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Kadagi NI, Wambiji N, Mann B, Parker D, Daly R, Thoya P, Rato DAM, Halafo J, Gaspare L, Sweke EA, Ahmed S, Raseta SB, Osore M, Maina J, Glaser S, Ahrens R, Sumaila UR. Status and challenges for sustainable billfish fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2022; 32:1035-1061. [PMID: 36187439 PMCID: PMC9510346 DOI: 10.1007/s11160-022-09725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Billfish species (families Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae) are caught in artisanal, recreational, and commercial fisheries throughout the Western Indian Ocean region. However, data and information on the interactions among these fisheries and the ecology of billfish in the WIO are not well understood. Using an in-depth analysis of peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, observation studies, and authors' insider knowledge, we summarize the current state of knowledge on billfish fisheries in 10 countries. To describe historical and current trends, we examined fisheries statistics from governmental and non-governmental agencies, sportfishing clubs' reports, diaries of sportfishing captains, and the catch and effort databases of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. We highlight two key points. First, billfish fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean are highly diverse, comprising two distinct segments-coastal and oceanic. However, data are poor for most countries with significant gaps in information especially for sport and artisanal fisheries. Second, the evidence assembled showed that billfish species have immense social, cultural, and economic value. Swordfish are targeted by both large-scale and semi-industrial fisheries, while other billfish species, particularly marlin, are highly sought after by sport fisheries in most countries. Our paper provides a comprehensive review of billfish fisheries and available information in the context of the WIO underscoring the need to strengthen data collection and reporting, citizen science, and collaborative sustainable development and management of billfish. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11160-022-09725-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Wambiji
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - B. Mann
- Oceanographic Research Institute and South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Durban, South Africa
| | - D. Parker
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R. Daly
- Oceanographic Research Institute and South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Durban, South Africa
| | - P. Thoya
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende (IOW), Rostock, Germany
| | | | - J. Halafo
- Mozambique Oceanographic Institute (InOM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - L. Gaspare
- University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - E. A. Sweke
- Deep Sea Fisheries Authority, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - S. Ahmed
- University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | | | - M. Osore
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - J. Maina
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. Glaser
- World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Ahrens
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1845 Wasp Blvd., Building 176, Honolulu, HI 96818 USA
| | - U. R. Sumaila
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Thoya P, Kadagi NI, Wambiji N, Williams SM, Pepperell J, Möllmann C, Schiele KS, Maina J. Environmental controls of billfish species in the Indian Ocean and implications for their management and conservation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Thoya
- School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Mombasa Kenya
- Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende (IOW) Warnemuende Germany
| | | | - Nina Wambiji
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Mombasa Kenya
| | - Samuel Mackey Williams
- The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland Brisbane Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Julian Pepperell
- Pepperell Research and Consulting Pty Ltd, Noosaville DC Queensland Australia
| | - Christian Möllmann
- Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Joseph Maina
- School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
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South A, Dicko A, Herringer M, Macharia PM, Maina J, Okiro EA, Snow RW, van der Walt A. A reproducible picture of open access health facility data in Africa and R tools to support improvement. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:157. [PMID: 33437875 PMCID: PMC7780339 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16075.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Open data on the locations and services provided by health facilities have, in some countries, allowed the development of software tools contributing to COVID-19 response. The UN and WHO encourage countries to make health facility location data open, to encourage use and improvement. We provide a summary of open access health facility location data in Africa using re-useable R code. We aim to support data analysts developing software tools to address COVID-19 response in individual countries. In Africa there are currently three main sources of such open data; 1) direct from national ministries of health, 2) a database for sub-Saharan Africa collated and published by a team from KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme and now hosted by WHO, and 3) The Global Healthsites Mapping Project in collaboration with OpenStreetMap. Methods: We searched for and documented official national facility location data that were openly available. We developed re-useable open-source R code to summarise and visualise facility location data by country from the three sources. This re-useable code is used to provide a web user interface allowing data exploration through maps and plots of facility type. Results: Out of 52 African countries, seven currently provide an official open facility list that can be downloaded and analysed reproducibly. Considering all three sources, there are over 185,000 health facility locations available for Africa. However, there are differences and overlaps between sources and a lack of data on capacities and service provision. Conclusions: These summaries and software tools can be used to encourage greater use of existing health facility location data, incentivise further improvements in the provision of those data by national suppliers, and encourage collaboration within wider data communities. The tools are a part of the afrimapr project, actively developing R building blocks to facilitate the use of health data in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy South
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Mark Herringer
- The Global Healthsites Mapping Project, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Macharia
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Maina
- International Organization for Migration, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emelda A. Okiro
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert W. Snow
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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South A, Dicko A, Herringer M, Macharia PM, Maina J, Okiro EA, Snow RW, van der Walt A. A rapid and reproducible picture of open access health facility data in Africa to support the COVID-19 response. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:157. [PMID: 33437875 PMCID: PMC7780339 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16075.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Open data on the locations and services provided by health facilities in some countries have allowed the development of software tools contributing to COVID-19 response. The UN and WHO encourage countries to make health facility location data open, to encourage use and improvement. We provide a summary of open access health facility location data in Africa using re-useable code. We aim to support data analysts developing software tools to address COVID-19 response in individual countries. In Africa there are currently three main sources of such data; 1) direct from national ministries of health, 2) a database for sub-Saharan Africa collated and published by a team from KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme and now hosted by WHO, and 3) The Global Healthsites Mapping Project in collaboration with OpenStreetMap. Methods: We searched for and documented official national facility location data that were openly available. We developed re-useable open-source R code to summarise and visualise facility location data by country from the three sources. This re-useable code is used to provide a web user interface allowing data exploration through maps and plots of facility type. Results: Out of 53 African countries, seven provide an official open facility list that can be downloaded and analysed reproducibly. Considering all three sources, there are over 185,000 health facility locations available for Africa. However, there are differences and overlaps between sources and a lack of data on capacities and service provision. Conclusions: We suggest that these summaries and tools will encourage greater use of existing health facility location data, incentivise further improvements in the provision of those data by national suppliers, and encourage collaboration within wider data communities. The tools are a part of the afrimapr project, actively developing R building blocks to facilitate the use of health data in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy South
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Mark Herringer
- The Global Healthsites Mapping Project, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Macharia
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Maina
- International Organization for Migration, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emelda A. Okiro
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert W. Snow
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Darling ES, McClanahan TR, Maina J, Gurney GG, Graham NAJ, Januchowski-Hartley F, Cinner JE, Mora C, Hicks CC, Maire E, Puotinen M, Skirving WJ, Adjeroud M, Ahmadia G, Arthur R, Bauman AG, Beger M, Berumen ML, Bigot L, Bouwmeester J, Brenier A, Bridge TCL, Brown E, Campbell SJ, Cannon S, Cauvin B, Chen CA, Claudet J, Denis V, Donner S, Estradivari, Fadli N, Feary DA, Fenner D, Fox H, Franklin EC, Friedlander A, Gilmour J, Goiran C, Guest J, Hobbs JPA, Hoey AS, Houk P, Johnson S, Jupiter SD, Kayal M, Kuo CY, Lamb J, Lee MAC, Low J, Muthiga N, Muttaqin E, Nand Y, Nash KL, Nedlic O, Pandolfi JM, Pardede S, Patankar V, Penin L, Ribas-Deulofeu L, Richards Z, Roberts TE, Rodgers KS, Safuan CDM, Sala E, Shedrawi G, Sin TM, Smallhorn-West P, Smith JE, Sommer B, Steinberg PD, Sutthacheep M, Tan CHJ, Williams GJ, Wilson S, Yeemin T, Bruno JF, Fortin MJ, Krkosek M, Mouillot D. Social–environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1341-1350. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Maina J, Ouma PO, Macharia PM, Alegana VA, Mitto B, Fall IS, Noor AM, Snow RW, Okiro EA. A spatial database of health facilities managed by the public health sector in sub Saharan Africa. Sci Data 2019; 6:134. [PMID: 31346183 PMCID: PMC6658526 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Health facilities form a central component of health systems, providing curative and preventative services and structured to allow referral through a pyramid of increasingly complex service provision. Access to health care is a complex and multidimensional concept, however, in its most narrow sense, it refers to geographic availability. Linking health facilities to populations has been a traditional per capita index of heath care coverage, however, with locations of health facilities and higher resolution population data, Geographic Information Systems allow for a more refined metric of health access, define geographic inequalities in service provision and inform planning. Maximizing the value of spatial heath access requires a complete census of providers and their locations. To-date there has not been a single, geo-referenced and comprehensive public health facility database for sub-Saharan Africa. We have assembled national master health facility lists from a variety of government and non-government sources from 50 countries and islands in sub Saharan Africa and used multiple geocoding methods to provide a comprehensive spatial inventory of 98,745 public health facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Maina
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul O Ouma
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter M Macharia
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor A Alegana
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, LA1 4YR, UK
| | - Benard Mitto
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ibrahima Socé Fall
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Abdisalan M Noor
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert W Snow
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emelda A Okiro
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Brown CJ, Jupiter SD, Albert S, Anthony KRN, Hamilton RJ, Fredston‐Hermann A, Halpern BS, Lin H, Maina J, Mangubhai S, Mumby PJ, Possingham HP, Saunders MI, Tulloch VJD, Wenger A, Klein CJ. A guide to modelling priorities for managing land‐based impacts on coastal ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Albert
- School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Kenneth R. N. Anthony
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Richard J. Hamilton
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Qld Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Alexa Fredston‐Hermann
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
- Imperial College London Ascot UK
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara California
| | - Hsien‐Yung Lin
- Quantitative Fisheries Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Joseph Maina
- Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Laboratory School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Qld Australia
- Imperial College London Ascot UK
| | - Megan I. Saunders
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
- Marine Predator Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Amelia Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Carissa J. Klein
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
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Al Zahrani MH, Omar AI, Abdoon AMO, Ibrahim AA, Alhogail A, Elmubarak M, Elamin YE, AlHelal MA, Alshahrani AM, Abdelgader TM, Saeed I, El Gamri TB, Alattas MS, Dahlan AA, Assiri AM, Maina J, Li XH, Snow RW. Cross-border movement, economic development and malaria elimination in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. BMC Med 2018; 16:98. [PMID: 29940950 PMCID: PMC6019222 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria at international borders presents particular challenges with regards to elimination. International borders share common malaria ecologies, yet neighboring countries are often at different stages of the control-to-elimination pathway. Herein, we present a case study on malaria, and its control, at the border between Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Malaria program activity reports, case data, and ancillary information have been assembled from national health information systems, archives, and other related sources. Information was analyzed as a semi-quantitative time series, between 2000 and 2017, to provide a plausibility framework to understand the possible contributions of factors related to control activities, conflict, economic development, migration, and climate. The malaria recession in the Yemeni border regions of Saudi Arabia is a likely consequence of multiple, coincidental factors, including scaled elimination activities, cross-border vector control, periods of low rainfall, and economic development. The temporal alignment of many of these factors suggests that economic development may have changed the receptivity to the extent that it mitigated against surges in vulnerability posed by imported malaria from its endemic neighbor Yemen. In many border areas of the world, malaria is likely to be sustained through a complex congruence of factors, including poverty, conflict, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H. Al Zahrani
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdiasiis I. Omar
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelmohsin M. O. Abdoon
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Adam Ibrahim
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhogail
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elmubarak
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif Eldirdiry Elamin
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. AlHelal
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. Alshahrani
- Malaria Elimination Programme, Aseer Health Affairs Directorate, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarig M. Abdelgader
- Malaria Elimination Programme, Aseer Health Affairs Directorate, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Saeed
- Malaria Elimination Programme, Aseer Health Affairs Directorate, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tageddin B. El Gamri
- Malaria Elimination Programme, Jazan Health Affairs Directorate, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Alattas
- Malaria Elimination Programme, Jazan Health Affairs Directorate, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdu A. Dahlan
- Malaria Elimination Programme, Jazan Health Affairs Directorate, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Maina
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Xiao Hong Li
- Malaria Elimination Unit, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert W. Snow
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ouma PO, Maina J, Thuranira PN, Macharia PM, Alegana VA, English M, Okiro EA, Snow RW. Access to emergency hospital care provided by the public sector in sub-Saharan Africa in 2015: a geocoded inventory and spatial analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6:e342-e350. [PMID: 29396220 PMCID: PMC5809715 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely access to emergency care can substantially reduce mortality. International benchmarks for access to emergency hospital care have been established to guide ambitions for universal health care by 2030. However, no Pan-African database of where hospitals are located exists; therefore, we aimed to complete a geocoded inventory of hospital services in Africa in relation to how populations might access these services in 2015, with focus on women of child bearing age. METHODS We assembled a geocoded inventory of public hospitals across 48 countries and islands of sub-Saharan Africa, including Zanzibar, using data from various sources. We only included public hospitals with emergency services that were managed by governments at national or local levels and faith-based or non-governmental organisations. For hospital listings without geographical coordinates, we geocoded each facility using Microsoft Encarta (version 2009), Google Earth (version 7.3), Geonames, Fallingrain, OpenStreetMap, and other national digital gazetteers. We obtained estimates for total population and women of child bearing age (15-49 years) at a 1 km2 spatial resolution from the WorldPop database for 2015. Additionally, we assembled road network data from Google Map Maker Project and OpenStreetMap using ArcMap (version 10.5). We then combined the road network and the population locations to form a travel impedance surface. Subsequently, we formulated a cost distance algorithm based on the location of public hospitals and the travel impedance surface in AccessMod (version 5) to compute the proportion of populations living within a combined walking and motorised travel time of 2 h to emergency hospital services. FINDINGS We consulted 100 databases from 48 sub-Saharan countries and islands, including Zanzibar, and identified 4908 public hospitals. 2701 hospitals had either full or partial information about their geographical coordinates. We estimated that 287 282 013 (29·0%) people and 64 495 526 (28·2%) women of child bearing age are located more than 2-h travel time from the nearest hospital. Marked differences were observed within and between countries, ranging from less than 25% of the population within 2-h travel time of a public hospital in South Sudan to more than 90% in Nigeria, Kenya, Cape Verde, Swaziland, South Africa, Burundi, Comoros, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Zanzibar. Only 16 countries reached the international benchmark of more than 80% of their populations living within a 2-h travel time of the nearest hospital. INTERPRETATION Physical access to emergency hospital care provided by the public sector in Africa remains poor and varies substantially within and between countries. Innovative targeting of emergency care services is necessary to reduce these inequities. This study provides the first spatial census of public hospital services in Africa. FUNDING Wellcome Trust and the UK Department for International Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Ouma
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Joseph Maina
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pamela N Thuranira
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter M Macharia
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor A Alegana
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mike English
- Health Services Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emelda A Okiro
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert W Snow
- Population Health Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zinke J, Gilmour JP, Fisher R, Puotinen M, Maina J, Darling E, Stat M, Richards ZT, McClanahan TR, Beger M, Moore C, Graham NAJ, Feng M, Hobbs JPA, Evans SN, Field S, Shedrawi G, Babcock RC, Wilson SK. Gradients of disturbance and environmental conditions shape coral community structure for south-eastern Indian Ocean reefs. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Zinke
- Section Paleontology; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- UWA Oceans Institute; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Crawley WA Australia
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University of Technology; Bentley WA Australia
- UWA Oceans Institute; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
| | - James P. Gilmour
- UWA Oceans Institute; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Crawley WA Australia
- UWA Oceans Institute; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
| | - Rebecca Fisher
- UWA Oceans Institute; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Crawley WA Australia
- UWA Oceans Institute; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
| | - Marji Puotinen
- UWA Oceans Institute; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Crawley WA Australia
- UWA Oceans Institute; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
| | - Joseph Maina
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Emily Darling
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Marine Programs; Bronx NY USA
- Department of Biology; The University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Michael Stat
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University of Technology; Bentley WA Australia
| | - Zoe T. Richards
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University of Technology; Bentley WA Australia
- Department of Aquatic Zoology; Western Australian Museum; Welshpool WA Australia
| | | | - Maria Beger
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
- School of Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - Cordelia Moore
- UWA Oceans Institute; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Crawley WA Australia
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University of Technology; Bentley WA Australia
| | - Nicholas A. J. Graham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
- Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster University; Lancaster UK
| | - Ming Feng
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere; Floreat WA Australia
| | - Jean-Paul A. Hobbs
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University of Technology; Bentley WA Australia
| | - Scott N. Evans
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories; Department of Fisheries; Government of Western Australia; North Beach WA Australia
| | - Stuart Field
- Section Paleontology; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Parks and Wildlife; Perth WA Australia
| | | | | | - Shaun K. Wilson
- UWA Oceans Institute; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
- Department of Parks and Wildlife; Perth WA Australia
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Daw TM, Cinner JE, McClanahan TR, Brown K, Stead SM, Graham NAJ, Maina J. Correction: To Fish or Not to Fish: Factors at Multiple Scales Affecting Artisanal Fishers' Readiness to Exit a Declining Fishery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172075. [PMID: 28178343 PMCID: PMC5298262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Cinner JE, Huchery C, MacNeil MA, Graham NA, McClanahan TR, Maina J, Maire E, Kittinger JN, Hicks CC, Mora C, Allison EH, D’Agata S, Hoey A, Feary DA, Crowder L, Williams ID, Kulbicki M, Vigliola L, Wantiez L, Edgar G, Stuart-Smith RD, Sandin SA, Green AL, Hardt MJ, Beger M, Friedlander A, Campbell SJ, Holmes KE, Wilson SK, Brokovich E, Brooks AJ, Cruz-Motta JJ, Booth DJ, Chabanet P, Gough C, Tupper M, Ferse SCA, Sumaila UR, Mouillot D. Bright spots among the world’s coral reefs. Nature 2016; 535:416-9. [PMID: 27309809 DOI: 10.1038/nature18607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Barneche DR, Kulbicki M, Floeter SR, Friedlander AM, Maina J, Allen AP. Scaling metabolism from individuals to reef-fish communities at broad spatial scales. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1067-76. [PMID: 24943721 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fishes contribute substantially to energy and nutrient fluxes in reef ecosystems, but quantifying these roles is challenging. Here, we do so by synthesising a large compilation of fish metabolic-rate data with a comprehensive database on reef-fish community abundance and biomass. Individual-level analyses support predictions of Metabolic Theory after accounting for significant family-level variation, and indicate that some tropical reef fishes may already be experiencing thermal regimes at or near their temperature optima. Community-level analyses indicate that total estimated respiratory fluxes of reef-fish communities increase on average ~2-fold from 22 to 28 °C. Comparisons of estimated fluxes among trophic groups highlight striking differences in resource use by communities in different regions, perhaps partly reflecting distinct evolutionary histories, and support the hypothesis that piscivores receive substantial energy subsidies from outside reefs. Our study demonstrates one approach to synthesising individual- and community-level data to establish broad-scale trends in contributions of biota to ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Barneche
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Maina J, de Moel H, Zinke J, Madin J, McClanahan T, Vermaat JE. Human deforestation outweighs future climate change impacts of sedimentation on coral reefs. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1986. [PMID: 23736941 PMCID: PMC3709493 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-shore coral reef systems are experiencing increased sediment supply due to conversion of forests to other land uses. Counteracting increased sediment loads requires an understanding of the relationship between forest cover and sediment supply, and how this relationship might change in the future. Here we study this relationship by simulating river flow and sediment supply in four watersheds that are adjacent to Madagascar's major coral reef ecosystems for a range of future climate change projections and land-use change scenarios. We show that by 2090, all four watersheds are predicted to experience temperature increases and/or precipitation declines that, when combined, result in decreases in river flow and sediment load. However, these climate change-driven declines are outweighed by the impact of deforestation. Consequently, our analyses suggest that regional land-use management is more important than mediating climate change for influencing sedimentation of Malagasy coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Maina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia.
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15
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Maina J, de Moel H, Vermaat JE, Bruggemann JH, Guillaume MMM, Grove CA, Madin JS, Mertz-Kraus R, Zinke J. Linking coral river runoff proxies with climate variability, hydrology and land-use in Madagascar catchments. Mar Pollut Bull 2012; 64:2047-59. [PMID: 22853989 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the linkages between coastal watersheds and adjacent coral reefs is expected to lead to better coral reef conservation strategies. Our study aims to examine the main predictors of environmental proxies recorded in near shore corals and therefore how linked near shore reefs are to the catchment physical processes. To achieve these, we developed models to simulate hydrology of two watersheds in Madagascar. We examined relationships between environmental proxies derived from massive Porites spp. coral cores (spectral luminescence and barium/calcium ratios), and corresponding time-series (1950-2006) data of hydrology, climate, land use and human population growth. Results suggest regional differences in the main environmental drivers of reef sedimentation: on annual time-scales, precipitation, river flow and sediment load explained the variability in coral proxies of river discharge for the northeast region, while El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and temperature (air and sea surface) were the best predictors in the southwest region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Maina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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16
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McClanahan TR, Donner SD, Maynard JA, MacNeil MA, Graham NAJ, Maina J, Baker AC, Alemu I JB, Beger M, Campbell SJ, Darling ES, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Jupiter SD, Lundquist CJ, McLeod E, Mumby PJ, Paddack MJ, Selig ER, van Woesik R. Prioritizing key resilience indicators to support coral reef management in a changing climate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42884. [PMID: 22952618 PMCID: PMC3430673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing coral reefs for resilience to climate change is a popular concept but has been difficult to implement because the empirical scientific evidence has either not been evaluated or is sometimes unsupportive of theory, which leads to uncertainty when considering methods and identifying priority reefs. We asked experts and reviewed the scientific literature for guidance on the multiple physical and biological factors that affect the ability of coral reefs to resist and recover from climate disturbance. Eleven key factors to inform decisions based on scaling scientific evidence and the achievability of quantifying the factors were identified. Factors important to resistance and recovery, which are important components of resilience, were not strongly related, and should be assessed independently. The abundance of resistant (heat-tolerant) coral species and past temperature variability were perceived to provide the greatest resistance to climate change, while coral recruitment rates, and macroalgae abundance were most influential in the recovery process. Based on the 11 key factors, we tested an evidence-based framework for climate change resilience in an Indonesian marine protected area. The results suggest our evidence-weighted framework improved upon existing un-weighted methods in terms of characterizing resilience and distinguishing priority sites. The evaluation supports the concept that, despite high ecological complexity, relatively few strong variables can be important in influencing ecosystem dynamics. This is the first rigorous assessment of factors promoting coral reef resilience based on their perceived importance, empirical evidence, and feasibility of measurement. There were few differences between scientists' perceptions of factor importance and the scientific evidence found in journal publications but more before and after impact studies will be required to fully test the validity of all the factors. The methods here will increase the feasibility and defensibility of including key resilience metrics in evaluations of coral reefs, as well as reduce costs. Adaptation, marine protected areas, priority setting, resistance, recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R McClanahan
- Marine Programs, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
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Maina J, McClanahan TR, Venus V, Ateweberhan M, Madin J. Global gradients of coral exposure to environmental stresses and implications for local management. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23064. [PMID: 21860667 PMCID: PMC3156087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decline of coral reefs globally underscores the need for a spatial assessment of their exposure to multiple environmental stressors to estimate vulnerability and evaluate potential counter-measures. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study combined global spatial gradients of coral exposure to radiation stress factors (temperature, UV light and doldrums), stress-reinforcing factors (sedimentation and eutrophication), and stress-reducing factors (temperature variability and tidal amplitude) to produce a global map of coral exposure and identify areas where exposure depends on factors that can be locally managed. A systems analytical approach was used to define interactions between radiation stress variables, stress reinforcing variables and stress reducing variables. Fuzzy logic and spatial ordinations were employed to quantify coral exposure to these stressors. Globally, corals are exposed to radiation and reinforcing stress, albeit with high spatial variability within regions. Based on ordination of exposure grades, regions group into two clusters. The first cluster was composed of severely exposed regions with high radiation and low reducing stress scores (South East Asia, Micronesia, Eastern Pacific and the central Indian Ocean) or alternatively high reinforcing stress scores (the Middle East and the Western Australia). The second cluster was composed of moderately to highly exposed regions with moderate to high scores in both radiation and reducing factors (Caribbean, Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Central Pacific, Polynesia and the western Indian Ocean) where the GBR was strongly associated with reinforcing stress. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Despite radiation stress being the most dominant stressor, the exposure of coral reefs could be reduced by locally managing chronic human impacts that act to reinforce radiation stress. Future research and management efforts should focus on incorporating the factors that mitigate the effect of coral stressors until long-term carbon reductions are achieved through global negotiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Maina
- Computational Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Jury M, McClanahan T, Maina J. West Indian Ocean variability and East African fish catch. Mar Environ Res 2010; 70:162-170. [PMID: 20471674 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe marine climate variability off the east coast of Africa in the context of fish catch statistics for Tanzania and Kenya. The time series exhibits quasi-decadal cycles over the period 1964-2007. Fish catch is up when sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric humidity are below normal in the tropical West Indian Ocean. This pattern relates to an ocean Rossby wave in one phase of its east-west oscillation. Coastal-scale analyses indicate that northward currents and uplift on the shelf edge enhance productivity of East African shelf waters. Some of the changes are regulated by the south equatorial current that swings northward from Madagascar. The weather is drier and a salty layer develops in high catch years. While the large-scale West Indian Ocean has some impact on East African fish catch, coastal dynamics play a more significant role. Climatic changes are reviewed using 200 years of past and projected data. The observed warming trend continues to increase such that predicted SST may reach 30 degrees C by 2100 while SW monsoon winds gradually increase, according to a coupled general circulation model simulation with a gradual doubling of CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jury
- University of Zululand, South Africa.
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McClanahan TR, Cinner JE, Graham NAJ, Daw TM, Maina J, Stead SM, Wamukota A, Brown K, Venus V, Polunin NVC. Identifying reefs of hope and hopeful actions: contextualizing environmental, ecological, and social parameters to respond effectively to climate change. Conserv Biol 2009; 23:662-71. [PMID: 19245493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Priorities for conservation, management, and associated activities will differ based on the interplay between nearness of ecosystems to full recovery from a disturbance (pristineness), susceptibility to climate change (environmental susceptibility [ES]), and capacity of human communities to cope with and adapt to change (social adaptive capacity [AC]). We studied 24 human communities and adjacent coral reef ecosystems in 5 countries of the southwestern Indian Ocean. We used ecological measures of abundance and diversity of fishes and corals, estimated reef pristineness, and conducted socioeconomic household surveys to determine the AC of communities adjacent to selected coral reefs. We also used Web-based oceanographic and coral mortality data to predict each site's ES to climate warming. Coral reefs of Mauritius and eastern Madagascar had low ES and consequently were not predicted to be affected strongly by warm water, although these sites were differentiated by the AC of the human community. The higher AC in Mauritius may increase the chances for successful self-initiated recovery and protective management of reefs of this island. In contrast, Madagascar may require donor support to build AC as a prerequisite to preservation efforts. The Seychelles and Kenya had high ES, but their levels of AC and disturbance differed. The high AC in the Seychelles could be used to develop alternatives to dependence on coral reef resources and reduce the effects of climate change. Pristineness weighted toward measures of fish recovery was greatest for Kenya's marine protected areas; however, most protected areas in the region were far from pristine. Conservation priorities and actions with realistic chances for success require knowledge of where socioecological systems lie among the 3 axes of environment, ecology, and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R McClanahan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA.
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Maina J, McClanahan TR, Venus V. Meso-scale modelling of coral's susceptibility to environmental stress using remotely sensed data: Reply to comments by. Ecol Modell 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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McClanahan T, Cinner J, Maina J, Graham N, Daw T, Stead S, Wamukota A, Brown K, Ateweberhan M, Venus V, Polunin N. Conservation action in a changing climate. Conserv Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263x.2008.00008_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chakaya JM, Mansoer JR, Scano F, Wambua N, L'Herminez R, Odhiambo J, Mohamed I, Kangangi J, Ombeka V, Akeche G, Adala S, Gitau S, Maina J, Kibias S, Langat B, Abdille N, Wako I, Kimuu P, Sitienei J. National scale-up of HIV testing and provision of HIV care to tuberculosis patients in Kenya. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12:424-429. [PMID: 18371269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Kenya, one of the 22 tuberculosis (TB) high-burden countries, whose TB burden is fuelled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). OBJECTIVE To monitor and evaluate the implementation of HIV testing and provision of HIV care to TB patients in Kenya through the establishment of a routine TB-HIV integrated surveillance system. DESIGN A descriptive report of the status of implementation of HIV testing and provision of HIV interventions to TB patients one year after the introduction of the revised TB case recording and reporting system. RESULTS From July 2005 to June 2006, 88% of 112835 TB patients were reported to the National Leprosy and TB Control Programme, 98773 (87.9%) of whom were reported using a revised recording and reporting system that included TB-HIV indicators. HIV testing of TB patients increased from 31.5% at the beginning of this period to 59% at the end. Of the 46428 patients tested for HIV, 25558 (55%) were found to be HIV-positive, 85% of whom were provided with cotrimoxazole preventive treatment and 28% with antiretroviral treatment. CONCLUSION A country-wide integrated TB-HIV surveillance system in TB patients can be implemented and provides essential data to monitor and evaluate TB-HIV related interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chakaya
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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McClanahan TR, Ateweberhan M, Muhando CA, Maina J, Mohammed MS. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE AND SEAWATER TEMPERATURE VARIATION ON CORAL BLEACHING AND MORTALITY. ECOL MONOGR 2007. [DOI: 10.1890/06-1182.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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McClanahan TR, Maina J. Response of Coral Assemblages to the Interaction between Natural Temperature Variation and Rare Warm-Water Events. Ecosystems 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-002-0104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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McClanahan T, Maina J, Pet-Soede L. Effects of the 1998 coral morality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries. Ambio 2002; 31:543-550. [PMID: 12572820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Data were collected in southern Kenya on coral reef ecosystems and fisheries to assess the influence of the 1998 coral bleaching and mortality event. We compared benthic cover, sea urchin and fish abundance in unfished marine parks and fished reefs and the reef-associated fisheries 3 years before and after 1998. Hard and soft coral decreased while coralline algae increased in both management areas. Turf increased in marine parks and sponge and fleshy algae increased in the fished reefs. Sea urchin grazer biomass was unchanged over this period and the fish community changed less than benthic cover. In general, butterflyfish, damselfish and wrasses were negatively influenced while surgeonfish and a few uncommon families were positively influenced by the substratum change. There was a 17% increase in fishing effort as measured by fishermen per day at each landing site and the total demersal catch declined by 8% and the catch per man declined by 21% after 1998. The decline in the total catch and CPUE combined with the increase in effort suggest an overexploited fishery and this makes it difficult to distinguish changes caused by coral mortality or fishing effort. The price of fish increased over this period and this caused an 18% increase in the total value of the fishery but no difference in the net income of individual fishermen.
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Wood C, Bergman H, Laurent P, Maina J, Narahara A, Walsh P. UREA PRODUCTION, ACID-BASE REGULATION AND THEIR INTERACTIONS IN THE LAKE MAGADI TILAPIA, A UNIQUE TELEOST ADAPTED TO A HIGHLY ALKALINE ENVIRONMENT. J Exp Biol 1994; 189:13-36. [PMID: 9317245 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Lake Magadi tilapia, Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, thrives in highly alkaline geothermal springs and pools surrounding Lake Magadi, Kenya (control pH=9.9, CCO2=173 mmol l-1), has a functional hepatic ornithine­urea cycle (OUC) and excretes all nitrogenous waste as urea-N at variable rates (JUrea) related to O2 consumption (M·O2). The mean value of JUrea/M·O2 (N/O2=0.183) was high for fish but below the theoretical maximum (approximately 0.27) for 100 % aerobic respiration of protein, so an exogenous source of substrates is not required to explain the observed JUrea. JUrea was insensitive to thiourea. Urea excretion occurred largely (80 %) through the gills, but urea-N was also present in bile and urine. Control blood pHe, pHi and [HCO3-] (approximately 8.1, 7.6 and 15 mmol l-1, respectively, at approximately 32°C) were extremely high. When fish were exposed to lake water titrated with HCl and aerated to remove CO2, N/O2 progressively declined. At a lake water pH of 7.05 and CCO2 of 0 mmol l-1, N/O2 was reduced by 80 % and an intense metabolic acidosis occurred (pHe=7.04, [HCO3-]=1.5 mmol l-1). Restoration of control water pH 9.9 at a CCO2 of 0 mmol l-1 resulted in intermediate levels of N/O2 and internal acid­base status. Additional experiments confirmed that urea production was inhibited by low pHe, was dependent on blood [HCO3-] with a Km of 3.06 mmol l-1 and was insensitive to acetazolamide. While metabolic acidosis clearly inhibited OUC ureagenesis, the system appeared to be saturated with HCO3- under control conditions so that additional basic equivalent loading would not stimulate ureagenesis. Urea production in the Lake Magadi tilapia does not appear to remove exogenous HCO3- or to play a role in normal acid­base regulation.
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