyethers are studied. Different techniques are used
to analyze the mobility of the different parts of the material: thermal
analysis (DSC, DTMA) and NMR to probe the collective motion modes and EPR to
probe the local scale. The motions are dependent on the organic ratio in the
blend and the covalent grafting between the two phases. Some structural
models of these blends are proposed.
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Barrett N, Rault J, Krug I, Vilquin B, Niu G, Gautier B, Albertini D, Lecoeur P, Renault O. Influence of the ferroelectric polarization on the electronic structure of BaTiO3
thin films. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Souffaché E, Perez G, Lecluse C, Rault J. Mechanical memory effect in isotropic polyethylene terephthalate fiber crystallized from the glassy state. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348808260839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Souffaché
- a Institut Textile de France , 92106, Boulogne, France
| | - G. Perez
- b Rhone-Poulenc recherches , 69190, Saint Fons, France
| | - C. Lecluse
- b Rhone-Poulenc recherches , 69190, Saint Fons, France
| | - J. Rault
- c Laboratoire de Physique des Solides Batiment 510 , Université de Paris-Sud , 91405, Orsay, France
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Rault J, Marchal J, Judeinstein P, Albouy PA. Chain orientation in natural rubber, Part II: 2H-NMR study. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2006; 21:243-61. [PMID: 17235471 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2006-10064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced crystallisation (SIC) and stress-induced melting (SIM) in natural rubbers (NR), unfilled and filled with carbon black (CB) have been studied by (2)H-NMR measurements. Various materials have been swollen with small amount (< 2%) of deuterated alkane chains. The orientation of the amorphous chains, then the local deformation of the amorphous chains during deformation cycles and during stress relaxation, permits to clarify the SIC and SIM processes during hardening and recovery. By mechanical, WAXS and NMR measurements one determines the same critical draw ratio for appearance lambda(A) and disappearance lambda(E) of the crystallites. It is demonstrated that the hysteresis observed by the different techniques (stress sigma, crystallinity chi, NMR splitting Deltanu) are due to the supercooling effect ( lambda(A) > lambda(E), at constant temperature). During hardening at constant strain rate it is found that the local draw ratio remains constant and equal to lambda(A), whereas the crystallinity increases linearly with the macroscopic draw ratio lambda. The hardening sigma approximately (lambda - lambda(A))(2) is then interpreted as a reinforcement effect due to the crystallites, which act as new crosslinks. This confirms the prediction of Flory. In filled rubber the same effects are observed, and the stress amplification factor is determined as a function of the CB content. It is found that the fillers act as nucleation centres for the NR crystallites. The reinforcement of such materials is due principally to this nucleation effect and to the presence of a super network formed by both the NR crystallites and the CB fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rault
- Physique des solides, Bât. 510, Université Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Rault J, Marchal J, Judeinstein P, Albouy PA. Stress-Induced Crystallization and Reinforcement in Filled Natural Rubbers: 2H NMR Study. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0608424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rault
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - J. Marchal
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - P. Judeinstein
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - P. A. Albouy
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Rault
- a Laboratoire de Physique des Solides , 91405, Orsay, France
| | - C. Macé
- a Laboratoire de Physique des Solides , 91405, Orsay, France
| | - P. Judeinstein
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique , Université de Paris-Sud , 91405, Orsay, France
| | - J. Courtieu
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique , Université de Paris-Sud , 91405, Orsay, France
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Reckinger
- a Physique des Solides Bātiment 510, Université , Paris-Sud, 91405 , ORSAY , France
| | - F. C. Larbi
- a Physique des Solides Bātiment 510, Université , Paris-Sud, 91405 , ORSAY , France
| | - J. Rault
- a Physique des Solides Bātiment 510, Université , Paris-Sud, 91405 , ORSAY , France
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Rault
- a Laboratoire de Physique des Solides Bât. 510 , Université de Paris-Sud , 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - H. M. Le Huy
- a Laboratoire de Physique des Solides Bât. 510 , Université de Paris-Sud , 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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Albouy PA, Marchal J, Rault J. Chain orientation in natural rubber, Part I: the inverse yielding effect. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2005; 17:247-59. [PMID: 15971005 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2004-10145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhomogeneous deformations are observed in stretched natural rubber of different crosslink density; the conditions of observation, nucleation and propagation are given in the first part of the paper. In samples of low crosslink density these inhomogeneities recall necking observed in others materials and in glassy polymers when the materials are drawn above a critical draw ratio. The difference is that in natural rubbers, NR, they nucleate and propagate at constant stress during unloading. This phenomenon, called inverse yielding appears during recovery only if the samples have been drawn previously in the hardening domain. During necking propagation the stress is constant. The mechanical and crystallinity properties of samples with and without inverse yielding are studied as a function of draw ratio, crosslink density and temperature. In the second part of the paper this transition zone (neck) of thickness 2 mm is studied by WAXS at the synchrotron source. From the orientation of NR crystallites and from the orientation of the stearic acid (2%, present in this type of rubber) we conclude that the deformation in the neck follows the flow lines. From the local crystallinity of the NR crystallites one deduces the local draw ratio across this transition zone. We suggest that in all these rubbers, which present a plateau of the recovery stress strain curve, micronecking exists. This effect is discussed in the framework of the Flory theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-A Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Trabelsi S, Albouy PA, Rault J. Stress-Induced Crystallization Properties of Natural and Synthetic CIS-Polyisoprene. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 2004. [DOI: 10.5254/1.3547825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Stress-induced crystallization and melting of natural and synthetic cis-isoprene are compared by simultaneous Wide Angles X-ray Scattering (WAXS) and mechanical measurements.
Natural (NR) and synthetic polyisoprene (SR) rubbers have the same composition and sulfur crosslink density. At fixed elongation and during cyclic deformation, the properties X of the semi crystalline phase are determined as function of draw ratio λ; X being crystallites dimensions and orientation, half-time of crystallization, melting temperature, crystallinity and crystalline zone dimensions around a crack tip. It is shown that all the curves X(λ) of both types of rubber at room temperature can be superposed by a simple translation δλ along the draw ratio axis. This translation factor of the order of 0.5 to 1 does not depend on the property X. These effects are explained by the decrease of the melting and crystallization temperatures due to the presence of chain defects in synthetic rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Trabelsi
- 1Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502 Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - P.-A. Albouy
- 1Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502 Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - J. Rault
- 1Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502 Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay, France;
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Trabelsi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université de Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 510, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - P.-A. Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université de Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 510, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J. Rault
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université de Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 510, 91405 Orsay, France
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Trabelsi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - P.-A. Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J. Rault
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay, France
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Robelin-Souffache E, Rault J. Relationship between the relaxation of polyethylene coils in the melt and the molecular weight distribution. 1. Crystallization measurements. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00133a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leblanc K, Berdagué P, Bayle JP, Judeinstein P, Rault J. Synthesis and ionic properties of nematic compounds bearing an ether-crown moiety: an NMR approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2000. [DOI: 10.1039/b000501k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Girardin H, Paris S, Rault J, Bellon-Fontaine MN, Latgé JP. The role of the rodlet structure on the physicochemical properties of Aspergillus conidia. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 29:364-9. [PMID: 10664979 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.1999.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties of Aspergillus conidia rely on their outer cell-wall rodlet layer. In A. fumigatus and A. nidulans, the rodlet structure is due to an hydrophobin encoded by homologous rodA genes. To evaluate the role of the rodlet structure on the physico-chemical properties of conidia, we compared hydrophobicity, Lewis acid-base (i.e. electron donor/acceptor) characteristics and electrostatic charge of hydrophobin-less (rodletless) mutant and wild-type conidia of A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. The results obtained by aqueous-solvent partitioning assays, microsphere adhesion assays and microelectrophoresis showed that the disruption of the rodA gene modifies surface properties of A. fumigatus and A. nidulans conidia, and confirmed that the rodlet layer plays a key role in their physico-chemical behaviour. The absence of this layer on A. fumigatus spores led to the appearance of weakly basic and acidic characteristics, and had a slight effect on the hydrophobicity of conidia. Whereas in A. nidulans, it induced a basic character, a marked decrease in hydrophobicity and in the polarization capacity (electronegativity) of conidia. These physico-chemical differences between A. fumigatus and A. nidulans rodletless conidia may be attributed to differences in the composition of the conidial outer cell-wall of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Girardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Génie de l'Hygiène et des Procédés Alimentaires, Massy, France.
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Batellier L, Poilane C, Rault J, Chaumeil C, Scat Y. [Measurement of total IgE in tears : the adaptation of an immunoenzyme technique and the value of investigating locally produced IgE in the diagnosis of chronic conjunctivitis]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 1999; 57:469-73. [PMID: 10432371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of total IgE in tears could be useful to confirm the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis, particularly in chronic forms when the etiology is difficult to determine solely on clinical criteria and allergologic anamnesis. Since the level of IgE is normally very low in tears, the adaptation of a fluorescent enzyme immunoassay of total IgE (Unicap, Pharmacia-Upjohn) reduces the detection limit from 0.35 to 0.15 kU/l. Satisfactory results are obtained for accuracy, within-run precision (CV < 5%) and between-run precision (CV < or =11%). During allergic reactions, the local synthesis of IgE is evaluated by the ratio between the measured lacrimal IgE and the lacrimal IgE that have been filtered through the hemato-lacrimal barrier. The serum and tear albumin allows to quantify the permeability of the barrier and thus the amount of filtered tear IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Batellier
- Laboratoire, Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Dessolle
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique (URA CNRS 1384)-Bât. 410 and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides-Bât. 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J. P. Bayle
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique (URA CNRS 1384)-Bât. 410 and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides-Bât. 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J. Courtieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique (URA CNRS 1384)-Bât. 410 and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides-Bât. 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J. Rault
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique (URA CNRS 1384)-Bât. 410 and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides-Bât. 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - P. Judeinstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique (URA CNRS 1384)-Bât. 410 and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides-Bât. 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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Rault J, Lucas A, Neffati R, Monleón Pradas M. Thermal Transitions in Hydrogels of Poly(ethyl acrylate)/Poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) Interpenetrating Networks. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970344i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rault
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, F-91405 Orsay, France, and Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica, P. O. Box 22012, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - A. Lucas
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, F-91405 Orsay, France, and Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica, P. O. Box 22012, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - R. Neffati
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, F-91405 Orsay, France, and Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica, P. O. Box 22012, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Monleón Pradas
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université de Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, F-91405 Orsay, France, and Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica, P. O. Box 22012, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Botev
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria, Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 410, Orsay 91405, France, and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Bat. 510, Orsay 91405, France
| | - P. Judeinstein
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria, Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 410, Orsay 91405, France, and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Bat. 510, Orsay 91405, France
| | - R. Neffati
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria, Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 410, Orsay 91405, France, and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Bat. 510, Orsay 91405, France
| | - J. Rault
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria, Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale Organique, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 410, Orsay 91405, France, and Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Bat. 510, Orsay 91405, France
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Bellon-Fontaine MN, Rault J, van Oss C. Microbial adhesion to solvents: a novel method to determine the electron-donor/electron-acceptor or Lewis acid-base properties of microbial cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7765(96)01272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Ultrastructural study, by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy, of three choroidal melanomas allows us to depict main features and cellular types of melanomas and to discuss our results with precedent studies. One case of balloon-cell tumor shows an unusual (from unknown genesis) substance, intra- or extracellularly located, but always near pigment cells expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Driot
- Centre National d'Ophthalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Paris, France
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Rault J, Sotton M, Rabourdin C, Robelin E. Crystallization of polymers. Part I : Polydispersed polymers quenched from the liquid state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:0198000410120145900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Robelin E, Rousseaux F, Lemonnier M, Rault J. Crystallization of polymers. Part II : Fractionated polyethylene quenched from the liquid state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:0198000410120146900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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